Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
Gastroenteritis, Transmissible, of Swine
Coronaviridae
Gastroenteritis
Swine
Coronavirus
Antigens, CD13
Coronavirus, Feline
Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus
Coronavirus, Canine
Immunoproteins
Neutralization Tests
Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
Coronavirus Infections
Coronavirus 229E, Human
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus
Receptors, Virus
Feline Infectious Peritonitis
Colostrum
Molecular Sequence Data
Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
Viral Vaccines
Milk
Open Reading Frames
Diarrhea
Caliciviridae Infections
Base Sequence
Virus Replication
Norovirus
Testis
Amino Acid Sequence
Viral Envelope Proteins
Feces
The major product of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus gene 3b is an integral membrane glycoprotein of 31 kDa. (1/203)
The open reading frame potentially encoding a polypeptide of 27.7 kDa and located as the second of three ORFs (gene 3b) between the S and M genes in the genome of the Purdue strain of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) was cloned and expressed in vitro to examine properties of the protein. Gene 3b has a postulated role in pathogenesis, but its truncated form in some laboratory-passaged strains of TGEV has led to the suggestion that it is not essential for virus replication. During synthesis in vitro in the presence of microsomes, the 27.7-kDa polypeptide became an integral membrane protein, retained its postulated hydrophobic N-terminal signal sequence, and underwent glycosylation on apparently two asparagine linkage sites to attain a final molecular mass of 31 kDa. A 20-kDa N-terminally truncated, nonglycosylated, nonanchored form of the protein was also made via an unknown mechanism. The existence of both transmembrane and soluble forms of the gene 3 product in the cell is suggested by immunofluorescence patterns showing both a punctuated perinuclear and diffuse intracytoplasmic distribution. No gene 3b product was found on gradient-purified Purdue TGEV by a Western blotting procedure that would have detected as few as 4 molecules/virion, indicating the protein probably is not a structural component of the virion. (+info)Evaluation of the baculovirus-expressed S glycoprotein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as antigen in a competition ELISA to differentiate porcine respiratory coronavirus from TGEV antibodies in pigs. (2/203)
The spike (S) glycoprotein of the Miller strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was recently cloned and expressed in baculovirus. The recombinant S protein was used as the coating antigen in a competition (blocking) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in combination with monoclonal antibodies to the S protein epitope A (conserved on TGEV and porcine respiratory coronavirus [PRCV]) or epitope D (present on TGEV only) to differentiate PRCV- from TGEV-induced antibodies. One set (set A) of 125 serum samples were collected at different times after inoculation of caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived (n = 52) and conventional young pigs (n = 73) with 1 of the 2 porcine coronaviruses or uninoculated negative controls (TGEV/PRCV/negative = 75/30/20). A second set (set B) of 63 serum samples originated from adult sows inoculated with PRCV and the recombinant TGEV S protein or with mock-protein control and then exposed to virulent TGEV after challenge of their litters. Sera from set A were used to assess the accuracy indicators (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy) of the fixed-cell blocking ELISA, which uses swine testicular cells infected with the M6 strain of TGEV as the antigen source (ELISA 1) and the newly developed ELISA based on the recombinant S protein as antigen (ELISA 2). The sera from set B (adults) were tested for comparison. The plaque reduction virus neutralization test was used as a confirmatory test for the presence of antibodies to TGEV/PRCV in the test sera. The accuracy indicators for both ELISAs suggest that differential diagnosis can be of practical use at least 3 weeks after inoculation by testing the dual (acute/convalescent) samples from each individual in conjunction with another confirmatory (virus neutralization) antibody assay to provide valid and complete differentiation information. Moreover, whereas ELISA 1 had 10-20% false positive results to epitope D for PRCV-infected pigs (set A samples), no false-positive results to epitope D occurred using ELISA 2, indicating its greater specificity. The progression of seroresponses to the TGEV S protein epitopes A or D, as measured by the 2 ELISAs, was similar for both sets (A and B) of samples. Differentiation between TGEV and PRCV antibodies (based on seroresponses to epitope D) was consistently measured after the third week of inoculation. (+info)Targeted recombination demonstrates that the spike gene of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus is a determinant of its enteric tropism and virulence. (3/203)
Targeted recombination within the S (spike) gene of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) was promoted by passage of helper respiratory virus isolates in cells transfected with a TGEV-derived defective minigenome carrying the S gene from an enteric isolate. The minigenome was efficiently replicated in trans and packaged by the helper virus, leading to the formation of true recombinant and pseudorecombinant viruses containing the S proteins of both enteric and respiratory TGEV strains in their envelopes. The recombinants acquired an enteric tropism, and their analysis showed that they were generated by homologous recombination that implied a double crossover in the S gene resulting in replacement of most of the respiratory, attenuated strain S gene (nucleotides 96 to 3700) by the S gene of the enteric, virulent isolate. The recombinant virus was virulent and rapidly evolved in swine testis cells by the introduction of point mutations and in-phase codon deletions in a domain of the S gene (nucleotides 217 to 665) previously implicated in the tropism of TGEV. The helper virus, with an original respiratory tropism, was also found in the enteric tract, probably because pseudorecombinant viruses carrying the spike proteins from the respiratory strain and the enteric virus in their envelopes were formed. These results demonstrated that a change in the tropism and virulence of TGEV can be engineered by sequence changes in the S gene. (+info)Structural maturation of the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. (4/203)
During the life cycle of the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV), two types of virus-related particles are detected in infected swine testis cells: large annular viruses and small dense viruses. We have studied the relationships between these two types of particles. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that they are closely related, since both large and small particles reacted equally with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for TGEV proteins. Monensin, a drug that selectively affects the Golgi complex, caused an accumulation of large annular viral particles in perinuclear elements of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. A partial reversion of the monensin blockade was obtained in both the absence and presence of cycloheximide, a drug that prevented the formation of new viral particles. After removal of monensin, the Golgi complex recovered its perinuclear location, and a decrease in the number of perinuclear large viral particles was observed. The release of small dense viral particles into secretory vesicles and the extracellular medium was also observed, as was a partial recovery of infectivity in culture supernatants. Small viral particles started to be seen between the third and the fourth Golgi cisternae of normally infected cells. All of these data strongly indicate that the large annular particles are the immature precursors of the small dense viruses, which are the infectious TGEV virions. The immature viral particles need to reach a particular location at the trans side of the Golgi stack to complete their morphological maturation. (+info)Characterization of the sialic acid binding activity of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus by analysis of haemagglutination-deficient mutants. (5/203)
Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) agglutinates erythrocytes of several species by virtue of sialic acid binding activity of the surface protein S. We have isolated and characterized five haemagglutination-defective (HAD) mutants. In contrast to the parental virus, the mutants were unable to bind to porcine submandibulary mucin, a substrate rich in sialic acid. Each of the mutants was found to contain a single point mutation in the S protein (Cys155Phe, Met195Val, Arg196Ser, Asp208Asn or Leu209Pro), indicating that these amino acids are affecting the sialic acid binding site. In four of the HAD mutants a nearby antigenic site is affected in addition to the sialic acid binding site, as indicated by reactivity with monoclonal antibodies. The parental virus was found to have an increased resistance to the detergent octylglucoside compared to the HAD mutants. This effect depended on cellular sialoglycoconjugates bound to the virion. If the binding of sialylated macromolecules was prevented by neuraminidase treatment, the parental virus was as sensitive to octylglucoside as were the HAD mutants. We discuss the possibility that the sialic acid binding activity helps TGEV to resist detergent-like substances encountered during the gastrointestinal passage and thus facilitates the infection of the intestinal epithelium. An alternative function of the sialic acid binding activity - accessory binding to intestinal tissues - is also discussed. (+info)Downstream ribosomal entry for translation of coronavirus TGEV gene 3b. (6/203)
Gene 3b (ORF 3b) in porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) encodes a putative nonstructural polypeptide of 27.7 kDa with unknown function that during translation in vitro is capable of becoming a glycosylated integral membrane protein of 31 kDa. In the virulent Miller strain of TGEV, ORF 3b is 5'-terminal on mRNA 3-1 and is presumably translated following 5' cap-dependent ribosomal entry. For three other strains of TGEV, the virulent British FS772/70 and Taiwanese TFI and avirulent Purdue-116, mRNA species 3-1 is not made and ORF 3b is present as a non-overlapping second ORF on mRNA 3. ORF 3b begins at base 432 on mRNA 3 in Purdue strain. In vitro expression of ORF 3b from Purdue mRNA 3-like transcripts did not fully conform to a predicted leaky scanning pattern, suggesting ribosomes might also be entering internally. With mRNA 3-like transcripts modified to carry large ORFs upstream of ORF 3a, it was demonstrated that ribosomes can reach ORF 3b by entering at a distant downstream site in a manner resembling ribosomal shunting. Deletion analysis failed to identify a postulated internal ribosomal entry structure (IRES) within ORF 3a. The results indicate that an internal entry mechanism, possibly in conjunction with leaky scanning, is used for the expression of ORF 3b from TGEV mRNA 3. One possible consequence of this feature is that ORF 3b might also be expressed from mRNAs 1 and 2. (+info)The viral nucleocapsid protein of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) is cleaved by caspase-6 and -7 during TGEV-induced apoptosis. (7/203)
The transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV), like many other viruses, exerts much of its cytopathic effect through the induction of apoptosis of its host cell. Apoptosis is coordinated by a family of cysteine proteases, called caspases, that are activated during apoptosis and participate in dismantling the cell by cleaving key structural and regulatory proteins. We have explored the caspase activation events that are initiated upon infection of the human rectal tumor cell line HRT18 with TGEV. We show that TGEV infection results in the activation of caspase-3, -6, -7, -8, and -9 and cleavage of the caspase substrates eIF4GI, gelsolin, and alpha-fodrin. Surprisingly, the TGEV nucleoprotein (N) underwent proteolysis in parallel with the activation of caspases within the host cell. Cleavage of the N protein was inhibited by cell-permeative caspase inhibitors, suggesting that this viral structural protein is a target for host cell caspases. We show that the TGEV nucleoprotein is a substrate for both caspase-6 and -7, and using site-directed mutagenesis, we have mapped the cleavage site to VVPD(359) downward arrow. These data demonstrate that viral proteins can be targeted for destruction by the host cell death machinery. (+info)Engineering the largest RNA virus genome as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome. (8/203)
The construction of cDNA clones encoding large-size RNA molecules of biological interest, like coronavirus genomes, which are among the largest mature RNA molecules known to biology, has been hampered by the instability of those cDNAs in bacteria. Herein, we show that the application of two strategies, cloning of the cDNAs into a bacterial artificial chromosome and nuclear expression of RNAs that are typically produced within the cytoplasm, is useful for the engineering of large RNA molecules. A cDNA encoding an infectious coronavirus RNA genome has been cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome. The rescued coronavirus conserved all of the genetic markers introduced throughout the sequence and showed a standard mRNA pattern and the antigenic characteristics expected for the synthetic virus. The cDNA was transcribed within the nucleus, and the RNA translocated to the cytoplasm. Interestingly, the recovered virus had essentially the same sequence as the original one, and no splicing was observed. The cDNA was derived from an attenuated isolate that replicates exclusively in the respiratory tract of swine. During the engineering of the infectious cDNA, the spike gene of the virus was replaced by the spike gene of an enteric isolate. The synthetic virus replicated abundantly in the enteric tract and was fully virulent, demonstrating that the tropism and virulence of the recovered coronavirus can be modified. This demonstration opens up the possibility of employing this infectious cDNA as a vector for vaccine development in human, porcine, canine, and feline species susceptible to group 1 coronaviruses. (+info)Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine coronavirus that primarily affects the pig's intestinal tract, causing severe diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration. The infection is highly contagious and can lead to significant mortality in young piglets. TGEV is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and can also be spread by contaminated fomites or aerosols. It primarily infects enterocytes in the small intestine, leading to villous atrophy and malabsorption of nutrients. There are no specific antiviral treatments for TGEV infection, and control measures typically focus on biosecurity, vaccination, and preventing the spread of the virus between herds.
Transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) of swine is a viral infection that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. It is caused by the Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus (TGEV), which is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae.
The disease is highly contagious and can spread rapidly in swine populations through direct contact with infected animals or their feces, as well as via aerosolized particles. Ingestion of contaminated feed or water can also lead to infection.
Clinical signs of TGE in pigs include vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, and weight loss. The disease is most severe in young piglets, with mortality rates reaching up to 100% in animals younger than two weeks old. In older pigs, the infection may be milder or even asymptomatic, although they can still serve as carriers of the virus and contribute to its spread.
Transmissible gastroenteritis is a significant concern for the swine industry due to its high mortality rate in young animals and the potential economic losses associated with reduced growth rates and decreased feed conversion efficiency in infected herds. Prevention strategies include strict biosecurity measures, vaccination of sows, and proper disposal of infected pig manure.
Coronaviridae is a family of enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. They are named for the crown-like (corona) appearance of their surface proteins. Coronaviruses infect a wide range of animals, including mammals and birds, and can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and neurological diseases. Some coronaviruses, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), can cause severe and potentially fatal illness in humans. The most recent example is SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19.
Gastroenteritis is not a medical condition itself, but rather a symptom-based description of inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, primarily involving the stomach and intestines. It's often referred to as "stomach flu," although it's not caused by influenza virus.
Medically, gastroenteritis is defined as an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, usually resulting in symptoms such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and dehydration. This condition can be caused by various factors, including viral (like rotavirus or norovirus), bacterial (such as Salmonella, Shigella, or Escherichia coli), or parasitic infections, food poisoning, allergies, or the use of certain medications.
Gastroenteritis is generally self-limiting and resolves within a few days with proper hydration and rest. However, severe cases may require medical attention to prevent complications like dehydration, which can be particularly dangerous for young children, older adults, and individuals with weakened immune systems.
"Swine" is a common term used to refer to even-toed ungulates of the family Suidae, including domestic pigs and wild boars. However, in a medical context, "swine" often appears in the phrase "swine flu," which is a strain of influenza virus that typically infects pigs but can also cause illness in humans. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic was caused by a new strain of swine-origin influenza A virus, which was commonly referred to as "swine flu." It's important to note that this virus is not transmitted through eating cooked pork products; it spreads from person to person, mainly through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs or sneezes.
A coronavirus is a type of virus that causes respiratory illnesses, such as the common cold, and more severe diseases including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). These viruses are typically spread through close contact with an infected person when they cough or sneeze. They can also spread by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching your own mouth, nose, or eyes.
Coronaviruses are named for the crown-like spikes on their surface. They are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and people. Common signs of infection include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. In more severe cases, infection can cause pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, kidney failure, and even death.
One of the most recently discovered coronaviruses is SARS-CoV-2, which causes the disease COVID-19. This virus was first identified in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread to become a global pandemic.
CD13, also known as aminopeptidase N, is a type of protein found on the surface of some cells in the human body. It is a type of antigen, which is a molecule that can trigger an immune response when recognized by the immune system. CD13 is found on the surface of various cell types, including certain white blood cells and cells that line the blood vessels. It plays a role in several biological processes, such as breaking down proteins and regulating inflammation.
CD13 is also a target for some cancer therapies because it is overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells. For example, CD13-targeted therapies have been developed to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a type of blood cancer that affects the bone marrow. These therapies work by binding to CD13 on the surface of AML cells and triggering an immune response that helps to destroy the cancer cells.
It's important to note that while CD13 is an antigen, it is not typically associated with infectious diseases or foreign invaders, as other antigens might be. Instead, it is a normal component of human cells that can play a role in various physiological processes and disease states.
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a type of virus that primarily infects cats. It is part of the Coronaviridae family and has a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. There are two types of feline coronavirus: feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) and feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV).
FECV is a relatively harmless virus that primarily causes mild to no symptoms in infected cats, and it is spread through fecal-oral transmission. FECV mainly affects the intestines and can cause diarrhea in some cases.
FIPV, on the other hand, is a mutated form of FECV that can cause a severe and often fatal disease called feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP is an immune-mediated disease characterized by inflammation and accumulation of fluid in the abdomen or chest. It can also affect other organs, such as the eyes, brain, and liver.
It's important to note that not all cats infected with FECV will develop FIP. The development of FIP depends on various factors, including the cat's age, immune system, and the specific strain of the virus. There is no cure for FIP, but supportive care can help manage the symptoms and improve the cat's quality of life.
Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus (PRCV) is a strain of the coronavirus that primarily affects the respiratory system of pigs. It's a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and is closely related to Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV). However, unlike TGEV, PRCV does not cause severe enteric disease and is primarily associated with mild to moderate respiratory signs in pigs.
PRCV infects the epithelial cells of the pig's respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, and difficulty breathing. It is highly contagious and can spread rapidly in swine populations, often causing epidemic outbreaks in farms. The virus is primarily transmitted through aerosols and direct contact with infected pigs or their feces.
While PRCV does not typically cause severe disease on its own, it can predispose pigs to other respiratory infections, such as Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) and Swine Influenza Virus (SIV). As a result, PRCV can contribute to the complex of respiratory diseases that affect pigs, known as porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC).
Prevention and control measures for PRCV include good biosecurity practices, such as limiting traffic in and out of farms, using personal protective equipment, and vaccinating against other respiratory pathogens. There is no specific treatment for PRCV, but supportive care can help alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of secondary infections.
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is a species of coronavirus that infects dogs. It is related to the coronaviruses that cause respiratory illness in humans, such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, but it is not known to infect people. CCoV primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and can cause symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. It is usually spread through contact with infected feces. There are two main types of CCoV, called Type I and Type II, which are classified based on their genetic makeup. Both types can cause illness in dogs, but Type II is more likely to cause severe disease. Vaccines are available to help protect dogs against CCoV infection.
Immunoproteins, also known as antibodies or immunoglobulins, are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins. These Y-shaped proteins recognize, bind to, and help neutralize or remove harmful antigens from the body.
There are five classes of immunoproteins (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM) that differ in their structure, function, and location in the body. For example, IgA is found in tears, saliva, and breast milk and helps protect mucous membranes from pathogens, while IgG is the most abundant antibody in the blood and provides long-term immunity to previously encountered antigens.
Overall, immunoproteins play a critical role in the body's defense mechanisms against infection and disease.
Neutralization tests are a type of laboratory assay used in microbiology and immunology to measure the ability of a substance, such as an antibody or antitoxin, to neutralize the activity of a toxin or infectious agent. In these tests, the substance to be tested is mixed with a known quantity of the toxin or infectious agent, and the mixture is then incubated under controlled conditions. After incubation, the mixture is tested for residual toxicity or infectivity using a variety of methods, such as cell culture assays, animal models, or biochemical assays.
The neutralization titer is then calculated based on the highest dilution of the test substance that completely neutralizes the toxin or infectious agent. Neutralization tests are commonly used in the diagnosis and evaluation of immune responses to vaccines, as well as in the detection and quantification of toxins and other harmful substances.
Examples of neutralization tests include the serum neutralization test for measles antibodies, the plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) for dengue virus antibodies, and the cytotoxicity neutralization assay for botulinum neurotoxins.
A spike glycoprotein in coronaviruses is a type of protein that extends from the surface of the virus and gives it its characteristic crown-like appearance (hence the name "corona," which is Latin for "crown"). This protein plays a crucial role in the infection process of the virus. It allows the virus to attach to and enter specific cells in the host organism, typically through binding to a receptor on the cell surface. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, the spike protein binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor found on cells in various tissues, including the lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract.
The spike protein is composed of two subunits: S1 and S2. The S1 subunit contains the receptor-binding domain (RBD), which recognizes and binds to the host cell receptor. After binding, the S2 subunit mediates the fusion of the viral membrane with the host cell membrane, allowing the viral genome to enter the host cell and initiate infection.
The spike protein is also a primary target for neutralizing antibodies generated by the host immune system during infection or following vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies bind to specific regions of the spike protein, preventing it from interacting with host cell receptors and thus inhibiting viral entry into cells.
In summary, a spike glycoprotein in coronaviruses is a crucial structural and functional component that facilitates viral attachment, fusion, and entry into host cells. Its importance in the infection process makes it an essential target for vaccine development and therapeutic interventions.
Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses that can cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as pneumonia. The name "coronavirus" comes from the Latin word "corona," which means crown or halo, reflecting the distinctive appearance of the virus particles under electron microscopy, which have a crown-like structure due to the presence of spike proteins on their surface.
Coronaviruses are zoonotic, meaning they can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some coronaviruses are endemic in certain animal populations and occasionally jump to humans, causing outbreaks of new diseases. This is what happened with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2002-2003, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and the most recent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2.
Coronavirus infections typically cause respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, and fever. In severe cases, they can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even death, especially in older adults or people with underlying medical conditions. Other symptoms may include fatigue, muscle aches, headache, sore throat, and gastrointestinal issues such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Preventive measures for coronavirus infections include frequent hand washing, wearing face masks, practicing social distancing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals, and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. There are currently vaccines available to prevent COVID-19, which have been shown to be highly effective in preventing severe illness, hospitalization, and death from the disease.
Swine diseases refer to a wide range of infectious and non-infectious conditions that affect pigs. These diseases can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or environmental factors. Some common swine diseases include:
1. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS): a viral disease that causes reproductive failure in sows and respiratory problems in piglets and grower pigs.
2. Classical Swine Fever (CSF): also known as hog cholera, is a highly contagious viral disease that affects pigs of all ages.
3. Porcine Circovirus Disease (PCVD): a group of diseases caused by porcine circoviruses, including Porcine CircoVirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS).
4. Swine Influenza: a respiratory disease caused by type A influenza viruses that can infect pigs and humans.
5. Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes pneumonia in pigs.
6. Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae: a bacterial disease that causes severe pneumonia in pigs.
7. Salmonella: a group of bacteria that can cause food poisoning in humans and a variety of diseases in pigs, including septicemia, meningitis, and abortion.
8. Brachyspira Hyodysenteriae: a bacterial disease that causes dysentery in pigs.
9. Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae: a bacterial disease that causes erysipelas in pigs.
10. External and internal parasites, such as lice, mites, worms, and flukes, can also cause diseases in swine.
Prevention and control of swine diseases rely on good biosecurity practices, vaccination programs, proper nutrition, and management practices. Regular veterinary check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect and treat diseases early.
An antigen is any substance that can stimulate an immune response, particularly the production of antibodies. Viral antigens are antigens that are found on or produced by viruses. They can be proteins, glycoproteins, or carbohydrates present on the surface or inside the viral particle.
Viral antigens play a crucial role in the immune system's recognition and response to viral infections. When a virus infects a host cell, it may display its antigens on the surface of the infected cell. This allows the immune system to recognize and target the infected cells for destruction, thereby limiting the spread of the virus.
Viral antigens are also important targets for vaccines. Vaccines typically work by introducing a harmless form of a viral antigen to the body, which then stimulates the production of antibodies and memory T-cells that can recognize and respond quickly and effectively to future infections with the actual virus.
It's worth noting that different types of viruses have different antigens, and these antigens can vary between strains of the same virus. This is why there are often different vaccines available for different viral diseases, and why flu vaccines need to be updated every year to account for changes in the circulating influenza virus strains.
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is a species of coronavirus that causes respiratory infections in humans. It is one of the several coronaviruses known to cause the common cold. HCoV-229E was first identified in the 1960s and is named after the number assigned to it in the laboratory where it was discovered.
HCoV-229E infects the human body through the respiratory tract, and it primarily affects the upper respiratory system, causing symptoms such as runny nose, sore throat, cough, and fever. In some cases, HCoV-229E can also cause lower respiratory infections, such as pneumonia, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying medical conditions.
HCoV-229E is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae and the genus Alphacoronavirus. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. The virus can also survive on surfaces for several hours, making it possible to contract the infection by touching contaminated objects.
There is no specific treatment for HCoV-229E infections, and most people recover within a week or two with rest and symptomatic relief. However, severe cases may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and mechanical ventilation. Preventive measures, such as hand hygiene, wearing masks, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, can help reduce the transmission of HCoV-229E and other respiratory viruses.
Antibodies, viral are proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection with a virus. These antibodies are capable of recognizing and binding to specific antigens on the surface of the virus, which helps to neutralize or destroy the virus and prevent its replication. Once produced, these antibodies can provide immunity against future infections with the same virus.
Viral antibodies are typically composed of four polypeptide chains - two heavy chains and two light chains - that are held together by disulfide bonds. The binding site for the antigen is located at the tip of the Y-shaped structure, formed by the variable regions of the heavy and light chains.
There are five classes of antibodies in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Each class has a different function and is distributed differently throughout the body. For example, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the bloodstream and provides long-term immunity against viruses, while IgA is found primarily in mucous membranes and helps to protect against respiratory and gastrointestinal infections.
In addition to their role in the immune response, viral antibodies can also be used as diagnostic tools to detect the presence of a specific virus in a patient's blood or other bodily fluids.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Viruses, Unclassified" is not a recognized medical or scientific category. Generally, viruses are classified based on various characteristics such as genome structure, mode of replication, host range, and symptoms they cause. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is the organization responsible for the formal classification of viruses.
If you have any specific questions about certain unclassified viral entities or phenomena, I'd be happy to help if I can! Please provide more context so I can give a more accurate and helpful response.
Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Arteriviridae family. It is the causative agent of Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS), also known as "blue ear disease" or "porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome."
The virus primarily affects pigs, causing a wide range of clinical signs including respiratory distress in young animals and reproductive failure in pregnant sows. The infection can lead to late-term abortions, stillbirths, premature deliveries, and weak or mummified fetuses. In growing pigs, PRRSV can cause pneumonia, which is often accompanied by secondary bacterial infections.
PRRSV has a tropism for cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage, and it replicates within these cells, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of the clinical signs associated with the disease. The virus is highly infectious and can spread rapidly in susceptible pig populations, making it a significant concern for the swine industry worldwide.
It's important to note that PRRSV has two distinct genotypes: Type 1 (European) and Type 2 (North American). Both types have a high degree of genetic diversity, which can make controlling the virus challenging. Vaccination is available for PRRSV, but it may not provide complete protection against all strains of the virus, and it may not prevent infection or shedding. Therefore, biosecurity measures, such as strict sanitation and animal movement controls, are critical to preventing the spread of this virus in pig populations.
Virus receptors are specific molecules (commonly proteins) on the surface of host cells that viruses bind to in order to enter and infect those cells. This interaction between the virus and its receptor is a critical step in the infection process. Different types of viruses have different receptor requirements, and identifying these receptors can provide important insights into the biology of the virus and potential targets for antiviral therapies.
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is a viral disease in cats caused by certain strains of the feline coronavirus. It is not to be confused with the common feline enteric coronavirus, which usually only causes mild diarrhea or is asymptomatic. FIP is a severe and often fatal disease, particularly in young cats.
The virus that causes FIP is spread through fecal-oral contact, often through mutual grooming or sharing of litter boxes. Once ingested, the virus typically infects the intestinal cells, but in some cases, it can mutate into a form that enters the bloodstream and spreads to other organs, such as the liver, lungs, and brain. This is when the disease becomes systemic and causes the severe symptoms associated with FIP.
There are two forms of FIP: wet (effusive) and dry (noneffusive). The wet form is characterized by an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal or chest cavity, while the dry form is characterized by granulomatous lesions in various organs. Both forms can cause a variety of symptoms, including fever, weight loss, lethargy, jaundice, vomiting, diarrhea, and neurological signs.
Currently, there is no reliable cure for FIP, and treatment is generally supportive and aimed at managing the symptoms. However, recent advances in antiviral therapy have shown promise in treating some cases of FIP, particularly those caused by the wet form of the disease.
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
Colostrum is the first type of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals (including humans) after giving birth. It is a yellowish, sticky fluid that contains a higher concentration of nutrients, antibodies, and immune-boosting components compared to mature milk. Colostrum provides essential protection and nourishment for newborns during their most vulnerable period, helping them establish a healthy immune system and promoting optimal growth and development. It is rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals, and growth factors that support the baby's gut health, brain development, and overall well-being. In humans, colostrum is usually produced in small quantities during the first few days after delivery, and its consumption by newborns is crucial for setting a strong foundation for their health.
Viral proteins are the proteins that are encoded by the viral genome and are essential for the viral life cycle. These proteins can be structural or non-structural and play various roles in the virus's replication, infection, and assembly process. Structural proteins make up the physical structure of the virus, including the capsid (the protein shell that surrounds the viral genome) and any envelope proteins (that may be present on enveloped viruses). Non-structural proteins are involved in the replication of the viral genome and modulation of the host cell environment to favor viral replication. Overall, a thorough understanding of viral proteins is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Viral genes refer to the genetic material present in viruses that contains the information necessary for their replication and the production of viral proteins. In DNA viruses, the genetic material is composed of double-stranded or single-stranded DNA, while in RNA viruses, it is composed of single-stranded or double-stranded RNA.
Viral genes can be classified into three categories: early, late, and structural. Early genes encode proteins involved in the replication of the viral genome, modulation of host cell processes, and regulation of viral gene expression. Late genes encode structural proteins that make up the viral capsid or envelope. Some viruses also have structural genes that are expressed throughout their replication cycle.
Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is crucial for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines. By targeting specific viral genes, researchers can develop drugs that inhibit viral replication and reduce the severity of viral infections. Additionally, knowledge of viral gene sequences can inform the development of vaccines that stimulate an immune response to specific viral proteins.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Maternally-acquired immunity (MAI) refers to the passive immunity that is transferred from a mother to her offspring, typically through the placenta during pregnancy or through breast milk after birth. This immunity is temporary and provides protection to the newborn or young infant against infectious agents, such as bacteria and viruses, based on the mother's own immune experiences and responses.
In humans, maternally-acquired immunity is primarily mediated by the transfer of antibodies called immunoglobulins (IgG) across the placenta to the fetus during pregnancy. This process begins around the 20th week of gestation and continues until birth, providing the newborn with a range of protective antibodies against various pathogens. After birth, additional protection is provided through breast milk, which contains secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) that helps to prevent infections in the infant's gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
Maternally-acquired immunity is an essential mechanism for protecting newborns and young infants, who have not yet developed their own active immune responses. However, it is important to note that maternally-acquired antibodies can also interfere with the infant's response to certain vaccines, as they may neutralize the vaccine antigens before the infant's immune system has a chance to mount its own response. This is one reason why some vaccines are not recommended for young infants and why the timing of vaccinations may be adjusted in cases where maternally-acquired immunity is present.
A viral vaccine is a biological preparation that introduces your body to a specific virus in a way that helps your immune system build up protection against the virus without causing the illness. Viral vaccines can be made from weakened or inactivated forms of the virus, or parts of the virus such as proteins or sugars. Once introduced to the body, the immune system recognizes the virus as foreign and produces an immune response, including the production of antibodies. These antibodies remain in the body and provide immunity against future infection with that specific virus.
Viral vaccines are important tools for preventing infectious diseases caused by viruses, such as influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, hepatitis A and B, rabies, rotavirus, chickenpox, shingles, and some types of cancer. Vaccination programs have led to the control or elimination of many infectious diseases that were once common.
It's important to note that viral vaccines are not effective against bacterial infections, and separate vaccines must be developed for each type of virus. Additionally, because viruses can mutate over time, it is necessary to update some viral vaccines periodically to ensure continued protection.
A cell line is a culture of cells that are grown in a laboratory for use in research. These cells are usually taken from a single cell or group of cells, and they are able to divide and grow continuously in the lab. Cell lines can come from many different sources, including animals, plants, and humans. They are often used in scientific research to study cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and to test new drugs or treatments. Some common types of human cell lines include HeLa cells (which come from a cancer patient named Henrietta Lacks), HEK293 cells (which come from embryonic kidney cells), and HUVEC cells (which come from umbilical vein endothelial cells). It is important to note that cell lines are not the same as primary cells, which are cells that are taken directly from a living organism and have not been grown in the lab.
Medically, "milk" is not defined. However, it is important to note that human babies are fed with breast milk, which is the secretion from the mammary glands of humans. It is rich in nutrients like proteins, fats, carbohydrates (lactose), vitamins and minerals that are essential for growth and development.
Other mammals also produce milk to feed their young. These include cows, goats, and sheep, among others. Their milk is often consumed by humans as a source of nutrition, especially in dairy products. However, the composition of these milks can vary significantly from human breast milk.
An open reading frame (ORF) is a continuous stretch of DNA or RNA sequence that has the potential to be translated into a protein. It begins with a start codon (usually "ATG" in DNA, which corresponds to "AUG" in RNA) and ends with a stop codon ("TAA", "TAG", or "TGA" in DNA; "UAA", "UAG", or "UGA" in RNA). The sequence between these two points is called a coding sequence (CDS), which, when transcribed into mRNA and translated into amino acids, forms a polypeptide chain.
In eukaryotic cells, ORFs can be located in either protein-coding genes or non-coding regions of the genome. In prokaryotic cells, multiple ORFs may be present on a single strand of DNA, often organized into operons that are transcribed together as a single mRNA molecule.
It's important to note that not all ORFs necessarily represent functional proteins; some may be pseudogenes or result from errors in genome annotation. Therefore, additional experimental evidence is typically required to confirm the expression and functionality of a given ORF.
Diarrhea is a condition in which an individual experiences loose, watery stools frequently, often exceeding three times a day. It can be acute, lasting for several days, or chronic, persisting for weeks or even months. Diarrhea can result from various factors, including viral, bacterial, or parasitic infections, food intolerances, medications, and underlying medical conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. Dehydration is a potential complication of diarrhea, particularly in severe cases or in vulnerable populations like young children and the elderly.
Caliciviridae is a family of single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that includes several important pathogens causing gastrointestinal illness in humans and animals. The most well-known human calicivirus is norovirus, which is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide.
Calicivirus infections typically cause symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and fever. The infection is usually self-limiting and lasts for a few days, but in some cases, it can lead to dehydration, especially in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems.
Norovirus is highly contagious and can spread through close contact with an infected person, consumption of contaminated food or water, or touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth. Prevention measures include frequent handwashing, proper food handling and preparation, and cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces.
There is no specific treatment for calicivirus infections, and antibiotics are not effective against viral infections. Treatment is generally supportive and includes hydration to replace lost fluids and electrolytes. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary for intravenous fluid replacement and monitoring.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Virus replication is the process by which a virus produces copies or reproduces itself inside a host cell. This involves several steps:
1. Attachment: The virus attaches to a specific receptor on the surface of the host cell.
2. Penetration: The viral genetic material enters the host cell, either by invagination of the cell membrane or endocytosis.
3. Uncoating: The viral genetic material is released from its protective coat (capsid) inside the host cell.
4. Replication: The viral genetic material uses the host cell's machinery to produce new viral components, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
5. Assembly: The newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new virus particles.
6. Release: The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell, often through lysis (breaking) of the cell membrane or by budding off the cell membrane.
The specific mechanisms and details of virus replication can vary depending on the type of virus. Some viruses, such as DNA viruses, use the host cell's DNA polymerase to replicate their genetic material, while others, such as RNA viruses, use their own RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or reverse transcriptase enzymes. Understanding the process of virus replication is important for developing antiviral therapies and vaccines.
"Newborn animals" refers to the very young offspring of animals that have recently been born. In medical terminology, newborns are often referred to as "neonates," and they are classified as such from birth until about 28 days of age. During this time period, newborn animals are particularly vulnerable and require close monitoring and care to ensure their survival and healthy development.
The specific needs of newborn animals can vary widely depending on the species, but generally, they require warmth, nutrition, hydration, and protection from harm. In many cases, newborns are unable to regulate their own body temperature or feed themselves, so they rely heavily on their mothers for care and support.
In medical settings, newborn animals may be examined and treated by veterinarians to ensure that they are healthy and receiving the care they need. This can include providing medical interventions such as feeding tubes, antibiotics, or other treatments as needed to address any health issues that arise. Overall, the care and support of newborn animals is an important aspect of animal medicine and conservation efforts.
Norovirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It is often referred to as the "stomach flu" or "winter vomiting bug." Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. It can spread easily through contaminated food or water, contact with an infected person, or touching contaminated surfaces. Norovirus outbreaks are common in closed settings such as hospitals, nursing homes, schools, and cruise ships. The virus is hardy and can survive for weeks on surfaces, making it difficult to eliminate. It is also resistant to many disinfectants. There is no specific treatment for norovirus infection other than managing symptoms and staying hydrated. Vaccines are under development but not yet available.
The testis, also known as the testicle, is a male reproductive organ that is part of the endocrine system. It is located in the scrotum, outside of the abdominal cavity. The main function of the testis is to produce sperm and testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.
The testis is composed of many tiny tubules called seminiferous tubules, where sperm are produced. These tubules are surrounded by a network of blood vessels, nerves, and supportive tissues. The sperm then travel through a series of ducts to the epididymis, where they mature and become capable of fertilization.
Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells, which are located in the interstitial tissue between the seminiferous tubules. Testosterone plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair, deep voice, and muscle mass. It also supports sperm production and sexual function.
Abnormalities in testicular function can lead to infertility, hormonal imbalances, and other health problems. Regular self-examinations and medical check-ups are recommended for early detection and treatment of any potential issues.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
Viral DNA refers to the genetic material present in viruses that consist of DNA as their core component. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is one of the two types of nucleic acids that are responsible for storing and transmitting genetic information in living organisms. Viruses are infectious agents much smaller than bacteria that can only replicate inside the cells of other organisms, called hosts.
Viral DNA can be double-stranded (dsDNA) or single-stranded (ssDNA), depending on the type of virus. Double-stranded DNA viruses have a genome made up of two complementary strands of DNA, while single-stranded DNA viruses contain only one strand of DNA.
Examples of dsDNA viruses include Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, and Poxviruses, while ssDNA viruses include Parvoviruses and Circoviruses. Viral DNA plays a crucial role in the replication cycle of the virus, encoding for various proteins necessary for its multiplication and survival within the host cell.
Viral envelope proteins are structural proteins found in the envelope that surrounds many types of viruses. These proteins play a crucial role in the virus's life cycle, including attachment to host cells, fusion with the cell membrane, and entry into the host cell. They are typically made up of glycoproteins and are often responsible for eliciting an immune response in the host organism. The exact structure and function of viral envelope proteins vary between different types of viruses.
Feces are the solid or semisolid remains of food that could not be digested or absorbed in the small intestine, along with bacteria and other waste products. After being stored in the colon, feces are eliminated from the body through the rectum and anus during defecation. Feces can vary in color, consistency, and odor depending on a person's diet, health status, and other factors.
A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus
List of Coronavirus live isolates
Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512
Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1
Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2
Alphacoronavirus 1
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea
Feline coronavirus
Edible vaccine
Coronavirus nucleocapsid protein
Canine coronavirus
Alphacoronavirus
CMAH
Coronavirus
Coronavirus diseases
List of MeSH codes (C02)
ATCvet code QI09
List of MeSH codes (C22)
Infection
History of coronavirus
List of MeSH codes (B04)
List of diseases (E)
Gastroenteritis
Influenza
Transmission-based precautions
Toxoplasmosis
Pathogenic Escherichia coli
List of dog diseases
Transmissible gastroenteritis virus - Wikipedia
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Zhen Ding | Biochemistry & Cell Biology
Swine - Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow
MAPK
Paneth cells in farm animals: current status and future direction | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology | Full Text
Prevention and control of communicable diseases
Porcine Archives - Page 5 of 7 - Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory
Schedule | Central Universities Act, 2009 | Bare Acts | Law Library | AdvocateKhoj
GWHABKP00000000 2013-07-24 Bat CoV TG13
Going global, acting local
Canine Enteric Coronavirus - Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) - University of Liverpool
US Patent for Virus-resistant transgenic mice Patent (Patent # 5,175,385 issued December 29, 1992) - Justia Patents Search
Alphacoronavirus 1 | EVAg
Aminopeptidase N is not required for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus cell entry
Coronavirus Research | J. Craig Venter Institute
DeCS 2002 - Changed terms
DeCS 2002 - Changed terms
TGEV16
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus or Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) is a coronavirus which infects pigs. (wikipedia.org)
- The scientists, from the Wuhan University of Engineering in China, published a study, " Antiviral and virucidal effects of curcumin on transmissible gastroenteritis virus in vitro ,"in the Journal of General Virology which showed that curcumin can prevent transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), an alpha-group coronavirus that infects pigs, from infecting cells. (genengnews.com)
- Here, we used Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) as the alpha-coronavirus model, and investigated the antiviral properties of curcumin against TGEV. (genengnews.com)
- There are currently no approved treatments for alpha-coronaviruses and although there is a vaccine for TGEV, it is not effective in preventing the spread of the virus. (genengnews.com)
- The research suggests that curcumin affects TGEV in a number of ways: by directly killing the virus before it is able to infect the cell, by integrating with the viral envelope to inactivate the virus, and by altering the metabolism of cells to prevent viral entry. (genengnews.com)
- transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) were used to determine effects of AT and RH on the survival of coronaviruses on stainless steel. (asm.org)
- The results show that when high numbers of viruses are deposited, TGEV and MHV may survive for days on surfaces at ATs and RHs typical of indoor environments. (asm.org)
- TGEV and MHV could serve as conservative surrogates for modeling exposure, the risk of transmission, and control measures for pathogenic enveloped viruses, such as SARS-CoV and influenza virus, on health care surfaces. (asm.org)
- For my Ph.D. degree in Preventive Veterinary Medicine at Huazhong Agricultural University, I studied the molecular details of how animal coronaviruses, such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) evade host innate immune responses. (bu.edu)
- Canine enteric coronavirus belongs to the alphacoronaviruses , along with feline coronavirus (FeCoV, the causative agent of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)) and transmissable gastroenteritis of pigs (TGEV). (liverpool.ac.uk)
- As for several other alphacoronaviruses including the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and the human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), the aminopeptidase N (APN) protein was reported to be a functional receptor for PEDV. (uu.nl)
- Moreover, preincubation of these viruses with soluble APN or pretreatment of APN expressing ST cells with soluble TGEV-S1 blocked TGEV infection, but had no effect on infection by PEDV. (uu.nl)
- As a consequence these cells no longer bound TGEV-S1 and HCoV-229E-S1 at their surface and were resistant to infection by the corresponding viruses. (uu.nl)
- Feline aminopeptidase N (fAPN) is a major cell surface receptor for feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), human coronavirus 229E (HCV 229E) and canine coronavirus (CCV). (elsevierpure.com)
- The coronaviruses, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) represent important sources of neonatal diarrhea on pig farms. (illinois.edu)
- Inactivated transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) vaccines are widely used in swine herds in China. (bvsalud.org)
Epidemic5
- Detection of porcine enteric coronaviruses including porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), by real time PCR. (tamu.edu)
- The timing was impeccable, as U-M had recently received funding from the National Pork Board to study the survival of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in animal feed. (nationalhogfarmer.com)
- Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an emerging pathogenic coronavirus that causes a significant economic burden to the swine industry. (uu.nl)
- Since 2010, outbreaks of genotype 2 (G2) porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have caused high mortality in neonatal piglets and have had devastating impacts on the swine industry in many countries. (biomedcentral.com)
- The causative agent of PED is a single stranded, enveloped RNA virus named porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), which belongs to the genera Alphacoronavirus , the family Coronaviridae , and the order Nidovirales [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pigs1
- Most domestic animals have enteric coronaviruses: cows (w inter dysentery), pigs ( transmissible gastroenteritis ), cats ( feline infectious peritonitis ), and horses ( equine coronavirus infection ). (equiddocvet.com)
Noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis4
- To code a diagnosis of this type, you must use one of the three child codes of K52.8 that describes the diagnosis 'other specified noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis' in more detail. (firebaseapp.com)
- Noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis, unspecified 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Billable/Specific Code K52.9 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. (firebaseapp.com)
- 2016 (effective 10/1/2015): New code (first year of non-draft ICD-10-CM) ICD-10-CM Codes K00-K95 Diseases of the digestive system K50-K52 Noninfective enteritis and colitis Other and unspecified noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis K52 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Billable/Specific Code. (firebaseapp.com)
- other noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis (558) regional enteritis (555. (cdc.gov)
Diarrhea5
- In 2001, the Vessel Sanitation Program and the cruise industry expanded the diarrheal illness case definition to include acute gastroenteritis (diarrhea, or vomiting that is associated with loose stools, bloody stools, abdominal cramps, headache, muscle aches, or fever). (cdc.gov)
- Increased rates of acute gastroenteritis illness (diarrhea or vomiting that is associated with loose stools, bloody stools, abdominal cramps, headache, muscle aches, or fever) occurred in years that novel strains of norovirus, the most common etiologic agent in cruise ship outbreaks, emerged ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- The virus infects the intestinal epithelium and causes villous atrophy, resulting in diarrhea and dehydration. (uu.nl)
- Diarrhea in a patient with unexpected fever should be considered as infectious gastroenteritis regardless of culture results. (isid.org)
- It is important to distinguish between non-infectious diarrhea and infectious gastroenteritis in the hospital setting. (isid.org)
Coronaviruses4
- Other coronaviruses that belong to the species Alphacoronavirus 1 are Feline coronavirus, Canine coronavirus and Feline infectious peritonitis virus. (wikipedia.org)
- Whilst this large family of viruses includes some important human pathogens, it is important to emphasise that CECoV is not closely related to human coronaviruses like SARS-CoV2, the cause of COVID-19. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- Human coronaviruses (HCoVs) first were identified in 1965 as a common cause of mild upper and lower respiratory infections in children and adults, similar to illness produced by rhinoviruses and respiratory syncytial virus. (medscape.com)
- Before the emergence of SARS-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), all coronaviruses were thought to only cause trivial respiratory illness and occasionally gastroenteritis, so little research focused on these viral pathogens. (medscape.com)
Rotavirus1
- The study objective was to project future incidence of norovirus and rotavirus gastroenteritis as contacts resumed and other NPIs are relaxed. (cdc.gov)
Outbreaks6
- CDC also reviewed laboratory data to ascertain the causes of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks and examined trends over time. (cdc.gov)
- During 2008-2014, a total of 133 cruise ship acute gastroenteritis outbreaks were reported, 95 (71%) of which had specimens available for testing. (cdc.gov)
- In an epidemiologic investigation in England during the period 2002-03, noroviruses were found in 63% of healthcare-associated gastroenteritis outbreaks. (isid.org)
- Other viruses such as adenoviruses type 40 and 41 have also been implicated in nosocomial outbreaks. (isid.org)
- Most viruses were placed into a single clade, implying that despite substantial virus inflow, most outbreaks did not spread widely. (bvsalud.org)
- OBJECTIVES: Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks commonly occur in congregate settings, including schools and childcare facilities. (cdc.gov)
Swine3
- We have experimentally inoculated chickens and Virus stock for animal inoculation was prepared and titrat- swine. (cdc.gov)
- The Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibody Rapid Test is a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the qualitative detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus Antibody (CSFV Ab) in pig's serum, or plasma specimen. (hwtai.com)
- By this means, the device can indicate the presence of Classical Swine Fever Virus antibodies in the specimen. (hwtai.com)
Feline infec2
- Dive into the research topics of 'Characterization of determinants involved in the feline infectious peritonitis virus receptor function of feline aminopeptidase N'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. (elsevierpure.com)
- Feline enteric coronavirus that infects the intestines and feline infectious peritonitis virus that causes the disease feline infectious peritonitis. (pages.dev)
Acute12
- Coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is a global health crisis caused by a virus officially named as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and well known with the acronym (SARS-CoV-2). (researchsquare.com)
- From 2008 to 2014, the rate of acute gastroenteritis on cruise ships decreased among passengers from 27.2 cases per 100,000 travel days in 2008 to 22.3 in 2014, while the rate among crew members was essentially unchanged. (cdc.gov)
- Cases of acute gastroenteritis illness on cruise ships are relatively infrequent. (cdc.gov)
- To determine recent rates of acute gastroenteritis on cruise ships, CDC analyzed combined data for the period 2008-2014 that were submitted by cruise ships sailing in U.S. jurisdiction (defined as passenger vessels carrying ≥13 passengers and within 15 days of arriving in the United States) ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
- During the study period, the rates of acute gastroenteritis per 100,000 travel days decreased among passengers from 27.2 cases in 2008 to 22.3 in 2014. (cdc.gov)
- However, the rate of acute gastroenteritis was significantly higher in 2012 than in 2011 or 2013 for both passengers and crew members, likely related to the emergence of a novel strain of norovirus, GII.4 Sydney ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
- Assessment of the risks posed by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) on surfaces requires data on survival of this virus on environmental surfaces and on how survival is affected by environmental variables, such as air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). (asm.org)
- Betacoronaviruses contain a diverse range of viruses, including the recently-emerged Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoV2 (the causeof COVID-19), as well as the original SARS-CoV that emerged in 2002, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus from 2012 (MERS-CoV). (liverpool.ac.uk)
- The ICD-10-CM code A09 might also be used to specify conditions or terms like acute erosive gastritis, acute gastroenteritis, acute gastroenteritis, acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis, acute infective gastroenteritis, acute ulcerative gastroenteritis complicating pneumonia, etc. (firebaseapp.com)
- A08 Tarminfektioner orsakade av virus och andra specificerade guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Kvalitetssäkring av förlossningsvården - MS Robsons klassifikation i 10 grupper19 heterna. (firebaseapp.com)
- OBJECTIVE: To describe demographics, pathogen distribution/seasonality, and risk factors in children seeking care for acute gastroenteritis (AGE) at a midwestern US emergency department during 5 postrotavirus vaccine years (2011-2016), and further, to compare the same data with matched healthy controls (HC). (cdc.gov)
- CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES AND INJURIES I. INFECTIOUS AND PARASITIC DISEASES (001-139) Includes: diseases generally recognized as communicable or transmissible as well as a few diseases of unknown but possibly infectious origin Excludes: acute respiratory infections (460-466) influenza (487. (cdc.gov)
Infection13
- The infection of cells with this altered virus elicits a specific lactogenic immune response against the heterologous protein. (wikipedia.org)
- Virus infection has been consistently threatening public health. (frontiersin.org)
- Interaction between virus infection and cell host response. (bu.edu)
- Infection is normally faeco-oral, and the virus primarily replicates in the small intestinal villi, resulting in desquamation and malabsorptive diarrhoea. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- the host cell receptor is the first step in infection and the main determinant for virus tropism. (uu.nl)
- Even countries presently free of PRRSV are at high risk for infection and spread of this virus. (biomedcentral.com)
- The NNIS (National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance) in the USA reported a nosocomial gastroenteritis infection rate of 2.27 per 1000 discharges, for the period of January 1990 through December 1994. (isid.org)
- Infection rates and causes of nosocomial gastroenteritis in developing countries have not been well studied. (isid.org)
- Neonates with undeveloped immunity or patients with an immune deficiency state, such as those on immuno-suppressive drugs or with HIV infection and AIDS, are at increased risk to develop nosocomial gastroenteritis. (isid.org)
- Salmonella were reported as the most common cause of nosocomial gastroenteritis in some developing countries but the infection rate of other enteric pathogens is not well known especially lacking is data on C. difficile infection. (isid.org)
- Importantly, these findings suggest oleandrin may have broad antiviral activity against enveloped viruses by reducing the incorporation of the envelope glycoprotein into mature particles, a stage of the infection cycle not targeted by modern HAART. (longdom.org)
- Many viruses, including Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV), have evolved sophisticated countermeasures to extend the life of an infected host cell to support establishment of infection and virus proliferation. (mdpi.com)
- This was an infection with much greater morbidity and mortality than previous viruses from the Coronaviridae family. (medscape.com)
Viral6
- For instance, due to their genetic flexibility, viruses have developed various viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to interrupt several checkpoints of cGAS-STING. (frontiersin.org)
- At the first stage of viral invasion, virus-derived double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) trigger the conformational change and activation of cGAS. (frontiersin.org)
- A transgenic mouse with enhanced viral resistance transmissible to its offspring is prepared by introduction of a gene encoding a human interferon having antiviral activity into a host mouse. (justia.com)
- Vaccination may be with attenuated or inactivated virus, or with viral proteins produced by genetic engineering techniques. (justia.com)
- The botanical glycoside, oleandrin, and an extract of Nerium oleander have been shown to prevent the incorporation of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 into mature virus particles and inhibit viral infectivity in vitro [ 1 ]. (longdom.org)
- Metazoans often trigger premature cell death in response to infections by larger DNA viruses as part of an immediate response to counter the viral threat. (mdpi.com)
20201
- RESULTS: We found that the population susceptibility to both viruses increased between March 2020 and November 2021. (cdc.gov)
Enteric3
- Canine enteric coronavirus (CECoV) is an RNA virus belonging to the coronavirus family. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- Other important members of the betacoronavirus group include mouse hepatitus virus (MHV) which is used in many experimental models of coronavirus biology, as well as human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43, bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and equine coronavirus (ECV), which are associated with respiratory (HCoV) or enteric (BCoV, ECV) infections in their target species. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- CONCLUSIONS: These results, which quantify the consequences of population susceptibility build-up, can help public health agencies prepare for potential resurgence of enteric viruses. (cdc.gov)
Pathogens3
- During the past decades, it has been revealed that numerous pathogens, including viruses, usurp autophagy in order to promote their propagation. (rug.nl)
- Four virus families (Arterividae, Coronaviridae, Mesoniviridae, and Roniviridae) are part of this order, which comprises several human and animal pathogens of medical and veterinary importance. (rug.nl)
- In other cases, for example, influenza A virus, animal pathogens have the potential for producing a pandemic event. (biomedcentral.com)
Inoculation1
- species during the first week after inoculation, and in chick- en organs at 2 weeks after inoculation. (cdc.gov)
Single stranded4
- It is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus which enters its host cell by binding to the APN receptor. (wikipedia.org)
- It is an enveloped virus with a positive single stranded RNA genome. (wikipedia.org)
- The virus that causes COVID-19 belongs to the family Coronaviridae, which includes a group of enveloped, positive-sensed, single-stranded RNA viruses. (researchsquare.com)
- Nidovirales are an order of enveloped viruses with large single-stranded positive RNA genomes. (rug.nl)
20171
- Ebola virus disease outbreak occurred in 2014 in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, Monkeypox virus in Nigeria in 2017 and most recently Lassa virus in Nigeria, Togo and Benin in 2018. (bvsalud.org)
Porcine repro1
- The type 2 highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) has spread throughout countries of southeast Asia, where it has caused severe economic losses. (biomedcentral.com)
Immunity2
- Even though this calculation is highly simplified, ignoring the effects of 'super-spreaders', herd-immunity and incomplete testing, it emphasizes the fact that viruses can spread at a bewildering pace when no countermeasures are taken. (elifesciences.org)
- Viruses have optimized their evading tactics for superior replication and spreading to counteract host immunity. (frontiersin.org)
Bacteria5
- Development of a method for bacteria and virus recovery from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) filters. (cdc.gov)
- The aim of the work presented here is to study the effectiveness of building air handling units (AHUs) in serving as high volume sampling devices for airborne bacteria and viruses. (cdc.gov)
- An HVAC test facility constructed according to ASHRAE Standard 52.2-1999 was used for the control led loading of HVAC filter media with aerosolized bacteria and virus. (cdc.gov)
- These bacteria and viruses were nebulized in separate tests and injected into the test duct of the test facility upstream of a MERV 14 filter. (cdc.gov)
- Our results indicate that the airborne concentration of spore-forming bacteria in building AHUs may be determined by analyzing the material collected on HVAC filter media, however culture-based analytical techniques are impractical for virus recovery. (cdc.gov)
Influenza virus2
- February 12, 1987) observed inhibition of influenza virus in NIH 3T3 mouse cells genetically modified to express the mouse protein Mx. (justia.com)
- Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a highly contagious pathogen of equids, and a well-known burden in global equine health. (bvsalud.org)
PRRSV1
- Countries presently free from this highly virulent PRRSV, such as Japan, remain at high risk for the invasion and spread of this virus. (biomedcentral.com)
Hepatitis3
- Curcumin has been shown to inhibit the replication of some types of virus, including dengue virus, hepatitis B, and Zika virus. (genengnews.com)
- 6. Duck virus hepatitis. (advocatekhoj.com)
- Cryptosporidium parvum , vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157, Norwalk virus (small round-structured viruses) and hepatitis E virus. (who.int)
Vaccines1
- One method of providing virus resistance is by use of vaccines. (justia.com)
Vitro1
- The botanical glycoside, oleandrin, derived from extracts of Nerium oleander , has previously been shown to reduce the levels of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein on human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) particles and inhibit HIV-1 infectivity in vitro . (longdom.org)
Alphacoronavirus3
- The virus is a member of the genus Alphacoronavirus, subgenus Tegacovirus, species Alphacoronavirus 1. (wikipedia.org)
- This page lists the EVAg products having been related to the "Alphacoronavirus 1" virus name. (european-virus-archive.com)
- It is a coronavirus of the species Alphacoronavirus 1 which includes canine coronavirus and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus. (pages.dev)
Strains3
- They are pairing this with a rapid, modular reverse genetic system to assess genomic variants identified in the wealth of global sequencing data, develop and test vaccine candidates, and generate needed reagents, including fluorescent and tagged virus strains. (jcvi.org)
- Some forms of diarrheal disease, such as food poisoning caused by enterotoxin-producing strains of Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus have not been demonstrated to be directly transmissible from person to person in the hospital. (isid.org)
- Human coronavirus strains have remained endemic in the United States since 1965, when these viruses first were isolated and characterized. (medscape.com)
Surrogate1
- The use of surrogate viruses has the potential to overcome the challenges of working with SARS-CoV and to increase the available data on coronavirus survival on surfaces. (asm.org)
Communicable1
- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and blood-borne viruses (BBVs) are the mostly frequently reported notifiable communicable infectious diseases in WA. (wa.gov.au)
Antibodies1
- Further, in particular embodiments, the chimeric virus has a different immunological profile than one or both of the parent viruses (i.e., is only weakly or not at all recognized by neutralizing antisera or antibodies against the parent virus), thereby allowing for administration to subjects that have antibodies directed against the parent virus or repeat administration following administration of another serotype. (justia.com)
Proteins3
- 4. The function of virus encoded proteins. (bu.edu)
- Here we discuss three innovative applications of the yeast model system to reveal functions and investigate variants of proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (microbialcell.com)
- Despite the impressive advances that have been made, the precise functions and virus-host interactions of many SARS-CoV-2 proteins remains obscure. (microbialcell.com)
Human3
- public health perspective (as a potential source of virus for human infections) and the animal health perspective. (cdc.gov)
- We therefore tested whether oleandrin or an extract from N. oleander could also inhibit the infectivity of the human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) -a related enveloped retrovirus and emerging tropical infectious agent. (longdom.org)
- However, the collected virus particles from treated cells exhibited reduced infectivity on primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (huPBMCs). (longdom.org)
SARS9
- In this article we provide a one-stop, curated graphical source for the key numbers (based mostly on the peer-reviewed literature) about the SARS-CoV-2 virus that is responsible for the pandemic. (elifesciences.org)
- In this article we compile data about the basic properties of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and about how it interacts with the body ( Figure 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
- Graphic showing what we know about the basic properties of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as its size and genome, and about how it interacts with the body. (elifesciences.org)
- This virus officially named as SARS‐CoV‐2 by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses [9] is rapidly spreading from its origin in Wuhan City of China to the rest of the world. (researchsquare.com)
- Assessment of the risk posed by SARS-CoV on surfaces requires data on the survival of the virus on environmental surfaces and data on how this survival is affected by environmental variables, such as air temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). (asm.org)
- Because working with SARS-CoV requires specially trained personnel working under biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory containment conditions, there are significant challenges in studying this virus, and only limited data on its survival and response to environmental stressors are available. (asm.org)
- Through his NIH-sponsored Bioinformatics Resource Center project, his team released a dedicated public web portal for the SARS-CoV-2 virus during the early stages of the outbreak to ensure data and tools are accessible to frontline researchers worldwide. (jcvi.org)
- Gene Tan, PhD is leading efforts to develop SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein pseudotyped viruses for receptor binding and antibody neutralization assays. (jcvi.org)
- Norberto Gonzalez-Juarbe, PhD is leading an effort to study the effects of SARS-CoV-2 in cardiac health, specifically how the virus promotes Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE). (jcvi.org)
Experimental1
- Section 4 gives the experimental protocol and the results of applying the aforementioned techniques to analyze the genomes of this virus. (researchsquare.com)
Infectious virus1
- At 4°C, infectious virus persisted for as long as 28 days, and the lowest level of inactivation occurred at 20% RH. (asm.org)
Species3
- Investigation of these two viruses may reveal further evidence of cross-species transmission. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- These viruses are relatively closely related to each other and a range of viruses in wildlife species like bats which they may have evolved. (liverpool.ac.uk)
- Orthopoxviruses and Monkeypox virus were detected in the organs by PCR using consensus primers targeting the virus surface membrane haemagglutinin (HA) genes, while Leptospira species were detected by PCR using primers targeting the rrs and lfb1 genes. (bvsalud.org)
Pathogenic1
- Alternatively, nosocomial gastroenteritis can be determined if a stool culture obtained shortly before or just after admission is negative for a given pathogenic agent and the agent is subsequently cultured from the patient's stool. (isid.org)
Hong Kong1
- You may have heard that a dog in Hong Kong tested positive for the COVID-19 virus, but the dog was not sick. (equiddocvet.com)