Transcriptional activation. Medical search

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Trans-acting protein that combines with host factors to induce immediate early gene transcription in herpes simplex virus.

Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promoter and enhancer regions.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Enzymes that catalyze acyl group transfer from ACETYL-CoA to HISTONES forming CoA and acetyl-histones.

Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

Promoter-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor that binds to the GC box, one of the upstream promoter elements, in mammalian cells. The binding of Sp1 is necessary for the initiation of transcription in the promoters of a variety of cellular and viral GENES.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A family of histone acetyltransferases that is structurally-related to CREB-BINDING PROTEIN and to E1A-ASSOCIATED P300 PROTEIN. They function as transcriptional coactivators by bridging between DNA-binding TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and the basal transcription machinery. They also modify transcription factors and CHROMATIN through ACETYLATION.

A member of the p300-CBP transcription factor family that was initially identified as a binding partner for CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN. Mutations in CREB-binding protein are associated with RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A conserved A-T rich sequence which is contained in promoters for RNA polymerase II. The segment is seven base pairs long and the nucleotides most commonly found are TATAAAA.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-jun genes (GENES, JUN). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. There appear to be three distinct functions: dimerization (with c-fos), DNA-binding, and transcriptional activation. Oncogenic transformation can take place by constitutive expression of c-jun.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The major sequence-specific DNA-binding component involved in the activation of transcription of RNA POLYMERASE II. It was originally described as a complex of TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN and TATA-BINDING PROTEIN ASSOCIATED FACTORS. It is now know that TATA BOX BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE PROTEINS may take the place of TATA-box binding protein in the complex.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.

A technique for identifying specific DNA sequences that are bound, in vivo, to proteins of interest. It involves formaldehyde fixation of CHROMATIN to crosslink the DNA-BINDING PROTEINS to the DNA. After shearing the DNA into small fragments, specific DNA-protein complexes are isolated by immunoprecipitation with protein-specific ANTIBODIES. Then, the DNA isolated from the complex can be identified by PCR amplification and sequencing.

A protein that has been shown to function as a calcium-regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. This protein functions to integrate both calcium and cAMP signals.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acetyl group, usually from acetyl coenzyme A, to another compound. EC 2.3.1.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

A multiprotein complex composed of the products of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes. These proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the AP-1 recognition site, also known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE). AP-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes.

A method for determining the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins. DNA footprinting utilizes a DNA damaging agent (either a chemical reagent or a nuclease) which cleaves DNA at every base pair. DNA cleavage is inhibited where the ligand binds to DNA. (from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

A general transcription factor that plays a major role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA POLYMERASES. It binds specifically to the TATA BOX promoter element, which lies close to the position of transcription initiation in RNA transcribed by RNA POLYMERASE II. Although considered a principal component of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIID it also takes part in general transcription factor complexes involved in RNA POLYMERASE I and RNA POLYMERASE III transcription.

An electrophoretic technique for assaying the binding of one compound to another. Typically one compound is labeled to follow its mobility during electrophoresis. If the labeled compound is bound by the other compound, then the mobility of the labeled compound through the electrophoretic medium will be retarded.

Nuclear phosphoprotein encoded by the p53 gene (GENES, P53) whose normal function is to control CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS. A mutant or absent p53 protein has been found in LEUKEMIA; OSTEOSARCOMA; LUNG CANCER; and COLORECTAL CANCER.

Proteins transcribed from the E1A genome region of ADENOVIRUSES which are involved in positive regulation of transcription of the early genes of host infection.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A class of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to bind the DNA sequence CCAAT. The typical CCAAT-enhancer binding protein forms dimers and consists of an activation domain, a DNA-binding basic region, and a leucine-rich dimerization domain (LEUCINE ZIPPERS). CCAAT-BINDING FACTOR is structurally distinct type of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein consisting of a trimer of three different subunits.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A member of the p300-CBP transcription factors that was originally identified as a binding partner for ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

Proteins in the nucleus or cytoplasm that specifically bind RETINOIC ACID or RETINOL and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Retinoic acid receptors, like steroid receptors, are ligand-activated transcription regulators. Several types have been recognized.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

Transforming proteins coded by myb oncogenes. Transformation of cells by v-myb in conjunction with v-ets is seen in the avian E26 leukemia virus.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the "zipper" region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

Recurring supersecondary structures characterized by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices connected by a non-helical "loop" segment. They are found in many sequence-specific DNA-BINDING PROTEINS and in CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS.

Intracellular receptors that can be found in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus. They bind to extracellular signaling molecules that migrate through or are transported across the CELL MEMBRANE. Many members of this class of receptors occur in the cytoplasm and are transported to the CELL NUCLEUS upon ligand-binding where they signal via DNA-binding and transcription regulation. Also included in this category are receptors found on INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANES that act via mechanisms similar to CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

Biochemical identification of mutational changes in a nucleotide sequence.

A large protein complex which acts as a signaling adaptor protein that allows communication between the various regulatory and functional components of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION including DNA POLYMERASE II; GENERAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that are bound to upstream ENHANCER ELEMENTS. The mediator complex was originally studied in YEAST where at least 21 subunits were identified. Many of the yeast subunits are homologs to proteins in higher organisms that are found associated with specific nuclear receptors such as THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS and VITAMIN D RECEPTORS.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

A nuclear receptor coactivator with specificity for ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and THYROID HORMONE RECEPTORS. It contains a histone acetyltransferase activity that may play a role in the transcriptional activation of chromatin regions.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

Serologic tests in which a positive reaction manifested by visible CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION occurs when a soluble ANTIGEN reacts with its precipitins, i.e., ANTIBODIES that can form a precipitate.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

A transcription factor that partners with ligand bound GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTORS and ESTROGEN RECEPTORS to stimulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. It plays an important role in FERTILITY as well as in METABOLISM of LIPIDS.

Proteins that are coded by immediate-early genes, in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral regulatory proteins that were synthesized just after viral integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular proteins which are synthesized immediately after the resting cell is stimulated by extracellular signals.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (fos) originally isolated from the Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins (FBJ-MSV) and Finkel-Biskis-Reilly (FBR-MSV) murine sarcoma viruses. The proto-oncogene protein c-fos codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. The insertion of c-fos into FBJ-MSV or FBR-MSV induces osteogenic sarcomas in mice. The human c-fos gene is located at 14q21-31 on the long arm of chromosome 14.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

Factors that associate with TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN. Many of them are components of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIID

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain.

Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. The enzyme family can be divided into at least three structurally-defined subclasses. Class I and class II deacetylases utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism. The sirtuin histone deacetylases belong to class III and are NAD-dependent enzymes.

Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

Cytoplasmic proteins that specifically bind glucocorticoids and mediate their cellular effects. The glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex acts in the nucleus to induce transcription of DNA. Glucocorticoids were named for their actions on blood glucose concentration, but they have equally important effects on protein and fat metabolism. Cortisol is the most important example.

A cellular transcriptional coactivator that was originally identified by its requirement for the stable assembly IMMEDIATE-EARLY PROTEINS of the HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS. It is a nuclear protein that is a transcriptional coactivator for a number of transcription factors including VP16 PROTEIN; GA-BINDING PROTEIN; EARLY GROWTH RESPONSE PROTEIN 2; and E2F4 TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. It also interacts with and stabilizes HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS PROTEIN VMW65 and helps regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES in HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the myb gene (GENES, MYB). They are expressed in a wide variety of cells including thymocytes and lymphocytes, and regulate cell differentiation. Overexpression of myb is associated with autoimmune diseases and malignancies.

An RNA POLYMERASE II specific transcription factor. It plays a role in assembly of the pol II transcriptional preinitiation complex and has been implicated as a target of gene-specific transcriptional activators.

An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.

A heterotrimeric DNA-binding protein that binds to CCAAT motifs in the promoters of eukaryotic genes. It is composed of three subunits: A, B and C.

A family of transcription factors that contain regions rich in basic residues, LEUCINE ZIPPER domains, and HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A subtype of RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS that are specific for 9-cis-retinoic acid which function as nuclear TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS that regulate multiple signaling pathways.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

Ubiquitously expressed basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF transcription factors. They bind CANNTG sequences in the promoters of a variety of GENES involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

An early growth response transcription factor that has been implicated in regulation of CELL PROLIFERATION and APOPTOSIS.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conformation of CHROMATIN determining the transcriptional accessibility or inaccessibility of the DNA.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-myc genes. They are normally involved in nucleic acid metabolism and in mediating the cellular response to growth factors. Elevated and deregulated (constitutive) expression of c-myc proteins can cause tumorigenesis.

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

A family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of highly conserved calcineurin- and DNA-binding domains. NFAT proteins are activated in the CYTOPLASM by the calcium-dependent phosphatase CALCINEURIN. They transduce calcium signals to the nucleus where they can interact with TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 or NF-KAPPA B and initiate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES involved in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and development. NFAT proteins stimulate T-CELL activation through the induction of IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES such as INTERLEUKIN-2.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

A mutation caused by the substitution of one nucleotide for another. This results in the DNA molecule having a change in a single base pair.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Proteins found usually in the cytoplasm or nucleus that specifically bind steroid hormones and trigger changes influencing the behavior of cells. The steroid receptor-steroid hormone complex regulates the transcription of specific genes.

A member of the ternary complex family of ets-related transcription factors that is regulated by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES including JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; and P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES.

A ubiquitously expressed octamer transcription factor that regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of SMALL NUCLEAR RNA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES; and HISTONE H2B genes.

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.

Synthetic or natural oligonucleotides used in hybridization studies in order to identify and study specific nucleic acid fragments, e.g., DNA segments near or within a specific gene locus or gene. The probe hybridizes with a specific mRNA, if present. Conventional techniques used for testing for the hybridization product include dot blot assays, Southern blot assays, and DNA:RNA hybrid-specific antibody tests. Conventional labels for the probe include the radioisotope labels 32P and 125I and the chemical label biotin.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

A general term for single-celled rounded fungi that reproduce by budding. Brewers' and bakers' yeasts are SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE; therapeutic dried yeast is YEAST, DRIED.

An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of GENES including C-JUN GENES; CYCLIN A; CYCLIN D1; and ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 3.

A signal transducing adaptor protein and tumor suppressor protein. It forms a complex with activated RECEPTOR-REGULATED SMAD PROTEINS. The complex then translocates to the CELL NUCLEUS and regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES.

A family of transcription factors that share a unique DNA-binding domain. The name derives from viral oncogene-derived protein oncogene protein v-ets of the AVIAN ERYTHROBLASTOSIS VIRUS.

A continuous cell line of high contact-inhibition established from NIH Swiss mouse embryo cultures. The cells are useful for DNA transfection and transformation studies. (From ATCC [Internet]. Virginia: American Type Culture Collection; c2002 [cited 2002 Sept 26]. Available from http://www.atcc.org/)

A family of DNA-binding proteins that are primarily expressed in T-LYMPHOCYTES. They interact with BETA CATENIN and serve as transcriptional activators and repressors in a variety of developmental processes.

The so-called general transcription factors that bind to RNA POLYMERASE II and that are required to initiate transcription. They include TFIIA; TFIIB; TFIID; TFIIE; TFIIF; TFIIH; TFII-I; and TFIIJ. In vivo they apparently bind in an ordered multi-step process and/or may form a large preinitiation complex called RNA polymerase II holoenzyme.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

Transcription factors that were originally identified as site-specific DNA-binding proteins essential for DNA REPLICATION by ADENOVIRUSES. They play important roles in MAMMARY GLAND function and development.

A subunit of NF-kappa B that is primarily responsible for its transactivation function. It contains a C-terminal transactivation domain and an N-terminal domain with homology to PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-REL.

Cytoplasmic proteins that bind estrogens and migrate to the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. Evaluation of the state of estrogen receptors in breast cancer patients has become clinically important.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

Commonly observed structural components of proteins formed by simple combinations of adjacent secondary structures. A commonly observed structure may be composed of a CONSERVED SEQUENCE which can be represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE.

An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including C-JUN GENES and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A MADS domain-containing transcription factor that binds to the SERUM RESPONSE ELEMENT in the promoter-enhancer region of many genes. It is one of the four founder proteins that structurally define the superfamily of MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS.

A receptor-regulated smad protein that undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION by ACTIVIN RECEPTORS, TYPE I. Activated Smad3 can bind directly to DNA, and it regulates TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA and ACTIVIN signaling.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.

A family of zinc finger transcription factors that share homology with Kruppel protein, Drosophila. They contain a highly conserved seven amino acid spacer sequence in between their ZINC FINGER MOTIFS.

A T-cell factor that plays an essential role in EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT.

A large family of regulatory proteins that function as accessory subunits to a variety of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES. They generally function as ENZYME ACTIVATORS that drive the CELL CYCLE through transitions between phases. A subset of cyclins may also function as transcriptional regulators.

One of the ESTROGEN RECEPTORS that has marked affinity for ESTRADIOL. Its expression and function differs from, and in some ways opposes, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

Proteins whose abnormal expression (gain or loss) are associated with the development, growth, or progression of NEOPLASMS. Some neoplasm proteins are tumor antigens (ANTIGENS, NEOPLASM), i.e. they induce an immune reaction to their tumor. Many neoplasm proteins have been characterized and are used as tumor markers (BIOMARKERS, TUMOR) when they are detectable in cells and body fluids as monitors for the presence or growth of tumors. Abnormal expression of ONCOGENE PROTEINS is involved in neoplastic transformation, whereas the loss of expression of TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEINS is involved with the loss of growth control and progression of the neoplasm.

Retrovirus-associated DNA sequences (jun) originally isolated from the avian sarcoma virus 17 (ASV 17). The proto-oncogene jun (c-jun) codes for a nuclear protein which is involved in growth-related transcriptional control. Insertion of c-jun into ASV-17 or the constitutive expression of the c-jun protein produces tumorgenicity. The human c-jun gene is located at 1p31-32 on the short arm of chromosome 1.

Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions.

Enzymes that catalyze the methylation of arginine residues of proteins to yield N-mono- and N,N-dimethylarginine. This enzyme is found in many organs, primarily brain and spleen.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

Retroviral proteins that have the ability to transform cells. They can induce sarcomas, leukemias, lymphomas, and mammary carcinomas. Not all retroviral proteins are oncogenic.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Regulatory sequences important for viral replication that are located on each end of the HIV genome. The LTR includes the HIV ENHANCER, promoter, and other sequences. Specific regions in the LTR include the negative regulatory element (NRE), NF-kappa B binding sites , Sp1 binding sites, TATA BOX, and trans-acting responsive element (TAR). The binding of both cellular and viral proteins to these regions regulates HIV transcription.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Transcriptional trans-acting proteins of the promoter elements found in the long terminal repeats (LTR) of HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 1 and HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS 2. The tax (trans-activator x; x is undefined) proteins act by binding to enhancer elements in the LTR.

An RNA POLYMERASE II specific transcription factor. It may play a role in transcriptional activation of gene expression by interacting with the TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN component of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIID.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.

A cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor that mediates TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53-dependent CELL CYCLE arrest. p21 interacts with a range of CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES and associates with PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN and CASPASE 3.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A specificity protein transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27.

An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A and activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F1 is involved in DNA REPAIR and APOPTOSIS.

Different forms of a protein that may be produced from different GENES, or from the same gene by ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.

An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).

A class of weak acids with the general formula R-CONHOH.

Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (1/18446)

A novel gene, Xin, from chick (cXin) and mouse (mXin) embryonic hearts, may be required for cardiac morphogenesis and looping. Both cloned cDNAs have a single open reading frame, encoding proteins with 2,562 and 1,677 amino acids for cXin and mXin, respectively. The derived amino acid sequences share 46% similarity. The overall domain structures of the predicted cXin and mXin proteins, including proline-rich regions, 16 amino acid repeats, DNA-binding domains, SH3-binding motifs and nuclear localization signals, are highly conserved. Northern blot analyses detect a single message of 8.9 and 5.8 kilo base (kb) from both cardiac and skeletal muscle of chick and mouse, respectively. In situ hybridization reveals that the cXin gene is specifically expressed in cardiac progenitor cells of chick embryos as early as stage 8, prior to heart tube formation. cXin continues to be expressed in the myocardium of developing hearts. By stage 15, cXin expression is also detected in the myotomes of developing somites. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that the mXin protein is colocalized with N-cadherin and connexin-43 in the intercalated discs of adult mouse hearts. Incubation of stage 6 chick embryos with cXin antisense oligonucleotides results in abnormal cardiac morphogenesis and an alteration of cardiac looping. The myocardium of the affected hearts becomes thickened and tends to form multiple invaginations into the heart cavity. This abnormal cellular process may account in part for the abnormal looping. cXin expression can be induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in explants of anterior medial mesoendoderm from stage 6 chick embryos, a tissue that is normally non-cardiogenic. This induction occurs following the BMP-mediated induction of two cardiac-restricted transcription factors, Nkx2.5 and MEF2C. Furthermore, either MEF2C or Nkx2.5 can transactivate a luciferase reporter driven by the mXin promoter in mouse fibroblasts. These results suggest that Xin may participate in a BMP-Nkx2.5-MEF2C pathway to control cardiac morphogenesis and looping. (+info)

Cancer genetics: tumor suppressor meets oncogene. (2/18446)

The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein is inactivated by mutations in the majority of colorectal cancers. A recent study has revealed that alterations in the APC signaling pathway can result in the transcriptional activation of the c-MYC gene. (+info)

Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL serve an anti-inflammatory function in endothelial cells through inhibition of NF-kappaB. (3/18446)

To maintain the integrity of the vascular barrier, endothelial cells (EC) are resistant to cell death. The molecular basis of this resistance may be explained by the function of antiapoptotic genes such as bcl family members. Overexpression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL protects EC from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated apoptosis. In addition, Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL inhibits activation of NF-kappaB and thus upregulation of proinflammatory genes. Bcl-2-mediated inhibition of NF-kappaB in EC occurs upstream of IkappaBalpha degradation without affecting p65-mediated transactivation. Overexpression of bcl genes in EC does not affect other transcription factors. Using deletion mutants of Bcl-2, the NF-kappaB inhibitory function of Bcl-2 was mapped to bcl homology domains BH2 and BH4, whereas all BH domains were required for the antiapoptotic function. These data suggest that Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL belong to a cytoprotective response that counteracts proapoptotic and proinflammatory insults and restores the physiological anti-inflammatory phenotype to the EC. By inhibiting NF-kappaB without sensitizing the cells (as with IkappaBalpha) to TNF-mediated apoptosis, Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL are prime candidates for genetic engineering of EC in pathological conditions where EC loss and unfettered activation are undesirable. (+info)

B-MYB transactivates its own promoter through SP1-binding sites. (4/18446)

B-MYB is an ubiquitous protein required for mammalian cell growth. In this report we show that B-MYB transactivates its own promoter through a 120 bp segment proximal to the transcription start site. The B-MYB-responsive element does not contain myb-binding sites and gel-shift analysis shows that SP1, but not B-MYB, protein contained in SAOS2 cell extracts binds to the 120 bp B-myb promoter fragment. B-MYB-dependent transactivation is cooperatively increased in the presence of SP1, but not SP3 overexpression. When the SP1 elements of the B-myb promoter are transferred in front of a heterologous promoter, an increased response to B-MYB results. In contrast, c-MYB, the prototype member of the Myb family, is not able to activate the luciferase construct containing the SP1 elements. With the use of an SP1-GAL4 fusion protein, we have determined that the cooperative activation occurs through the domain A of SP1. These observations suggest that B-MYB functions as a coactivator of SP1, and that diverse combinations of myb and SP1 sites may dictate the responsiveness of myb-target genes to the various members of the myb family. (+info)

Deletion of a region that is a candidate for the difference between the deletion forms of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin and deltabeta-thalassemia affects beta- but not gamma-globin gene expression. (5/18446)

The analysis of a number of cases of beta-globin thalassemia and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) due to large deletions in the beta-globin locus has led to the identification of several DNA elements that have been implicated in the switch from human fetal gamma- to adult beta-globin gene expression. We have tested this hypothesis for an element that covers the minimal distance between the thalassemia and HPFH deletions and is thought to be responsible for the difference between a deletion HPFH and deltabeta-thalassemia, located 5' of the delta-globin gene. This element has been deleted from a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) containing the complete human beta-globin locus. Analysis of this modified YAC in transgenic mice shows that early embryonic expression is unaffected, but in the fetal liver it is subject to position effects. In addition, the efficiency of transcription of the beta-globin gene is decreased, but the developmental silencing of the gamma-globin genes is unaffected by the deletion. These results show that the deleted element is involved in the activation of the beta-globin gene perhaps through the loss of a structural function required for gene activation by long-range interactions. (+info)

Assembly requirements of PU.1-Pip (IRF-4) activator complexes: inhibiting function in vivo using fused dimers. (6/18446)

Gene expression in higher eukaryotes appears to be regulated by specific combinations of transcription factors binding to regulatory sequences. The Ets factor PU.1 and the IRF protein Pip (IRF-4) represent a pair of interacting transcription factors implicated in regulating B cell-specific gene expression. Pip is recruited to its binding site on DNA by phosphorylated PU.1. PU.1-Pip interaction is shown to be template directed and involves two distinct protein-protein interaction surfaces: (i) the ets and IRF DNA-binding domains; and (ii) the phosphorylated PEST region of PU.1 and a lysine-requiring putative alpha-helix in Pip. Thus, a coordinated set of protein-protein and protein-DNA contacts are essential for PU.1-Pip ternary complex assembly. To analyze the function of these factors in vivo, we engineered chimeric repressors containing the ets and IRF DNA-binding domains connected by a flexible POU domain linker. When stably expressed, the wild-type fused dimer strongly repressed the expression of a rearranged immunoglobulin lambda gene, thereby establishing the functional importance of PU.1-Pip complexes in B cell gene expression. Comparative analysis of the wild-type dimer with a series of mutant dimers distinguished a gene regulated by PU.1 and Pip from one regulated by PU.1 alone. This strategy should prove generally useful in analyzing the function of interacting transcription factors in vivo, and for identifying novel genes regulated by such complexes. (+info)

The amino-terminal C/H1 domain of CREB binding protein mediates zta transcriptional activation of latent Epstein-Barr virus. (7/18446)

Latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is maintained as a nucleosome-covered episome that can be transcriptionally activated by overexpression of the viral immediate-early protein, Zta. We show here that reactivation of latent EBV by Zta can be significantly enhanced by coexpression of the cellular coactivators CREB binding protein (CBP) and p300. A stable complex containing both Zta and CBP could be isolated from lytically stimulated, but not latently infected RAJI nuclear extracts. Zta-mediated viral reactivation and transcriptional activation were both significantly inhibited by coexpression of the E1A 12S protein but not by an N-terminal deletion mutation of E1A (E1ADelta2-36), which fails to bind CBP. Zta bound directly to two related cysteine- and histidine-rich domains of CBP, referred to as C/H1 and C/H3. These domains both interacted specifically with the transcriptional activation domain of Zta in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Interestingly, we found that the C/H3 domain was a potent dominant negative inhibitor of Zta transcriptional activation function. In contrast, an amino-terminal fragment containing the C/H1 domain was sufficient for coactivation of Zta transcription and viral reactivation function. Thus, CBP can stimulate the transcription of latent EBV in a histone acetyltransferase-independent manner mediated by the CBP amino-terminal C/H1-containing domain. We propose that CBP may regulate aspects of EBV latency and reactivation by integrating cellular signals mediated by competitive interactions between C/H1, C/H3, and the Zta activation domain. (+info)

Smad3-Smad4 and AP-1 complexes synergize in transcriptional activation of the c-Jun promoter by transforming growth factor beta. (8/18446)

Transcriptional regulation by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) is a complex process which is likely to involve cross talk between different DNA responsive elements and transcription factors to achieve maximal promoter activation and specificity. Here, we describe a concurrent requirement for two discrete responsive elements in the regulation of the c-Jun promoter, one a binding site for a Smad3-Smad4 complex and the other an AP-1 binding site. The two elements are located 120 bp apart in the proximal c-Jun promoter, and each was able to independently bind its corresponding transcription factor complex. The effects of independently mutating each of these elements were nonadditive; disruption of either sequence resulted in complete or severe reductions in TGF-beta responsiveness. This simultaneous requirement for two distinct and independent DNA binding elements suggests that Smad and AP-1 complexes function synergistically to mediate TGF-beta-induced transcriptional activation of the c-Jun promoter. (+info)

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factor

... thereby promoting transcriptional activation. ALY has key roles in 3'-end processing of polyadenylated mRNAs and in nuclear ... 1999). "Autoantibodies to transcriptional regulation proteins DEK and ALY in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus". Hum ... and transcriptional activity of bZIP proteins". Mol. Cell. 4 (2): 219-28. doi:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80369-X. PMID 10488337. Le ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALYREF

C-terminal transcriptional activation domains. Selective modulation of transcription mediated by members of the steroid ... Tsuchiya H, Orimoto K, Kobayashi K, Hino O (February 1996). "Presence of potent transcriptional activation domains in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis_protein

"Transcriptional activators and activation mechanisms". Protein & Cell. 2 (11): 879-888. doi:10.1007/s13238-011-1101-7. ISSN ... Activation domains also come in a variety of types that are categorized based on the domain's amino acid sequence, including ... A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes. ... The breakdown of maltose in Escherichia coli is controlled by gene activation. The genes that code for the enzymes responsible ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activator_(genetics)

Miyamoto K, Gurdon JB (Sep 2011). "Nuclear actin and transcriptional activation". Communicative & Integrative Biology. 4 (5): ... When an activation signal (i.e. an action potential) arrives at the muscle fiber, it triggers the release of Ca2+ from the ... It has been suggested that these centres may play a role in the polymerization of actin by acting during the activation stage. ... Wolyniak MJ, Sundstrom P (Oct 2007). "Role of actin cytoskeletal dynamics in activation of the cyclic AMP pathway and HWP1 gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin

de Caestecker, Mark P. (2000). "The Smad4 Activation Domain (SAD) Is a Proline-rich, p300-dependent Transcriptional Activation ... Inman GJ (February 2005). "Linking Smads and transcriptional activation". The Biochemical Journal. 386 (Pt 1): e1-e3. doi: ... Smad-Activation Domain). Second, MAPK primes Smad4 for GSK3-mediated phosphorylations that cause transcriptional inhibition and ... it allows Smad4 to reach its peak of transcriptional activity by activating a growth factor-regulated transcription activation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mothers_against_decapentaplegic_homolog_4

Kaiso regulates Znf131-mediated transcriptional activation. (2010) Exp. Cell Res. 316: 1692-1705. 19. Brown ST, Kelly KF, ... Wang H, Liu W, Black S, Turner O, Daniel JM, Dean-Colomb W, He QP, Davis M and Yates C. Kaiso, a transcriptional repressor, ... Nuclear Import of the BTB/POZ Transcriptional Regulator Kaiso. (2004) J. Cell Sci. 117: 6143-6152. 28. Rodova M, Kelly KF, ... Non-Canonical Wnt signals are modulated by the Kaiso transcriptional repressor and p120-catenin. (2004) Nat. Cell Biol. 6: 1212 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Daniel

... 1 is associated with transcriptional activation. H4K20me2 is similar to H4K20me1 but has a different distribution and ... combinatorial transcriptional output. It is thought that a Histone code dictates the expression of genes by a complex ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H4K20me

"Evidence for a transcriptional activation function for BRCA1 C-terminal region." (1996) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93: 13595. A.N.A ... "Common BRCA1 Variants and Transcriptional Activation." (1997) Am. J. Human. Genet. 61:761. T. Ouchi, A.N.A. Monteiro, A. August ... "Src induced activation of Inducible T cell Kinase (ITK) requires PI3 kinase activity and the Pleckstrin Homology domain of ... A. August (GS). "On the molecular basis of the two signal hypothesis of T cell activation: Signaling by CD3 and CD28". Ph.D. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_August

D Wagner; Robert Sablowski; E M Meyerowitz (1 July 1999). "Transcriptional activation of APETALA1 by LEAFY". Science. 285 (5427 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Wagner_(scientist)

Nguyen T, Huang HC, Pickett CB (May 2000). "Transcriptional regulation of the antioxidant response element. Activation by Nrf2 ... Similar to other sMafs, MafK lacks any canonical transcriptional activation domains. MAFK is broadly but differentially ... "One enhancer mediates mafK transcriptional activation in both hematopoietic and cardiac muscle cells". The EMBO Journal. 19 (12 ... Activation by oxidative stress and identification of the DNA consensus sequence required for functional activity". The Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAFK

Gossen M, Freundlieb S, Bender G, Müller G, Hillen W, Bujard H (June 1995). "Transcriptional activation by tetracyclines in ... tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation to regulate transgene expression in organisms and cell cultures. Doxycycline ... cells and organisms with inducible protein expression systems using tetracycline-controlled transcriptional activation. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxycycline

"Three functional classes of transcriptional activation domain". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 16 (5): 2044-55. doi:10.1128/ ... Yankulov K, Bentley D (June 1998). "Transcriptional control: Tat cofactors and transcriptional elongation". Current Biology. 8 ... Zhou Q, Sharp PA (October 1996). "Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat". Science. 274 ( ... January 2020). "Inhibition of the transcriptional kinase CDK7 overcomes therapeutic resistance in HER2-positive breast cancers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase_7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPB

Blau J, Xiao H, McCracken S, O'Hare P, Greenblatt J, Bentley D (1996). "Three functional classes of transcriptional activation ... Yankulov K, Bentley D (1998). "Transcriptional control: Tat cofactors and transcriptional elongation". Curr. Biol. 8 (13): R447 ... Chen D, Riedl T, Washbrook E, Pace PE, Coombes RC, Egly JM, Ali S (July 2000). "Activation of estrogen receptor alpha by S118 ... Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1996). "Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat". Science. 274 (5287): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTF2H1

Blau J, Xiao H, McCracken S, O'Hare P, Greenblatt J, Bentley D (1996). "Three functional classes of transcriptional activation ... Yankulov K, Bentley D (1998). "Transcriptional control: Tat cofactors and transcriptional elongation". Curr. Biol. 8 (13): R447 ... Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1996). "Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat". Science. 274 (5287): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTF2H4

Evidence for a role in transcriptional activation". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (52): 33353-9. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.33353. PMID ... Transcriptional repressor CTCF also known as 11-zinc finger protein or CCCTC-binding factor is a transcription factor that in ... Dunn KL, Davie JR (2003). "The many roles of the transcriptional regulator CTCF". Biochem. Cell Biol. 81 (3): 161-7. doi: ... CTCF is involved in many cellular processes, including transcriptional regulation, insulator activity, V(D)J recombination and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTCF

Blau J, Xiao H, McCracken S, O'Hare P, Greenblatt J, Bentley D (1996). "Three functional classes of transcriptional activation ... Yankulov K, Bentley D (1998). "Transcriptional control: Tat cofactors and transcriptional elongation". Curr. Biol. 8 (13): R447 ... Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1996). "Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat". Science. 274 (5287): ... Identification of hormone-regulated sites and examination of their influence on transcriptional activity". J. Biol. Chem. 269 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MNAT1

"Three functional classes of transcriptional activation domain". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 16 (5): 2044-55. doi:10.1128/ ... Yankulov K, Bentley D (Jun 1998). "Transcriptional control: Tat cofactors and transcriptional elongation". Current Biology. 8 ( ... Zhou Q, Sharp PA (Oct 1996). "Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat". Science. 274 (5287 ... They participate in two different transcriptional regulation processes, suggesting an important link between basal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin_H

Blau J, Xiao H, McCracken S, O'Hare P, Greenblatt J, Bentley D (1996). "Three functional classes of transcriptional activation ... Yankulov K, Bentley D (1998). "Transcriptional control: Tat cofactors and transcriptional elongation". Curr. Biol. 8 (13): R447 ... Zhou Q, Sharp PA (1996). "Tat-SF1: cofactor for stimulation of transcriptional elongation by HIV-1 Tat". Science. 274 (5287): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GTF2H2

Mediator containing the CDK8 module is less active than Mediator lacking this module in supporting transcriptional activation. ... while MED25 is required for the transcriptional activation of jasmonate and shade signalling responses. Two components of the ... "Mediator Undergoes a Compositional Change during Transcriptional Activation". Molecular Cell. 64 (3): 443-454. doi:10.1016/j. ... which the kinase module dissociates from the complex to allow association with RNA polymerase II and transcriptional activation ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediator_(coactivator)

... that target gene promoters to induce transcriptional gene activation in a process known as RNA activation (RNAa). Small dsRNAs ... "Small dsRNAs induce transcriptional activation in human cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ... By targeting selected sequences in gene promoters, saRNAs induce target gene expression at the transcriptional/epigenetic level ... New Scientist 16 November 2006 Bladder cancer: Intravesical RNA activation-a new treatment concept. Nature Review Urology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SaRNA

characterization of nuclear targeting and transcriptional activation domain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (22): ... Oven I, Brdicková N, Kohoutek J, Vaupotic T, Narat M, Peterlin BM (December 2007). "AIRE recruits P-TEFb for transcriptional ... The specific makeup of AIRE includes a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD), nuclear localization signal (NLS), ... Aasland R, Gibson TJ, Stewart AF (February 1995). "The PHD finger: implications for chromatin-mediated transcriptional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoimmune_regulator

"Small dsRNAs induce transcriptional activation in human cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United ... "RITS acts in cis to promote RNA interference-mediated transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing". Nature Genetics. 36 ... SiRNA acts on the post-transcriptional stage of gene expression, so it does not modify or change DNA in a deleterious effect. ... The other anti-guide strand or passenger strand is degraded during RISC activation. Although it was first believed that an ATP- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_interference

"Transcriptional activation of RagD GTPase controls mTORC1 and promotes cancer growth". Science. 356 (6343): 1188-1192. doi: ... "Transcriptional activation of lysosomal exocytosis promotes cellular clearance". Developmental Cell. 21 (3): 421-30. doi: ... TFEB constitutive activation, due to FLCN mutations, drives renal cystogenesis and tumorigenesis in Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome. ... Martina JA, Chen Y, Gucek M, Puertollano R (Jun 2012). "MTORC1 functions as a transcriptional regulator of autophagy by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TFEB

2005). "BAF complex is closely related to and interacts with NF1/CTF and RNA polymerase II in gene transcriptional activation ... 1996). "Three functional classes of transcriptional activation domain". Mol. Cell. Biol. 16 (5): 2044-55. doi:10.1128/MCB.16.5. ... Liu Y, Bernard HU, Apt D (1997). "NFI-B3, a novel transcriptional repressor of the nuclear factor I family, is generated by ... 2003). "Transcriptional activators differ in their abilities to control alternative splicing". J. Biol. Chem. 277 (45): 43110-4 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFIC_(gene)

"Transcriptional activation of the human stress-inducible transcriptional repressor ATF3 gene promoter by p53". Biochemical and ... Transcriptional repression versus activation by alternatively spliced isoforms". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269 (22 ... "Activation of JNK and transcriptional repressor ATF3/LRF1 through the IRE1/TRAF2 pathway is implicated in human vascular ... Kawauchi J, Zhang C, Nobori K, Hashimoto Y, Adachi MT, Noda A, Sunamori M, Kitajima S (October 2002). "Transcriptional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATF3

Ultimately, transcriptional activation of certain target genes occurs. Extracellular signaling must be maintained, and the cell ... The defining biochemical feature of the restriction point is the activation of G1/S- and S-phase cyclin-CDK complexes, which in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_point

Evidence for a transcriptional activation function of hPTTG". Oncogene. 17 (17): 2187-93. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1202140. PMID ... Chien W, Pei L (Jun 2000). "A novel binding factor facilitates nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation function of ... Chien W, Pei L (Jun 2000). "A novel binding factor facilitates nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation function of ... It is an anaphase-promoting complex (APC) substrate that associates with a separin until activation of the APC. The gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PTTG1

"Composite co-activator ARC mediates chromatin-directed transcriptional activation". Nature. 398 (6730): 828-32. Bibcode: ... December 2003). "A mammalian homolog of Drosophila melanogaster transcriptional coactivator intersex is a subunit of the ... April 1999). "Ligand-dependent transcription activation by nuclear receptors requires the DRIP complex". Nature. 398 (6730): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MED30

Allosteric inhibition and activation by Protein-protein interactions (PPI).[28] Indeed, some proteins interact with and ... It is regulated by a range of different transcriptional, covalent and non-covalent regulation mechanisms, which can vary widely ... Allosteric inhibition and activation by metabolites: In particular end-product inhibition of rate limiting enzymes by ... leading to dephosphorylation and re-activation of pyruvate kinase.[43] These controls prevent pyruvate kinase from being active ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycolysis

... whereas IL-6 activation and signalling in muscle is totally independent of a preceding TNF-response or NFκB activation, and is ... repressing the chromatin structure surrounding the DNA sequence and inhibiting transcriptional machinery from accessing the ... IL-6's role as an anti-inflammatory myokine is mediated through its inhibitory effects on TNF-alpha and IL-1 and its activation ... It appears that unlike IL-6 signalling in macrophages, which is dependent upon activation of the NFκB signalling pathway, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_6

If protein A is dependent on protein B for activation then the inhibition of either protein A or B will result in a cell losing ... The split-ubiquitin membrane yeast two-hybrid system uses transcriptional reporters to identify yeast transformants that encode ... The Y2H is based on the functional reconstitution of the yeast transcription factor Gal4 and subsequent activation of a ... "activation" or "inhibition"). Although such attributes have been added to networks for a long time,[76] Vinayagam et al. (2014 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein–protein_interaction

Ptashne M, Gann A (April 1997). "Transcriptional activation by recruitment". Nature. 386 (6625): 569-77. Bibcode:1997Natur.386 ... molecular strategies for transcriptional activation". Molecular Endocrinology. 17 (10): 1901-9. doi:10.1210/me.2002-0384. PMID ... upregulation, activation, or promotion - increase the rate of gene transcription. *downregulation, repression, or suppression ... Activation[edit]. Transcription factors may be activated (or deactivated) through their signal-sensing domain by a number of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_factors

... there must be tight regulation and activation. Specifically, Cts1 expression has to be activated in daughter cells during late ... "RAM: a conserved signaling network that regulates Ace2p transcriptional activity and polarized morphogenesis". Molecular ... "Acidic mammalian chitinase in asthmatic Th2 inflammation and IL-13 pathway activation". Science. 304 (5677): 1678-82. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitinase

... is associated with transcriptional repression and hypomethylation of these sites is associated with transcriptional activation ... The function of macroH2A has generally been assumed to be transcriptional silencing; most recently, it has been suggested that ... The hypermethylation of this region is associated with decreased transcriptional activity and the opposite for hypomethylation ... "The transcriptional landscape of age in human peripheral blood". Nature Communications. 6: 8570. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8570. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomarkers_of_aging

A sustained activation of CREB thus forces a larger dose to be taken to reach the same effect. In addition, it leaves the user ... and these transcriptional adaptations serve a homeostatic function to oppose drug action. In certain brain regions, such as ... This activation influences the dysregulated emotional state associated with psychological dependence. They found that as drug ... and other AP-1-mediated transcriptional activity, in the NAc or OFC blocks these key effects of drug exposure14,22-24. This ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicomania

"Genome-Wide Transcriptional Regulation Mediated by Biochemically Distinct SWI/SNF Complexes". PLOS Genet. 11 (12): e1005748. ... effects of ME3 depletion were found to be mediated by inhibition of de novo nucleotide synthesis resulting from AMPK activation ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenomics

... global transcriptional activation, genes controlling mRNA decay, and many others. A large amount of damage to a cell leaves it ... Checkpoint activation is controlled by two master kinases, ATM and ATR. ATM responds to DNA double-strand breaks and ... Eukaryotic transcriptional responses to DNA damageEdit. Eukaryotic cells exposed to DNA damaging agents also activate important ... Checkpoint activation pauses the cell cycle and gives the cell time to repair the damage before continuing to divide. DNA ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

Alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation increases plasma glucagon levels in the mouse»։ European Journal of Pharmacology ... peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-retinoid X receptor heterodimer physically interacts with the transcriptional ...

https://hy.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Գլյուկագոն

For instance, association of Steroid Binding Domain can create a transcriptional switch that can change the expression of a ... enhanced activation) or even is superseded by a different and abnormal function. When the new allele is created, a heterozygote ... Changes within regulatory sequences (yellow and blue) can effect transcriptional and translational regulation of gene ... In vivo mechanisms like transcriptional switches can create conditional mutations. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_mutation

"Cytokine-specific transcriptional regulation through an IL-5Ralpha interacting protein". Science. 293 (5532): 1136-8. doi: ... which is required for IL5 mediated activation of the transcription factor SOX4. Six alternatively spliced transcript variants ... "Cytokine-specific transcriptional regulation through an IL-5Ralpha interacting protein". Science. 293 (5532): 1136-8. doi: ... "Multisite mutagenesis of interleukin 5 differentiates sites for receptor recognition and receptor activation". Biochemistry. 39 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_5_receptor_alpha_subunit

"DNA binding and transcriptional activation by the Ski oncoprotein mediated by interaction with NFI". Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (19 ... interference with transcriptional activation by NFI/CTF in a cell-type specific manner". Nucleic Acids Res. 22 (19): 3825-3833 ... "DNA binding and transcriptional activation by the Ski oncoprotein mediated by interaction with NFI". Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (19 ... Liu Y, Bernard HU, Apt D (1997). "NFI-B3, a novel transcriptional repressor of the nuclear factor I family, is generated by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFIX

Dehm SM, Bonham K (April 2004). "SRC gene expression in human cancer: the role of transcriptional activation". Biochem. Cell ... The activation of the c-Src pathway has been observed in about 50% of tumors from colon, liver, lung, breast and the pancreas. ... The activation of c-Src causes the dephosphorylation of the tyrosine 527. This induces long-range allostery via protein domain ... Since the activation of c-Src leads to the promotion of survival, angiogenesis, proliferation and invasion pathways, the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-oncogene_tyrosine-protein_kinase_Src

Li R, Pei H, Watson DK, Papas TS (2000). "EAP1/Daxx interacts with ETS1 and represses transcriptional activation of ETS1 target ... Li H, Leo C, Zhu J, Wu X, O'Neil J, Park EJ, Chen JD (2000). "Sequestration and inhibition of Daxx-mediated transcriptional ... "TGF-beta-induced apoptosis is mediated by the adapter protein Daxx that facilitates JNK activation". Nat. Cell Biol. 3 (8): 708 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death-associated_protein_6

Cuello F, Schulze RA, Heemeyer F, Meyer HE, Lutz S, Jakobs KH, Niroomand F, Wieland T (2003). "Activation of heterotrimeric G ... "Diversification of transcriptional modulation: large-scale identification and characterization of putative alternative ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNG4

One possible way to achieve this, which has been successful in mouse models, is to use inhibitors of Ras activation in order to ... is a tumor suppressor that controls cell accumulation by regulating the localization and activity of the transcriptional ... Therefore, using polysaccharide K to inhibit NF-κB activation can be used to treat patients with high β-catenin levels. In the ... Mosimann C, Hausmann G, Basler K (April 2009). "β-catenin hits chromatin: regulation of Wnt target gene activation". Nature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catenin

"ICOS and CD28 reversely regulate IL-10 on re-activation of human effector T cells with mature dendritic cells". European ... "Modulation of TCR-induced transcriptional profiles by ligation of CD28, ICOS, and CTLA-4 receptors". Proceedings of the ... suggesting the proliferative defect is due either to ICOS-mediated IL-2 secretion or the activation of similar signaling ... "ICOS co-stimulatory receptor is essential for T-cell activation and function". Nature. 409 (6816): 97-101. Bibcode:2001Natur. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD278

VP16 is a strong transactivator and is often used in Y2H systems as the activation domain of the system. Liu Y, Gong W, Huang ... CC, Herr W, Cheng X (July 1999). "Crystal structure of the conserved core of the herpes simplex virus transcriptional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus_protein_vmw65

STAT activation initiates the most well-defined cell signaling pathway for all IFNs, the classical Janus kinase-STAT (JAK-STAT ... Laghari ZA, Chen SN, Li L, Huang B, Gan Z, Zhou Y, Huo HJ, Hou J, Nie P (2018). "Functional, signalling and transcriptional ... Minks MA, West DK, Benvin S, Baglioni C (October 1979). "Structural requirements of double-stranded RNA for the activation of 2 ... Binding of ISGF3 and other transcriptional complexes activated by IFN signaling to these specific regulatory elements induces ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

In Escherichia coli, replication proceeds unidirectionally from oriV after activation by TrfA. In E. coli, multiple plasmid ... and a set of complementary transcriptional repressor genes, called kor (short for "kil-override") genes, which inactivate the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RK2_plasmid

It is believed that the impact of alcohol on aging can be partly explained by alcohol's activation of the HPA axis, which ... October 2015). "The transcriptional landscape of age in human peripheral blood". Nature Communications. 6: 8570. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senescence

"MAP kinase phosphorylation-dependent activation of Elk-1 leads to activation of the co-activator p300". The EMBO Journal. 22 (2 ... The TATA element and BRE typically are located close to the transcriptional start site (typically within 30 to 40 base pairs). ... However, natural selection may favor less energetic binding as a way of regulating transcriptional output. In this case, we may ... Verheul TC, van Hijfte L, Perenthaler E, Barakat TS (2020). "The Why of YY1: Mechanisms of Transcriptional Regulation by Yin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_(genetics)

The mechanism of many SARMs may also allow for the treatment of prostate cancer through the activation of AR-induced expression ... tissue specificity and complexity of the pathway is known to dictate the transcriptional and cellular response. There has been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator

This downregulation sees the removal of post-transcriptional repression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β receptor type II (TGF-βRII), and ... miR-590 downregulation has further been shown to be mediated by activation of alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-590_microRNA_precursor_family

Activation of each phase is dependent on the proper progression and completion of the previous one. Cells that have temporarily ... However, results from a recent study of E2F transcriptional dynamics at the single-cell level argue that the role of G1 cyclin- ... Activation of E2F results in transcription of various genes like cyclin E, cyclin A, DNA polymerase, thymidine kinase, etc. ... All different mono-phosphorylated Rb isoforms inhibit E2F transcriptional program and are able to arrest cells in G1-phase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

Nakashima, Kazuhisa; Benoit de Crombrugghe (Aug 2003). "Transcriptional mechanisms in osteoblast differentiation and bone ... by blocking the Runx2 factor through Smad3 activation. Sox9 stimulates differentiation into chondrocytes. Sox9 blocked ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteochondroprogenitor_cell

Liu G, Bafico A, Harris VK, Aaronson SA (August 2003). "A novel mechanism for Wnt activation of canonical signaling through the ... "Human frizzled 1 interacts with transforming Wnts to transduce a TCF dependent transcriptional response". Oncogene. 18 (44): ... Thrasivoulou C, Millar M, Ahmed A (December 2013). "Activation of intracellular calcium by multiple Wnt ligands and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNT3A

Acetylation relies on specific histone acetyltransferases that work at gene promoters during transcriptional activation. Adding ... Through the facilitation of chromatin remodeling, it stimulates transcriptional elongation and sets the stage for further ... which helps regulate transcriptional elongation. If cells receive multiple apoptotic stimuli, caspase-3 activates the Mst1 ... an acetyl group to lysine residues in one of several positions in the amino acid tail contributes to the activation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_H2B

Xu H, Uno JK, Inouye M, Collins JF, Ghishan FK (February 2005). "NF1 transcriptional factor(s) is required for basal promoter ... activation of the human intestinal NaPi-IIb cotransporter gene". American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver ... Lin YL, Wang YH, Lee HJ (November 2006). "Transcriptional regulation of the human TR2 orphan receptor gene by nuclear factor 1- ... Berry FB, O'Neill MA, Coca-Prados M, Walter MA (February 2005). "FOXC1 transcriptional regulatory activity is impaired by PBX1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFIA

Here, we show that transcriptional competency is regulated by Brd4- and P300-dependent histone acetylation in zeb … ... Brd4 and P300 Confer Transcriptional Competency during Zygotic Genome Activation Dev Cell. 2019 Jun 17;49(6):867-881.e8. doi: ... We show that genome activation does not require slowdown of the cell cycle and is regulated through the translation of ... Here, we show that transcriptional competency is regulated by Brd4- and P300-dependent histone acetylation in zebrafish. Live ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31211993/

2020) Activation of a neural stem cell transcriptional program in parenchymal astrocytes ArrayExpress E-MTAB-9268. ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/59733v1

The Orphan Human Pregnane X Receptor Mediates the Transcriptional Activation of CYP3A4 by Rifampicin through a Distal Enhancer ... The Orphan Human Pregnane X Receptor Mediates the Transcriptional Activation of CYP3A4 by Rifampicin through a Distal Enhancer ... The Orphan Human Pregnane X Receptor Mediates the Transcriptional Activation of CYP3A4 by Rifampicin through a Distal Enhancer ... The Orphan Human Pregnane X Receptor Mediates the Transcriptional Activation of CYP3A4 by Rifampicin through a Distal Enhancer ...

https://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/56/6/1329

Sequential activation of PntP2 and PntP1 implies that the duration of transcriptional activation shifts from a regimen that ... Is EGFR activation sufficiently sustained and/or prominent enough to reliably induce transcriptional activation that will ... Sequential activation of ETS proteins provides a sustained transcriptional response to EGFR signaling Arkadi Shwartz, Arkadi ... Simulation of transcriptional responses to EGFR activation by sequential induction of PntP2 and PntP1. The simulation is ...

https://journals.biologists.com/dev/article/140/13/2746/76608/Sequential-activation-of-ETS-proteins-provides-a

Phenotypic and transcriptional-profiling of peripheral immune subsets was performed and compared with 19 healthy controls (HC ... Transcriptional profiling supported activated monocyte and enhanced effector CD8+ T cell populations in CPI-Hep. ... Conclusions: CPI-Hep is associated with an activation of peripheral monocytes and enhanced cytotoxic, effector phenotype of ... In vitro monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMF) were assessed for activation and cytokine production. CCR2, CD68, CD3, CD8 and ...

https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/d5y3y9zhzn

HBP1 inhibits the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus through transcriptional activation of the IGFBP1 gene. Aging (Albany ... HBP1 inhibits the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus through transcriptional activation of the IGFBP1 gene ...

https://www.aging-us.com/article/204364

The mechanism of action of Spi-B in the transcriptional ... mechanism of action of Spi-B in the transcriptional activation ... The mechanism of action of Spi-B in the transcriptional activation of the interferon-α4 gene. ...

https://www.genefrontier.com/en/publications/purefrex/32111355-2/

... monocytes after myocardial infarction show distinct activation patterns prior to recruitment and conserved transcriptional ...

https://research.reading.ac.uk/research-blog/event/circulating-monocytes-after-myocardial-infarction-show-distinct-activation-patterns-prior-to-recruitment-and-conserved-transcriptional-responses-in-mice-and-humans/

title = "Yeast coactivator MBF1 mediates GCN4-dependent transcriptional activation",. abstract = "Transcriptional coactivators ... Takemaru KI, Harashima S, Ueda H, Hirose S. Yeast coactivator MBF1 mediates GCN4-dependent transcriptional activation. ... Yeast coactivator MBF1 mediates GCN4-dependent transcriptional activation. Ken Ichi Takemaru, Satoshi Harashima, Hitoshi Ueda, ... Here we provide evidence acquired in vitro and in vivo that yeast MBF1 mediates GCN4-dependent transcriptional activation by ...

https://okayama.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/yeast-coactivator-mbf1-mediates-gcn4-dependent-transcriptional-ac

Pratt, Leslie A. ; Silhavy, Thomas J. / OmpR mutants specifically defective for transcriptional activation. In: Journal of ... Pratt, L. A., & Silhavy, T. J. (1994). OmpR mutants specifically defective for transcriptional activation. Journal of Molecular ... Pratt, LA & Silhavy, TJ 1994, OmpR mutants specifically defective for transcriptional activation, Journal of Molecular ... OmpR mutants specifically defective for transcriptional activation. Journal of Molecular Biology. 1994 Nov 4;243(4):579-594. ...

https://collaborate.princeton.edu/en/publications/ompr-mutants-specifically-defective-for-transcriptional-activatio

Transcriptional profiling and immunophenotyping show sustained activation of blood monocytes in subpatent Plasmodium falciparum ... Monocyte activation during subpatent malaria is driven by an IFN molecular signature with robust activation of genes enriched ... The transcriptional and functional profiles of monocytes were examined in controlled human malaria infection with P. falciparum ... The greater magnitude of transcriptional changes in children with acute malaria suggests monocyte phenotypes may change with ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/saudepublica/resource/pt/mdl-32566226

Transcriptional Activation by Bacillus subtilis ResD: Tandem Binding to Target Elements and Phosphorylation-Dependent and - ... Dive into the research topics of Transcriptional Activation by Bacillus subtilis ResD: Tandem Binding to Target Elements and ... Independent Transcriptional Activation. Together they form a unique fingerprint. ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/transcriptional-activation-by-bacillus-subtilis-resd-tandem-bindi-2/fingerprints/

Transcriptional activation of CLN1, CLN2, and a putative new G1 cyclin (HCS26) by SWI4, a positive regulator of G1-specific ... Transcriptional activation of CLN1, CLN2, and a putative new G1 cyclin (HCS26) by SWI4, a positive regulator of G1-specific ...

https://m.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46449508

T1 - Transcriptional activation of the H-ferritin gene in differentiated Caco-2 cells parallels a change in the activity of the ... Transcriptional activation of the H-ferritin gene in differentiated Caco-2 cells parallels a change in the activity of the ... The H gene transcriptional activation seems to be a specific feature of differentiated Caco-2 cells, since the activity of ... Transcriptional activation of the H-ferritin gene in differentiated Caco-2 cells parallels a change in the activity of the ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/transcriptional-activation-of-the-h-ferritin-gene-in-differentiat

Production of Autologous Neurons by Transcriptional Activation of the Ascl1 gene Guillaume, Richard.. New Jersey Neurons, LLC, ... Production of Autologous Neurons by Transcriptional Activation of the Ascl1 gene. By Richard Guillaume ... Successful Ascl1 activation by this method will be useful for the entire neuroscience community as it will encourage the use of ... In this context, RNA activation with saRNA would be the "third component" added on top of this neural induction strategy. ...

https://experiment.com/projects/production-of-autologous-neurons-by-transcriptional-activation-of-the-ascl1-gene

Transcriptional activation and phosphorylation of OsCNGC9 confer enhanced chilling tolerance in rice. ...

https://www.siftdesk.org/index-article/Transcriptional-activation-and-phosphorylation-of-OsCNGC9-confer-enhan/823352/39

Erratum: Tumor hypoxia induces nuclear paraspeckle formation through HIF-2α dependent transcriptional activation of NEAT1 ... Erratum: Tumor hypoxia induces nuclear paraspeckle formation through HIF-2α dependent transcriptional activation of NEAT1 ...

https://www.ludwig.ox.ac.uk/research/publications/541886

We show that transcriptional cross-activation occurs also in strains deficient for Lon, ClpP, and HslV proteases and ... Here, we describe transcriptional cross-activation between different TA systems of Escherichia coli. We find that the ... Transcriptional activation followed by cleavage of the mRNA and disproportionate production of the toxin constitutes a possible ...

https://bmcmicrobiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2180-13-45/figures/5

Differential post-transcriptional activation of human phagocytes by different Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates ... Differential post-transcriptional activation of human phagocytes by different Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates ...

https://www.psi.ox.ac.uk/publications/119786

P-TEFb Activation by RBM7 Shapes a Pro-survival Transcriptional Response to Genotoxic Stress. *Andrii Bugai, ... The targeting and activation mechanism of ULK1 complex during selective autophagy has been unclear. Here, Vargas et al. show ... 2019) unveil that a key step of the pro-survival cellular response to a genotoxic attack is the activation of P-TEFb by RBM7. ... Activation of P-TEFb by RBM7: To Live or Let Die. *Nicolas Le May, ...

https://www.cell.com/molecular-cell/issue?pii=S1097-2765%2818%29X0009-4

It is possible that such stochastic transcriptional activation could contribute to the heterogeneity observed in Nanog ... It is possible that such stochastic transcriptional activation could contribute to the heterogeneity observed in Nanog ... Although pulsatile transcriptional events or "transcriptional bursting" has been reported in several model systems, the ... it is possible that not all the transcriptional pulses had been detected and that we underestimated the transcriptional ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep07125?error=cookies_not_supported&code=a1893a50-8782-478c-a4ab-ec37de25d272

Several major stages of transcriptional activation have been distinguished based on the presence of covalent histone ... This review summarizes available information on the participation of key coactivator complexes in transcriptional activation. ... Many transcriptional proteins are organized into coactivator complexes, which participate in transcription regulation at ... SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable and NUcleosome Remodeling Factor complexes during transcription activation has been investigated ...

https://cellandbioscience.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13578-016-0081-y

Transcriptional activation domains of the Candida albicans Gcn4p and Gal4p homologs ... Transcriptional activation domains of the Candida albicans Gcn4p and Gal4p homologs. From National Research Council Canada ... These two transcriptional activation regions show no sequence similarity to the respective domains in their S. cerevisiae ... Deletion analysis of the CaGcn4p protein shows that the N terminus is needed for transcriptional activation; an 81-amino-acid ...

https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=3e312f36-484e-4364-ac41-12e508c41a63

TGFb-1 enhances the Smad transcriptional activity through activation of p8 gene expression. ... TGFb-1 enhances the Smad transcriptional activity through activation of p8 gene expression. ...

http://www.iquibicen.fcen.uba.ar/publicacin/tgfb-1-enhances-the-smad-transcriptional-activity-through-activation-of-p8-gene-expression/

Transcriptional activation of the human insulin receptorgene by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Cell Biochemistry and Function. 2002 ... where its effects are initiated at a transcriptional level. [20] The main established actions of 1,25(OH)2 D collectively ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2088672

Mycobacterium tuberculosis enhances human immunodeficiency virus-1 replication by transcriptional activation at the long ... transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms. J Exp Med 1990;172:151-8. ... Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer by activation of the nuclear ... Early in the HIV epidemic, researchers postulated that the immune activation resulting from concurrent infection with parasitic ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00055357.htm

... dependent activity of the ubiquitous transcription factor USF in cellular proliferation and transcriptional activation. Mol ... 2001) Transcriptional regulation by the phosphorylation-dependent factor CREB. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:599-609. doi:10.1038/ ... Collectively, stronger activation of BDNF promoter IV in response to BDNF-TrkB signaling seems to be mediated by CREB family ... The activation of human BDNF promoter I was slightly more dependent on CREB family transcription factors than the rat ortholog ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/40/7/1405

The Bearded box, a novel 3' UTR sequence motif, mediates negative post-transcriptional regulation of Bearded and Enhancer of split Complex gene expression. (semanticscholar.org)
Details] Study of p53 expression and post-transcriptional modifications after GSM-900 radiofrequency exposure of human amniotic cells [med. (emf-portal.org)

In this system, OmpR fnctions as a transcriptional regulator, serving as an activator of ompC, and as both an activator and a repressor of ompF. (princeton.edu)
The effects of ER stress were transcriptional because of downregulation of CAAT/enhancer binding protein-α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ transcriptional activators and upregulation of the transcriptional repressor CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein-10 (CHOP10). (diabetesjournals.org)
Xiong, WC & Montell, C 1993, ' tramtrack is a transcriptional repressor required for cell fate determination in the Drosophila eye ', Genes & development , vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 1085-1096. (elsevier.com)
FRY2/CPL1 encodes a novel transcriptional repressor harboring two double-stranded RNA-binding domains and a region homologous to the catalytic domain of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphatases found in yeast and in animals that regulate gene transcription. (edu.sa)
We also demonstrate that expression of LBD16-SRDX, a dominant repressor of LBD16/ASL18 and its related LBD/ASLs, does not interfere in the specification of LR founder cells with local activation of the auxin response, but it blocks the polar nuclear migration in LR founder cells before ACD, thereby blocking the subsequent LR initiation. (biologists.com)

We conclude that P300 and Brd4 are sufficient to trigger genome-wide transcriptional competency by regulating histone acetylation on the first zygotic genes in zebrafish. (nih.gov)
Sequential ETS-protein recruitment therefore allows sustained induction of target genes, beyond the transient activation of EGFR. (biologists.com)
The final step in each of these pathways is the activation of transcription factors and induction of a set of target genes, the identity of which depends on the cellular context of the receiving cell. (biologists.com)
When a signaling pathway is silent, target genes are repressed by the recruitment of transcriptional repressors. (biologists.com)
Monocyte activation during subpatent malaria is driven by an IFN molecular signature with robust activation of genes enriched in pathogen detection , phagocytosis , antimicrobial activity and antigen presentation . (bvsalud.org)
Many transcriptional proteins are organized into coactivator complexes, which participate in transcription regulation at numerous genes and are a driver of this process. (biomedcentral.com)
Activation of gene transcription is a multistage process, but for clarity in data presentation, we concentrate here only on its basic steps that are likely to occur during activation of the majority of inducible genes (Fig. 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
The resulting global hypomethylation status ensures the activation of pluripotency-associated genes and germline-specific genes. (frontiersin.org)
Loss of loop domains does not lead to widespread ectopic gene activation but does affect a significant minority of active genes. (nyu.edu)
The production of cytokines involves transcriptional activation of the genes. (cdc.gov)
Consistent with previous proposals that the Ttk proteins are transcriptional repressors of segmentation genes, we detected ectopic or increased expression of the segment polarity gene engrailed in several ttk 1 larval tissues. (elsevier.com)
To understand the mechanisms for the transcriptional activation of these genes, we conducted a reporter gene-aided genetic screen in Arabidopsis. (edu.sa)
Down-regulated transcripts included pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation-related immediate-early genes. (virginia.edu)
In Arabidopsis thaliana , two AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORs (ARFs), ARF7 and ARF19, positively regulate LR formation through activation of the plant-specific transcriptional regulators LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN 16/ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2-LIKE 18 ( LBD16/ASL18 ) and the other related LBD/ASL genes. (biologists.com)
In subgroups with response for capecitabine plus RAD001, there is significant overexpression of 6 genes among 519 kinase gene such as EPHA2 (P = 0.0025), PIM1 (P = 0.0031), KSR1 (P = 0.0033), and EIF2AK4 (P = 0.0046) that are related to the activation of mTOR signalling. (jcancer.org)
[ 59 ] These medications reduce inflammation and pruritus primarily by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of various proinflammatory genes. (medscape.com)

We propose that the activation of H-ferritin gene expression may be associated with the establishment of a differentiated phenotype in Caco-2 cells, and that the H-ferritin gene transcriptional upregulation is accompanied by a modification in the activity of the transcription factor Bbf. (elsevier.com)
Therefore, our data suggest that cyclin G1 enhanced radiation sensitivity by overriding radiation-induced G2 arrest through transcriptional upregulation of cyclin B1. (elsevier.com)
and transcriptional upregulation of MAT2A in hepatoma cells. (cdc.gov)

Transcriptional activation is a complex, multistage process implemented by hundreds of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
PRDM14 ensures hypomethylation in mouse ESCs and PGCs through two distinct layers, transcriptional repression of the DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a/b/l and active demethylation by recruitment of TET proteins. (frontiersin.org)
Acts as a transcriptional coactivator for NOTCH proteins. (icr.ac.uk)
In keeping with these data, we show that human TP53INP1 regulates autophagy and that different DOR/TP53INP2 and TP53INP1 proteins display transcriptional activity. (uit.no)
Other possible ways include altered metabolism 16 , damage to mitochondria 17 , peripheral organ damage 18 due to oxidative modification of hepatocellular mitochondrial proteins 19 , activation of microglia in striatum, cortex and hippocampus 20 , etc. (stackexchange.com)

The H gene transcriptional activation seems to be a specific feature of differentiated Caco-2 cells, since the activity of other promoters did not change upon differentiation. (elsevier.com)

Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of Arabidopsis TCH4 expression by diverse stimuli. (ncsu.edu)
The series of molecular signals from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus generated as a consequence of decreased levels of one or more sterols (and in some yeast, changes in oxygen levels) and which proceeds through activation of a sterol response element binding transcription factor (SREBP) to result in up-regulation of target gene transcription. (mcw.edu)
BRCA1 functions in multiple important cellular processes including DNA damage repair, cell cycle checkpoint activation, protein ubiquitination, chromatin remodeling, transcriptional regulation, as well as R-loop formation and apoptosis. (ijbs.com)
Moreover, TAL1 knockdown in T-ALL cell lines resulted in a reduction of MYCN expression, and TAL1 directly binds to MYCN promoter region, suggesting that TAL1 pathway activation could sustain the up-regulation of MYCN. (oncotarget.com)
This process releases soluble protein ectodomains from the cell and, concomitantly, generates intracellular domains capable of nuclear translocation and transcriptional regulation. (who.int)
Functional and transcriptional studies demonstrate that CAR T cells with high expression of the CAR construct show an increased tonic signaling with up-regulation of exhaustion markers and increased in vitro cytotoxicity but a decrease in in vivo BM infiltration. (cun.es)

Among these, the enhancer regulators P300 and Brd4 can prematurely activate transcription and restore transcriptional competency when maternal mRNA translation is blocked, whereas inhibition of histone acetylation blocks genome activation. (nih.gov)
Many putative transcription factors in the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans contain sequence similarity to well-defined transcriptional regulators in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but this sequence similarity is often limited to the DNA binding domains of the molecules. (canada.ca)
The effects of endoplasmic stress inducers on resistin mRNA and secreted protein levels were examined in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, focusing on the expression and genomic binding of transcriptional regulators of resistin. (diabetesjournals.org)
have highlighted that stemness, in the context of pluripotency, can be imposed upon mammalian genomes by a relatively modest handful of transcriptional regulators. (silverchair.com)

Our results provide evidence for the existence of a potent enhancer module, 8 kb distal to the transcription start point, which mediates the transcriptional induction of CYP3A4 by activators of hPXR. (aspetjournals.org)
Here we provide evidence acquired in vitro and in vivo that yeast MBF1 mediates GCN4-dependent transcriptional activation by bridging the DNA-binding region of GCN4 and TBP. (elsevier.com)

Transcriptional coactivators play a crucial role in gene expression by communicating between regulatory factors and the basal transcription machinery. (elsevier.com)
leads to the optimal exposure of its Activation Function 2 (AF-2) surface which, in turn, facilitates the recruitment of coactivators, therefore promoting the transcriptional activation functions of hER? (chemwatch.net)

Transcriptional activation and phosphorylation of OsCNGC9 confer enhanced chilling tolerance in rice. (siftdesk.org)
In addition, we have identified a novel SMYD2 transcriptional target gene, PTPN13, which links SMYD2 to other known breast cancer associated signaling pathways, including ERK, mTOR, and Akt signaling via PTPN13 mediated phosphorylation. (elsevier.com)

Together, transcriptional repression of Dnmt3a/b/l and DNMT3A/B/L degradation via PRDM14, along with rapid proliferation, leads to global DNA hypomethylation in ground-state ESCs. (frontiersin.org)
Repression of inappropriate gene expression may be as important as transcriptional activation in the determination of cell fate. (elsevier.com)
Aberrant Jagged1-mediated Notch activation is linked to cancer and induces epithelial-tomesenchymal transition through the repression of E-cadherin transcription. (who.int)

In this regard, high-throughput gene transcriptional profiling has become a leading technology, generating whole-genome data on the transcriptional alterations caused by diseases or drug compounds. (biomedcentral.com)

Integrating static and dynamic expression data with transcriptional network structure extracted from genomic information, as enabled by DeltaNeTS+, is crucial toward personalized medicine, where treatments can be tailored to individual patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Hypoxia induces genomic DNA demethylation through the activation of HIF-1? (cdc.gov)

The Sox9-related transcriptional apparatus activates its target gene expression through p300-mediated histone acetylation on chromatin. (heightquest.com)

To identify residues important for transcriptional activation, we screened for mutations in ompR that render the protein specifically defective in its ability to activate transcription. (princeton.edu)
Initial characterization of a coactivator protein or complex is usually limited to experiments on whether it is necessary for activating and maintaining the transcription activation of a certain gene type, while data on the particular stage of the transcriptional process at which this coactivator functions are scarce or absent. (biomedcentral.com)
Such a mobile action pattern suggests that the number of protein complexes involved in transcriptional activation is probably greater than considered previously. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, AHR supports transcriptional programs that promote ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis in cells stimulated to proliferate by the oncoprotein MYC. (jbc.org)
Non-cytotoxic concentrations of PN significantly inhibited UVB-induced activator protein-1 DNA binding and transcriptional activity. (cdc.gov)
Nanosecond pulsed electric fields activate AMP-activated protein kinase: implications for calcium-mediated activation of cellular signaling [med. (emf-portal.org)

Distinct transcriptional profiles of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo strains JB197 and HB203 cultured at different temperatures. (usda.gov)

Many NK cell- activating receptors signal through immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adapters, which trigger both cytotoxicy and secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). (wustl.edu)

Moreover, we found that PKC-θ deficiency preferentially impairs sustained extracellular-regulated kinase signaling as well as activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and the transcription factors AP-1 and NFAT but does not affect activation of NF-κB. (wustl.edu)
In addition, PN pre-treatment also inhibited c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase activation. (cdc.gov)

Here, we show that transcriptional competency is regulated by Brd4- and P300-dependent histone acetylation in zebrafish. (nih.gov)
Several major stages of transcriptional activation have been distinguished based on the presence of covalent histone modifications and general transcriptional factors, and the recruitment and/or removal phases have been determined for each coactivator included in analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Histone acetylation influences the activity of Sox9-related transcriptional complex. (heightquest.com)
the BMP-2 inhibitor Noggin represses Sox9 expression in limb bud chondrogenic precursors while inducing the ligament/tendon-speciﬁc transcription factor Scx" "the histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity of p300 has the potential to facilitate transcriptional activity by modulating the chromatin structure. (heightquest.com)
SMYD2 executes this activity via methylation and activation of its novel non-histone substrates, including STAT3 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB, leading to increased TNBC cell proliferation and survival. (elsevier.com)

There are cross-talk and synergistic effects among SMYD2, STAT3, and NF-κB in TNBC cells, in that STAT3 can contribute to the modification of NF-κB p65 subunit post-translationally by recruitment of SMYD2, whereas the p65 subunit of NF-κB can also contribute to the modification of STAT3 post-translationally by recruitment of SMYD2, leading to methylation and activation of STAT3 and p65 in these cells. (elsevier.com)

The virus is taken up by dendritic cells, which, after antigen processing, presents it to T cells, leading to immune activation and release of a cascade of cytokines that are believed to mediate the systemic effects of plasma leakage and circulatory insufficiency. (who.int)

We propose that these mutations define a region(s) in OmpR that may contact the C-terminal domain of α to mediate transcriptional activation. (princeton.edu)

The degree of chromatin folding affects transcriptional activity and less folding is better for activating transcription activity. (heightquest.com)

In this study, to gain insight into the contribution of Nanog transcriptional activity to Nanog heterogeneity, we quantitatively analyzed the transcription dynamics of endogenous Nanog and distribution of Nanog mRNA in a mESC population at single-cell resolution and observed infrequent and stochastic switching on and off of Nanog promoter states. (nature.com)
TGFb-1 enhances the Smad transcriptional activity through activation of p8 gene expression. (uba.ar)
Mutation of conserved hydrophobic residues in region 1 of DOR (that are part of a nuclear export signal, NES) reduces transcriptional activity, and blocks nuclear exit and autophagic activity under autophagy-activated conditions. (uit.no)
Mutation of conserved acidic residues in region 2 of DOR reduces transcriptional activity, impairs nuclear exit in response to autophagy activation, and disrupts autophagy. (uit.no)

Monocytes are integral to the immune response , yet their transcriptional and functional responses in primary Plasmodium falciparum infection and in clinical malaria are poorly understood. (bvsalud.org)

Previous evidence suggests that OmpR-mediated transcriptional activation involves direct interaction between OmpR and the C-terminal domain of the α subunit of RNA polymerase. (princeton.edu)

Cheng Y , Yang R , Zhou Y , Wang J , Zhang T , Wang S , Li H , Jiang W , Zhang X , . HBP1 inhibits the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus through transcriptional activation of the IGFBP1 gene. (aging-us.com)

Here, the budget includes 2 candidates small activating RNAs (saRNA) that will be tested for Ascl1 activation (i.e., increase Ascl1 mRNA) and all reagents for transfection plus Ascl1 expression measurement by 2 methods: in situ hybridization with antisense riboprobe and immunofluorescence with an anti-Ascl1 antibody. (experiment.com)

The leukaemia-derived Jurkat E6.1 cell line has been used as a model T cell in the study of many aspects of T cell biology, most notably activation in response to T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. (ox.ac.uk)
Transcriptional activation of this receptor has been seen in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells (4) and has also been confirmed in the publication discussed in this review. (dolomite-bio.com)

Delineating direct and indirect gene targets from gene transcriptional profiles is further complicated by the fact that gene expression is a highly regulated process that involves a complex and context-specific gene regulatory network (GRN). (biomedcentral.com)

Genomewide transcriptional response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to norepinephrine. (usda.gov)

Transcriptional activation of CLN1, CLN2, and a putative new G1 cyclin (HCS26) by SWI4, a positive regulator of G1-specific transcription. (wikidata.org)
A treatment with 5%(v/v) coffee extract and more than 2.5 μM pyrocatechol inhibited the LPS-induced activation of NF-κB and also significantly activated Nrf2, which acts as a negative regulator in LPS-induced inflammation. (nature.com)
In vitro differentiation of Nsd1-/- erythroblasts is majorly impaired despite abundant expression of GATA1, the transcriptional master regulator of erythropoiesis, and associated with an impaired activation of GATA1-induced targets. (inserm.fr)

Conclusions: CPI-Hep is associated with an activation of peripheral monocytes and enhanced cytotoxic, effector phenotype of CD8+ T cells. (mendeley.com)
Mechanistic studies uncover the vital role of RBM7 in the genotoxic-stress-induced release of P-TEFb from the inhibitory 7SK snRNP, which enables a transcriptional response that is crucial to the survival of stressed cells. (cell.com)
We present whole-transcriptome RNA-Sequencing data for Jurkat E6.1 cells in the resting state and two hours post-activation via TCR and CD28. (ox.ac.uk)
We compare early transcriptional responses in the presence and absence of the chemokines CXCL12 and CCL19, and perform a basic comparison between observed transcriptional responses in Jurkat E6.1 cells and those in primary human T cells using publicly deposited data. (ox.ac.uk)
Jurkat E6.1 cells have many of the hallmarks of standard T cell transcriptional responses to activation, but lack most of the depth of responses in primary cells. (ox.ac.uk)
These data indicate that Jurkat E6.1 cells hence represent only a highly simplified model of early T cell transcriptional responses. (ox.ac.uk)
Transcriptional activation of the proto-oncogene c-jun by asbestos and H2O2 is directly related to increased proliferation and transformation of tracheal epithelial cells. (cdc.gov)
Activation of vascular endothelial cells in response to mineral fibers. (cdc.gov)
Characterization of gene regulatory networks using scRNA-seq identified regulons associated to activation and exhaustion up-regulated in CAR High T cells, providing mechanistic insights behind differential functionality of these cells. (cun.es)
Repositorio consejería de sanidad de madrid: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in lymph nodes show frequent NOTCH1 activation. (repositoriosaludmadrid.es)

The transcriptional and functional profiles of monocytes were examined in controlled human malaria infection with P. falciparum blood stages and in children and adults with acute malaria . (bvsalud.org)

2019) unveil that a key step of the pro-survival cellular response to a genotoxic attack is the activation of P-TEFb by RBM7. (cell.com)

These results suggest that stochastic promoter activation significantly affects the Nanog expression variability in mESCs. (nature.com)

Remarkably, BDNF is capable of modulating its own expression levels in neurons, forming a transcriptional positive feedback loop. (jneurosci.org)

In vitro monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMF) were assessed for activation and cytokine production. (mendeley.com)
Transcriptional profiling supported activated monocyte and enhanced effector CD8+ T cell populations in CPI-Hep. (mendeley.com)
In subpatent primary infection , the monocyte transcriptional profile was dominated by an interferon (IFN) molecular signature. (bvsalud.org)
The greater magnitude of transcriptional changes in children with acute malaria suggests monocyte phenotypes may change with age or exposure. (bvsalud.org)

The mechanism of action of Spi-B in the transcriptional activation of the interferon-α4 gene. (genefrontier.com)
Collectively, these results improve the understanding of the intricate mechanism of BDNF transcriptional autoregulation. (jneurosci.org)

In order to make the transcriptional output sharp and resilient to noise, different pathways have adopted a common strategy that relies on a dual input. (biologists.com)

To date, ample data have been accumulated on the functional properties of multiprotein transcription coactivator complexes that cannot themselves specifically interact with DNA but are nevertheless indispensable for transcriptional activation [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

We previously identified the activation of proinflammatory gene networks as a key early driver of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in transgenic mice expressing a mutant form of phospholamban (PLNR9C) - a genetic cause of DCM in humans. (jci.org)

However, determining the direct molecular targets through which a drug or a disease exert its effects using gene transcriptional profiles remains a major bioinformatics challenge. (biomedcentral.com)

We show that genome activation does not require slowdown of the cell cycle and is regulated through the translation of maternally inherited mRNAs. (nih.gov)
We found that engagement of NK-cell receptors that signal through ITAMs results in prompt activation of PKC-γ. (wustl.edu)
These results indicate that NK cell-activating receptors require PKC-θ to generate sustained intracellular signals that reach the nucleus and promote transcriptional activation, ultimately inducing IFN-γ production. (wustl.edu)
Evidence in humans and animal models suggests that IgE-mediated mast cell activation gives rise to both the acute and late-phase responses. (jci.org)
Acute responses are accompanied by evidence of mast cell activation and mediator release. (jci.org)
Preliminary data suggests that programming transcription factors synergize to activate cell-specific transcriptional programs. (nyu.edu)

Mapping the nucleome in 4D during cohesin loss and recovery reveals that cohesin degradation eliminates loop domains but has only modest transcriptional consequences. (nyu.edu)

Phenotypic and transcriptional-profiling of peripheral immune subsets was performed and compared with 19 healthy controls (HC). (mendeley.com)

In this work, we developed a network analysis method, called DeltaNeTS+, for inferring direct gene targets of drugs and diseases from gene transcriptional profiles. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome-wide transcriptional profiles were collected from peripheral blood leukocytes sampled at baseline and 8-week follow-up. (virginia.edu)

Transcriptional machinery includes hundreds of transcription factors that function coordinately to provide for the progression of the multistage transcriptional process. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms5

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs145

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment20

Phenomena and Processes70

Information Science3

Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (1/18446)

Cancer genetics: tumor suppressor meets oncogene. (2/18446)

Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL serve an anti-inflammatory function in endothelial cells through inhibition of NF-kappaB. (3/18446)

B-MYB transactivates its own promoter through SP1-binding sites. (4/18446)

Deletion of a region that is a candidate for the difference between the deletion forms of hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin and deltabeta-thalassemia affects beta- but not gamma-globin gene expression. (5/18446)

Assembly requirements of PU.1-Pip (IRF-4) activator complexes: inhibiting function in vivo using fused dimers. (6/18446)

The amino-terminal C/H1 domain of CREB binding protein mediates zta transcriptional activation of latent Epstein-Barr virus. (7/18446)

Smad3-Smad4 and AP-1 complexes synergize in transcriptional activation of the c-Jun promoter by transforming growth factor beta. (8/18446)

Transcriptional Activation

Transcription Factors

Transcription, Genetic

Promoter Regions, Genetic

DNA-Binding Proteins

Molecular Sequence Data

Base Sequence

Trans-Activators

Nuclear Proteins

Binding Sites

Gene Expression Regulation

Cell Line

Transfection

Protein Binding

Genes, Reporter

Amino Acid Sequence

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Repressor Proteins

RNA, Messenger

Herpes Simplex Virus Protein Vmw65

Response Elements

DNA

HeLa Cells

Cell Nucleus

Histone Acetyltransferases

Luciferases

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Mutation

Signal Transduction

Enhancer Elements, Genetic

Sp1 Transcription Factor

Fungal Proteins

Chromatin

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Plasmids

p300-CBP Transcription Factors

CREB-Binding Protein

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Histones

Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase

Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal

Acetylation

COS Cells

Sequence Deletion

Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid

3T3 Cells

TATA Box

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun

Cells, Cultured

DNA Primers

Transcription Factor TFIID

Cloning, Molecular

Phosphorylation

Mutagenesis, Site-Directed

Zinc Fingers

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein

Homeodomain Proteins

Proto-Oncogene Proteins

Recombinant Proteins

NF-kappa B

Acetyltransferases

Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic

Transcription Factor AP-1

DNA Footprinting

TATA-Box Binding Protein

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

Tumor Suppressor Protein p53

Adenovirus E1A Proteins

Sequence Homology, Amino Acid

CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Proteins

Cell Line, Tumor

E1A-Associated p300 Protein

Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos

Nucleosomes

Gene Expression Regulation, Viral

Receptors, Retinoic Acid

Mutagenesis

Consensus Sequence