Transforming growth factor beta1. Medical search

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor. Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME.

Cell-surface proteins that bind transforming growth factor beta and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. Two types of transforming growth factor receptors have been recognized. They differ in affinity for different members of the transforming growth factor beta family and in cellular mechanisms of action.

Hormonally active polypeptides that can induce the transformed phenotype when added to normal, non-transformed cells. They have been found in culture fluids from retrovirally transformed cells and in tumor-derived cells as well as in non-neoplastic sources. Their transforming activities are due to the simultaneous action of two otherwise unrelated factors, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA.

A TGF-beta subtype that was originally identified as a GLIOBLASTOMA-derived factor which inhibits the antigen-dependent growth of both helper and CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTES. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta2 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

A TGF-beta subtype that plays role in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interaction during embryonic development. It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta3 and TGF-beta3 latency-associated peptide. The association of the cleavage products results in the formation a latent protein which must be activated to bind its receptor.

A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.

A cell surface receptor involved in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. It is specific for EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR and EGF-related peptides including TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA; AMPHIREGULIN; and HEPARIN-BINDING EGF-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR. The binding of ligand to the receptor causes activation of its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and rapid internalization of the receptor-ligand complex into the cell.

The original member of the family of endothelial cell growth factors referred to as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A was originally isolated from tumor cells and referred to as "tumor angiogenesis factor" and "vascular permeability factor". Although expressed at high levels in certain tumor-derived cells it is produced by a wide variety of cell types. In addition to stimulating vascular growth and vascular permeability it may play a role in stimulating VASODILATION via NITRIC OXIDE-dependent pathways. Alternative splicing of the mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor A results in several isoforms of the protein being produced.

A single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of WOUND HEALING and is a potent inducer of PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. Several different forms of the human protein exist ranging from 18-24 kDa in size due to the use of alternative start sites within the fgf-2 gene. It has a 55 percent amino acid residue identity to FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1 and has potent heparin-binding activity. The growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of DNA synthesis in a variety of cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages. It was originally named basic fibroblast growth factor based upon its chemical properties and to distinguish it from acidic fibroblast growth factor (FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 1).

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Mitogenic peptide growth hormone carried in the alpha-granules of platelets. It is released when platelets adhere to traumatized tissues. Connective tissue cells near the traumatized region respond by initiating the process of replication.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. It regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A family of small polypeptide growth factors that share several common features including a strong affinity for HEPARIN, and a central barrel-shaped core region of 140 amino acids that is highly homologous between family members. Although originally studied as proteins that stimulate the growth of fibroblasts this distinction is no longer a requirement for membership in the fibroblast growth factor family.

A well-characterized basic peptide believed to be secreted by the liver and to circulate in the blood. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like, and mitogenic activities. This growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on GROWTH HORMONE. It is believed to be mainly active in adults in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR II, which is a major fetal growth factor.

Multifunctional growth factor which regulates both cell growth and cell motility. It exerts a strong mitogenic effect on hepatocytes and primary epithelial cells. Its receptor is PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MET.

An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.

These growth factors are soluble mitogens secreted by a variety of organs. The factors are a mixture of two single chain polypeptides which have affinity to heparin. Their molecular weight are organ and species dependent. They have mitogenic and chemotactic effects and can stimulate endothelial cells to grow and synthesize DNA. The factors are related to both the basic and acidic FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS but have different amino acid sequences.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS or activin receptor-like kinases (ALK'S). There are several type I activin receptors. The major active ones are ALK-2 (ActR-IA) and ALK-4 (ActR-IB).

Factors which enhance the growth potentialities of sensory and sympathetic nerve cells.

A PDGF receptor that binds specifically to the PDGF-B chain. It contains a protein-tyrosine kinase activity that is involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

A family of angiogenic proteins that are closely-related to VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR A. They play an important role in the growth and differentiation of vascular as well as lymphatic endothelial cells.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Cell surface receptors that bind growth or trophic factors with high affinity, triggering intracellular responses which influence the growth, differentiation, or survival of cells.

NERVE GROWTH FACTOR is the first of a series of neurotrophic factors that were found to influence the growth and differentiation of sympathetic and sensory neurons. It is comprised of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. The beta subunit is responsible for its growth stimulating activity.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

An interleukin-1 subtype that is synthesized as an inactive membrane-bound pro-protein. Proteolytic processing of the precursor form by CASPASE 1 results in release of the active form of interleukin-1beta from the membrane.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. Activated Smad3 can bind directly to DNA, and it regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Specific receptors on cell membranes that react with PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR, its analogs, or antagonists. The alpha PDGF receptor (RECEPTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR ALPHA) and the beta PDGF receptor (RECEPTOR, PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR BETA) are the two principle types of PDGF receptors. Activation of the protein-tyrosine kinase activity of the receptors occurs by ligand-induced dimerization or heterodimerization of PDGF receptor types.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A family of proteins that are involved in the translocation of signals from TGF-BETA RECEPTORS; BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS; and other surface receptors to the CELL NUCLEUS. They were originally identified as a class of proteins that are related to the mothers against decapentaplegic protein, Drosophila and sma proteins from CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Carnivores of genus Mustela of the family MUSTELIDAE. The European mink, which has white upper and lower lips, was widely trapped for commercial purposes and is classified as endangered. The American mink, lacking a white upper lip, is farmed commercially.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Specific molecular sites or structures on cell membranes that react with FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS (both the basic and acidic forms), their analogs, or their antagonists to elicit or to inhibit the specific response of the cell to these factors. These receptors frequently possess tyrosine kinase activity.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A well-characterized neutral peptide believed to be secreted by the LIVER and to circulate in the BLOOD. It has growth-regulating, insulin-like and mitogenic activities. The growth factor has a major, but not absolute, dependence on SOMATOTROPIN. It is believed to be a major fetal growth factor in contrast to INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I, which is a major growth factor in adults.

An inhibitory smad protein that associates with TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA RECEPTORS and BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It negatively regulates SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS by inhibiting PHOSPHORYLATION of RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A CCN protein family member that regulates a variety of extracellular functions including CELL ADHESION; CELL MIGRATION; and EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX synthesis. It is found in hypertrophic CHONDROCYTES where it may play a role in CHONDROGENESIS and endochondral ossification.

Regulatory proteins and peptides that are signaling molecules involved in the process of PARACRINE COMMUNICATION. They are generally considered factors that are expressed by one cell and are responded to by receptors on another nearby cell. They are distinguished from HORMONES in that their actions are local rather than distal.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A 17-kDa single-chain polypeptide growth factor that plays a significant role in the process of WOUND HEALING and is a potent inducer of PHYSIOLOGIC ANGIOGENESIS. It binds to HEPARIN, which potentiates its biological activity and protects it from proteolysis. The growth factor is an extremely potent inducer of DNA synthesis in a variety of cell types from mesoderm and neuroectoderm lineages, and also has chemotactic and mitogenic activities. It was originally named acidic fibroblast growth factor based upon its chemical properties and to distinguish it from basic fibroblast growth factor (FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2).

Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A signal transducing adaptor protein and tumor suppressor protein. It forms a complex with activated RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. The complex then translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES.

A polypeptide substance comprising about one third of the total protein in mammalian organisms. It is the main constituent of SKIN; CONNECTIVE TISSUE; and the organic substance of bones (BONE AND BONES) and teeth (TOOTH).

An 11-kDa protein associated with the outer membrane of many cells including lymphocytes. It is the small subunit of the MHC class I molecule. Association with beta 2-microglobulin is generally required for the transport of class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface. Beta 2-microglobulin is present in small amounts in serum, csf, and urine of normal people, and to a much greater degree in the urine and plasma of patients with tubular proteinemia, renal failure, or kidney transplants.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

A fibroblast growth factor that is a specific mitogen for EPITHELIAL CELLS. It binds a complex of HEPARAN SULFATE and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B.

Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Bone-growth regulatory factors that are members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins. They are synthesized as large precursor molecules which are cleaved by proteolytic enzymes. The active form can consist of a dimer of two identical proteins or a heterodimer of two related bone morphogenetic proteins.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

A family of closely related RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASES that bind vascular endothelial growth factors. They share a cluster of seven extracellular Ig-like domains which are important for ligand binding. They are highly expressed in vascular endothelial cells and are critical for the physiological and pathological growth, development and maintenance of blood and lymphatic vessels.

A meshwork-like substance found within the extracellular space and in association with the basement membrane of the cell surface. It promotes cellular proliferation and provides a supporting structure to which cells or cell lysates in culture dishes adhere.

Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

A 200-230-kDa tyrosine kinase receptor for vascular endothelial growth factors found primarily in endothelial and hematopoietic cells and their precursors. VEGFR-2 is important for vascular and hematopoietic development, and mediates almost all endothelial cell responses to VEGF.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

An integrin beta subunit of approximately 85-kDa in size which has been found in INTEGRIN ALPHAIIB-containing and INTEGRIN ALPHAV-containing heterodimers. Integrin beta3 occurs as three alternatively spliced isoforms, designated beta3A-C.

A fibroblast growth factor receptor that is found in two isoforms. One receptor isoform is found in the MESENCHYME and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2. A second isoform of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 is found mainly in EPITHELIAL CELLS and is activated by FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 7 and FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 10. Mutation of the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 can result in craniosynostotic syndromes (e.g., APERT SYNDROME; and CROUZON SYNDROME).

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Restoration of integrity to traumatized tissue.

A fibroblast growth factor receptor with specificity for FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTORS; HEPARAN SULFATE PROTEOGLYCAN; and NEURONAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES. Several variants of the receptor exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING of its mRNA. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 is a tyrosine kinase that transmits signals through the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM.

Glycoproteins found on the surfaces of cells, particularly in fibrillar structures. The proteins are lost or reduced when these cells undergo viral or chemical transformation. They are highly susceptible to proteolysis and are substrates for activated blood coagulation factor VIII. The forms present in plasma are called cold-insoluble globulins.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

A soluble factor produced by MONOCYTES; MACROPHAGES, and other cells which activates T-lymphocytes and potentiates their response to mitogens or antigens. Interleukin-1 is a general term refers to either of the two distinct proteins, INTERLEUKIN-1ALPHA and INTERLEUKIN-1BETA. The biological effects of IL-1 include the ability to replace macrophage requirements for T-cell activation.

A 180-kDa VEGF receptor found primarily in endothelial cells that is essential for vasculogenesis and vascular maintenance. It is also known as Flt-1 (fms-like tyrosine kinase receptor-1). A soluble, alternatively spliced isoform of the receptor may serve as a binding protein that regulates the availability of various ligands for VEGF receptor binding and signal transduction.

The most common form of fibrillar collagen. It is a major constituent of bone (BONE AND BONES) and SKIN and consists of a heterotrimer of two alpha1(I) and one alpha2(I) chains.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the sis gene (GENES, SIS). c-sis proteins make up the B chain of PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR. Overexpression of c-sis causes tumorigenesis.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A pathologic process consisting of the proliferation of blood vessels in abnormal tissues or in abnormal positions.

One of two major pharmacologically defined classes of adrenergic receptors. The beta adrenergic receptors play an important role in regulating CARDIAC MUSCLE contraction, SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxation, and GLYCOGENOLYSIS.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Epidermal cells which synthesize keratin and undergo characteristic changes as they move upward from the basal layers of the epidermis to the cornified (horny) layer of the skin. Successive stages of differentiation of the keratinocytes forming the epidermal layers are basal cell, spinous or prickle cell, and the granular cell.

Culture media containing biologically active components obtained from previously cultured cells or tissues that have released into the media substances affecting certain cell functions (e.g., growth, lysis).

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Glycoproteins which have a very high polysaccharide content.

Macromolecular organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually, sulfur. These macromolecules (proteins) form an intricate meshwork in which cells are embedded to construct tissues. Variations in the relative types of macromolecules and their organization determine the type of extracellular matrix, each adapted to the functional requirements of the tissue. The two main classes of macromolecules that form the extracellular matrix are: glycosaminoglycans, usually linked to proteins (proteoglycans), and fibrous proteins (e.g., COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; FIBRONECTINS; and LAMININ).

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

A fibroblast growth factor that is a mitogen for KERATINOCYTES. It activates FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2B and is involved in LUNG and limb development.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

The development of new BLOOD VESSELS during the restoration of BLOOD CIRCULATION during the healing process.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Mode of communication wherein a bound hormone affects the function of the cell type that produced the hormone.

A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

A family of secreted multidomain proteins that were originally identified by their association with the latent form of TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTORS. They interact with a variety of EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS and may play a role in the regulation of TGB-beta bioavailability.

Receptors for ACTIVINS are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (ALK's). Activin receptors also bind TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. As those transmembrane receptors of the TGF-beta superfamily (RECEPTORS, TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA), ALK's consist of two different but related protein kinases, Type I and Type II. Activins initiate cellular signal transduction by first binding to the type II receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE II ) which then recruit and phosphorylate the type I receptors (ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I ) with subsequent activation of the type I kinase activity.

Cell surface receptors that bind NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; (NGF) and a NGF-related family of neurotrophic factors that includes neurotrophins, BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR and CILIARY NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR.

Integrin beta chains combine with integrin alpha chains to form heterodimeric cell surface receptors. Integrins have traditionally been classified into functional groups based on the identity of one of three beta chains present in the heterodimer. The beta chain is necessary and sufficient for integrin-dependent signaling. Its short cytoplasmic tail contains sequences critical for inside-out signaling.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Insulin-like polypeptides made by the liver and some fibroblasts and released into the blood when stimulated by SOMATOTROPIN. They cause sulfate incorporation into collagen, RNA, and DNA synthesis, which are prerequisites to cell division and growth of the organism.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

CULTURE MEDIA free of serum proteins but including the minimal essential substances required for cell growth. This type of medium avoids the presence of extraneous substances that may affect cell proliferation or unwanted activation of cells.

A family of transmembrane glycoproteins (MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEINS) consisting of noncovalent heterodimers. They interact with a wide variety of ligands including EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS; COMPLEMENT, and other cells, while their intracellular domains interact with the CYTOSKELETON. The integrins consist of at least three identified families: the cytoadhesin receptors(RECEPTORS, CYTOADHESIN), the leukocyte adhesion receptors (RECEPTORS, LEUKOCYTE ADHESION), and the VERY LATE ANTIGEN RECEPTORS. Each family contains a common beta-subunit (INTEGRIN BETA CHAINS) combined with one or more distinct alpha-subunits (INTEGRIN ALPHA CHAINS). These receptors participate in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion in many physiologically important processes, including embryological development; HEMOSTASIS; THROMBOSIS; WOUND HEALING; immune and nonimmune defense mechanisms; and oncogenic transformation.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A PDGF receptor that binds specifically to both PDGF-A chains and PDGF-B chains. It contains a protein-tyrosine kinase activity that is involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

A family of soluble proteins that bind insulin-like growth factors and modulate their biological actions at the cellular level. (Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1992;39(1):3-9)

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.

A family of smad proteins that undergo PHOSPHORYLATION by CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS in response to TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA; ACTIVIN; or BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

A protein-tyrosine kinase receptor that is closely related in structure to the INSULIN RECEPTOR. Although commonly referred to as the IGF-I receptor, it binds both IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity. It is comprised of a tetramer of two alpha and two beta subunits which are derived from cleavage of a single precursor protein. The beta subunit contains an intrinsic tyrosine kinase domain.

A bone morphogenetic protein that is widely expressed during EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. It is both a potent osteogenic factor and a specific regulator of nephrogenesis.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.

Substances that stimulate mitosis and lymphocyte transformation. They include not only substances associated with LECTINS, but also substances from streptococci (associated with streptolysin S) and from strains of alpha-toxin-producing staphylococci. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. It regulates BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN signaling and plays an essential role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

Glycoproteins that inhibit pituitary FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretion. Inhibins are secreted by the Sertoli cells of the testes, the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicles, the placenta, and other tissues. Inhibins and ACTIVINS are modulators of FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE secretions; both groups belong to the TGF-beta superfamily, as the TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA. Inhibins consist of a disulfide-linked heterodimer with a unique alpha linked to either a beta A or a beta B subunit to form inhibin A or inhibin B, respectively

Endogenous or exogenous substances which inhibit the normal growth of human and animal cells or micro-organisms, as distinguished from those affecting plant growth (= PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS).

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Polymorphic cells that form cartilage.

A fibroblast growth factor receptor that regulates CHONDROCYTE growth and CELL DIFFERENTIATION. Mutations in the gene for fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 have been associated with ACHONDROPLASIA; THANATOPHORIC DYSPLASIA and NEOPLASTIC CELL TRANSFORMATION.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

One of the two types of ACTIVIN RECEPTORS. They are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES. The major type II activin receptors are ActR-IIA and ActR-IIB.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A member of the serpin family of proteins. It inhibits both the tissue-type and urokinase-type plasminogen activators.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

An inhibitory Smad protein that negatively regulates the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS from BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN RECEPTORS. Smad6 inhibits PHOSPHORYLATION of SMAD2 PROTEIN and SMAD3 PROTEIN.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

They are glycopeptides and subunits in INHIBINS and ACTIVINS. Inhibins and activins belong to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily.

A potent osteoinductive protein that plays a critical role in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells into OSTEOBLASTS.

A non-DNA binding transcription factor that is a subunit of core binding factor. It forms heterodimeric complexes with CORE BINDING FACTOR ALPHA SUBUNITS, and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a variety of GENES involved primarily in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELL CYCLE progression.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A fibroblast growth factor that was originally identified as a mitogen for GLIAL CELLS. It is expressed primarily in NEURONS.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Cell surface protein-tyrosine kinase receptors for HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR. They consist of an extracellular alpha chain which is disulfide-linked to the transmembrane beta chain. The cytoplasmic portion contains the catalytic domain and sites critical for the regulation of kinase activity. Mutations of the gene for PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-MET are associated with papillary renal carcinoma and other neoplasia.

An integrin found in FIBROBLASTS; PLATELETS; MONOCYTES, and LYMPHOCYTES. Integrin alpha5beta1 is the classical receptor for FIBRONECTIN, but it also functions as a receptor for LAMININ and several other EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX PROTEINS.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

Ability of neoplasms to infiltrate and actively destroy surrounding tissue.

Short fragments of DNA or RNA that are used to alter the function of target RNAs or DNAs to which they hybridize.

Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.

A fibrillar collagen consisting of three identical alpha1(III) chains that is widely distributed in many tissues containing COLLAGEN TYPE I. It is particularly abundant in BLOOD VESSELS and may play a role in tissues with elastic characteristics.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A family of BONE MORPHOGENETIC PROTEIN-related proteins that are primarily involved in regulation of CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Relatively undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to divide and proliferate throughout postnatal life to provide progenitor cells that can differentiate into specialized cells.

Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.

The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. (1/4386)

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) family members are secreted in inactive complexes with a latency-associated peptide (LAP), a protein derived from the N-terminal region of the TGF beta gene product. Extracellular activation of these complexes is a critical but incompletely understood step in regulation of TGF beta function in vivo. We show that TGF beta 1 LAP is a ligand for the integrin alpha v beta 6 and that alpha v beta 6-expressing cells induce spatially restricted activation of TGF beta 1. This finding explains why mice lacking this integrin develop exaggerated inflammation and, as we show, are protected from pulmonary fibrosis. These data identify a novel mechanism for locally regulating TGF beta 1 function in vivo by regulating expression of the alpha v beta 6 integrin. (+info)

The activation sequence of thrombospondin-1 interacts with the latency-associated peptide to regulate activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta. (2/4386)

One of the primary points of regulation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) activity is control of its conversion from the latent precursor to the biologically active form. We have identified thrombospondin-1 as a major physiological regulator of latent TGF-beta activation. Activation is dependent on the interaction of a specific sequence in thrombospondin-1 (K412RFK415) with the latent TGF-beta complex. Platelet thrombospon-din-1 has TGF-beta activity and immunoreactive mature TGF-beta associated with it. We now report that the latency-associated peptide (LAP) of the latent TGF-beta complex also interacts with thrombospondin-1 as part of a biologically active complex. Thrombospondin.LAP complex formation involves the activation sequence of thrombospondin-1 (KRFK) and a sequence (LSKL) near the amino terminus of LAP that is conserved in TGF-beta1-5. The interactions of LAP with thrombospondin-1 through the LSKL and KRFK sequences are important for thrombospondin-mediated activation of latent TGF-beta since LSKL peptides can competitively inhibit latent TGF-beta activation by thrombospondin or KRFK-containing peptides. In addition, the association of LAP with thrombospondin-1 may function to prevent the re-formation of an inactive LAP.TGF-beta complex since thrombospondin-bound LAP no longer confers latency on active TGF-beta. The mechanism of TGF-beta activation by thrombospondin-1 appears to be conserved among TGF-beta isoforms as latent TGF-beta2 can also be activated by thrombospondin-1 or KRFK peptides in a manner that is sensitive to inhibition by LSKL peptides. (+info)

Regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 by nitric oxide. (3/4386)

Many tumor cells or their secreted products suppress the function of tumor-infiltrating macrophages. Tumor cells often produce abundant transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1), which in addition to other immunosuppressive actions suppresses the inducible isoform of NO synthase. TGF-beta1 is secreted in a latent form, which consists of TGF-beta1 noncovalently associated with latency-associated peptide (LAP) and which can be activated efficiently by exposure to reactive oxygen species. Coculture of the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and ANA-1 macrophages activated with IFN-gamma plus lipopolysaccharide resulted in increased synthesis and activation of latent TGF-beta1 protein by both A549 and ANA-1 cells, whereas unstimulated cultures of either cell type alone expressed only latent TGF-beta1. We investigated whether exposure of tumor cells to NO influences the production, activation, or activity of TGF-beta1.A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells exposed to the chemical NO donor diethylamine-NONOate showed increased immunoreactivity of cell-associated latent and active TGF-beta1 in a time- and dose-dependent fashion at 24-48 h after treatment. Exposure of latent TGF-beta1 to solution sources of NO neither led to recombinant latent TGF-beta1 activation nor modified recombinant TGF-beta1 activity. A novel mechanism was observed, however: treatment of recombinant LAP with NO resulted in its nitrosylation and interfered with its ability to neutralize active TGF-beta1. These results provide the first evidence that nitrosative stress influences the regulation of TGF-beta1 and raise the possibility that NO production may augment TGF-beta1 activity by modifying a naturally occurring neutralizing peptide. (+info)

Transforming growth factor beta from multiple myeloma cells inhibits proliferation and IL-2 responsiveness in T lymphocytes. (4/4386)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cancer of plasma cells, characterized by profound suppression of host immune responses. Here we show that MM cell lines significantly suppress the proliferation, blasting, response to interleukin-2 (IL-2), and expression of CD25 by concanavalin A (Con A)-activated or allostimulated peripheral blood T lymphocytes. T cells arrest in the G1 stage of the cell cycle, and do not enter the IL-2 autocrine growth pathway. T cell inhibition was mediated by a soluble factor. MM cell lines did not produce IL-10 but did produce large amounts of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1). T cells were assessed for their ability to respond to IL-2 when co-cultured with MM cells in the presence or absence of the TGF-beta inhibitor, TGF-beta latency-associated peptide (LAP). MM cells suppressed IL-2 responses but this inhibition was completely reversed by TGF-beta LAP. A CD25-, IL-2-dependent blast cell line was not inhibited by MM cells or rhTGF-beta, confirming the specificity of the inhibition mechanism for the IL-2 autocrine growth pathway. We conclude that MM cells suppress T cells in their entry into the autocrine IL-2/CD25 pathway and in response to IL-2, and that TGF-beta has a significant role to play. (+info)

Involvement of activator protein 1 complexes in the epithelium-specific activation of the laminin gamma2-chain gene promoter by hepatocyte growth factor (scatter factor). (5/4386)

Laminin-5 is a trimer of laminin alpha3, beta3 and gamma2 chains that is found in the intestinal basement membrane. Deposition of the laminin gamma2 chain at the basement membrane is of great interest because it undergoes a developmental shift in its cellular expression. Here we study the regulatory elements that control basal and cytokine-activated transcriptional expression of the LAMC2 gene, which encodes the laminin gamma2 chain. By using transient transfection experiments we demonstrated the presence of constitutive and cytokine-responsive cis-elements. Comparison of the transcriptional activity of the LAMC2 promoter in the epithelial HT29mtx cells with that in small-intestinal fibroblastic cells (C20 cells) led us to conclude that two regions with constitutive epithelium-specific activity are present between positions -1.2 and -0.12 kb. This was further validated by transfections of primary foetal intestinal endoderm and mesenchyme. A 2.5 kb portion of the LAMC2 5' flanking region was equally responsive to PMA and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), whereas it was less responsive to transforming growth factor beta1. A minimal promoter limited to the initial 120 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site maintained inducibility by PMA and HGF. This short promoter fragment contains two activator protein 1 (AP-1) elements and the 5'-most of these is a composite AP-1/Sp1 element. The 5'AP-1 element is crucial to the HGF-mediated activity of the promoter; analysis of interacting nuclear proteins demonstrated that AP-1 proteins containing JunD mediate the response to HGF. (+info)

Requirement of Ras/MAPK pathway activation by transforming growth factor beta for transforming growth factor beta 1 production in a Smad-dependent pathway. (6/4386)

Our previous results have shown that transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) rapidly activates Ras, as well as both ERKs and SAPKs. In order to address the biological significance of the activation of these pathways by TGFbeta, here we examined the role of the Ras/MAPK pathways and the Smads in TGFbeta(3) induction of TGFbeta(1) expression in untransformed lung and intestinal epithelial cells. Expression of either a dominant-negative mutant of Ras (RasN17) or a dominant-negative mutant of MKK4 (DN MKK4), or addition of the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059, inhibited the ability of TGFbeta(3) to induce AP-1 complex formation at the TGFbeta(1) promoter, and the subsequent induction of TGFbeta(1) mRNA. The primary components present in this TGFbeta(3)-inducible AP-1 complex at the TGFbeta(1) promoter were JunD and Fra-2, although c-Jun and FosB were also involved. Furthermore, deletion of the AP-1 site in the TGFbeta(1) promoter or addition of PD98059 inhibited the ability of TGFbeta(3) to stimulate TGFbeta(1) promoter activity. Collectively, our data demonstrate that TGFbeta(3) induction of TGFbeta(1) is mediated through a signaling cascade consisting of Ras, the MAPKKs MKK4 and MEK1, the MAPKs SAPKs and ERKs, and the specific AP-1 proteins Fra-2 and JunD. Although Smad3 and Smad4 were not detectable in TGFbeta(3)-inducible AP-1 complexes at the TGFbeta(1) promoter, stable expression of dominant-negative Smad3 could significantly inhibit the ability of TGFbeta(3) to stimulate TGFbeta(1) promoter activity. Transient expression of dominant-negative Smad4 also inhibited the ability of TGFbeta(3) to transactivate the TGFbeta(1) promoter. Thus, although the Ras/MAPK pathways are essential for TGFbeta(3) induction of TGFbeta(1), Smads may only contribute to this biological response in an indirect manner. (+info)

Transforming growth factor-beta1 is a potent inhibitor of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor expression in a bronchial epithelial cell line. Munich Lung Transplant Group. (7/4386)

Obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) is the major long-term complication following lung and heart-lung transplantation. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples obtained from patients suffering from OB, a marked increase in the number of neutrophils and elevated expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 had been found. The goal of the study was to evaluate whether TGF-beta1 is capable of interfering with the expression of the secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI), the dominating defence of the conducting airways against neutrophil elastase (NE). The authors analysed the effects of TGF-beta1 on gene expression and protein release of SLPI by cultured human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. SLPI protein levels in the supernatants were quantified with a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SLPI messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were measured by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Incubation with TGF-beta1 induced a marked decrease in SLPI protein levels (1 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: stimulation index (SI; protein: relation to SLPI protein release of resting cells)=0.56; 10 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: SI=0.48; 50 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: SI=0.37, p<0.01 each) and mRNA expression (1 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: SI (SI mRNA: relation to SLPI mRNA expression of resting cells)=0.46; 10 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: SI=0.31; 50 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: SI=0.18, p<0.01 each) in a dose dependent fashion. Simultaneous incubation of BEAS-2B cells with TGF-beta1 and NE also caused a significant reduction in SLPI synthesis (10 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1 + 7.5 U x mL(-1) NE: mRNA SI=0.61, p<0.05; protein SI=0.65, p<0.05; 50 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1 + 7.5 U x mL(-1) NE: mRNASI=0.52, p<0.05; protein SI=0.58, p<0.05; 10 ng x mL(-1) TGF-beta1: mRNA SI=0.33, p<0.01; protein SI=0.38, p<0.01). In conclusion, the data suggest that the coincidence of neutrophilia and upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 in obliterative bronchiolitis may lead to uninhibited neutrophil elastase activity by downregulation of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor, with the consequence of ongoing injury to the epithelium. (+info)

Activation of phospholipase D activity in transforming growth factor-beta-induced cell growth inhibition. (8/4386)

Cells regulate phospholipase D (PLD) activity in response to numerous extracellular signals. Here, we investigated the involvement of PLD activity in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1)-mediated growth inhibition of epithelial cells. TGF-beta1 inhibits the growth of MDCK, Mv1Lu, and A-549 cells. In the presence of 0.4% butanol, TGF-beta1 induces an increase in the formation of phosphatidylbutanol, a unique product catalyzed by PLD. TGF-beta1 also induces an increase in phosphatidic acid (PA) level in A-549 and MDCK cells. TGF-beta1 induces an increase in the levels of DAG labeled with [3H]-myristic acid in A-549 and MDCK cells but not in Mv1Lu cells. No increase of DAG was observed in cells prelabeled with [3H]-arachidonic acid. The data presented suggest that PLD activation is involved in the TGF-beta1-induced cell growth inhibition. (+info)

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) strongly reduces KLF15 expression. Adenoviral overexpression of KLF15 inhibits ... "The Kruppel-like factor KLF15 inhibits connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression in cardiac fibroblasts". J. Mol. Cell ... Krüppel-like factor 15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KLF15 gene in the Krüppel-like factor family. Its former ... Zhou J, Tan T, Tian Y, Zheng B, Ou JH, Huang EJ, Yen TS (July 2011). "Krüppel-like factor 15 activates hepatitis B virus gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLF15

Itóh S, Landström M, Hermansson A, Itoh F, Heldin CH, Heldin NE, ten Dijke P (October 1998). "Transforming growth factor beta1 ... "Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta)-induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells involves Smad7-dependent activation of ... "Remarkable versatility of Smad proteins in the nucleus of transforming growth factor-beta activated cells". Cytokine Growth ... Wicks SJ, Lui S, Abdel-Wahab N, Mason RM, Chantry A (November 2000). "Inactivation of smad-transforming growth factor beta ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_7

"Leukotriene D4 induces production of transforming growth factor-beta1 by eosinophils". International Archives of Allergy and ... Horiuchi T, Weller PF (July 1997). "Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by human eosinophils: upregulation by ... such as elastase Growth factors such as TGF beta, VEGF, and PDGF Cytokines such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL ... TH2 and ILC2 cells both express the transcription factor GATA-3, which promotes the production of TH2 cytokines, including the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eosinophil

Sun Y, Zhang JQ, Zhang J, Ramires FJ (August 1998). "Angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-beta1 and repair in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimasartan

Wipff PJ, Hinz B (September 2008). "Integrins and the activation of latent transforming growth factor beta1 - an intimate ... Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily ... "Interactions between growth factors and integrins: latent forms of transforming growth factor-beta are ligands for the integrin ... Left-Right Determination Factor 2; LEFTYA; Left-Right Determination Factor A; Transforming Growth Factor Beta-4; Protein Lefty- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta

... in transforming growth factor-beta1-mediated growth suppression". Cancer Res. 64 (2): 490-9. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2284 ... "Loss of p12CDK2-AP1 Expression in Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma with Disrupted Transforming Growth Factor-β-Smad Signaling ... A similar gene in hamster was isolated from, and functions as a growth suppressor of normal keratinocytes. CDK2AP1 has been ... a growth suppressor, associates with DNA polymerase alpha/primase". FASEB J. 14 (10): 1318-24. doi:10.1096/fj.14.10.1318. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDK2AP1

2011). "Post-transcriptional regulation of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 by microRNA-744". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25044. ... Multiple miR-744 binding sites have been identified in the proximal 3' untranslated region of transforming growth factor beta 1 ... miR-744 plays a role in tumour development and growth in mouse cell lines. Its expression induces cyclin B1 expression, whilst ... miR-744 directly targets translation elongation factor and known protooncogene EEF1A2. mIR-744 also upregulates during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-744_microRNA_precursor_family

January 2001). "Transforming growth factor-beta1 mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation through a RhoA- ... TGF-β1, a tumor suppressive growth factor, is known to regulate growth, differentiation and epithelial transformation in ... and downstream effector ROCK activity to control stem cell commitment and cytoskeletal maintenance.Transforming growth factor ( ... In the case of neurons, activation of this pathway results in growth cone collapse, therefore inhibits the growth and repair of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming_protein_RhoA

2008) Identification of transforming growth factor beta1-driven genetic programs of acute lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol ... 2008) Identification of transforming growth factor beta1-driven genetic programs of acute lung fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol ... 2007) Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 stimulates pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation via a Bax-dependent, bid-activated ... 2007) Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 stimulates pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation via a Bax-dependent, bid-activated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_inhalation_injury

Engle SJ, Hoying JB, Boivin GP, Ormsby I, Gartside PS, Doetschman T (1999). "Transforming growth factor beta1 suppresses ... Mice with mutations in transforming growth factor-β1 gene introduced into 129/Sv Rag2 mutant mouse accelerates adenocarcinomas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_model_of_colorectal_and_intestinal_cancer

"Induction of heme oxygenase-1 during endotoxemia is downregulated by transforming growth factor-beta1". Circulation Research. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme_oxygenase

Srinivasan Y, Lovicu FJ, Overbeek PA (February 1998). "Lens-specific expression of transforming growth factor beta1 in ... Transcriptional activation by transforming growth factor-beta via a nuclear factor 1-binding element". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (8): ... a receptor for fibroblast growth factors. Perlecan binds to growth factors involved in growth plate development. Perlecan ... A number of signaling molecules can effect changes in perlecan expression including the transforming growth factor-Beta (TGF-β ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perlecan

Jardine H, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Rahman I (2002). "Molecular mechanism of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced ... AP-1 complex subunit beta-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP1B1 gene. Adaptor protein complex 1 is found at the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP1B1

Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: P01137 (Transforming growth factor beta-1) at the ... Transforming growth factor beta 1 or TGF-β1 is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of ... Yamada Y (2001). "Association of polymorphisms of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene with genetic susceptibility to ... "Human transforming growth factor-beta complementary DNA sequence and expression in normal and transformed cells". Nature. 316 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_1

Jardine H, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Rahman I (Jun 2002). "Molecular mechanism of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced ... AP-1 (transcription factor) GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000175592 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ... Herdegen T, Leah JD (Dec 1998). "Inducible and constitutive transcription factors in the mammalian nervous system: control of ... thereby forming the transcription factor complex AP-1. As such, the FOS proteins have been implicated as regulators of cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSL1

"Conditional overexpression of active transforming growth factor beta1 in vivo accelerates metastases of transgenic mammary ... Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). The role of autocrine transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1) signaling on ... Siegel, P. M.; Shu, W; Cardiff, R. D.; Muller, W. J.; Massagué, J (2003). "Transforming growth factor beta signaling impairs ... "Transforming growth factor-beta regulates mammary carcinoma cell survival and interaction with the adjacent microenvironment". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_models_of_breast_cancer_metastasis

"Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta1) induces angiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated ... The principal function of αvβ6 is the activation of cytokine transforming growth factor-b1 (TGF-β1). Latent-TGF-β1 is bound to ... Midgley AC, Rogers M, Hallett MB, Clayton A, Bowen T, Phillips AO, Steadman R (May 2013). "Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF- ... Li MO, Wan YY, Sanjabi S, Robertson AK, Flavell RA (2006). "Transforming growth factor-beta regulation of immune responses". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin_beta_6

... identification of transforming growth factor-beta1 and promoter elements". Endocrinology. 145 (4): 1988-95. doi:10.1210/en.2003 ... cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. Fibroblast growth factor 10 is a paracrine signaling ... "Immunohistochemical analysis of keratinocyte growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 10 expression in psoriasis". ... Fibroblast growth factor 10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGF10 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FGF10

December 2007). "Mutant p53 attenuates the SMAD-dependent transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) signaling pathway by ... "Profibrogenic transforming growth factor-beta/activin receptor-like kinase 5 signaling via connective tissue growth factor ... Li T, Chiang JY (November 2007). "A novel role of transforming growth factor beta1 in transcriptional repression of human ... "Polarity of response to transforming growth factor-beta1 in proximal tubular epithelial cells is regulated by beta-catenin". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_3

"Epidermal growth factor and its receptor, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor beta-1, and interleukin-1 ... Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TGFB1I1 gene. ... Transforming growth factor beta-1-induced transcript 1 plays a role in a number of cell functions. Originally, TGFB1I1 was ... isolated as a senescence-inducing gene from mouse osteoblastic cells through treatment with transforming growth factor beta-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGFB1I1

Bouzahzah B, Fu M, Iavarone A, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson SS, Pestell RG (Aug 2000). "Transforming growth factor-beta1 recruits ... Sutcliffe JE, Cairns CA, McLees A, Allison SJ, Tosh K, White RJ (Jun 1999). "RNA polymerase III transcription factor IIIB is a ... Lavender P, Vandel L, Bannister AJ, Kouzarides T (Jun 1997). "The HMG-box transcription factor HBP1 is targeted by the pocket ... "Functions of cyclin A1 in the cell cycle and its interactions with transcription factor E2F-1 and the Rb family of proteins". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinoblastoma-like_protein_2

2005). "NAD(P)H oxidase 4 mediates transforming growth factor-beta1-induced differentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into ... regulation by interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha". Inflamm. Res. 55 (11): 483-90. doi:10.1007/s00011-006-6036-8 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOX5

"The integrin alphavbeta3 is a receptor for the latency-associated peptides of transforming growth factors beta1 and beta3". ... Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTBP3 gene. GRCh38: ... Brooke JS, Cha JH, Eidels L (2002). "Latent transforming growth factor β-binding protein-3 and fibulin-1C interact with the ... Oklü R, Hesketh R (2001). "The latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein (LTBP) family". Biochem. J. 352 Pt 3 (Pt ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTBP3

Bouzahzah B, Fu M, Iavarone A, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson SS, Pestell RG (August 2000). "Transforming growth factor-beta1 recruits ... Wu WS, Vallian S, Seto E, Yang WM, Edmondson D, Roth S, Chang KS (April 2001). "The growth suppressor PML represses ... Together with metastasis-associated protein-2 MTA2, it deacetylates p53 and modulates its effect on cell growth and apoptosis. ... Vinatzer U, Taplick J, Seiser C, Fonatsch C, Wieser R (September 2001). "The leukaemia-associated transcription factors EVI-1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDAC1

"The integrin alphavbeta3 is a receptor for the latency-associated peptides of transforming growth factors beta1 and beta3". ... Gui Y, Murphy LJ (2004). "Interaction of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 with latent transforming growth factor- ... Latent-transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LTBP1 gene. The protein ... 2003). "Latent transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 1 interacts with fibrillin and is a microfibril-associated ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTBP1_(gene)

... and characterization of a novel transforming growth factor-beta1-induced TIAF1 protein that inhibits tumor necrosis factor ... "Entrez Gene: TIAF1 TGFB1-induced anti-apoptotic factor 1". Ji H, Zhai Q, Zhu J, Yan M, Sun L, Liu X, Zheng Z (April 2000). "A ... TGFB1-induced anti-apoptotic factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TIAF1 gene. TIAF1 has been shown to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIAF1

2007). "Transforming growth factor beta1-regulated xylosyltransferase I activity in human cardiac fibroblasts and its impact ... 2007). "The xylosyltransferase I gene polymorphism c.343G>T (p.A125S) is a risk factor for diabetic nephropathy in type 1 ... growth of the corticospinal tract, no effect on neuropathic pain when using mechanical and thermal allodynia tests and no ... "Deoxyribozyme-mediated knock down of xylosyltransferase-1 mRNA promotes axon growth in the adult rat spinal cord". Brain. 131 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYLT1

2006). "Renin increases mesangial cell transforming growth factor-beta1 and matrix proteins through receptor-mediated, ... signal transduction cascade involving direct physical interaction of the renin/prorenin receptor with the transcription factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renin_receptor

Lux A, Attisano L, Marchuk DA (Apr 1999). "Assignment of transforming growth factor beta1 and beta3 and a third new ligand to ... "Entrez Gene: TGFB3 transforming growth factor, beta 3". Herpin A, Lelong C, Favrel P (May 2004). "Transforming growth factor- ... "Transforming growth factor-beta, transforming growth factor-beta receptor II, and p27Kip1 expression in nontumorous and ... "Role and interaction of connective tissue growth factor with transforming growth factor-beta in persistent fibrosis: A mouse ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor,_beta_3

Lux A, Attisano L, Marchuk DA (April 1999). "Assignment of transforming growth factor beta1 and beta3 and a third new ligand to ... "Inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced extracellular matrix with a novel inhibitor of the TGF-beta type I ... "Transforming growth factor-beta receptor-associated protein 1 is a Smad4 chaperone". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 ( ... interacts with the transforming growth factor-beta family of receptor serine-threonine kinases". The Journal of Biological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACVRL1

... transforming growth factor - transforming growth factor alpha - transforming growth factor beta - transforming growth factor ... beta-1 adrenergic receptor - beta-2 adrenergic receptor - beta-thromboglobulin - bioaccumulation - biochemistry - biodiversity ... nerve growth factor - nerve growth factor receptor - nerve tissue protein - nerve tissue protein S 100 - nervous system - ... fibroblast growth factor - fibroblast growth factor receptor - fibronectin - Fick's law of diffusion - Filtration - fitness ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles

... vascular endothelial growth factor A (angiogenic growth factor) (6p21.1) VPS52: GARP complex subunit ZKSCAN4: encoding protein ... N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyl-transferase (6p24.3) GMDS: GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase (6p25.3) HCG4P11: ... encoding protein Epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 oncogene-like ESR1: Estrogen receptor 1 (6q25) EYA4: eyes absent ... "T brachyury transcription factor". T - T brachyury transcription factor - Genetics Home Reference. Genome Decoration Page, NCBI ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome_6

Sieg DJ, Hauck CR, Ilic D, Klingbeil CK, Schaefer E, Damsky CH, Schlaepfer DD (May 2000). "FAK integrates growth-factor and ... The function of the amino-terminal domain is less clear, but it has been shown to interact with the beta-1 integrin subunit in ... "p130CAS forms a signaling complex with the adapter protein CRKL in hematopoietic cells transformed by the BCR/ABL oncogene". ... Abedi H, Zachary I (June 1997). "Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation and recruitment to new ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTK2

Vogel T, Ahrens S, Büttner N, Krieglstein K (2010). "Transforming growth factor beta promotes neuronal cell fate of mouse ... "Differential signaling after beta1 integrin ligation is mediated through binding of CRKL to p120(CBL) and p110(HEF1)". J. Biol ... interacting protein 4/human Itch is a ubiquitin E3 ligase for human enhancer of filamentation 1 in transforming growth factor- ... "Crk-associated substrate lymphocyte type regulates transforming growth factor-beta signaling by inhibiting Smad6 and Smad7". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEDD9

Yang Y, Gil M, Byun SM, Choi I, Pyun KH, Ha H (1996). "Transforming growth factor-beta1 inhibits human keratinocyte ... Wang SE, Wu FY, Shin I, Qu S, Arteaga CL (2005). "Transforming growth factor {beta} (TGF-{beta})-Smad target gene protein ... PTPRK has been shown to interact with: Beta-catenin, E-cadherin (CDH-1), Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER2, ... "Receptor-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase-kappa regulates epidermal growth factor receptor function". J Biol Chem. 280 (52): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTPRK

As previously shown for IL-7 signaling, it was found that a member of the transforming growth factor family (TGF-beta) induces ... "Distinct hematopoietic stem cell subtypes are differentially regulated by TGF-beta1". Cell Stem Cell. 6 (3): 265-78. doi: ... Deficiency of NHEJ factor 1 in mice leads to premature aging of hematopoietic stem cells as indicated by several lines of ... Hematopoietic stem cells, like all adult stem cells, mostly exist in a state of quiescence, or reversible growth arrest. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell

... regulation of expression in human vascular endothelial cells by transforming growth factor-beta". Jpn. J. Ophthalmol. 47 (6): ... It consists of alternating glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues that are linked by beta-1-3 and beta-1-4 glycosidic ... 2005). "The human hyaluronan synthase 2 gene is a primary retinoic acid and epidermal growth factor responding gene". J. Biol. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAS2

"Self-renewal and differentiation of a basic fibroblast growth factor-dependent multipotent hematopoietic cell line derived from ... Okawa H, Okuda O, Arai H, Sakuragawa N, Sato K (December 2001). "Amniotic epithelial cells transform into neuron-like cells in ... of ROSA26 mice beta1-integrin bromodeoxyuridine c-kit (CD117) c-Met C1qR(p) END (CD105) PROM1 (CD133) ALCAM (CD166) ITGB1 (CD29 ... 2005). "Leukemia inhibitory factor as an anti-apoptotic mitogen for pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells in a serum-free ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_marker

... promotes prostate tumor growth and microinvasion via inhibition of transforming growth factor β expression and enhanced matrix ... "Vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulation via p21-activated kinase-1 signaling regulates heregulin-beta1-mediated ... promotes prostate tumor growth and microinvasion via inhibition of transforming growth factor β expression and enhanced matrix ... "Platelet-derived growth factor requires epidermal growth factor receptor to activate p21-activated kinase family kinases". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAK1

... vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). These ... "Ganoderma lucidum suppresses angiogenesis through the inhibition of secretion of VEGF and TGF-beta1 from prostate cancer cells ... Rini BI (February 2007). "Vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy in renal cell carcinoma: current status and ... Hugo H. Marti, "Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor", Madame Curie Bioscience Database, Landes Bioscience, retrieved January 25 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiogenesis_inhibitor

... with lymphoid enhancer binding factor 1/T cell-specific factor mediates cooperative signaling by the transforming growth factor ... Catenin beta-1, also known as beta-catenin (β-catenin), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTNNB1 gene. Beta-catenin ... importance for transforming growth factor beta-induced apoptosis". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 25 (4): 1475-1488. doi: ... "Inhibition of fibroblast growth factor 19 reduces tumor growth by modulating beta-catenin signaling". Cancer Research. 68 (13 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin_beta-1

... and the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1), all of which have tissue proliferative effects that are blocked by the ... Youn, T. J.; Kim, H. S.; Oh, B. H. (1999). "Ventricular remodeling and transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNA expression after ... effects of moexipril have also been demonstrated by in vitro studies where moexipril inhibits the estrogen-stimulated growth of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moexipril

"Signaling of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF) to the small GTPase Rap1 via the large docking protein Gab1 and the ... CRKL has been shown to activate the RAS and JUN kinase signaling pathways and transform fibroblasts in a RAS-dependent fashion ... "Differential signaling after beta1 integrin ligation is mediated through binding of CRKL to p120(CBL) and p110(HEF1)". The ... Wu C, Lai CF, Mobley WC (August 2001). "Nerve growth factor activates persistent Rap1 signaling in endosomes". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRKL

... binds ADAM12/meltrin alpha and up-regulates ectodomain shedding of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor ... "The adaptor protein fish associates with members of the ADAMs family and localizes to podosomes of Src-transformed cells". J. ... cysteine-rich domain of human ADAM 12 supports cell adhesion through syndecans and triggers signaling events that lead to beta1 ... ADAM 12, a metalloprotease that binds insulin growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), appears to be an effective early Down ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADAM12

Midgley AC, Rogers M, Hallett MB, Clayton A, Bowen T, Phillips AO, Steadman R (May 2013). "Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF- ... Perhaps the most studied pathway of myofibroblast formation is TGF-beta1 dependent differentiation from fibroblast cells. ... facilitated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and CD44 co-localization in lipid rafts". The Journal of Biological ... More recently it has been shown that fibroblasts can transform into myofibroblasts with photobiomodulation. After healing is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myofibroblast

... is decreased in hypertrophic scar and systemic sclerosis skin fibroblasts and is regulated by transforming growth factor-beta1 ... DPT also has an important role in activating transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). TGF-β1 has an important role in wound ... Okamoto O, Fujiwara S, Abe M, Sato Y (February 1999). "Dermatopontin interacts with transforming growth factor beta and ... Both DPT and re-epithelialization depend on the migration of the epidermal keratinocytes and the many different growth factors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatopontin

... can activate transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and inhibit endothelial cell migration, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. ... This protein can bind to fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin, collagens types V and VII and integrins alpha-V/beta-1. This protein ... The protein also contains type II repeats with epidermal growth factor-like homology and type III repeats that contain an RGD ... The amino-terminal end contains a tryptophan-rich motif that blocks fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2 or bFGF) driven ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombospondin_1

... and Sos by fibroblast growth factor receptor-1 in v-Src-transformed cells". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243 (2): 555-60. doi ... "Differential signaling after beta1 integrin ligation is mediated through binding of CRKL to p120(CBL) and p110(HEF1)". J. Biol ... Spivak-Kroizman T, Mohammadi M, Hu P, Jaye M, Schlessinger J, Lax I (May 1994). "Point mutation in the fibroblast growth factor ... SOS1 has been shown to interact with: ABI1, BCR gene, CRK, EPS8, Epidermal growth factor receptor, FRS2, Grb2, HRAS, ITSN1, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOS1

Many of these remodelling effects seem to be mediated by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), which is a common ... Binding to beta-1 receptors in the myocardium increases the heart rate and makes contractions more forceful in an attempt to ... October 2003). "Aldosterone stimulates epidermal growth factor receptor expression". J. Biol. Chem. 278 (44): 43060-66. doi: ... and also by epidermal growth factor (EGF), which is a target of the signaling pathway activated by aldosterone Reduced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiology_of_heart_failure

... is expressed epithelially during development and in cancer and is up-regulated by transforming growth factor-beta1 in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MMP21

Runyan CE, Schnaper HW, Poncelet AC (March 2005). "The role of internalization in transforming growth factor beta1-induced ... July 2002). "Inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced extracellular matrix with a novel inhibitor of the ... The transforming growth factor receptor 3 (TGFBR3) is the most abundant of the TGF-β receptors yet, it has no known signaling ... The transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) signaling pathway is involved in many cellular processes in both the adult organism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_signaling_pathway

... binding domain-dependent upregulation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha signaling cascade by transforming ... "Differential signaling after beta1 integrin ligation is mediated through binding of CRKL to p120(CBL) and p110(HEF1)". J. Biol ... Sehat B, Andersson S, Girnita L, Larsson O (July 2008). "Identification of c-Cbl as a new ligase for insulin-like growth factor ... Wong ES, Fong CW, Lim J, Yusoff P, Low BC, Langdon WY, Guy GR (September 2002). "Sprouty2 attenuates epidermal growth factor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBL_(gene)

Recipes for growth media can vary in pH, glucose concentration, growth factors, and the presence of other nutrients. The growth ... The lifespan of most cells is genetically determined, but some cell culturing cells have been "transformed" into immortal cells ... Wipff PJ, Rifkin DB, Meister JJ, Hinz B (December 2007). "Myofibroblast contraction activates latent TGF-beta1 from the ... This can generate several issues: Nutrient depletion in the growth media Changes in pH of the growth media Accumulation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_culture

The transforming growth factor βs. In: Sporn, M.B. and Roberts, A.B., Editors, 1990. Peptides, Growth Factors and Their ... beta8 mediates epithelial homeostasis through MT1-MMP-dependent activation of TGF-beta1". J. Cell Biol. 157 (3): 493-507. doi: ... "Interactions between growth factors and integrins: latent forms of transforming growth factor-β are ligands for the integrin ... "Human transforming growth factor-β complementary DNA sequence and expression in normal and transformed cells". Nature. 316 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGF_beta_Activation

17259382 Abstract Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has previously been implicated in the progression of diabetic ... Here we report for the first time the use of a high-affinity TGF-beta1 binding molecule, the soluble human TGF-beta ... Evidence for a role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in the induction of postglomerular albuminuria in diabetic ... Evidence for a role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 in the induction of postglomerular albuminuria in diabetic ...

https://pnl.bwh.harvard.edu/index.php/evidence-for-a-role-of-transforming-growth-factor-tgf-beta1-in-the-induction-of-postglomerular-albuminuria-in-diabetic-nephropathy-amelioration-by-soluble-tgf-beta-type-ii-receptor/

Transforming Growth Factor beta1, Plasma. 49853-5. * Component test codes cannot be used to order tests. The information ...

https://ltd.aruplab.com/Tests/Pub/3005863

... either alone or in combination with TGF-beta1 and oocyte maturation scored. To determine the effect of TGF-beta1 on mRNA levels ... indicating that the inhibitory action of TGF-beta1 is in part due to regulation of gene transcription. Treatment with TGF-beta1 ... On the other hand, TGF-beta1 had no effect on mPR-alpha mRNA expression and increased FSHR mRNA levels. Furthermore, hCG ... First, follicles were treated with control medium or TGF-beta1 for 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. Second, follicles were treated with ...

https://rbej.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1477-7827-3-53/figures/1

Abnormal transforming growth factor beta 1,TGF beta-1 is associated with mold related illness or CIRS, learn what this test is ... As a growth factor, TGF-beta-1 regulates immune and tissue cell growth and proliferation. TGF beta-1 is thought of as an immune ... What Is Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1(TGF B-1). TGF B-1 is involved in maintenance of tissue homeostasis. It helps regulate ... Details on TGF B-1 and the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of cytokines.. The TGFB superfamily of cytokines ...

https://youarethehealer.org/mold-and-toxins/moldy-people/testing-for-mold-illness/transforming-growth-factor-beta-1/

Lack of an association between serum level of transforming growth factor beta -1 and stomach cancer risk in the JACC study. ... Alterations in the serum concentration of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta1) have been observed in gastric cancer ... Lack of an association between serum level of transforming growth factor beta -1 and stomach cancer risk in the JACC study. ...

https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/37636

... transforming growth factor 1 (groups III/VIII), interleukin 10 (groups IV/IX), or both transforming growth factor 1 and ... transforming growth factor 1 (groups III/VIII), interleukin 10 (groups IV/IX), or both transforming growth factor 1 and ... Recipient intramuscular cotransfection of transforming growth factor beta1 and interleukin 10 ameliorates acute lung graft ... Recipient intramuscular cotransfection of transforming growth factor 1 and interleukin 10 suppressed interleukin 2 expression ...

https://research.unipg.it/handle/11391/32441

Transforming Growth Factor beta1 * Interleukin-10 * Interleukin-12 * Interleukin-4 * Interferon-gamma ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25647269/?dopt=Abstract

Growth Factor beta Binding Protein 1 LTBP-1 MGC163161 Transforming Growth Factor beta-1 Binding Protein 1 TGF-beta1-BP-1 ... Latent-transforming Growth Factor beta Binding Protein 1, LTBP-1, MGC163161, Transforming Growth Factor beta-1 Binding Protein ... transforming growth factor beta-1-binding protein 1; latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 1; Transforming ... LTBP1, CT (Latent-transforming Growth Factor beta Binding Protein 1, LTBP-1, MGC163161, Transforming Growth Factor beta-1 ...

http://tgf-a.com/categories/6785-mbs-polyclonals/7822-ltbp1-ct-latent-transforming-growth-factor-beta-binding-protein-1-ltbp-1-mgc163161-transforming-grow

The TGFB1 gene provides instructions for producing a protein called transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1). Learn about ... The TGFB1 gene provides instructions for producing a protein called transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1). The TGFβ-1 ... Transforming growth factor Beta family: insight into the role of growth factors in regulation of fracture healing biology and ... Two distinct regions of latency-associated peptide coordinate stability of the latent transforming growth factor-beta1 complex ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/tgfb1/

... is suspected to contribute to pulmonary fibrosis through modulation of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-ß1). There is ... carbon nanotubes inhibit estrogen receptor expression in vivo and in vitro through transforming growth factor beta1. ... Multi-walled carbon nanotubes; MWCNT; Estrogens; In vivo study; In vitro study; Growth factors; Exposure levels; Risk factors; ... Transforming growth factor beta1; Estrogen receptor; Lung ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=respiratory&f1=%2A&Startyear=&Adv=0&terms=1&EndYear=&Limit=10000&sort=&D1=10&PageNo=85&RecNo=843&View=f&

Tissue localization of transforming growth factor-beta1 in pulmonary eosinophilic granuloma. Asakura, S., Colby, T.V., Limper, ... Susceptibility to effects of UVB radiation on induction of contact hypersensitivity as a risk factor for skin cancer in humans. ... Tumor necrosis factor alpha maintains the viability of murine epidermal Langerhans cells in culture, but in contrast to ... Immunological and viral factors associated with the response of vulval intraepithelial neoplasia to photodynamic therapy. Abdel ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/mesh/e/6345.html

Effect of tamoxifen on transforming growth factor beta1 production by keloid and fetal fibroblasts. Arch Facial Plast Surg. ... The effect of narrowband ultraviolet B on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1, transforming growth factor-beta1 and ... Prostaglandin E2 inhibition of keloid fibroblast migration, contraction, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced ... Cellular viability, collagen deposition, and transforming growth factor beta-1 production among ultraviolet B-irradiated keloid ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1057599-91472/what-are-the-signs-and-symptoms-of-keloids-and-hypertrophic-scars

... is suspected to contribute to pulmonary fibrosis through modulation of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-1). There is ... carbon nanotubes inhibit estrogen receptor expression in vivo and in vitro through transforming growth factor beta1External. ... Of those cases, 456 (64.8%) had factor VIII and 248 (35.2%) had factor IX deficiency. Among those with known severity levels (n ... 12.7 per 100 000 for factor VIII and 6.7 per 100 000 for factor IX. Incidence of haemophilia over the 10 years prior to the ...

https://www.cdc.gov/library/sciclips/issues/v11issue15.html

Macrophage release of transforming growth factor beta1 during resolution of monosodium urate monohydrate crystal-induced ... Although genetic factors have been strongly associated with hyperuricemia, environmental and other state-of-health factors are ... 44] Anecdotal evidence links hyaluronic acid and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as risk factors. Pseudogout attacks have ... neutrophil chemotactic factors, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. [16, 17] Neutrophil phagocytosis leads to another burst of ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/329958-overview

... production of both cytokines was inhibited by transforming growth factor-beta1. Approximately 10-fold fewer coronary artery- ... production of both cytokines was inhibited by transforming growth factor-beta1. Approximately 10-fold fewer coronary artery- ... production of both cytokines was inhibited by transforming growth factor-beta1. Approximately 10-fold fewer coronary artery- ... Patient charts were reviewed for demographics, initial aortic diameter, and growth rates. Aneurysm diameter and growth rates ...

https://med.stanford.edu/profiles/amy-gallo

Photoactivation of endogenous latent transforming growth factor-beta1 directs dental stem cell differentiation for regeneration ... 35 involving activation of a multifaceted growth factor, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), which acts on several cell types ... Gene expression and release of growth factors during delayed wound healing: a review of studies in diabetic animals and ... areas following PBM treatments that correlated with increased prohealing factors including vascular endothelial growth factor ( ...

https://journals.lww.com/aswcjournal/Fulltext/2019/04000/Photobiomodulation_Therapy_for_Wound_Care__A.3.aspx

Heat shock protein beta-1. 114. TGFB1. Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein ... DNA-binding transcription factor binding, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding, DNA-binding ... MF category mainly included DNA-binding transcription factor binding, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription ... factor binding, DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific, DNA-binding transcription activator ...

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-642886/v1

Transforming growth factor beta 1.. Camurati-Engelmann disease.. Prepro-transforming growth factor beta-1. ...

https://www.invivogen.com/puno-tgfb1

Online version: http://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/42534/tgfb1-(transforming-growth-factor-beta-1) ... TGFB1 (transforming growth factor, beta 1). 2013-02-01 Isabel Fuentes-Calvo , Carlos Martínez-Salgado Affiliation ... TGF-β1 is a growth factor ubiquitously expressed. It was initially discovered as a factor inducing colony formation of normal ... rat kidney fibroblasts in soft agar in the presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF) (Roberts et al., 1980; Roberts et al., ...

https://atlasgeneticsoncology.org/gene/42534/tgfb1-

... carbon nanotubes inhibit estrogen receptor expression in vivo and in vitro through transforming growth factor beta1. ...

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TGFB, DPD1, transforming growth factor, Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1, TGF-Beta-1 Ave. Rating Submit a Review Product ... Although human TGF-β1 is widely used for inducing FOXP3+ in vitro, it might not be an essential factor for human Treg ... Because the exact activity values on a per unit basis can largely fluctuate depending on a number of factors, including the ... including the regulation of cell growth and survival, cell and tissue differentiation, development, inflammation, immunity, ...

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... and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF b1) in biliary atresia and paucity of intrahepatic bile ducts during infancy. J ... Such work thus revealed that those eight most important factors when differentiating biliary atresia from neonatal hepatitis ... Such work thus revealed that those eight most important factors when differentiating biliary atresia from neonatal hepatitis ...

https://www.scielo.br/j/ag/a/kSZVhgSk6PFDsfmMQ43hSXz/?format=html&lang=pt

Proteomic profiling of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells upon transforming growth factor beta1 stimulation. J Biol Chem. 2004; ... LIM-kinase 2 and cofilin phosphorylation mediate actin cytoskeleton reorganization induced by transforming growth factor-beta. ... Transforming growth factor-beta 3. Acknowledgements. Grant numbers and sources of support: University of Malayas HIR-MOHE ... and cMSCs were embedded in alginate and were cultured using a defined chondrogenic medium containing transforming growth factor ...

https://medsci.org/v11p0024.htm

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) controls the delivery of platelet transforming growth factor-beta1. J Biol Chem. 2013; ... triggered by signaling pathways evoked by transforming growth factor-β or bone morphogenetic protein.66 Within the cellular ... Another transcription regulator crucial for erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation is growth factor independent 1B ... In immature hematopoietic stem cells, the transcription factor GATA-binding factor 2 (GATA2) is expressed earlier than GATA1, ...

https://haematologica.org/article/view/9976

Transforming Growth Factor beta1 87% * Thromboplastin 72% * Breast Neoplasms 55% * Transforming Growth Factor beta 39% ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/persons/edward-b-leof

Local application of growth factors, such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF- ... administration of growth hormone and local application of insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-beta1. ... administration of growth hormone and local application of insulin-like growth factor-1 and transforming growth factor-beta1.. ... Fracture healing is influenced by numerous hormones, growth factors, and cytokines. The systemic administration of growth ...

https://www.wikigenes.org/e/ref/e/12110430.html

A unique subset of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ T cells secreting interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta1 mediates ... Cytokine Growth Factor Rev (2013) 24(3):269-83. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.03.001 ... In this regard, patient-associated DNA hypomethylation of the transcription factor NFATC1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells ... or indirectly by promoting the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and CCL21 by FRCs (131, 155-157). The ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.662866/full

Patterns of components of the E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex, and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and inducible ... Aberrant expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in association with transforming growth factor-beta1 in urinary bladder ... Transforming Growth Factor beta - metabolism beta Catenin - metabolism Abstract. This study examines the molecular pathways of ... evidence of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 gene amplification or overexpression of human epidermal growth factor ...

https://arctichealth.org/en/list?q=topic%3A%22Immunohistochemistry%22&p=1&ps=&sort=title_sort+asc

Whey protein concentrate enhances intestinal integrity and influences transforming growth factor-beta1 and mitogen-activated ... Robb has transformed the lives of hundreds of thousands of people around the world via his top-ranked iTunes podcast, books, ... In a mouse study evaluating the growth of intestinal tumors compared high fat diet (defined as 45% of fat calories) to a normal ... Earthing (grounding) the human body reduces blood viscosity-a major factor in cardiovascular disease. J Altern Complement Med. ...

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Serum transforming growth factor-beta [‎TGF-beta1]‎ production was estimated for 10 patients with essential hypertension, 12 ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/handle/10665/115916/browse?authority=Angiotensin-Converting+Enzyme+Inhibitors&type=mesh

Transforming growth factor-beta1 induces alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and fibronectin synthesis in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. (medscape.com)

The TGFB1 gene provides instructions for producing a protein called transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFβ-1). (medlineplus.gov)

This gene encodes a double zinc finger motif-containing protein that participates in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) signalling pathway. (nih.gov)

Alterations in the serum concentration of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta1) have been observed in gastric cancer patients. (who.int)

The influence of transforming growth factor-beta1 gene polymorphisms on the severity of gingival overgrowth associated with concomitant use of cyclosporin A and a calcium channel blocker. (bvsalud.org)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the prevalence and severity of gingival overgrowth in renal transplant recipients concomitantly treated with cyclosporin and a calcium channel blocker was associated with functional polymorphisms within the signal sequence of the transforming growth factor -(TGF)beta1 gene . (bvsalud.org)
Two biallelic polymorphisms of the TGF-beta1 gene were studied at position +869, codon 10 ( leucine to proline substitution), and position +915, codon 25 ( arginine to proline substitution). (bvsalud.org)
Polymorphisms in the TGF-beta1 gene influence the expression of gingival overgrowth in renal transplant recipients concomitantly treated with cyclosporin and a calcium channel blocker . (bvsalud.org)
The polymorphism in the TGF-beta1 gene at codon 25 represented an independent genetic determinant of severe gingival overgrowth in the susceptible subjects studied. (bvsalud.org)
Mutations in the gene that encodes TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1 are one cause of this disorder. (nih.gov)
In this study, gene array analysis was performed to analyze the miRNAs that were differentially expressed between LX-2 cells induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and the control. (spandidos-publications.com)
Defects in the gene that encodes TGF-beta1 are the cause of CAMURATI-ENGELMANN SYNDROME. (bvsalud.org)
Genetic variation in the transforming growth factor beta1 gene in multiple sclerosis. (cdc.gov)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Lack of an association between serum level of transforming growth factor beta -1 and stomach cancer risk in the JACC study. (who.int)
Serum transforming growth factor-beta [‎TGF-beta1]‎ production was estimated for 10 patients with essential hypertension, 12 patients with glomerulonephritis [‎5 hypertensive and 7 normotensive]‎ and 10 healthy controls. (who.int)
Relaxin, an insulin-like growth factor hormone, is detectable in serum during pregnancy and plays an important role in initiating the structural remodelling of the cervix and interpubic ligament in preparation for parturition. (bmj.com)
Objectives: To assess any additional benefits of the estimation of serum TGF Beta1 over serum PSA for differentiating localized from metastatic prostatic carcinoma. (bvsalud.org)
while the mean serum TGF Beta1 in the metastatic disease group only was significantly higher than in the control: group (p0.01). (bvsalud.org)

Details on TGF B-1 and the transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) superfamily of cytokines. (youarethehealer.org)
The role of hormones, growth factors, cytokines and other biologically active substances has been demonstrated. (researchgate.net)

Our results indicate that immunization with aTGF-beta5 is capable of breaking immune tolerance and induces mTGF-beta1-neutralizing antibodies. (xenbase.org)

The R-SMAD/coSMAD complexes accumulate in the nucleus where they interact with DNA and other transcription factors and participate in the regulation of 100-300 target genes expression (Massague et al. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)
Mutations in genes encoding for these transcription factors, along with epigenetic regulators, are accompanied with quantitative and/or qualitative platelet abnormalities, causing thrombo-hemorrhagic complications. (haematologica.org)
Of these, mutations affecting the genes NOTCH1 , p53 , ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) , and splicing factor 3b subunit 1 ( SF3B1) seem to be more common, with a long tail of less common but nonetheless recurrent driver mutations ( 16 - 19 ). (frontiersin.org)
AMs isolated after intratracheal instillation of silica up-regulated mRNA levels of four additional genes [granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor ( GM-CSF ), IL-1 β, IL-10 , and inducible nitric oxide synthase]. (cdc.gov)

The TGFβs are involved in many cellular processes, including growth inhibition, cell migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and immune-suppression. (youarethehealer.org)

In vitro studies using immortalized rat proximal tubule cells revealed that 50 pmol/l TGF-beta1 disrupted albumin uptake (P (harvard.edu)
If T-regs are low, TGF- beta 1 can transform them into pathogenic T-cells in tissues, as happens in CIRS cases. (youarethehealer.org)
The TGFβ-1 protein triggers chemical signals that regulate various cell activities inside the cell, including the growth and division (proliferation) of cells, the maturation of cells to carry out specific functions (differentiation), cell movement (motility), and controlled cell death (apoptosis). (medlineplus.gov)
LN stromal cells secrete CCR7 ligands generating powerful chemotactic gradients that attract CLL cells into the microenvironment, where a diversity of cells, soluble factors, and matrix proteins facilitate survival and proliferative cues, thus promoting disease progression and preventing spontaneous or drug-induced apoptosis of leukemic cells. (frontiersin.org)
We hypothesize that hyperglycemia provides a nutrient-rich, growth signal-rich environment for epithelial ovarian cancer cells, where tumour formation and growth is encouraged by free radical-induced DNA damage. (hindawi.com)
While the effect of Nrf2 on basal cell growth of H6c7-pBp, H6c7-kras and Colo357 cells was minor, it clearly attenuated the growth inhibiting effects of TGF-β1 in all cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
Overall, our data demonstrate that Nrf2 being elevated in early precursor lesions counteracts the growth inhibiting function of TGF-β1 already in benign and premalignant pancreatic ductal epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
BACKGROUND Following liver injury, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) transform into myofibroblast-like cells (activation) and are the major source of type I collagen and the potent collagenase inhibitors tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases 1 and 2 (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2) in the fibrotic liver. (bmj.com)
Endoglin is a transmembrane accessory receptor for transforming growthfactor-beta (TGF-beta) that is predominantly expressed on proliferatingendothelial cells in culture and on angiogenic blood vessels in vivo.Endoglin, as well as other TGF-beta signalling components, is essentialduring angiogenesis. (embl-heidelberg.de)
Involvement of protein kinase C-dependent mitogen-activated protein kinasep44/42 signaling pathway for cross-talk between estradiol and transforminggrowth factor-beta3 in increasing basic fibroblast growth factor infolliculostellate cells. (embl-heidelberg.de)
We have recently shown that TGF-beta3, in the presence of estradiol,increases the release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) fromfolliculostellate (FS) cells in the pituitary. (embl-heidelberg.de)
A subtype of transforming growth factor beta that is synthesized by a wide variety of cells. (bvsalud.org)
Transforming growth factor beta1 involvement in the conversion of fibroblasts to smooth muscle cells in the rabbit bladder serosa. (bvsalud.org)
In osteoarthritic joints, cartilage and synovial cells secrete IL-1ß which is thought to be one of the most damaging factors in osteoarthritis. (original-asu.com)
Production of platelet-derived growth factor by interleukin-1 beta and transforming growth factor-beta-stimulated retinal pigment epithelial cells leads to contraction of collagen gels. (medscape.com)
By contrast, there was differential spatial immunostaining for the TGF-beta isoforms in malignant mesothelioma, with TGF-beta1 in the stroma but TGF-beta2 in the tumor cells. (cdc.gov)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has previously been implicated in the progression of diabetic nephropathy, including the onset of fibrosis and albuminuria. (harvard.edu)
Here we report for the first time the use of a high-affinity TGF-beta1 binding molecule, the soluble human TGF-beta type II receptor (sTbetaRII.Fc), in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy in 12-week streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. (harvard.edu)
As a growth factor, TGF-beta-1 regulates immune and tissue cell growth and proliferation. (youarethehealer.org)
Janssens K, ten Dijke P, Ralston SH, Bergmann C, Van Hul W. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 mutations in Camurati-Engelmann disease lead to increased signaling by altering either activation or secretion of the mutant protein. (medlineplus.gov)
Transforming growth factor-beta and substrate stiffness regulate portal fibroblast activation in culture. (medscape.com)
ACs and cMSCs were embedded in alginate and were cultured using a defined chondrogenic medium containing transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3). (medsci.org)
A similar dichotomous role in tumorigenesis is described for the Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). (biomedcentral.com)
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) can modulate the activity ofvarious MAP kinases. (embl-heidelberg.de)
In this study, we investigated the feasibility of using a plasmid DNA encoding Xenopus laevis transforming growth factor-beta 5 (aTGF-beta5) as an immunogen to induce neutralizing antibodies against murine TGF-beta1 (mTGF-beta1) and thus enhance the efficacy of plasmid DNA vaccine encoding murine tyrosinase-related protein 2 ( mTRP -2) through neutralization of TGF-beta. (xenbase.org)
Subtipo de factor de crecimiento transformante beta que es sintetizado por una amplia variedad de células. (bvsalud.org)
Los defectos en el gen que codifica el TGF-beta 1 son la causa del SÍNDROME DE CAMURATI-ENGELMANN. (bvsalud.org)
It is synthesized as a precursor molecule that is cleaved to form mature TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta1 latency-associated peptide. (bvsalud.org)
Immunohistochemical localization of transforming growth factor beta isoforms in asbestos -related diseases. (cdc.gov)
The possibility that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) would promote matrix accumulation in asbestos is, pleural plaques, and mesothelioma, and that the TGF-beta isoforms may have differential roles in this process were investigated. (cdc.gov)

It was initially discovered as a factor inducing colony formation of normal rat kidney fibroblasts in soft agar in the presence of epidermal growth factor ( EGF ) (Roberts et al. (atlasgeneticsoncology.org)

Recipient intramuscular cotransfection of transforming growth factor beta1 and interleukin 10 ameliorates acute lung graft rejection. (unipg.it)
Conclusion: Recipient intramuscular cotransfection of transforming growth factor 1 and interleukin 10 suppressed interleukin 2 expression and provided a synergistic effect that reduced acute lung graft rejection. (unipg.it)

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes inhibit estrogen receptor expression in vivo and in vitro through transforming growth factor beta1. (cdc.gov)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding, RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding, DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific, DNA-binding transcription activator activity, and cytokine receptor binding in molecular function (MF) terms. (researchsquare.com)
4 Multiple growth factors control megakaryopoiesis and platelet production, of which thrombopoietin and its binding to the thrombopoietin receptor plays a primary role. (haematologica.org)

The TGFβ-1 protein is found throughout the body but is particularly abundant in tissues that make up the skeleton, where it helps regulate the formation and growth of bone and cartilage, a tough, flexible tissue that makes up much of the skeleton during early development. (medlineplus.gov)
Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA and protein levels were quantified by northern analysis and ELISA, respectively. (bmj.com)

Complex subunit associated factors are involved in hybridoma growth, Eosinohils, eritroid proliferation and derived from promotor binding stimulating subunits on the DNA binding complex. (tgf-a.com)
Adiponectin Is Involved in Connective Tissue Growth Factor-Induced Proliferation, Migration and Overproduction of the Extracellular Matrix in Keloid Fibroblasts. (medscape.com)

Although human TGF-β1 is widely used for inducing FOXP3+ in vitro , it might not be an essential factor for human Treg differentiation. (biolegend.com)
Also, the combination of Qu and DOX could exceedingly inhibit the tumor growth, which proved the feasibility of this in vitro screening method. (bvsalud.org)

Results and prognostic factors in vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachment of the macula. (medscape.com)

If hyperglycemia contributes to tumour growth and progression, then it is intuitive that antihyperglycemic drugs may also have an important antitumour role. (hindawi.com)
Rittling SR , Wejse PL, Yagiz K, Warot GA, Hui T. Suppression of tumour growth by orally administered osteopontin is accompanied by alterations in tumour blood vessels. (harvard.edu)

Transforming growth factor-beta1 induced alteration of skeletal morphogenesis in vivo. (umassmed.edu)

TGFβ-1 is also involved in the formation of blood vessels, development of muscle tissue and body fat, wound healing, inflammatory processes in the immune system, and prevention of tumor growth. (medlineplus.gov)

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) refers to a group of cardiovascular risk factors that include insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, increased glucose intolerance, and increased blood pressure. (dovepress.com)

Aplha, transcription related growth factors and stimulating factors or repressing nuclear factors are complex subunits of proteins involved in cell differentiation. (tgf-a.com)

Avocado/soya unsaponifiables enhance the expression of transforming growth factor beta1 and beta2 in cultured articular chondrocytes. (original-asu.com)

also known as Müllerian-inhibiting factor) as well as growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), is found in all multicellular organisms. (youarethehealer.org)
TGF-β1 is a multifunctional cytokine that plays pivotal roles in diverse biological processes, including the regulation of cell growth and survival, cell and tissue differentiation, development, inflammation, immunity, hematopoiesis, and tissue remodeling and repair. (biolegend.com)

Such work thus revealed that those eight most important factors when differentiating biliary atresia from neonatal hepatitis remain as fundamental indicators and, when employed alongside other diagnostic methods, can help in the assembling of a multifactorial strategy less and less invasive and more precise. (scielo.br)

Several transcription factors have been identified over the years that regulate megakaryopoiesis and platelet production, and understanding of key transcriptional regulators is still expanding. (haematologica.org)

Ma X, Chen C, Xiong H, Li Y. Transforming growth factorbeta1 L10P variant plays an active role on the breast cancer susceptibility in Caucasian: evidence from 10,392 cases and 11,697 controls. (medlineplus.gov)

This study demonstrates that the sTbetaRII.Fc is a potential new agent for the treatment of fibrosis and albuminuria in diabetic nephropathy and may reduce albuminuria by reducing TGF-beta1-induced disruptions of renal proximal tubule cell uptake of albumin. (harvard.edu)
Results of vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachments using the en bloc excision technique. (medscape.com)

The factors determining the action of hormones as drugs are presented. (researchgate.net)

Nuclear factor E2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) is an oxidative stress inducible transcription factor being essential in regulating cell homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)

However, although normally dynamically regulated and involved in maintenance of tissue homeostasis, TGFβs are often chronically over-expressed in disease states, including cancer, fibrosis and inflammation, and this excessive production of TGFβ drives disease progression by modulating cell growth, migration or phenotype. (youarethehealer.org)

Then, the effect of Nrf2 alone and in combination with TGF-β1 on cell growth and survival was investigated by cell counting, Ki67 staining and apoptosis assays. (biomedcentral.com)

Keloids manifest as exaggerated growths of scar tissue, usually in areas of previous trauma. (medscape.com)

The results showed that immunization with aTGF-beta5 resulted in the generation of mTGF-beta1-neutralizing antibodies, and immunization with a combination of aTGF-beta5 and mTRP -2 induced specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). (xenbase.org)

Transforming growth factor-beta1, transforming growth factor-beta2, and transforming growth factor-beta3 enhance ovarian cancer metastatic potential by inducing a Smad3-dependent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. (woodrufflab.org)

Anatomy28

Organisms11

Diseases9

Chemicals and Drugs145

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes40

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

The integrin alpha v beta 6 binds and activates latent TGF beta 1: a mechanism for regulating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. (1/4386)

The activation sequence of thrombospondin-1 interacts with the latency-associated peptide to regulate activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta. (2/4386)

Regulation of transforming growth factor beta1 by nitric oxide. (3/4386)

Transforming growth factor beta from multiple myeloma cells inhibits proliferation and IL-2 responsiveness in T lymphocytes. (4/4386)

Involvement of activator protein 1 complexes in the epithelium-specific activation of the laminin gamma2-chain gene promoter by hepatocyte growth factor (scatter factor). (5/4386)

Requirement of Ras/MAPK pathway activation by transforming growth factor beta for transforming growth factor beta 1 production in a Smad-dependent pathway. (6/4386)

Transforming growth factor-beta1 is a potent inhibitor of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor expression in a bronchial epithelial cell line. Munich Lung Transplant Group. (7/4386)

Activation of phospholipase D activity in transforming growth factor-beta-induced cell growth inhibition. (8/4386)

Transforming Growth Factor beta

Transforming Growth Factor beta1

Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta

Transforming Growth Factors

Transforming Growth Factor beta2

Transforming Growth Factor beta3

Epidermal Growth Factor

Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

Fibroblast Growth Factor 2

Signal Transduction

Cells, Cultured

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

RNA, Messenger

Smad2 Protein

Growth Substances

Cell Division

Fibroblast Growth Factors

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I

Hepatocyte Growth Factor

Transforming Growth Factor alpha

Endothelial Growth Factors

Cell Line

Activin Receptors, Type I

Nerve Growth Factors

Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors

Fibroblasts

Receptors, Growth Factor

Nerve Growth Factor

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Interleukin-1beta

Gene Expression Regulation

Smad3 Protein

Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor

Phosphorylation

Smad Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Mink

Cell Differentiation

Gene Expression

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor

Immunohistochemistry

Insulin-Like Growth Factor II

Smad7 Protein

Base Sequence

Recombinant Proteins

Transfection

Connective Tissue Growth Factor

Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Blotting, Western

Fibroblast Growth Factor 1

Lymphokines

Cell Proliferation

DNA-Binding Proteins

Trans-Activators

Blotting, Northern

Epithelial Cells

Transcription, Genetic

Smad4 Protein

Collagen

beta 2-Microglobulin

Cell Movement

Fibroblast Growth Factor 7

Activins

Cell Line, Tumor

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Down-Regulation

Time Factors

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Up-Regulation

Receptors, Cell Surface

Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Extracellular Matrix

Fibrosis

Cytokines

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2