Transferases: Transferases are enzymes transferring a group, for example, the methyl group or a glycosyl group, from one compound (generally regarded as donor) to another compound (generally regarded as acceptor). The classification is based on the scheme "donor:acceptor group transferase". (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.Glutathione Transferase: A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.Alkyl and Aryl Transferases: A somewhat heterogeneous class of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of alkyl or related groups (excluding methyl groups). EC 2.5.Transferases (Other Substituted Phosphate Groups): A class of enzymes that transfers substituted phosphate groups. EC 2.7.8.DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase: A non-template-directed DNA polymerase normally found in vertebrate thymus and bone marrow. It catalyzes the elongation of oligo- or polydeoxynucleotide chains and is widely used as a tool in the differential diagnosis of acute leukemias in man. EC 2.7.7.31.Coenzyme A-Transferases: Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.Peptidyl Transferases: Acyltransferases that use AMINO ACYL TRNA as the amino acid donor in formation of a peptide bond. There are ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptidyltransferases.N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine from a nucleoside diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.ADP Ribose Transferases: Enzymes that transfer the ADP-RIBOSE group of NAD or NADP to proteins or other small molecules. Transfer of ADP-ribose to water (i.e., hydrolysis) is catalyzed by the NADASES. The mono(ADP-ribose)transferases transfer a single ADP-ribose. POLY(ADP-RIBOSE) POLYMERASES transfer multiple units of ADP-ribose to protein targets, building POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE in linear or branched chains.Farnesyltranstransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of geranylgeranyl diphosphate from trans, trans-farnesyl diphosphate and isopentenyl diphosphate.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Acyltransferases: Enzymes from the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of acyl groups from donor to acceptor, forming either esters or amides. (From Enzyme Nomenclature 1992) EC 2.3.Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Galactosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of galactose from a nucleoside diphosphate galactose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylgalactosamine from a nucleoside diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Protein Prenylation: A post-translational modification of proteins by the attachment of an isoprenoid to the C-terminal cysteine residue. The isoprenoids used, farnesyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate, are derived from the same biochemical pathway that produces cholesterol.Nucleotidyltransferases: A class of enzymes that transfers nucleotidyl residues. EC 2.7.7.gamma-Glutamyltransferase: An enzyme, sometimes called GGT, with a key role in the synthesis and degradation of GLUTATHIONE; (GSH, a tripeptide that protects cells from many toxins). It catalyzes the transfer of the gamma-glutamyl moiety to an acceptor amino acid.Glycosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of PHOSPHORYLASES. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES; PENTOSYLTRANSFERASES; SIALYLTRANSFERASES; and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4.Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.DNA Nucleotidyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of deoxyribonucleotides into a chain of DNA. EC 2.7.7.-.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Hexosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-.UTP-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of UDPgalactose from UTP and galactose-1-phosphate. It is present in low levels in fetal and infant liver, but increases with age, thereby enabling galactosemic infants who survive to develop the capacity to metabolize galactose. EC 2.7.7.10.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Isoenzymes: Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.Pentosyltransferases: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another.Liver: A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.Glucuronosyltransferase: A family of enzymes accepting a wide range of substrates, including phenols, alcohols, amines, and fatty acids. They function as drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of UDPglucuronic acid to a variety of endogenous and exogenous compounds. EC 2.4.1.17.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Polyisoprenyl Phosphates: Phosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid esters of polyisoprenoids.Glucosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.Glutathione: A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.Catalysis: The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.Carbohydrate Sequence: The sequence of carbohydrates within POLYSACCHARIDES; GLYCOPROTEINS; and GLYCOLIPIDS.Glycosylation: The chemical or biochemical addition of carbohydrate or glycosyl groups to other chemicals, especially peptides or proteins. Glycosyl transferases are used in this biochemical reaction.UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of UMP from UDPglucose to galactose 1-phosphate, forming UDPgalactose and glucose 1-phosphate. Deficiency in this enzyme is the major cause of GALACTOSEMIA. EC 2.7.7.12.Sparsomycin: An antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sparsogenes. It inhibits protein synthesis in 70S and 80S ribosomal systems.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Hypoxanthine Phosphoribosyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine, or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding 5'-mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis as well as central nervous system functions. Complete lack of enzyme activity is associated with the LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME, while partial deficiency results in overproduction of uric acid. EC 2.4.2.8.Mannosyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of mannose from a nucleoside diphosphate mannose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. The group includes EC 2.4.1.32, EC 2.4.1.48, EC 2.4.1.54, and EC 2.4.1.57.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.Ethanolaminephosphotransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the transfer of phosphoethanolamine from CDP-ethanolamine to diacylglycerol to yield phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin) and CMP. The enzyme is found in the endoplasmic reticulum. EC 2.7.8.1.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Sulfurtransferases: Enzymes which transfer sulfur atoms to various acceptor molecules. EC 2.8.1.Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine: Serves as the biological precursor of insect chitin, of muramic acid in bacterial cell walls, and of sialic acids in mammalian glycoproteins.Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylgalactosamine: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which serves as a source of N-acetylgalactosamine for glycoproteins, sulfatides and cerebrosides.Methyltransferases: A subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from one compound to another. (Dorland, 28th ed) EC 2.1.1.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Ribosomes: Multicomponent ribonucleoprotein structures found in the CYTOPLASM of all cells, and in MITOCHONDRIA, and PLASTIDS. They function in PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS via GENETIC TRANSLATION.In Situ Nick-End Labeling: An in situ method for detecting areas of DNA which are nicked during APOPTOSIS. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase is used to add labeled dUTP, in a template-independent manner, to the 3 prime OH ends of either single- or double-stranded DNA. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling, or TUNEL, assay labels apoptosis on a single-cell level, making it more sensitive than agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis of DNA FRAGMENTATION.Galactosemias: A group of inherited enzyme deficiencies which feature elevations of GALACTOSE in the blood. This condition may be associated with deficiencies of GALACTOKINASE; UDPGLUCOSE-HEXOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLYLTRANSFERASE; or UDPGLUCOSE 4-EPIMERASE. The classic form is caused by UDPglucose-Hexose-1-Phosphate Uridylyltransferase deficiency, and presents in infancy with FAILURE TO THRIVE; VOMITING; and INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION. Affected individuals also may develop MENTAL RETARDATION; JAUNDICE; hepatosplenomegaly; ovarian failure (PRIMARY OVARIAN INSUFFICIENCY); and cataracts. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp61-3)Coenzyme ACatalytic Domain: The region of an enzyme that interacts with its substrate to cause the enzymatic reaction.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Glutathione S-Transferase pi: A glutathione transferase that catalyzes the conjugation of electrophilic substrates to GLUTATHIONE. This enzyme has been shown to provide cellular protection against redox-mediated damage by FREE RADICALS.Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of multiple ADP-RIBOSE groups from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) onto protein targets, thus building up a linear or branched homopolymer of repeating ADP-ribose units i.e., POLY ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSE.Enzyme Inhibitors: Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Acetyltransferases: Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.ATP Phosphoribosyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the pathway for histidine biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium. ATP reacts reversibly with 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate to yield N-1-(5'-phosphoribosyl)-ATP and pyrophosphate. EC 2.4.2.17.Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid: Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.Puromycin: A cinnamamido ADENOSINE found in STREPTOMYCES alboniger. It inhibits protein synthesis by binding to RNA. It is an antineoplastic and antitrypanosomal agent and is used in research as an inhibitor of protein synthesis.RNA, Ribosomal, 23S: Constituent of 50S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes containing about 3200 nucleotides. 23S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis.Fucosyl Galactose alpha-N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetylgalactosamine from UDP N-acetylgalactosamine to various 2-fucosylgalactosides as acceptors. EC 2.4.1.40.Uridine Diphosphate SugarsPhosphotransferases: A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Metabolic Detoxication, Drug: Reduction of pharmacologic activity or toxicity of a drug or other foreign substance by a living system, usually by enzymatic action. It includes those metabolic transformations that make the substance more soluble for faster renal excretion.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Catechol O-Methyltransferase: Enzyme that catalyzes the movement of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionone to a catechol or a catecholamine.Carboxyl and Carbamoyl Transferases: A group of enzymes that catalyze the transfer of carboxyl- or carbamoyl- groups. EC 2.1.3.Microsomes, Liver: Closed vesicles of fragmented endoplasmic reticulum created when liver cells or tissue are disrupted by homogenization. They may be smooth or rough.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Oligosaccharides: Carbohydrates consisting of between two (DISACCHARIDES) and ten MONOSACCHARIDES connected by either an alpha- or beta-glycosidic link. They are found throughout nature in both the free and bound form.Mutagenesis, Site-Directed: Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.Cytosol: Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Protein Structure, Tertiary: The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.Dimethylallyltranstransferase: An enzyme that, in the pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis, catalyzes the condensation of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallylpyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and geranylpyrophosphate. The enzyme then catalyzes the condensation of the latter compound with another molecule of isopentenyl pyrophosphate to yield pyrophosphate and farnesylpyrophosphate. EC 2.5.1.1.Sugar AcidsHaloarcula marismortui: A species of halophilic archaea distinguished by its production of acid from sugar. This species was previously called Halobacterium marismortui.PolysaccharidesGene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.Microsomes: Artifactual vesicles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum when cells are disrupted. They are isolated by differential centrifugation and are composed of three structural features: rough vesicles, smooth vesicles, and ribosomes. Numerous enzyme activities are associated with the microsomal fraction. (Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)Protein Processing, Post-Translational: Any of various enzymatically catalyzed post-translational modifications of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS in the cell of origin. These modifications include carboxylation; HYDROXYLATION; ACETYLATION; PHOSPHORYLATION; METHYLATION; GLYCOSYLATION; ubiquitination; oxidation; proteolysis; and crosslinking and result in changes in molecular weight and electrophoretic motility.Galactose: An aldohexose that occurs naturally in the D-form in lactose, cerebrosides, gangliosides, and mucoproteins. Deficiency of galactosyl-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYL-TRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY DISEASE) causes an error in galactose metabolism called GALACTOSEMIA, resulting in elevations of galactose in the blood.Aminoacyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an aminoacyl group from donor to acceptor resulting in the formation of an ester or amide linkage. EC 2.3.2.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).N-Acetylhexosaminyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of N-acetylhexosaminyl groups to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.Nitrogenous Group Transferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of nitrogenous groups, primarily amino groups, from a donor, generally an amino acid, to an acceptor, usually a 2-oxoacid. EC 2.6.Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.Chromatography, Gel: Chromatography on non-ionic gels without regard to the mechanism of solute discrimination.Plasmids: Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.Genetic Complementation Test: A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hydroxymethyl or formyl groups. EC 2.1.2.Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: An inherited disorder transmitted as a sex-linked trait and caused by a deficiency of an enzyme of purine metabolism; HYPOXANTHINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE. Affected individuals are normal in the first year of life and then develop psychomotor retardation, extrapyramidal movement disorders, progressive spasticity, and seizures. Self-destructive behaviors such as biting of fingers and lips are seen frequently. Intellectual impairment may also occur but is typically not severe. Elevation of uric acid in the serum leads to the development of renal calculi and gouty arthritis. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp127)Botulinum Toxins: Toxic proteins produced from the species CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM. The toxins are synthesized as a single peptide chain which is processed into a mature protein consisting of a heavy chain and light chain joined via a disulfide bond. The botulinum toxin light chain is a zinc-dependent protease which is released from the heavy chain upon ENDOCYTOSIS into PRESYNAPTIC NERVE ENDINGS. Once inside the cell the botulinum toxin light chain cleaves specific SNARE proteins which are essential for secretion of ACETYLCHOLINE by SYNAPTIC VESICLES. This inhibition of acetylcholine release results in muscular PARALYSIS.Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Aspartate Aminotransferases: Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the conversion of L-aspartate and 2-ketoglutarate to oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. EC 2.6.1.1.Lipoylation: Covalent attachment of LIPIDS and FATTY ACIDS to other compounds and PROTEINS.Structure-Activity Relationship: The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.Enzyme Induction: An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.Leukemia, Lymphoid: Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.Isoelectric Focusing: Electrophoresis in which a pH gradient is established in a gel medium and proteins migrate until they reach the site (or focus) at which the pH is equal to their isoelectric point.Acyl Carrier Protein: Consists of a polypeptide chain and 4'-phosphopantetheine linked to a serine residue by a phosphodiester bond. Acyl groups are bound as thiol esters to the pantothenyl group. Acyl carrier protein is involved in every step of fatty acid synthesis by the cytoplasmic system.Nucleoside Diphosphate SugarsSialyltransferases: A group of enzymes with the general formula CMP-N-acetylneuraminate:acceptor N-acetylneuraminyl transferase. They catalyze the transfer of N-acetylneuraminic acid from CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid to an acceptor, which is usually the terminal sugar residue of an oligosaccharide, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid. EC 2.4.99.-.Crystallography, X-Ray: The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Adipates: Derivatives of adipic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,6-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.RNA, Transfer: The small RNA molecules, 73-80 nucleotides long, that function during translation (TRANSLATION, GENETIC) to align AMINO ACIDS at the RIBOSOMES in a sequence determined by the mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). There are about 30 different transfer RNAs. Each recognizes a specific CODON set on the mRNA through its own ANTICODON and as aminoacyl tRNAs (RNA, TRANSFER, AMINO ACYL), each carries a specific amino acid to the ribosome to add to the elongating peptide chains.Uridine Diphosphate Galactose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be epimerized into UDPglucose for entry into the mainstream of carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a source of galactose in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharides, cerebrosides, and lactose.Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.RNA Nucleotidyltransferases: Enzymes that catalyze the template-directed incorporation of ribonucleotides into an RNA chain. EC 2.7.7.-.Acylation: The addition of an organic acid radical into a molecule.Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.Rats, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.Glutathione Peroxidase: An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9.Histamine N-Methyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine to histamine, forming N-methylhistamine, the major metabolite of histamine in man. EC 2.1.1.8.Mevalonic AcidGuanosine Diphosphate Mannose: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which can be converted to the deoxy sugar GDPfucose, which provides fucose for lipopolysaccharides of bacterial cell walls. Also acts as mannose donor for glycolipid synthesis.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Transfection: The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.Transcription, Genetic: The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.Ornithine Carbamoyltransferase: A urea cycle enzyme that catalyzes the formation of orthophosphate and L-citrulline (CITRULLINE) from CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE and L-ornithine (ORNITHINE). Deficiency of this enzyme may be transmitted as an X-linked trait. EC 2.1.3.3.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)MaleatesFucosyltransferases: Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of fucose from a nucleoside diphosphate fucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate, a glycoprotein, or a glycolipid molecule. Elevated activity of some fucosyltransferases in human serum may serve as an indicator of malignancy. The class includes EC 2.4.1.65; EC 2.4.1.68; EC 2.4.1.69; EC 2.4.1.89.Blotting, Western: Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.Uridine Monophosphate: 5'-Uridylic acid. A uracil nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2', 3' or 5' position.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Oxalobacter formigenes: The sole species of the genus Oxalobacter consisting of straight or curved gram-negative rods with rounded ends. Cells are nonmotile, nonsporing, and use oxylates as the only source of CARBON and energy, with formate and CARBON DIOXIDE as end products. They are isolated from lake sediments and from the rumen or large bowel of humans and animals. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)Acyl Coenzyme A: S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.Orotate Phosphoribosyltransferase: The enzyme catalyzing the formation of orotidine-5'-phosphoric acid (orotidylic acid) from orotic acid and 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate in the course of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. EC 2.4.2.10.Spermidine Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the propylamine moiety from 5'-deoxy-5'-S-(3-methylthiopropylamine)sulfonium adenosine to putrescine in the biosynthesis of spermidine. The enzyme has a molecular weight of approximately 73,000 kDa and is composed of two subunits of equal size.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Dolichol: Eicosamethyl octacontanonadecasen-1-o1. Polyprenol found in animal tissues that contains about 20 isoprene residues, the one carrying the alcohol group being saturated.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Amino Acids: Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.Cricetinae: A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.NAD: A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)Membrane Proteins: Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.Alanine Transaminase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to pyruvate and L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.6.1.2.Acetyl Coenzyme A: Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.Enzyme Stability: The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.Chromatography, Affinity: A chromatographic technique that utilizes the ability of biological molecules to bind to certain ligands specifically and reversibly. It is used in protein biochemistry. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.Bilirubin: A bile pigment that is a degradation product of HEME.Chromatography, Ion Exchange: Separation technique in which the stationary phase consists of ion exchange resins. The resins contain loosely held small ions that easily exchange places with other small ions of like charge present in solutions washed over the resins.Coumaric Acids: Hydroxycinnamic acid and its derivatives. Act as activators of the indoleacetic acid oxidizing system, thereby producing a decrease in the endogenous level of bound indoleacetic acid in plants.Mass Spectrometry: An analytical method used in determining the identity of a chemical based on its mass using mass analyzers/mass spectrometers.Rhizobium leguminosarum: A species of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria that is found in soil and which causes formation of root nodules on some, but not all, types of field pea, lentil, kidney bean, and clover.Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.Carbohydrate Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a carbohydrate.Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase: An enzyme catalyzing the formation of AMP from adenine and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. It can act as a salvage enzyme for recycling of adenine into nucleic acids. EC 2.4.2.7.Recombinant Fusion Proteins: Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.beta-N-Acetylhexosaminidases: A hexosaminidase specific for non-reducing N-acetyl-D-hexosamine residues in N-acetyl-beta-D-hexosaminides. It acts on GLUCOSIDES; GALACTOSIDES; and several OLIGOSACCHARIDES. Two specific mammalian isoenzymes of beta-N-acetylhexoaminidase are referred to as HEXOSAMINIDASE A and HEXOSAMINIDASE B. Deficiency of the type A isoenzyme causes TAY-SACHS DISEASE, while deficiency of both A and B isozymes causes SANDHOFF DISEASE. The enzyme has also been used as a tumor marker to distinguish between malignant and benign disease.Enzyme Activation: Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.Pantetheine: An intermediate in the pathway of coenzyme A formation in mammalian liver and some microorganisms.Biocatalysis: The facilitation of biochemical reactions with the aid of naturally occurring catalysts such as ENZYMES.Golgi Apparatus: A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Promoter Regions, Genetic: DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.Dolichol Phosphates: Phosphoric acid esters of dolichol.Aniline Hydroxylase: A drug-metabolizing, cytochrome P-450 enzyme which catalyzes the hydroxylation of aniline to hydroxyaniline in the presence of reduced flavoprotein and molecular oxygen. EC 1.14.14.-.Butylated Hydroxyanisole: Mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenols that is used as an antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.Fatty Acid Synthases: Enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of FATTY ACIDS from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA derivatives.Tumor Cells, Cultured: Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.Carnitine O-Palmitoyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the conversion of palmitoyl-CoA to palmitoylcarnitine in the inner mitochondrial membrane. EC 2.3.1.21.Acetyl-CoA C-Acetyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of ACETYL COA. Some enzymes called thiolase or thiolase-I have referred to this activity or to the activity of ACETYL-COA C-ACYLTRANSFERASE.Chromatography, Thin Layer: Chromatography on thin layers of adsorbents rather than in columns. The adsorbent can be alumina, silica gel, silicates, charcoals, or cellulose. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Monieziasis: Infection of ruminants with tapeworms of the genus Moniezia.Chloroflexus: A genus of green nonsulfur bacteria in the family Chloroflexaceae. They are photosynthetic, thermophilic, filamentous gliding bacteria found in hot springs.ABO Blood-Group System: The major human blood type system which depends on the presence or absence of two antigens A and B. Type O occurs when neither A nor B is present and AB when both are present. A and B are genetic factors that determine the presence of enzymes for the synthesis of certain glycoproteins mainly in the red cell membrane.Alkenes: Unsaturated hydrocarbons of the type Cn-H2n, indicated by the suffix -ene. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed, p408)Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone): A flavoprotein that reversibly catalyzes the oxidation of NADH or NADPH by various quinones and oxidation-reduction dyes. The enzyme is inhibited by dicoumarol, capsaicin, and caffeine.Bufo bufo: A species of the true toads, Bufonidae, widely distributed in the United States and Europe.Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.Sulfhydryl Compounds: Compounds containing the -SH radical.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).Uracil Nucleotides
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae CWH8 gene is required for full levels of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides in the endoplasmic reticulum and for efficient N-glycosylation. (1/1662)
The Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant cwh8 was previously found to have an anomalous cell wall. Here we show that the cwh8 mutant has an N -glycosylation defect. We found that cwh8 cells were resistant to vanadate and sensitive to hygromycin B, and produced glycoforms of invertase and carboxypeptidase Y with a reduced number of N -chains. We have cloned the CWH8 gene. We found that it was nonessential and encoded a putative transmembrane protein of 239 amino acids. Comparison of the in vitro oligosaccharyl transferase activities of membrane preparations from wild type or cwh8 Delta cells revealed no differences in enzyme kinetic properties indicating that the oligosaccharyl transferase complex of mutant cells was not affected. cwh8 Delta cells also produced normal dolichols and dolichol-linked oligosaccharide intermediates including the full-length form Glc3Man9GlcNAc2. The level of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides in cwh8 Delta cells was, however, reduced to about 20% of the wild type. We propose that inefficient N -glycosylation of secretory proteins in cwh8 Delta cells is caused by an insufficient supply of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide substrate. (+info)Isolation and characterization of two mouse L cell lines resistant to the toxic lectin ricin. (2/1662)
Two variant mouse L cell lines (termed CL 3 and CL 6) have been selected for resistant to ricin, a galactose-binding lectin with potent cytotoxic activity. The resistant lines exhibit a 50 to 70% decrease in ricin binding and a 300- to 500-fold increase in resistance to the toxic effects of ricin. Crude membrane preparations of CL 3 cells have increased sialic acid content (200% of control), while the galactose, mannose, and hexosamine content is within normal limits. Both the glycoproteins and glycolipids of CL 3 cells have increased sialic acid, with the GM3:lactosylceramide ratios for parent L and CL 3 cells being 0.29 and 1.5, respectively. In contrast, the membranes of CL 6 cells have a decrease in sialic acid, galactose, and hexosamine content with mannose being normal. Both cell lines have specific alterations in glycosyltransferase activities which can account for the observed membrane sugar changes. CL 3 cells have increased CMP-sialic acid:glycoprotein sialyltransferase and GM3 synthetase activities, while CL 6 cells have decrease UDP-GlcNAc:glycoproteinN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase and DPU-galactose:glycoprotein galactosyltransferase activities. The increased sialic acid content of CL 3 cells serves to mask ricin binding sites, since neuraminidase treatment of this cell line restores ricin binding to essentially normal levels. However, the fact that neuraminidase-treated CL 3 cells are still 45-fold resistant to ricin indicates that either a special class of productive ricin binding sites is not being exposed or that the cell line has a second mechanism for ricin resistance. (+info)Hyaluronan synthase expression in bovine eyes. (3/1662)
PURPOSE: Hyaluronan (HA), a high-molecular-weight linear glycosaminoglycan, is a component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). It is expressed in eyes and plays important roles in many biologic processes, including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Hyaluronan is produced by HA synthase (HAS), which has three isoforms: HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. In this study, the HAS expression in the anterior segment of bovine eyes was investigated to determine the significance of HA in eyes. METHODS: To obtain bovine HAS probes, degenerate oligonucleotide primers, based on well-conserved amino acid sequences including the catalytic region of each HAS isoform, were used for reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to amplify mRNA from bovine corneal endothelial cells (BCECs). Hyaluronan synthase-1 expression in the anterior segment of bovine eyes at the protein level was investigated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: All three HAS isoforms were expressed in BCECs at the mRNA level. Amplified cDNA fragments of HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3 from BCECs can be aligned to human counterparts, showing similarities of 100%, 97.3%, and 100%, respectively, at the amino acid level. Hyaluronan synthase 1 was expressed at the protein level in corneal epithelium, keratocyte, corneal endothelium, conjunctival epithelium, ciliary epithelium, capillary endothelium, and trabecular meshwork. CONCLUSIONS: Hyaluronan synthase isoforms were expressed in the ocular anterior segment and are speculated to be involved in HA production in situ. (+info)Behavior of transaldolase (EC 2.2.1.2) and transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) Activities in normal, neoplastic, differentiating, and regenerating liver. (4/1662)
The objective of this investigation was to throw light on the biological behavior and metabolic regulation of hepatic enzymes of the nonoxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway. The activities of transaldolase (EC 2.2.1.2) and trasketolase (EC 2.2.1.1) Were compared in biological conditions that involve modulation of gene expression such as in starvation, in differentiation, after partial hepatectomy, and in a spectrum of hepatomas of different growth rates. The enzyme activities were determined under optimal kinetic conditions by spectrophotometric methods in the 100,000 X g supernatant fluids prepared from tissue homogenates. The kinetic properties of transaldolase and transketolase were similar in normal liver and in rapidly growing hepatoma 3924A. For transaldolase, apparent Km values of 0.13 mM (normal liver) and 0.17 mM (hepatoma) were observed for erythrose 4-phosphate and of 0.30 to 0.35 mM for fructose 6-phosphate. The pH optima in liver and hepatoma were at approximately 6.9 to 7.2. For the transketolase substrates, ribose 5-phosphate and xylulose 5-phosphate, the apparent Km values were 0.3 and 0.5 mM, respectively, in both liver and hepatoma. A broad pH optimum around 7.6 was observed in both tissues. In organ distribution studies, enzyme activities were measured in liver, intestinal mucosa, thymus, kidney, spleen, brain, adipose tissue, lung, heart, and skeletal muscle. Taking the specific activity of liver as 100%, transaldolase activity was the highest in intestinal mucosa (316%) and in thymus (219%); it was the lowest in heart (53%) and in skeletal muscle (21%). Transketolase activity was highest in kidney (155%) and lowest in heart (26%) and skeletal muscle (23%). Starvation decreased transaldolase and transketolase activities in 6 days to 69 and 74%, respectively, of those of the liver of the normal, fed rat. This was in the same range as the decrease in the protein concentration (66%y. In the liver tumors, transaldolase activity was increased 1.5- to 3.4-fold over the activities observed in normal control rat liver. Transketolase activity showed no relationship to tumor proliferation rate. In the regenerating liver at 24 hr after partial hepatectomy, the activity of both pentose phosphate pathway enzymes was in the same range as that of the sham-operated controls. In differentiation at the postnatal age of 5, 12, 23, and 32 days, hepatic transaldolase activities were 33, 44, 55, and 72%, respectively, of the activities observed in the 60-day-old, adult male rat. During the same period, transketolase activ-ties were 18, 21, 26, and 55% of the activities observed in liver of adult rat. The demonstration of increased transaldolase activity in hepatomas, irrespective of the degree of tumor malignancy, differentiation, or growth rate, suggests that the reprogramming of gene expression in malignant transformation is linked with an increase in the expression of this pentose phosphate pathway enzyme... (+info)A 20-kDa domain is required for phosphatidic acid-induced allosteric activation of phospholipase D from Streptomyces chromofuscus. (5/1662)
Two phospholipase D (PLD) enzymes with both hydrolase and transferase activities were isolated from Streptomyces chromofuscus. There were substantial differences in the kinetic properties of the two PLD enzymes towards monomeric, micellar, and vesicle substrates. The most striking difference was that the higher molecular weight enzyme (PLD57 approximately 57 kDa) could be activated allosterically with a low mole fraction of phosphatidic acid (PA) incorporated into a PC bilayer (Geng et al., J. Biol. Chem. 273 (1998) 12195-12202). PLD42/20, a tightly associated complex of two peptides, one of 42 kDa and the other 20 kDa, had a 4-6-fold higher Vmax toward PC substrates than PLD57 and was not activated by PA. N-Terminal sequencing of both enzymes indicated that both components of PLD42/20 were cleavage products of PLD57. The larger component included the N-terminal segment of PLD57 and contained the active site. The N-terminus of the smaller peptide corresponded to the C-terminal region of PLD57; this peptide had no PLD activity by itself. Increasing the pH of PLD42/20 to 8.9, followed by chromatography of PLD42/20 on a HiTrap Q column at pH 8.5 separated the 42- and 20-kDa proteins. The 42-kDa complex had about the same specific activity with or without the 20-kDa fragment. The lack of PA activation for the 42-kDa protein and for PLD42/20 indicates that an intact C-terminal region of PLD57 is necessary for activation by PA. Furthermore, the mechanism for transmission of the allosteric signal requires an intact PLD57. (+info)Serine transhydroxymethylase from rabbit liver. Sequence of anonapeptide at the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-binding site. (6/1662)
The amino acid sequence of the coenzyme-binding site of serine transhydroxymethylase from rabbit liver has been determined. After reduction with NaBH4 and aminoethylation, a first sample of enzyme was digested with thermolysin and a single phosphopyridoxyl peptide was isolated. A second sample of similarly treated enzyme was digested with chymotrypsin and three phosphopyridoxyl peptides clearly originating from a unique coenzyme-binding site were isolated. Sequence analysis of these peptides indicate the following structure: Val-Val-Thr-Thr-His(Pxy)-Thr-Leu. Sequence homologies of the active site of various pyridoxalphosphate enzymes are discussed in terms of a possible catalytic role and of evolution of this class of proteins. (+info)Bordetella pertussis waaA encodes a monofunctional 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid transferase that can complement an Escherichia coli waaA mutation. (7/1662)
Bordetella pertussis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) contains a single 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residue, whereas LPS from Escherichia coli contains at least two. Here we report that B. pertussis waaA encodes an enzyme capable of transferring only a single Kdo during the biosynthesis of LPS and that this activity is sufficient to complement an E. coli waaA mutation. (+info)Expression of prokaryotic 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphatases in Escherichia coli increases carotenoid and ubiquinone biosynthesis. (8/1662)
Isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) acts as the common, five-carbon building block in the biosynthesis of all isoprenoids. The first reaction of IPP biosynthesis in Escherichia coli is the formation of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate, catalysed by 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXPS). E. coli engineered to produce lycopene, was transformed with dxps genes cloned from Bacillus subtilis and Synechocystis sp. 6803. Increases in lycopene levels were observed in strains expressing exogenous DXPS compared to controls. The recombinant strains also exhibited elevated levels of ubiquinone-8. These increases corresponded with enhanced DXP synthase activity in the recombinant E. coli strains. (+info)
Q31I56 | lgt | Phosphatidylglycerol--prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase | Druggability | Cancer
ECMDB: Glycine (ECMDB00123) (M2MDB000046)
SWISS-MODEL Repository | P9WK92
Activity : mray1
SAUSA300 0749 - AureoWiki
Promoter Characterization and Constitutive Expression of the Escherichia coli gcvR Gene | Journal of Bacteriology
Pesquisa | Portal Regional da BVS
Crystal structure of deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase from bacteriophage T4, a component of the deoxyribonucleoside...3wak » Transmembrane oligosaccharyl transferase - Orientations of Proteins in Membranes (OPM) database
OriGene - STT3A (NM 152713) cDNA Clone
protein geranylgeranyltransferase type II - Creative Enzymes
Prevalence and Incidence of Carnitine palmitoyl transferase II deficiency, lethal neonatal form - RightDiagnosis.com
OsDGL1, a Homolog of an Oligosaccharyltransferase Complex Subunit, is Involved in N-Glycosylation and Root Development in Rice ...
Targeting GGTase-I Activates RHOA, Increases Macrophage Reverse Cholesterol Transport, and Reduces Atherosclerosis in Mice |...
hyaluronate synthase from a eukaryotic cell line | Biochemical Journal | Portland Press
The hyaluronate synthase from a eukaryotic cell line | Biochemical Journal
TIGR01437
Structure Cluster
- 1MXC: S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE SYNTHETASE WITH 8-BR-ADP 3D Similarity Report Page
Oligosaccharyltransferase - WikipediaMechanism of interaction of reversible and irreversible inhibitors with human-liver serine hydroxymethyltransferase - ePrints...RCSB PDB
- 1P7L: S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase complexed with AMPPNP and Met. Literature Report Page
Index by author - May 01, 2013, 162 (1) | Plant Physiology
Regulation and expression of hyaluronan synthases
å ¬æ° é¤¨/TRPGæ å¥½ä¼ å®¤/TRPG㠳㠡㠳ã のバックアップ差分(No.13) - BLADE & GRENADEFormylmethanofuran:tetrahydromethanopterin formyltransferase superfamily
Gentaur Molecular :GenWay \ S-adenosylmethionine synthetase isoform type-2 - EC 2.5.1.6; Methionine adenosyltransferase 2;...
gdS-2 - Hexaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase - Saccharolobus solfataricus (strain ATCC 35092 / DSM 1617 / JCM 11322 / P2) - gdS-2...DHDDS - Dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase complex subunit DHDDS - Homo sapiens (Human) - DHDDS gene & protein
121268-17-5|Alendronate sodium|MuseChem
YPT1 (YFL038C) Result Summary | BioGRID
Human DAD1 ELISA Kit | biobool.comIdentification of a novel inhibition site in translocase MraY based upon the site of interaction with lysis protein e from...Reaction mass of Chromate(1-),... - Registration Dossier - ECHA
Download How To Recover Ost Database - How To Recover Ost Database Software
Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
ST6 Gal Sialyltransferase 1/ST6GAL1/CD75 Overexpression Lysate (Denatured) (H00006480-T01): Novus Biologicals
Recent questions and answers in Transferases - lookformedical.comSA RS13690 - AureoWiki
Report: Mm.27446
Substrate specificity of bacterial oligosaccharyltransferase suggests a common transfer mechanism for the bacterial and...
Biology-Online • View topic - 20 Amino Acids
Inhibiting RHO geranylgeranylation has an unexpected outcome on inflammation | Disease Models & Mechanisms
PRIME PubMed | A serine hydroxymethyltransferase from marine bacterium Shewanella algae: Isolation, purification,...![Phase II Trial of R115777 (NSC 702818) [tipifarnib] an Inhibitor of Farnesyl Protein Transferase, in Patients With Hormone...](data:image/png;base64,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)
Phase II Trial of R115777 (NSC 702818) [tipifarnib] an Inhibitor of Farnesyl Protein Transferase, in Patients With Hormone...SWISSPROT: DXS SHISS
N-α-Boc-N-β-allyloxycarbonyl-D-2,3-diaminopropionic acid dicyclohexylamine salt - Creative Peptides
DHDDS Gene - GeneCards | DHDDS Protein | DHDDS AntibodyST8 alpha-2,8-Sialyltransferase 8B/ST8SIA2 Proteins: Novus BiologicalsSHMT1 Gene - GeneCards | GLYC Protein | GLYC AntibodySearch ResultsGlycogen phosphorylaseHistone acetyltransferaseClass II PI 3-kinasesCitrate synthasePolynucleotide phosphorylaseUridine kinaseCreatine kinaseN-acylneuraminate-9-phosphate synthaseDiglyceride acyltransferaseRNA polymeraseSerine/threonine-specific protein kinase1,3-Beta-glucan synthase2,4-DinitrochlorobenzenePolyadenylationBeta-alanine-pyruvate transaminaseCompetitive inhibition2-alkenal reductaseSuperoxide dismutaseL-xylulose reductaseCyclin-dependent kinase 4Beta-glucosidaseHomoisocitrate dehydrogenase
transferase - Wiktionary
Drug Metabolism: Glutathione S-transferaseTransferase (IPR003480) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
Regulation of Signal Transduction by Glutathione Transferases
Die Purin-Phosphoribosylpyrophosphat-Transferase in Hühnererythrozyten | SpringerLink
The glutathione transferase kappa family. - PubMed - NCBIThe Genetic Architecture of Murine Glutathione Transferases. - PubMed - NCBIPolymerase, nucleotidyl transferase domain (IPR002934) | InterPro | EMBL-EBI
Trmt2a transferase gene ontology
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase, RecombinantStk32a transferase gene ontology
Intrinsic regulation of FIC-domain AMP-transferases by oligomerization and automodification | PNAS
Characterization of rat glutathione transferases in olfactory epithelium and mucusEndophilin and CtBP/BARS are not acyl transferases in endocytosis or Golgi fission | Nature
Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase deficiency: MedlinePlus GeneticsGhrelin octanoylation mediated by an orphan lipid transferase | PNAS
GGT | GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase)O-mannosyl-transferase - Daphnia magna
Dimerization of Glutathione-S-Transferase
NIOSHTIC-2 Publications Search - 20042188 - Polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferases in French vinyl chloride workers.
Transferase
05. A and B transferases - All You Need To Know about the ABO Blood Groups (Types)RCSB PDB - Protein Feature View
- Transferase - Q7SIA0 (Q7SIA0 THETH)Fenofibrate Therapy in Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase Type 2 Deficiency
Deoxycytidyl transferase activity of yeast REV1 proteinGSTsEnzymeTerminal DeoxynucleoProteinSuperfamilyConjugationRecombinantMajor glutathione S-transferaHepatic glutathione S-transferaHuman glutathione S-transferasesDetoxificationFarnesyl transferasPeptidyl Transferase CenterPolypeptide GalNac TransferaseEncodesProteinsGSTM1Catalyzed by glutathioneGlcNAcMolecularAcyl transferaseAcetyl transferaseNucleotidyl transferaseDeficiencyActivityCytosolic glutathioneGalNAcLiverPolymorphismsCatalyseSuccinyl-CoAClassificationSERUMGammaExpression and characterizationSubstratesGlycosylCDNAStructuralGenesClassAlanineCatalyzesGENE EXPRESSIONGSTT1Subunit
GSTs12
- Glutathione S -transferases ( GSTs ), previously known as ligandins , comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification. (wikipedia.org)
- The aim of this study was to examine the polymorphisms in the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) as potential modifiers of this relationship, since these enzymes may be involved in the phase II metabolism of the reactive intermediates of vinyl chloride. (cdc.gov)
- Glutathione transferases (GSTs) of a novel class, which it is proposed to term Theta, were purified from rat and human liver. (uniprot.org)
- Glutathione S -transferases (GSTs) comprise a family of detoxification enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of glutathione with carcinogens, drugs, toxins, and products of oxidative stress ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
- The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) belong to a large family of proteins involved in detoxification [ 1 - 3 ]. (plos.org)
- Background: Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) is a genetic factor for many diseases and exhibits great diversities among various populations. (ebscohost.com)
- The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) represent a family of cytosolic enzymes whose primary function is the detoxification of electrophilic chemical species of endogenous and exogenous origin. (washington.edu)
- A multi-method approach was employed to compare the responses of Glutatione Transferases (GSTs) in the gills and hepatopancreas of Venerupis philippinarum to microcystins (MCs) toxicity. (mdpi.com)
- Glutathione transferases (GSTs) constitute a superfamily of enzymes with essential roles in cellular detoxification and secondary metabolism in plants as in other organisms. (frontiersin.org)
- The number of reports concerning Escherichia coli clinical isolates that produce glutathione S -transferases responsible for fosfomycin resistance (FR-GSTs) has been increasing. (asm.org)
- In addition, we revealed that some ESBL-producing fosfomycin-resistant E. coli clinical isolates can inactivate fosfomycin by producing glutathione S -transferases (GSTs), such as FosA3 and FosC2 ( Fig. 1 ) ( 5 ). (asm.org)
- We have identified six genes encoding scabies mite homologues of mu and delta-like glutathione S -transferases (GSTs) as well as novel house dust mite GSTs. (ajtmh.org)
Enzyme16
- Mechanistically, an enzyme that catalyzed the following reaction would be a transferase: X g r o u p + Y → t r a n s f e r a s e X + Y g r o u p {\displaystyle Xgroup+Y{\xrightarrow[{transferase}]{}}X+Ygroup} In the above reaction, X would be the donor, and Y would be the acceptor. (wikipedia.org)
- In 1953, the enzyme UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase was shown to be a transferase, when it was found that it could reversibly produce UTP and G1P from UDP-glucose and an organic pyrophosphate. (wikipedia.org)
- Glucuronyl transferase is a liver enzyme . (medlineplus.gov)
- The OXCT1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT). (medlineplus.gov)
- 12 ) described that porcupine, an enzyme with structural similarities to membrane-bound O -acyl transferases (MBOAT), is required for serine-209 acylation with palmitoleic acid and for transport of Wnt3a from the endoplasmic reticulum for secretion. (pnas.org)
- The gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) blood test measures the level of the enzyme GGT in the blood. (ucsfhealth.org)
- X-linked agammaglobulinaemia patients had significantly lower glutathione S-transferase enzyme activities at all sites in the normal colonic mucosa as compared to adenoma patients. (ingentaconnect.com)
- This lower glutathione S-transferase enzyme activity might play a role in the apparently increased colorectal cancer risk in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia patients, assuming that detoxification of carcinogenic compounds plays a role in the aetiology of colon cancer of these patients. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Jemth P, Mannervik B: Kinetic characterization of recombinant human glutathione transferase T1-1, a polymorphic detoxication enzyme. (drugbank.ca)
- The results indicate that a GSH S-transferase is involved in the metabolism of isoprene and that the enzyme can detoxify reactive epoxides produced by monooxygenation of chlorinated ethenes. (tudelft.nl)
- Metabolic networks are highly connected and complex, but a single enzyme, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) can sense the availability of metabolites and also modify target proteins. (harvard.edu)
- This condition is caused by a genetic defect in the carnitine palmityl transferase 2 enzyme (CPT2), which normally escorts breakdown products of fats from the main part of the muscle cell into the mitochondria (the cell's "engine"), where they can be further metabolized for energy. (mda.org)
- A gene coding for an enzyme (quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase) involved in the biosynthesis of NAD + was identified between these two regions by sequence analysis and functional assays. (asm.org)
- The fact that elevated levels of quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase enhance growth on phthalate stems from the structural similarities between phthalate and quinolinate: phthalate is a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme and the phthalate catabolic pathway cometabolizes quinolinate. (asm.org)
- The enzyme farnesyl transferase is involved in posttranslational modification of the ras proteins by covalently linking a farnesyl group to the ras protein. (aacrjournals.org)
- GSTP1 is a member of the glutathione S -transferase enzyme superfamily, which catalyzes the conjugation of electrophiles with glutathione in the process of detoxification. (aacrjournals.org)
Terminal Deoxynucleo5
- terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase manufacturers and suppliers with contacts and product range are mentioned in the study. (marketpublishers.com)
- Furthermore, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase prices in regional markets can be found in the report with regards to countries and companies. (marketpublishers.com)
- The report also focuses on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase consumers by providing data on companies that use it. (marketpublishers.com)
- TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE (CAS 9027-67-2) Market Research Report 2018 contents were worked out and placed on the website in January, 2018. (marketpublishers.com)
- Please note that TERMINAL DEOXYNUCLEOTIDYL TRANSFERASE (CAS 9027-67-2) Market Research Report 2018 is a half ready publication and contents are subject to change. (marketpublishers.com)
Protein12
- The Peptidyl transferase is an aminoacyltransferase (EC 2.3.2.12) as well as the primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during the translation process of protein biosynthesis. (wikipedia.org)
- The following protein synthesis inhibitors target peptidyl transferase: Chloramphenicol binds to A2451 and A2452 residues in the 23S rRNA of the ribosome and inhibits peptide bond formation. (wikipedia.org)
- An important role of a BAHD acyl transferase-like protein in plant innate immunity. (ebi.ac.uk)
- Glutathione transferase (GST) kappa, also named mitochondrial GST, is a very ancient protein family with orthologs in bacteria and eukaryotes. (nih.gov)
- We show here that Rev1 protein has a deoxycytidyl transferase activity which transfers a dCMP residue from dCTP to the 3' end of a DNA primer in a template-dependent reaction. (nih.gov)
- O -GlcNAc transferase (OGT) regulates a wide range of cellular processes through the addition of the O- GlcNAc sugar moiety to thousands of protein substrates. (jneurosci.org)
- Dynamic interplay between catalytic and lectin domains of GalNAc-transferases modulates protein O-glycosylation. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Protein O-glycosylation is controlled by polypeptide GalNAc-transferases (GalNAc-Ts) that uniquely feature both a catalytic and lectin domain. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Zusätzlich bieten wir Ihnen 3-Oxoacid CoA Transferase 1 Proteine (9) und 3-Oxoacid CoA Transferase 1 Kits (4) und viele weitere Produktgruppen zu diesem Protein an. (antikoerper-online.de)
- We partially purified and characterized farnesyl-protein transferase from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, LeFTase) to analyze its biochemical and molecular properties. (plantphysiol.org)
- Using Ras- and G[gamma]-specific peptide substrates and competition assays we showed that tomato protein extracts have both farnesyl-protein transferase and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase 1 activities. (plantphysiol.org)
- Immunoprecipitation experiments using anti-[alpha]LeFTB antibodies confirmed that LeFTB is a component of LeFTase but not of tomato geranylgeranyl-protein transferase 1. (plantphysiol.org)
Superfamily2
- The glycosyl transferase module is linked, via a short junction site, to the amino end of a Q447-N844 acyl transferase module, which possesses the catalytic centre-defining motifs of the penicilloyl serine transferases superfamily. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Glutathione S -transferase-μ1, GSTM1, belongs to a superfamily of glutathione S -transferases that metabolizes a broad range of reactive oxygen species and xenobiotics. (ahajournals.org)
Conjugation7
- Enzymatic conjugation of chlorambucil with glutathione by human glutathione S -transferases and inhibition by ethacrynic acid. (springer.com)
- Glutathione-S-transferases are a complex group of enzymes which mediate the conjugation of compounds with glutathione. (archive.org)
- Glutathione transferases (GST) are essentially known as enzymes that catalyse the conjugation of glutathione to various electrophilic compounds such as chemical carcinogens, environmental pollutants, and antitumor agents. (hindawi.com)
- Glutathione S-transferase (GST) catalyzes the conjugation of reduced glutathione (GSH) to a variety of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. (proteopedia.org)
- Glutathione S-transferase A1-1 (40 μM) also increased the conjugation of phosphoramide mustard and GSH (both 1 mM) 2- fold, while the other major human isoenzymes, A2-2, M1a-1a, and P1-1, did not influence the formation of monochloromonoglutathionylphosphoramide mustard. (tudelft.nl)
- The glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes catalyse the conjugation of xenobiotics to glutathione. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Glutathione S -transferases (GST) are phase II detoxification enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of electrophilic compounds with reduced glutathione. (aacrjournals.org)
Recombinant1
- Preparation of Antibodies against Soluble Recombinant Dengue E Proteins Fused with Glutathione's Transferase. (who.int)
Major glutathione S-transfera1
- The major glutathione S-transferase isoform of flounder liver, an antigenically related structural homologue of plaice GST-A, also displays mRNA homology. (stir.ac.uk)
Hepatic glutathione S-transfera2
- Human hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) subunits were characterized and quantified with the aid of a recently developed h.p.l.c. method. (biochemj.org)
- Scott K, George S & Leaver M (1992) Regulation of hepatic glutathione S-transferase expression in flounder, Marine Environmental Research , 34 (1-4), pp. 233-236. (stir.ac.uk)
Human glutathione S-transferases2
- The role of human glutathione S-transferases (hGSTs) in the detoxification of the food-derived carcinogen metabolite N -acetoxy-PhIP, and the effect of a polymorphism in hGSTA1 on colorectal cancer risk. (springer.com)
- In this paper we describe the involvement of purified human glutathione S-transferases isoenzymes GST A1-1, A2-2, M1a-1a, and P1-1 in the formation of two types of glutathionyl conjugates of cyclophosphamide, i.e., 4-glutathionylcyclophosphamide (4-GSCP) and monochloromonoglutathionylphosphoramide mustard. (tudelft.nl)
Detoxification3
- Glutathion-S-transferases (GST) are a group of enzymes, which are involved in the detoxification processes. (bio-medicine.org)
- Glutathione S-transferases are a family of biotransformation enzymes involved in the detoxification of cytotoxic and carcinogenic compounds, that may function in the prevention of carcinogenesis. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a gene family generally associated with detoxification and plays an important role in detoxifying exogenous compounds. (bioone.org)
Farnesyl transferas4
- RxPG] The new Hopkins research, and similar results from other labs, shows that a class of drugs known as farnesyl transferase inhibitors, or FTIs, can reverse an abnormality in laboratory-grown cells engineered to mimic cells from progeria patients. (rxpgnews.com)
- The class of farnesyl transferase inhibitors is designed to block farnesylation and prevent the mature ras signaling and thus inhibit cell proliferation and facilitate apoptosis. (aacrjournals.org)
- Multiple agents that inhibit farnesylation have been developed, and two farnesyl transferase inhibitors have been tested in patients with lung cancer in three Phase II trials. (aacrjournals.org)
- Multiple farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) have been developed to prevent the covalent linkage of the farnesyl group to the ras family of proteins. (aacrjournals.org)
Peptidyl Transferase Center3
- The peptidyl transferase center on the 50S subunit lies at the lower tips (acceptor ends) of the A- and O- site tRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
- Interaction of Pleuromutilin Derivatives with the Ribosomal Peptidyl Transferase Center" (PDF). (wikipedia.org)
- peptidyl transferase center? (biology-online.org)
Polypeptide GalNac Transferase4
- We offer Polypeptide GalNac Transferase 4/GALNT4 Lysates for use in common research applications: Western Blot. (novusbio.com)
- Each Polypeptide GalNac Transferase 4/GALNT4 Lysate is fully covered by our Guarantee+, to give you complete peace of mind and the support when you need it. (novusbio.com)
- Our Polypeptide GalNac Transferase 4/GALNT4 Lysates can be used in a variety of model species. (novusbio.com)
- Polypeptide GalNAc Transferase 3/GALNT3 " has 2 results in Products. (rndsystems.com)
Encodes3
- The insect GST (glutathione transferase) supergene family encodes a varied group of proteins belonging to at least six individual classes. (rcsb.org)
- Namely, the A allele encodes A transferase, which transfers a GalNAc to the H antigen. (google.com)
- Similarly, the B allele encodes B transferase, which transfers a galactose molecule to the H antigen to synthesize the B antigen. (google.com)
Proteins2
- Peptidyl transferase activity is not mediated by any ribosomal proteins but by ribosomal RNA (rRNA), a ribozyme. (wikipedia.org)
- Histone methyl transferases, or HMTs, modify histone proteins in order to increase or decrease the accessibility of certain genes. (xvivo.net)
GSTM12
- We examined associations for glutathione S- transferases M1 ( GSTM1 ), T1 ( GSTT1 ), and P1 ( GSTP1 ) genotypes and breast cancer in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study, a population-based, case-control study in North Carolina. (aacrjournals.org)
- As BU is mainly metabolized by glutathione S -transferase (GST), we investigated the relationship between GSTA1 , GSTM1 and GSTP1 genotypes with first-dose BU PKs, and the relationship with HSCT outcomes in 69 children receiving myeloablative conditioning regimen. (nature.com)
Catalyzed by glutathione1
- It has been found that monochlorobimane readily enters cells to form a fluorescent GSH mono-chlorobimane adduct that can be measured fluorometrically and that this reaction is catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase. (abcam.com)
GlcNAc4
- SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show the importance of O -GlcNAc transferase (OGT) for sensory neuron health and survival in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
- Your search returned 3 O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase L homeolog ELISA Kit across 1 supplier. (biocompare.com)
- ICC/IF analysis of U2OS cell using GTX32766 O-GlcNAc transferase antibody. (genetex.com)
- WB analysis of various samples using GTX32766 O-GlcNAc transferase antibody. (genetex.com)
Molecular1
- Caracterização molecular da glutationa S-transferase de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum. (usp.br)
Acyl transferase4
- Here we report the identification and characterization of human GOAT, the ghrelin O -acyl transferase. (pnas.org)
- GOAT is a conserved orphan membrane-bound O -acyl transferase (MBOAT) that specifically octanoylates serine-3 of the ghrelin peptide. (pnas.org)
- In in vitro assays with the lipid precursor and in the presence of penicillin at concentrations sufficient to derivatize the active-site serine 510 of the acyl transferase, the rate of glycan chain synthesis is unmodified, showing that the functioning of the glycosyl transferase is acyl transferase independent. (ingentaconnect.com)
- The acyl transferase of the PBP also catalyses aminolysis and hydrolysis of properly structured thiolesters, but it lacks activity ond-alanyl-d-alanine-terminated peptides. (ingentaconnect.com)
Acetyl transferase3
- Acetyl transferase. (bio.net)
- Has anyone worked with the yeast acetyl transferase? (bio.net)
- A peroxisomal-specific pathway for acetyl-CoA transport requiring peroxisomal carnitine acetyl transferase (CAT) activity has been identified in Magnaporthe grisea peroxisomes. (apsnet.org)
Nucleotidyl transferase1
- For example, RNA Polymerase is the modern common name for what was formerly known as RNA nucleotidyltransferase, a kind of nucleotidyl transferase that transfers nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing RNA strand. (wikipedia.org)
Deficiency8
- Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) deficiency is an inherited disorder that impairs the body's ability to break down ketones, which are molecules produced in the liver during the breakdown of fats. (medlineplus.gov)
- Neonatal hypoglycaemia in severe succinyl-CoA: 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
- Carnitine palmitoyl transferase type 2 (CPT2) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Succinyl-CoA: 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase (SCOT) deficiency is an inborn error of ketone body utilization, characterized by intermittent ketoacidotic crises and persistent ketosis. (nih.gov)
- Partial hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency without elevated urinary hypoxanthine excretion. (biomedsearch.com)
- Partial hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT) deficiency, also known as the Kelley-Seegmiller syndrome, can give rise to a wide range of neurological symptoms, and renal insufficiency. (biomedsearch.com)
- What is carnitine palmityl transferase deficiency (CPT deficiency)? (mda.org)
- 3-ketoacid CoA transferase ( SCOT ) deficiency causes episodic ketoacidotic crises and no apparent symptoms between them. (antikoerper-online.de)
Activity16
- Three examples of these reactions are the activity of coenzyme A (CoA) transferase, which transfers thiol esters, the action of N-acetyltransferase, which is part of the pathway that metabolizes tryptophan, and the regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), which converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA. (wikipedia.org)
- Group" would be the functional group transferred as a result of transferase activity. (wikipedia.org)
- Earliest discoveries of transferase activity occurred in other classifications of enzymes, including Beta-galactosidase, protease, and acid/base phosphatase. (wikipedia.org)
- Peptidyl transferase activity is carried out by the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)
- In addition to A and B transferases, there are other glycosyltransferases with α1-3 Gal(NAc) transferase activity/specificity. (google.com)
- This substrate specificity suggests that carbonyl donor activity requires the attachment of the pentapeptides to the glycan chains made by the glycosyl transferase, and it implies that one and the same PBP molecule catalyses transglycosylation and peptide cross-linking in a sequential manner. (ingentaconnect.com)
- Provides reagents and methods to simply and quickly measure glutathione transferase activity in live cells, tissues or cell lysate samples. (abcam.com)
- Shokeer A, Mannervik B: Residue 234 is a master switch of the alternative-substrate activity profile of human and rodent theta class glutathione transferase T1-1. (drugbank.ca)
- One of the physiological significances of this lies in the observation that cancer cells resistant to the cytotoxic effects of alkylating agents have higher levels of GSH and high glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. (tudelft.nl)
- A glutathione S-transferase with activity towards cis-1,2- dichloroepoxyethane is involved in isoprene utilization by Rhodococcus sp. (tudelft.nl)
- Biochemically, it is characterized by high uric acid concentrations in blood, high uric acid and hypoxanthine excretion in urine, and decreased activity of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase activity (HGPRT). (biomedsearch.com)
- Moreover, we demonstrate that suppression of the temperature-sensitive phenotype of strain LH530 upon overexpression of AcpT is not due to its phosphopantetheinyl transferase activity and that AcpT overexpression also suppresses the lethality of yejM null mutants. (genetics.org)
- Glutathione s transferase and hydrolytic activity in a tetrachlorvinphos-resistant strain of housefly and their influence on resistance. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Glutathione transferases structure and catalytic activity. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Prognostic value of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity after myocardial infarction. (semanticscholar.org)
- It has detectable glutathione-dependent thiol transferase activity and glutathione-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase activity. (spandidos-publications.com)
Cytosolic glutathione1
- Danielson UH, Mannervik B. Kinetic independence of the subunits of cytosolic glutathione transferase from the rat. (springer.com)
GalNAc1
- ABO BLOOD GROUP SYSTEM LECTURE SLIDE 207: In addition to the alpha 1, 3 GalNAc (galactose) transferases such as A and B transferases, there are more than a hundred genes encoding glycosyltransferases with different specificities. (google.com)
Liver8
- Mainwaring GW, Williams SM, Foster JR, Tugwood J, Green T: The distribution of theta-class glutathione S-transferases in the liver and lung of mouse, rat and human. (drugbank.ca)
- BU is primarily metabolized by liver glutathione S -transferase enzymes (GST), predominantly by GSTA1. (nature.com)
- Gamma glutamyl transferase which is also known as GGT and glutamyl-transpeptidase shows the state of liver health. (griphyn.org)
- Since it is synthesized mostly by the liver, any abnormality of liver functioning leads to raised levels of gamma glutamyl transferase (along with other liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase). (griphyn.org)
- Gamma glutamyl transferase test is one of the principal tools that doctors use to prevent liver damage. (griphyn.org)
- Weight loss and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: falls in gamma-glutamyl transferase concentrations are associated with histologic improvement. (semanticscholar.org)
- Purification and characterization of the major glutathione transferase from adult toad (Bufo bufo) liver. (biomedsearch.com)
- Five forms of glutathione transferase (GST) were resolved from the cytosol of adult common toad (Bufo bufo) liver by GSH-affinity chromatography followed by isoelectric focusing. (biomedsearch.com)
Polymorphisms2
- Polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferases in French vinyl chloride workers. (cdc.gov)
- Association of genetic polymorphisms at the glutathione S-transferase Pi locus with prostate cancer. (ebscohost.com)
Catalyse1
- Transferases are defined as enzymes that catalyse the transfer of one functional group from one molecule (donor) to another (acceptor). (archive.org)
Succinyl-CoA3
- Fukao T, Ishii T, Amano N, Kursula P, Takayanagi M, Murase K, Sakaguchi N, Kondo N, Hasegawa T. A neonatal-onset succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT)-deficient patient with T435N and c.658-666dupAACGTGATT p.N220_I222dup mutations in the OXCT1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
- Fukao T, Shintaku H, Kusubae R, Zhang GX, Nakamura K, Kondo M, Kondo N. Patients homozygous for the T435N mutation of succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid CoA Transferase (SCOT) do not show permanent ketosis. (medlineplus.gov)
- Your search returned 2 succinyl-CoA:glutarate-CoA transferase Biomolecules across 1 supplier. (biocompare.com)
Classification1
- Classification of transferases continues to this day, with new ones being discovered frequently. (wikipedia.org)
SERUM1
- Ultrasensitive time-resolved immunofluorometric assay of glutathione transferase a in serum. (thefreedictionary.com)
Gamma4
- Su nombre correcto en textos médicos es gamma-glutamil-transpeptidasa. (proz.com)
- Don't worry about it since I am going to reveal all about gamma glutamyl transferase. (griphyn.org)
- The main function of gamma glutamyl transferase is to transfer amino acids between cells. (griphyn.org)
- Gamma glutamyl transferase and metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and mortality risk: the Framingham Heart Study. (semanticscholar.org)
Expression and characterization1
- In this study, we report the cloning, expression and characterization of the glutathione transferase isoenzyme P1-1 gene from Camelus dromedarius (CdGSTP1-1). (thefreedictionary.com)
Substrates1
- The substrates for the peptidyl transferase reaction are two RNA molecules, one bearing the growing peptide chain and the other bearing the amino acid that will be added to the chain. (wikipedia.org)
Glycosyl3
- A transferase is any one of a class of enzymes that enact the transfer of specific functional groups (e.g. a methyl or glycosyl group) from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor). (wikipedia.org)
- This segment is linked, via an ≅ 100-amino-acid insert, to a D198-G435 glycosyl transferase module that possesses the five motifs characteristic of the PBPs of class A. In in vitro assays, the glycosyl transferase of the PBP catalyses the synthesis of linear glycan chains from the lipid carrier with an efficiency of ≅ 39 000 M −1 s −1 . (ingentaconnect.com)
- The glycosyl transferase module of PBP1b, the lysozymes and the lytic transglycosylase Slt70 have much the same catalytic machinery. (ingentaconnect.com)
CDNA2
- Pemble S, Schroeder KR, Spencer SR, Meyer DJ, Hallier E, Bolt HM, Ketterer B, Taylor JB: Human glutathione S-transferase theta (GSTT1): cDNA cloning and the characterization of a genetic polymorphism. (drugbank.ca)
- In order to improve the understanding of the properties of other Omega class members, we screened a human fetal brain cDNA library and obtained the human GSTO2 (glutathione S-transferase Omega 2) cDNA. (spandidos-publications.com)
Structural1
- Oakley A. Glutathione transferases: a structural perspective. (proteopedia.org)
Genes2
- Glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes play a protective role against oxidative stress and may influence disease risk and drug pharmacokinetics. (nih.gov)
- Glutathione transferase genes ( GST ) are candidate genes for Parkinson's disease because they are involved with the metabolism of pesticides, dopamine, and glutathione. (bmj.com)
Class8
- Therefore, if a human glutathione S -transferase is a homodimer in the pi-class subfamily 1, its name will be written as "hGSTP1-1. (wikipedia.org)
- Beuckmann CT, Fujimori K, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Identification of mu-class glutathione transferases M2-2 and M3-3 as cytosolic prostaglandin E synthases in the human brain. (springer.com)
- Identification, characterization and crystal structure of the omega class glutathione transferases. (springer.com)
- Theta, a new class of glutathione transferases purified from rat and man. (uniprot.org)
- Transferases ( EC 2.x.x.x ) are a class of enzymes that transfer the specific functional groups from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor). (creative-enzymes.com)
- Liu, Crystallographic and Mechanistic Studies of Class Mu Glutathione S- Transferases , in Proceedings of the International Meeting on Structure and Function of Glutathione Transferases , K. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Microsomal and alpha-class glutathione transferases were also induced transcriptionally. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Human GSTO 1-1 (glutathione S-transferase Omega 1) is the first member of the GST Omega class. (spandidos-publications.com)
Alanine2
- Fluoride induced increase in the activities of Alanine and Aspartate transferases were reported (Miszta and Dabrowski, 1986), in Wistan rats. (thefreedictionary.com)
- Effect of fluoride on aspertate and alanine amino transferase activities in the fresh water fish, Clarias batrachus (linn. (thefreedictionary.com)
Catalyzes1
- For example, a DNA methyltransferase is a transferase that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group to a DNA acceptor. (wikipedia.org)
GENE EXPRESSION1
- Glutathione S-transferase copy number variation alters lung gene expression. (sigmaaldrich.com)
GSTT11
- Sprenger R, Schlagenhaufer R, Kerb R, Bruhn C, Brockmoller J, Roots I, Brinkmann U: Characterization of the glutathione S-transferase GSTT1 deletion: discrimination of all genotypes by polymerase chain reaction indicates a trimodular genotype-phenotype correlation. (drugbank.ca)
Subunit2
- In Prokaryotes, the 50S (23S component) ribosome subunit contains the peptidyl transferase component and acts as a ribozyme. (wikipedia.org)
- In Eukaryotes, the 60S (28S component) ribosome subunit contains the peptidyl transferase component and acts as the ribozyme. (wikipedia.org)
