Transcription genetic. Medical search

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

Promoter-specific RNA polymerase II transcription factor that binds to the GC box, one of the upstream promoter elements, in mammalian cells. The binding of Sp1 is necessary for the initiation of transcription in the promoters of a variety of cellular and viral GENES.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Processes that stimulate the GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of a gene or set of genes.

Diffusible gene products that act on homologous or heterologous molecules of viral or cellular DNA to regulate the expression of proteins.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The first nucleotide of a transcribed DNA sequence where RNA polymerase (DNA-DIRECTED RNA POLYMERASE) begins synthesizing the RNA transcript.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Proteins which maintain the transcriptional quiescence of specific GENES or OPERONS. Classical repressor proteins are DNA-binding proteins that are normally bound to the OPERATOR REGION of an operon, or the ENHANCER SEQUENCES of a gene until a signal occurs that causes their release.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salt than RNA polymerase I and is strongly inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

A multiprotein complex composed of the products of c-jun and c-fos proto-oncogenes. These proteins must dimerize in order to bind to the AP-1 recognition site, also known as the TPA-responsive element (TRE). AP-1 controls both basal and inducible transcription of several genes.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-6 family members. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of TUMORS and is a major downstream transducer for the CYTOKINE RECEPTOR GP130.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A family of DNA-binding transcription factors that contain a basic HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIF.

The so-called general transcription factors that bind to RNA POLYMERASE II and that are required to initiate transcription. They include TFIIA; TFIIB; TFIID; TFIIE; TFIIF; TFIIH; TFII-I; and TFIIJ. In vivo they apparently bind in an ordered multi-step process and/or may form a large preinitiation complex called RNA polymerase II holoenzyme.

The major sequence-specific DNA-binding component involved in the activation of transcription of RNA POLYMERASE II. It was originally described as a complex of TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN and TATA-BINDING PROTEIN ASSOCIATED FACTORS. It is now know that TATA BOX BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE PROTEINS may take the place of TATA-box binding protein in the complex.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

Enzymes that catalyze DNA template-directed extension of the 3'-end of an RNA strand one nucleotide at a time. They can initiate a chain de novo. In eukaryotes, three forms of the enzyme have been distinguished on the basis of sensitivity to alpha-amanitin, and the type of RNA synthesized. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992).

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action during the developmental stages of an organism.

The biosynthesis of DNA carried out on a template of RNA.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Proteins encoded by homeobox genes (GENES, HOMEOBOX) that exhibit structural similarity to certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA-binding proteins. Homeodomain proteins are involved in the control of gene expression during morphogenesis and development (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, DEVELOPMENTAL).

Nucleic acid sequences involved in regulating the expression of genes.

A large superfamily of transcription factors that contain a region rich in BASIC AMINO ACID residues followed by a LEUCINE ZIPPER domain.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

A technique for identifying specific DNA sequences that are bound, in vivo, to proteins of interest. It involves formaldehyde fixation of CHROMATIN to crosslink the DNA-BINDING PROTEINS to the DNA. After shearing the DNA into small fragments, specific DNA-protein complexes are isolated by immunoprecipitation with protein-specific ANTIBODIES. Then, the DNA isolated from the complex can be identified by PCR amplification and sequencing.

A subclass of winged helix DNA-binding proteins that share homology with their founding member fork head protein, Drosophila.

An RNA POLYMERASE II specific transcription factor. It plays a role in assembly of the pol II transcriptional preinitiation complex and has been implicated as a target of gene-specific transcriptional activators.

Cis-acting DNA sequences which can increase transcription of genes. Enhancers can usually function in either orientation and at various distances from a promoter.

The material of CHROMOSOMES. It is a complex of DNA; HISTONES; and nonhistone proteins (CHROMOSOMAL PROTEINS, NON-HISTONE) found within the nucleus of a cell.

A family of DNA binding proteins that regulate expression of a variety of GENES during CELL DIFFERENTIATION and APOPTOSIS. Family members contain a highly conserved carboxy-terminal basic HELIX-TURN-HELIX MOTIF involved in dimerization and sequence-specific DNA binding.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in fungi.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERFERONS. Stat1 interacts with P53 TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN and regulates expression of GENES involved in growth control and APOPTOSIS.

A ubiquitously expressed zinc finger-containing protein that acts both as a repressor and activator of transcription. It interacts with key regulatory proteins such as TATA-BINDING PROTEIN; TFIIB; and ADENOVIRUS E1A PROTEINS.

A specificity protein transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27.

A conserved A-T rich sequence which is contained in promoters for RNA polymerase II. The segment is seven base pairs long and the nucleotides most commonly found are TATAAAA.

A family of zinc finger transcription factors that share homology with Kruppel protein, Drosophila. They contain a highly conserved seven amino acid spacer sequence in between their ZINC FINGER MOTIFS.

An electrophoretic technique for assaying the binding of one compound to another. Typically one compound is labeled to follow its mobility during electrophoresis. If the labeled compound is bound by the other compound, then the mobility of the labeled compound through the electrophoretic medium will be retarded.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Proteins obtained from the species SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes.

The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.

Enzymes that oxidize certain LUMINESCENT AGENTS to emit light (PHYSICAL LUMINESCENCE). The luciferases from different organisms have evolved differently so have different structures and substrates.

Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. Classification into the various types (designated histone I, histone II, etc.) is based on the relative amounts of arginine and lysine in each.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

A family of transcription factors characterized by the presence of highly conserved calcineurin- and DNA-binding domains. NFAT proteins are activated in the CYTOPLASM by the calcium-dependent phosphatase CALCINEURIN. They transduce calcium signals to the nucleus where they can interact with TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 or NF-KAPPA B and initiate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of GENES involved in CELL DIFFERENTIATION and development. NFAT proteins stimulate T-CELL activation through the induction of IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES such as INTERLEUKIN-2.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of GENES including C-JUN GENES; CYCLIN A; CYCLIN D1; and ACTIVATING TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 3.

Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Motifs in DNA- and RNA-binding proteins whose amino acids are folded into a single structural unit around a zinc atom. In the classic zinc finger, one zinc atom is bound to two cysteines and two histidines. In between the cysteines and histidines are 12 residues which form a DNA binding fingertip. By variations in the composition of the sequences in the fingertip and the number and spacing of tandem repeats of the motif, zinc fingers can form a large number of different sequence specific binding sites.

A GATA transcription factor that is expressed in the MYOCARDIUM of developing heart and has been implicated in the differentiation of CARDIAC MYOCYTES. GATA4 is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION and regulates transcription of cardiac-specific genes.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

An activating transcription factor that plays a key role in cellular responses to GENOTOXIC STRESS and OXIDATIVE STRESS.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

An E2F transcription factor that interacts directly with RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN and CYCLIN A and activates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION required for CELL CYCLE entry and DNA synthesis. E2F1 is involved in DNA REPAIR and APOPTOSIS.

A family of transcription factors that contain regions rich in basic residues, LEUCINE ZIPPER domains, and HELIX-LOOP-HELIX MOTIFS.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

A family of DNA-binding proteins that are primarily expressed in T-LYMPHOCYTES. They interact with BETA CATENIN and serve as transcriptional activators and repressors in a variety of developmental processes.

A general transcription factor that is involved in basal GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and NUCLEOTIDE EXCISION REPAIR. It consists of nine subunits including ATP-DEPENDENT DNA HELICASES; CYCLIN H; and XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM GROUP D PROTEIN.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to a variety of CYTOKINES. Stat5 activation is associated with transcription of CELL CYCLE regulators such as CYCLIN KINASE INHIBITOR P21 and anti-apoptotic genes such as BCL-2 GENES. Stat5 is constitutively activated in many patients with acute MYELOID LEUKEMIA.

Genes which regulate or circumscribe the activity of other genes; specifically, genes which code for PROTEINS or RNAs which have GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION functions.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

Hybridization of a nucleic acid sample to a very large set of OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES, which have been attached individually in columns and rows to a solid support, to determine a BASE SEQUENCE, or to detect variations in a gene sequence, GENE EXPRESSION, or for GENE MAPPING.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

A general transcription factor that plays a major role in the activation of eukaryotic genes transcribed by RNA POLYMERASES. It binds specifically to the TATA BOX promoter element, which lies close to the position of transcription initiation in RNA transcribed by RNA POLYMERASE II. Although considered a principal component of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIID it also takes part in general transcription factor complexes involved in RNA POLYMERASE I and RNA POLYMERASE III transcription.

A subunit of NF-kappa B that is primarily responsible for its transactivation function. It contains a C-terminal transactivation domain and an N-terminal domain with homology to PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-REL.

A method for determining the sequence specificity of DNA-binding proteins. DNA footprinting utilizes a DNA damaging agent (either a chemical reagent or a nuclease) which cleaves DNA at every base pair. DNA cleavage is inhibited where the ligand binds to DNA. (from Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

Detection of RNA that has been electrophoretically separated and immobilized by blotting on nitrocellulose or other type of paper or nylon membrane followed by hybridization with labeled NUCLEIC ACID PROBES.

A family of transcription factors that control EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT within a variety of cell lineages. They are characterized by a highly conserved paired DNA-binding domain that was first identified in DROSOPHILA segmentation genes.

Activating transcription factors of the MADS family which bind a specific sequence element (MEF2 element) in many muscle-specific genes and are involved in skeletal and cardiac myogenesis, neuronal differentiation and survival/apoptosis.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A protein that has been shown to function as a calcium-regulated transcription factor as well as a substrate for depolarization-activated CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. This protein functions to integrate both calcium and cAMP signals.

Macromolecular molds for the synthesis of complementary macromolecules, as in DNA REPLICATION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of DNA to RNA, and GENETIC TRANSLATION of RNA into POLYPEPTIDES.

Activating transcription factors were originally identified as DNA-BINDING PROTEINS that interact with early promoters from ADENOVIRUSES. They are a family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors that bind to the consensus site TGACGTCA of the cyclic AMP response element, and are closely related to CYCLIC AMP-RESPONSIVE DNA-BINDING PROTEIN.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. It functions in the nucleoplasmic structure where it transcribes DNA into RNA. It has specific requirements for cations and salt and has shown an intermediate sensitivity to alpha-amanitin in comparison to RNA polymerase I and II. EC 2.7.7.6.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.

A ubiquitously expressed octamer transcription factor that regulates GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of SMALL NUCLEAR RNA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES; and HISTONE H2B genes.

Transcription factors that were originally identified as site-specific DNA-binding proteins essential for DNA REPLICATION by ADENOVIRUSES. They play important roles in MAMMARY GLAND function and development.

A GATA transcription factor that is specifically expressed in hematopoietic lineages and plays an important role in the CELL DIFFERENTIATION of ERYTHROID CELLS and MEGAKARYOCYTES.

The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.

The process that starts the transcription of an RNA molecule. It includes the assembly of the initiation complex and establishment of the start site.

Factors that form a preinitiation complex at promoters that are specifically transcribed by RNA POLYMERASE I.

A family of transcription factors that contain two ZINC FINGER MOTIFS and bind to the DNA sequence (A/T)GATA(A/G).

An RNA POLYMERASE II specific transcription factor. It may play a role in transcriptional activation of gene expression by interacting with the TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN component of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIID.

Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.

DNA sequences recognized as signals to end GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION.

A family of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that control expression of a variety of GENES involved in CELL CYCLE regulation. E2F transcription factors typically form heterodimeric complexes with TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR DP1 or transcription factor DP2, and they have N-terminal DNA binding and dimerization domains. E2F transcription factors can act as mediators of transcriptional repression or transcriptional activation.

Proteins found in any species of fungus.

An essential GATA transcription factor that is expressed primarily in HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Deletion of sequences of nucleic acids from the genetic material of an individual.

A DNA-dependent RNA polymerase present in bacterial, plant, and animal cells. The enzyme functions in the nucleolar structure and transcribes DNA into RNA. It has different requirements for cations and salts than RNA polymerase II and III and is not inhibited by alpha-amanitin. EC 2.7.7.6.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

Proteins that originate from insect species belonging to the genus DROSOPHILA. The proteins from the most intensely studied species of Drosophila, DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER, are the subject of much interest in the area of MORPHOGENESIS and development.

A theoretical representative nucleotide or amino acid sequence in which each nucleotide or amino acid is the one which occurs most frequently at that site in the different sequences which occur in nature. The phrase also refers to an actual sequence which approximates the theoretical consensus. A known CONSERVED SEQUENCE set is represented by a consensus sequence. Commonly observed supersecondary protein structures (AMINO ACID MOTIFS) are often formed by conserved sequences.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

A GATA transcription factor that is found predominately in LYMPHOID CELL precursors and has been implicated in the CELL DIFFERENTIATION of HELPER T-CELLS. Haploinsufficiency of GATA3 is associated with HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; and renal anomalies syndrome.

An enzyme capable of hydrolyzing highly polymerized DNA by splitting phosphodiester linkages, preferentially adjacent to a pyrimidine nucleotide. This catalyzes endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA yielding 5'-phosphodi- and oligonucleotide end-products. The enzyme has a preference for double-stranded DNA.

An activating transcription factor that regulates expression of a variety of genes including C-JUN GENES and TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA2.

Factors that bind to RNA POLYMERASE III and aid in transcription. They include the assembly factors TFIIIA and TFIIIC and the initiation factor TFIIIB. All combine to form a preinitiation complex at the promotor that directs the binding of RNA POLYMERASE III.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in plants.

An activating transcription factor that regulates the expression of a variety of GENES involved in amino acid metabolism and transport. It also interacts with HTLV-I transactivator protein.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

One of several general transcription factors that are specific for RNA POLYMERASE III. TFIIIB recruits and positions pol III over the initiation site and remains stably bound to the DNA through multiple rounds of re-initiation by RNA POLYMERASE III.

Formation of an acetyl derivative. (Stedman, 25th ed)

A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.

A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-jun genes (GENES, JUN). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. There appear to be three distinct functions: dimerization (with c-fos), DNA-binding, and transcriptional activation. Oncogenic transformation can take place by constitutive expression of c-jun.

Recurring supersecondary structures characterized by 20 amino acids folding into two alpha helices connected by a non-helical "loop" segment. They are found in many sequence-specific DNA-BINDING PROTEINS and in CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEINS.

A transcription factor that takes part in WNT signaling pathway where it may play a role in the differentiation of KERATINOCYTES. The transcriptional activity of this protein is regulated via its interaction with BETA CATENIN.

Ribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

One of several general transcription factors that are specific for RNA POLYMERASE III. It is a zinc finger (ZINC FINGERS) protein and is required for transcription of 5S ribosomal genes.

A class of proteins that were originally identified by their ability to bind the DNA sequence CCAAT. The typical CCAAT-enhancer binding protein forms dimers and consists of an activation domain, a DNA-binding basic region, and a leucine-rich dimerization domain (LEUCINE ZIPPERS). CCAAT-BINDING FACTOR is structurally distinct type of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein consisting of a trimer of three different subunits.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in neoplastic tissue.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A genus of small, two-winged flies containing approximately 900 described species. These organisms are the most extensively studied of all genera from the standpoint of genetics and cytology.

A basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper transcription factor that regulates the CELL DIFFERENTIATION and development of a variety of cell types including MELANOCYTES; OSTEOCLASTS; and RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Mutations in MITF protein have been associated with OSTEOPETROSIS and WAARDENBURG SYNDROME.

A GATA transcription factor that is expressed predominately in SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and regulates vascular smooth muscle CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The functional hereditary units of FUNGI.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactose residues in beta-galactosides. Deficiency of beta-Galactosidase A1 may cause GANGLIOSIDOSIS, GM1.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A gene silencing phenomenon whereby specific dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) trigger the degradation of homologous mRNA (RNA, MESSENGER). The specific dsRNAs are processed into SMALL INTERFERING RNA (siRNA) which serves as a guide for cleavage of the homologous mRNA in the RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX. DNA METHYLATION may also be triggered during this process.

Screening techniques first developed in yeast to identify genes encoding interacting proteins. Variations are used to evaluate interplay between proteins and other molecules. Two-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for protein-protein interactions, one-hybrid for DNA-protein interactions, three-hybrid interactions for RNA-protein interactions or ligand-based interactions. Reverse n-hybrid techniques refer to analysis for mutations or other small molecules that dissociate known interactions.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

A technique that localizes specific nucleic acid sequences within intact chromosomes, eukaryotic cells, or bacterial cells through the use of specific nucleic acid-labeled probes.

Process of generating a genetic MUTATION. It may occur spontaneously or be induced by MUTAGENS.

Nucleotide sequences of a gene that are involved in the regulation of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION.

A transcription factor that possesses DNA-binding and E2F-binding domains but lacks a transcriptional activation domain. It is a binding partner for E2F TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and enhances the DNA binding and transactivation function of the DP-E2F complex.

A family of transcription factors that share a unique DNA-binding domain. The name derives from viral oncogene-derived protein oncogene protein v-ets of the AVIAN ERYTHROBLASTOSIS VIRUS.

Transcription factors whose primary function is to regulate the rate in which RNA is transcribed.

The repeating structural units of chromatin, each consisting of approximately 200 base pairs of DNA wound around a protein core. This core is composed of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

Interruption or suppression of the expression of a gene at transcriptional or translational levels.

A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A protein which is a subunit of RNA polymerase. It effects initiation of specific RNA chains from DNA.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A species of fruit fly much used in genetics because of the large size of its chromosomes.

Deacetylases that remove N-acetyl groups from amino side chains of the amino acids of HISTONES. The enzyme family can be divided into at least three structurally-defined subclasses. Class I and class II deacetylases utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism. The sirtuin histone deacetylases belong to class III and are NAD-dependent enzymes.

Sequences of DNA in the genes that are located between the EXONS. They are transcribed along with the exons but are removed from the primary gene transcript by RNA SPLICING to leave mature RNA. Some introns code for separate genes.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

CELL LINES derived from the CV-1 cell line by transformation with a replication origin defective mutant of SV40 VIRUS, which codes for wild type large T antigen (ANTIGENS, POLYOMAVIRUS TRANSFORMING). They are used for transfection and cloning. (The CV-1 cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult male African green monkey (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS).)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

DNA-binding motifs formed from two alpha-helixes which intertwine for about eight turns into a coiled coil and then bifurcate to form Y shaped structures. Leucines occurring in heptad repeats end up on the same sides of the helixes and are adjacent to each other in the stem of the Y (the "zipper" region). The DNA-binding residues are located in the bifurcated region of the Y.

A plant genus of the family BRASSICACEAE that contains ARABIDOPSIS PROTEINS and MADS DOMAIN PROTEINS. The species A. thaliana is used for experiments in classical plant genetics as well as molecular genetic studies in plant physiology, biochemistry, and development.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-4. Stat6 has been shown to partner with NF-KAPPA B and CCAAT-ENHANCER-BINDING PROTEINS to regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of interleukin-4 responsive GENES.

Factors that associate with TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN. Many of them are components of TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TFIID

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

The parts of a transcript of a split GENE remaining after the INTRONS are removed. They are spliced together to become a MESSENGER RNA or other functional RNA.

A SOXE transcription factor that plays a critical role in regulating CHONDROGENESIS; OSTEOGENESIS; and male sex determination. Loss of function of the SOX9 transcription factor due to genetic mutations is a cause of CAMPOMELIC DYSPLASIA.

Proteins that originate from plants species belonging to the genus ARABIDOPSIS. The most intensely studied species of Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, is commonly used in laboratory experiments.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A heterotetrameric transcription factor composed of two distinct proteins. Its name refers to the fact it binds to DNA sequences rich in GUANINE and ADENINE. GA-binding protein integrates a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS and regulates expression of GENES involved in CELL CYCLE control, PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS, and cellular METABOLISM.

A family of low-molecular weight, non-histone proteins found in chromatin.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

Gated transport mechanisms by which proteins or RNA are moved across the NUCLEAR MEMBRANE.

Cellular DNA-binding proteins encoded by the c-fos genes (GENES, FOS). They are involved in growth-related transcriptional control. c-fos combines with c-jun (PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS C-JUN) to form a c-fos/c-jun heterodimer (TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1) that binds to the TRE (TPA-responsive element) in promoters of certain genes.

The discontinuation of transcription at the end of a transcription unit, including the recognition of termination sites and release of the newly synthesized RNA molecule.

The mechanisms effecting establishment, maintenance, and modification of that specific physical conformation of CHROMATIN determining the transcriptional accessibility or inaccessibility of the DNA.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

The Drosophila kismet gene is related to chromatin-remodeling factors and is required for both segmentation and segment identity. (1/75781)

The Drosophila kismet gene was identified in a screen for dominant suppressors of Polycomb, a repressor of homeotic genes. Here we show that kismet mutations suppress the Polycomb mutant phenotype by blocking the ectopic transcription of homeotic genes. Loss of zygotic kismet function causes homeotic transformations similar to those associated with loss-of-function mutations in the homeotic genes Sex combs reduced and Abdominal-B. kismet is also required for proper larval body segmentation. Loss of maternal kismet function causes segmentation defects similar to those caused by mutations in the pair-rule gene even-skipped. The kismet gene encodes several large nuclear proteins that are ubiquitously expressed along the anterior-posterior axis. The Kismet proteins contain a domain conserved in the trithorax group protein Brahma and related chromatin-remodeling factors, providing further evidence that alterations in chromatin structure are required to maintain the spatially restricted patterns of homeotic gene transcription. (+info)

Transcriptional repression by the Drosophila giant protein: cis element positioning provides an alternative means of interpreting an effector gradient. (2/75781)

Early developmental patterning of the Drosophila embryo is driven by the activities of a diverse set of maternally and zygotically derived transcription factors, including repressors encoded by gap genes such as Kruppel, knirps, giant and the mesoderm-specific snail. The mechanism of repression by gap transcription factors is not well understood at a molecular level. Initial characterization of these transcription factors suggests that they act as short-range repressors, interfering with the activity of enhancer or promoter elements 50 to 100 bp away. To better understand the molecular mechanism of short-range repression, we have investigated the properties of the Giant gap protein. We tested the ability of endogenous Giant to repress when bound close to the transcriptional initiation site and found that Giant effectively represses a heterologous promoter when binding sites are located at -55 bp with respect to the start of transcription. Consistent with its role as a short-range repressor, as the binding sites are moved to more distal locations, repression is diminished. Rather than exhibiting a sharp 'step-function' drop-off in activity, however, repression is progressively restricted to areas of highest Giant concentration. Less than a two-fold difference in Giant protein concentration is sufficient to determine a change in transcriptional status of a target gene. This effect demonstrates that Giant protein gradients can be differentially interpreted by target promoters, depending on the exact location of the Giant binding sites within the gene. Thus, in addition to binding site affinity and number, cis element positioning within a promoter can affect the response of a gene to a repressor gradient. We also demonstrate that a chimeric Gal4-Giant protein lacking the basic/zipper domain can specifically repress reporter genes, suggesting that the Giant effector domain is an autonomous repression domain. (+info)

Activation of systemic acquired silencing by localised introduction of DNA. (3/75781)

BACKGROUND: In plants, post-transcriptional gene silencing results in RNA degradation after transcription. Among tobacco transformants carrying a nitrate reductase (Nia) construct under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S-Nia2), one class of transformants spontaneously triggers Nia post-transcriptional gene silencing (class II) whereas another class does not (class I). Non-silenced plants of both classes become silenced when grafted onto silenced stocks, indicating the existence of a systemic silencing signal. Graft-transmitted silencing is maintained in class II but not in class I plants when removed from silenced stocks, indicating similar requirements for spontaneous triggering and maintenance. RESULTS: Introduction of 35S-Nia2 DNA by the gene transfer method called biolistics led to localised acquired silencing (LAS) in bombarded leaves of wild-type, class I and class II plants, and to systemic acquired silencing (SAS) in class II plants. SAS occurred even if the targeted leaf was removed 2 days after bombardment, indicating that the systemic signal is produced, transmitted and amplified rapidly. SAS was activated by sense, antisense and promoterless Nia2 DNA constructs, indicating that transcription is not required although it does stimulate SAS. CONCLUSIONS: SAS was activated by biolistic introduction of promoterless constructs, indicating that the DNA itself is a potent activator of post-transcriptional gene silencing. The systemic silencing signal invaded the whole plant by cell-to-cell and long-distance propagation, and reamplification of the signal. (+info)

Association of snRNA genes with coiled bodies is mediated by nascent snRNA transcripts. (4/75781)

BACKGROUND: Coiled bodies are nuclear organelles that are highly enriched in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs) and certain basal transcription factors. Surprisingly, coiled bodies not only contain mature U snRNPs but also associate with specific chromosomal loci, including gene clusters that encode U snRNAs and histone messenger RNAs. The mechanism(s) by which coiled bodies associate with these genes is completely unknown. RESULTS: Using stable cell lines, we show that artificial tandem arrays of human U1 and U2 snRNA genes colocalize with coiled bodies and that the frequency of the colocalization depends directly on the transcriptional activity of the array. Association of the genes with coiled bodies was abolished when the artificial U2 arrays contained promoter mutations that prevent transcription or when RNA polymerase II transcription was globally inhibited by alpha-amanitin. Remarkably, the association was also abolished when the U2 snRNA coding regions were replaced by heterologous sequences. CONCLUSIONS: The requirement for the U2 snRNA coding region indicates that association of snRNA genes with coiled bodies is mediated by the nascent U2 RNA itself, not by DNA or DNA-bound proteins. Our data provide the first evidence that association of genes with a nuclear organelle can be directed by an RNA and suggest an autogenous feedback regulation model. (+info)

TIF1gamma, a novel member of the transcriptional intermediary factor 1 family. (5/75781)

We report the cloning and characterization of a novel member of the Transcriptional Intermediary Factor 1 (TIF1) gene family, human TIF1gamma. Similar to TIF1alpha and TIF1beta, the structure of TIF1beta is characterized by multiple domains: RING finger, B boxes, Coiled coil, PHD/TTC, and bromodomain. Although structurally related to TIF1alpha and TIF1beta, TIF1gamma presents several functional differences. In contrast to TIF1alpha, but like TIF1beta, TIF1 does not interact with nuclear receptors in yeast two-hybrid or GST pull-down assays and does not interfere with retinoic acid response in transfected mammalian cells. Whereas TIF1alpha and TIF1beta were previously found to interact with the KRAB silencing domain of KOX1 and with the HP1alpha, MODI (HP1beta) and MOD2 (HP1gamma) heterochromatinic proteins, suggesting that they may participate in a complex involved in heterochromatin-induced gene repression, TIF1gamma does not interact with either the KRAB domain of KOX1 or the HP1 proteins. Nevertheless, TIF1gamma, like TIF1alpha and TIF1beta, exhibits a strong silencing activity when tethered to a promoter. Since deletion of a novel motif unique to the three TIF1 proteins, called TIF1 signature sequence (TSS), abrogates transcriptional repression by TIF1gamma, this motif likely participates in TIF1 dependent repression. (+info)

Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene is a direct target of c-Myc but is not functionally equivalent in cellular transformation. (6/75781)

The telomerase reverse transcriptase component (TERT) is not expressed in most primary somatic human cells and tissues, but is upregulated in the majority of immortalized cell lines and tumors. Here, we identify the c-Myc transcription factor as a direct mediator of telomerase activation in primary human fibroblasts through its ability to specifically induce TERT gene expression. Through the use of a hormone inducible form of c-Myc (c-Myc-ER), we demonstrate that Myc-induced activation of the hTERT promoter requires an evolutionarily conserved E-box and that c-Myc-ER-induced accumulation of hTERT mRNA takes place in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. These findings demonstrate that the TERT gene is a direct transcriptional target of c-Myc. Since telomerase activation frequently correlates with immortalization and telomerase functions to stabilize telomers in cycling cells, we tested whether Myc-induced activation of TERT gene expression represents an important mechanism through which c-Myc acts to immortalize cells. Employing the rat embryo fibroblast cooperation assay, we show that TERT is unable to substitute for c-Myc in the transformation of primary rodent fibroblasts, suggesting that the transforming activities of Myc extend beyond its ability to activate TERT gene expression and hence telomerase activity. (+info)

B-MYB transactivates its own promoter through SP1-binding sites. (7/75781)

B-MYB is an ubiquitous protein required for mammalian cell growth. In this report we show that B-MYB transactivates its own promoter through a 120 bp segment proximal to the transcription start site. The B-MYB-responsive element does not contain myb-binding sites and gel-shift analysis shows that SP1, but not B-MYB, protein contained in SAOS2 cell extracts binds to the 120 bp B-myb promoter fragment. B-MYB-dependent transactivation is cooperatively increased in the presence of SP1, but not SP3 overexpression. When the SP1 elements of the B-myb promoter are transferred in front of a heterologous promoter, an increased response to B-MYB results. In contrast, c-MYB, the prototype member of the Myb family, is not able to activate the luciferase construct containing the SP1 elements. With the use of an SP1-GAL4 fusion protein, we have determined that the cooperative activation occurs through the domain A of SP1. These observations suggest that B-MYB functions as a coactivator of SP1, and that diverse combinations of myb and SP1 sites may dictate the responsiveness of myb-target genes to the various members of the myb family. (+info)

Differential stability of the DNA-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit mRNA in human glioma cells. (8/75781)

DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) functions in double-strand break repair and immunoglobulin [V(D)J] recombination. We previously established a radiation-sensitive human cell line, M059J, derived from a malignant glioma, which lacks the catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) of the DNA-PK multiprotein complex. Although previous Northern blot analysis failed to detect the DNA-PKcs transcript in these cells, we show here through quantitative studies that the transcript is present, albeit at greatly reduced (approximately 20x) levels. Sequencing revealed no genetic alteration in either the promoter region, the kinase domain, or the 3' untranslated region of the DNA-PKcs gene to account for the reduced transcript levels. Nuclear run-on transcription assays indicated that the rate of DNA-PKcs transcription in M059J and DNA-PKcs proficient cell lines was similar, but the stability of the DNA-PKcs message in the M059J cell line was drastically (approximately 20x) reduced. Furthermore, M059J cells lack an alternately spliced DNA-PKcs transcript that accounts for a minor (5-20%) proportion of the DNA-PKcs message in all other cell lines tested. Thus, alterations in DNA-PKcs mRNA stability and/or the lack of the alternate mRNA may result in the loss of DNA-PKcs activity. This finding has important implications as DNA-PKcs activity is essential to cells repairing damage induced by radiation or radiomimetric agents. (+info)

4 Genetic code variants. *5 Replication, repair, transcription, and translation *5.1 Mitochondrial DNA polymerase ... Genetic code variants[edit]. The genetic code is, for the most part, universal, with few exceptions: mitochondrial genetics ... mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 (TFB1M, TFB2M). POLRMT, TFAM, ... The requirement of transcription to produce primers links the process of transcription to mtDNA replication. Full length ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics

For DNA transcription terminators, see Terminator (genetics).. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or ... Genetic use restriction technology (GURT), colloquially known as terminator technology or suicide seeds, is the name given to ... "Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (Bangalore, June 2003)" (PDF).. (Position Paper Supporting V-GURT development) ... Variety-level genetic use restriction technologies (V-GURTs): This type of GURT produces sterile seeds, so the seed from this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminator_seeds

"Introns Protect Eukaryotic Genomes from Transcription-Associated Genetic Instability". Molecular Cell. 67 (4): 608-621.e6. doi: ... R-loops as genetic damage[edit]. When unscheduled R-loops form, they can cause damage by a number of different mechanisms.[20] ... Roles of R-loops in genetic regulation[edit]. R-loop formation is a key step in immunoglobulin class switching, a process that ... 2017)[22] speculated that the function of introns in maintaining genetic stability may explain their evolutionary maintenance ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-loop

Each transcription factor acts in particular groups of cells. Therefore, various genetic mutations are associated with specific ... This requires particular transcription factors that induce the expression of particular genes. Some of these transcription ... If a genetic cause is suspected, genetic testing may be performed.[8] ... some of the transcription factors are also required for the development of other organs; some of these mutations are therefore ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypopituitarism

Freund C, Horsford DJ, McInnes RR (1996). "Transcription factor genes and the developing eye: a genetic perspective". Human ... transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding. • transcription factor binding. • protein kinase binding. • ... regulation of transcription, DNA-templated. • glucose homeostasis. • transcription, DNA-templated. • central nervous system ... regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • smoothened ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAX6

"Transcription, Translation and Replication". www.atdbio.com. Retrieved 2020-12-04. "Genetic Code". Genome.gov. Retrieved 2020- ... was pivotal to molecular genetic research and enabled scientists to begin conducting genetic screens to relate genotypic ... DNA damage theory of aging Epigenetics Gene mapping Genetic code Genetic recombination Genomic imprinting History of genetics ... The genetic code is made of four base pairs: adenine, cytosine, uracil, and guanine and is redundant meaning multiple ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_genetics

Genetic and epigenetic[edit]. There is a diverse classification scheme for the various genomic changes that may contribute to ... One example for rewiring of tissue function in cancer is the activity of transcription factor NF-κB.[78] NF-κB activates the ... Knudson AG (November 2001). "Two genetic hits (more or less) to cancer". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 1 (2): 157-62. doi:10.1038/ ... Often, the multiple genetic changes that result in cancer may take many years to accumulate. During this time, the biological ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenesis

Transcription and RNA polymerase. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-17.. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list ... An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. University of British Columbia, University of California, Harvard University (edisi ke-7 ... Transcription: an overview of gene regulation in eukaryotes. ISBN 0-7167-3520-2. Diakses tanggal 2010-08-17.. Pemeliharaan CS1 ... Dalam genetika, transkripsi (bahasa Inggris: transcription) adalah pembuatan RNA terutama mRNA dengan menyalin sebagian berkas ...

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkripsi_

Plant Genetic Engineering, Control of Transcription, and Biology of Inositols and Phosphoinositides are some of the notable ... His researches assisted in advancing the studies of transcription process in higher organisms. In order to further his studies ... While in the US, he was successful in identifying the RNA polymerase associated with the transcription and methylation ... ISBN 978-1-4899-1727-0. B.B. Biswas; J. Robin Harris (11 November 2013). Plant Genetic Engineering. Springer Science & Business ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_Bijoy_Biswas

Crick FH (December 1968). "The origin of the genetic code". Journal of Molecular Biology. 38 (3): 367-79. doi:10.1016/0022-2836 ... The transcription terminates after a stretch of four or more thymidines.[2][55] ... Because the genetic code contains multiple codons that specify the same amino acid, there are several tRNA molecules bearing ... One end of the tRNA matches the genetic code in a three-nucleotide sequence called the anticodon. The anticodon forms three ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_Rna

Modern Genetic Analysis - via NCBI. Busby, Steve; Ebright, Richard H (1999-10-22). "Transcription activation by catabolite ... Regulation of gene expression Repressor Transcription factor Bacterial transcription Eukaryotic transcription Ma, Jun (2011). " ... A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes. ... They can recruit other transcription factors and cofactors that are needed in transcription initiation. Activators can recruit ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activator_(genetics)

Genetic regulation of sucrose phosphorylase is also performed by metabolites. Through experimentation it is known that genes ... The complex binds to the promoter region to activate transcription, enhancing the creation of sucrose phosphorylase.[5] ... The cAMP-CRP complex that enhances transcription of the sucrose phosphorylase gene (Reid and Abratt 2003) is only present when ... Reid SJ, Abratt VR (May 2005). "Sucrose utilisation in bacteria: genetic organisation and regulation". Applied Microbiology and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose_phosphorylase

negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • ... genetic stability),[29][30][31] and in promoting cell survival.[32][33][34][35][36][37] However, some studies have revealed ... transcription, DNA-templated. • negative regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity. • negative ... negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated. • negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity. • ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLF4

Genetic algorithms and simulated annealing[edit]. Standard optimization techniques in computer science - both of which were ... alignment of binding site sequences for the same transcription factor cannot rely on evolutionary related mutation operations. ... "Genetic analysis software". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved March 3, 2010.. ... Like the genetic algorithm method, simulated annealing maximizes an objective function like the sum-of-pairs function. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_Sequence_Alignment

Some cases of many genetic diseases are associated with variations in promoters or transcription factors. ... Divergent transcription could shift nucleosomes to upregulate transcription of one gene, or remove bound transcription factors ... Core promoter - the minimal portion of the promoter required to properly initiate transcription[4] *Includes the transcription ... Main article: Regulation of transcription in cancer. In humans, about 70% of promoters located near the transcription start ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promoter_

Regulation can also occur through genetic pathways. The isoform, G6PDH, is regulated by transcription and posttranscription ... Clinically, an X-linked genetic deficiency of G6PD predisposes a person to non-immune hemolytic anemia. G6PD is widely ... Some scientists have proposed that some of the genetic variation in human G6PD resulted from generations of adaptation to ... Moreover, G6PD is one of a number of glycolytic enzymes activated by the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_dehydrogenase

... which lead to changes in transcription activities. This can be direct initiation of transcription. promotion or repression of ... This accentuates the significance of genetic divergence within species due to cis- and trans-regulatory variants. Trans- and ... Specific examples include: Transcription factors DNA editing proteins edit and permanently change gene sequence, and ... Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM (2000). "Transcription and RNA polymerase". An Introduction to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-regulatory_element

For example, transcription factors bind to DNA to help transcription of RNA. Fearon ER, Vogelstein B (June 1990). "A genetic ... "General Transcription Factor / Transcription Factor , Learn Science at Scitable". www.nature.com. Retrieved 2015-11-09.. ... Short-interfering RNA (siRNA) also work by negative regulation of transcription. These siRNA molecules work in RNA-induced ... silencing complex (RISC) during RNA interference by binding to a target DNA sequence to prevent transcription of a specific ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_product

... there was no transcription or genetic circuits, and therefore no feedback loop. Similar observations were made in a marine alga ... While RORs activate transcription of Bmal1, REV-ERBs repress the same transcription process. Hence, the circadian oscillation ... Evidence for a genetic basis of circadian rhythms in higher eukaryotes began with the discovery of the period (per) locus in ... More recently, however, it was reported that only 22% of messenger RNA cycling genes are driven by de novo transcription.[29] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_clock

Most target the transcription stage of genetic expression. One approach has been to try and develop medication that get the ... "Genetic testing for cystic fibrosis Genetic Testing for Cystic Fibrosis". Consensus Development Conference Statement. National ... Otherwise, genetic therapy will be used as a treatment when modulator therapies do not work given that 10% of people with ... The condition is diagnosed by a sweat test and genetic testing. Screening of infants at birth takes place in some areas of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis

1997). "Functional domains of transcription factor hGABP beta1/E4TF1-53 required for nuclear localization and transcription ... de la Brousse FC, Birkenmeier EH, King DS, Rowe LB, McKnight SL (Nov 1994). "Molecular and genetic characterization of GABP ... This gene encodes the GA-binding protein transcription factor, beta subunit. This protein forms a tetrameric complex with the ... "Entrez Gene: GABPB2 GA binding protein transcription factor, beta subunit 2". Sawada J, Goto M, Watanabe H, et al. (1995). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABPB2

Genetic maps, markers and polymorphisms; The C. elegans physical map; Gene expression profiles (stage, tissue and cell) from ... Genomic transcription factor binding sites Comprehensive information on mutant alleles and their phenotypes; Whole-genome RNAi ... Genetic regulatory relationships; Details of intra- and inter-specific sequence homologies (with links to other Model Organism ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WormBase

Stevens M, De Clercq E, Balzarini J (Sep 2006). "The regulation of HIV-1 transcription: molecular targets for chemotherapeutic ... Gutmajster E, Rokicka A (2003). "[Genetic determination of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome ]". Wiadomości Lekarskie. 55 (11-12): 706- ... "Human transcription elongation factor NELF: identification of novel subunits and reconstitution of the functionally active ... "Human transcription elongation factor NELF: identification of novel subunits and reconstitution of the functionally active ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHSC2

The process has been automated since the late 1970s and can be used to form desired genetic sequences as well as for other uses ... Reverse transcription is part of the replication cycle of particular virus families, including retroviruses. It involves ... A Genetic System with Eight Building Blocks". Science. 363 (6429): 884-887. doi:10.1126/science.aat0971. PMC 6413494. PMID ... DNA replication occurs so, during cell division, each daughter cell contains an accurate copy of the genetic material of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_synthesis

Gene transcription ceases during prophase and does not resume until late anaphase to early G1 phase.[31][32][33] The nucleolus ... During interphase, the genetic material in the nucleus consists of loosely packed chromatin. At the onset of prophase, ... The genome is composed of a number of chromosomes-complexes of tightly coiled DNA that contain genetic information vital for ... "Mitotic bookmarking by transcription factors". Epigenetics & Chromatin. 6 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/1756-8935-6-6. PMC 3621617. PMID ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitosis

Using genetic reprogramming with protein transcription factors, pluripotent stem cells with ESC-like capabilities have been ... "Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. p. 13. Retrieved 2008-07-06. (subtitle) Procymal is being ... The transcription factors Oct-4, Nanog, and Sox2 form the core regulatory network that ensures the suppression of genes that ... A human embryonic stem cell is also defined by the expression of several transcription factors and cell surface proteins. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell

Transcription is the process where genetic information in DNA is used to produce a complementary RNA strand. This RNA strand is ... Genetic material. Two different kinds of genetic material exist: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Cells ... Prokaryotic genetic material is organized in a simple circular bacterial chromosome in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm. ... Eukaryotic genetic material is divided into different,[4] linear molecules called chromosomes inside a discrete nucleus, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)

2004). "Production and application of polyclonal antibody to human thyroid transcription factor 2 reveals thyroid transcription ... 2005). "Genetic analysis of TTF-2 gene in children with congenital hypothyroidism and cleft palate, congenital hypothyroidism, ... 2002). "Thyroid transcription factor-2 gene expression in benign and malignant thyroid lesions". Thyroid. 11 (11): 995-1001. ... "Entrez Gene: FOXE1 forkhead box E1 (thyroid transcription factor 2)". FOXE1 Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC (March ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOXE1

基因組圖譜主要可以分成兩種，一種是遺傳圖譜（genetic map），另一種則是物理圖譜（physical map）。遺傳圖譜是利用基因的重組率來做分析，單位是分莫甘（centimorgan）。這種圖譜表現出來的是基因或特定DNA片段之間的相對位置，而不 ... a

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/人類基因組

Secondly, FXR activation by bile acids during absorption in the intestine increases transcription and synthesis of FGF19, which ... Genetic variation in the key bile acid synthesis enzyme, CYP7A1, influenced the effectiveness of UDCA in colorectal adenoma ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acids

Genetic factorsEdit. In 6 to 11% of the children born with coronal synostosis, more often involving the bilateral cases than ... The transcription factor gene TWIST is thought to decrease the function of FGFR, thus also indirectly regulating fetal bone ... Lajeunie E, Le Merrer M, Bonaïti-Pellie C, Marchac D, Renier D (March 1996). "Genetic study of scaphocephaly". American Journal ... Multiple potential causes of premature suture closure have been identified, such as the several genetic mutations that are ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniosynostosis

... no Ebola virus was detected apart from some genetic traces found in six rodents (belonging to the species Mus setulosus and ... whose concentration in the host cell determines when L switches from gene transcription to genome replication. Replication of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_disease

"Mobile Genetic Elements. 3 (4): e25845. doi:10.4161/mge.25845. PMC 3812789. PMID 24195014.. ... See also: Transcription and translation. Protein synthesis within chloroplasts relies on an RNA polymerase coded by the ... It further contends that only a minority of the genetic material is kept in circular chromosomes while the rest is in branched ... The highly oxidative environment inside chloroplasts increases the rate of mutation so post-transcription repairs are needed to ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License and the GFDL; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details ...

https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:DNA

The genetic network logic responds to signals received from the environment and from internal cell status sensors to adapt the ... "An essential transcription factor, SciP, enhances robustness of Caulobacter cell cycle regulation". Proceedings of the ... The genetic basis of the phenotypic differences between the two strains results from coding, regulatory, and insertion/deletion ... The central feature of the cell cycle regulation is a cyclical genetic circuit-a cell cycle engine-that is centered around the ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulobacter_crescentus

The transcription factor Sox9 can be found in multiple sites in the body (pancreas, central nervous system, intestines) and it ... before any genetic or morphological criteria were put in place for bone marrow or connective tissues. Osteoprogenitor cells can ... Runx2 (which may also be known as Cbfa1), and Osx (a zinc finger containing transcription factor) are necessary for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteochondroprogenitor_cell

... transcription and translation of the genetic material. ... as the causative genes of most monogenic genetic disorders have ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic engineering techniques were developed in the late 1980s that could successfully transfer genetic ... One group added a transcription factor for the production of anthocyanin from Arabidopsis thaliana[33] whereas another used ... A genetically modified tomato, or transgenic tomato, is a tomato that has had its genes modified, using genetic engineering. ... Tomato as a model system: I. Genetic and physical mapping of jointless". MGG Molecular & General Genetics. 242 (6). doi:10.1007 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_tomato

... a genetic disorder resulting in complete or partial insensitivity to androgens and a lack of external male genitalia. ... complex with beta-catenin and T-cell factor 4 may bypass canonical Wnt signaling to down-regulate adipogenic transcription ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

regulation of transcription, DNA-templated. • cell-cell signaling. • negative regulation of gene expression. • transcription, ... "Genetic variation in the progesterone receptor gene and ovarian cancer risk". American Journal of Epidemiology. 161 (5): 442- ... Leonhardt SA, Boonyaratanakornkit V, Edwards DP (November 2003). "Progesterone receptor transcription and non-transcription ... creates a unique transcription start site. Biochemical assays showed that the +331G/A polymorphism increases transcription of ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor

... describes the genetic effect of a single gene on multiple phenotypic traits. The underlying mechanism is genes that ... Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that causes deformed red blood cells with a rigid, crescent shape instead of the normal ... This article is about genetic pleiotropy. For drug pleiotropy, see Pleiotropy (drugs). ... Genetic and Biometric Foundations by using molecular genetics to support the idea of "universal pleiotropy". The concepts of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleiotropic

FISH is often used for finding specific features in DNA for use in genetic counseling, medicine, and species identification.[2] ... "The lncRNA Malat1 is Dispensable for Mouse Development but Its Transcription Plays a cis-Regulatory Role in the Adult". Cell ... Then an oligonucleotide complementary to the suspected pathogen's genetic code is synthesized and chemically tagged with a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization

Bazin, Hervé (2011). Vaccination: a history from Lady Montagu to genetic engineering. Montrouge: J. Libbey Eurotext. p. 407. ... A direct confirmation can be obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, where the genome of the virus is ... It is probably due to the genetic morphology of the immune system. Another possible side effect is an infection of the nervous ... "Genetic relationships and evolution of genotypes of yellow fever virus and other members of the yellow fever virus group ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever

... results from excessive intake of preformed vitamin A. A genetic variance in tolerance to vitamin A intake ... members of the retinoic acid receptor or retinoid X receptor nuclear transcription family) which are found in every cell ( ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervitaminosis_A

"Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity". Molecular Biology and ... Transcriptions. Standard Mandarin. Hanyu Pinyin. Yuènán huáqiao. Hakka. Romanization. iad6 nam2 fa2 kiau2. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoa_people

These rare genetic variants are autosomal dominant.[26] Cancer[edit]. In addition to its role in Alzheimer's disease, ... negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter. • proteolysis. • regulation of synaptic plasticity. • ... positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated. • heart development. • negative regulation of axonogenesis. • embryonic ... "Genetic linkage evidence for a familial Alzheimer's seasesease locus on chromosome 14". Science. 258 (5082): 668-71. Bibcode: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSEN1

BaP was shown to cause genetic damage in lung cells that was identical to the damage observed in the DNA of most malignant lung ... This process increases transcription of certain genes, notably CYP1A1, followed by increased CYP1A1 protein production.[28] ... This gene is a transcription factor that regulates the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumor suppressor. By inducing G ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzo(a)pyrene

"Genetic unmasking of an epigenetically silenced microRNA in human cancer cells". Cancer Res. 67 (4): 1424-9. doi:10.1158/0008- ... Transcription-coupled repair *ERCC6. *ERCC8. *Homology directed repair. *Non-homologous end joining *Ku ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad51

Genetic disorder, protein biosynthesis: Transcription factor/coregulator deficiencies. (1) Basic domains. 1.2. *Feingold ... Genetic testing is available for STAT3 (Job's Syndrome), DOCK8 (DOCK8 Immunodeficiency or DIDS), PGM3 (PGM3 deficiency), SPINK5 ... U.S. NIH Genetic Test Registry. *National Organization for Rare Disorders: Autosomal Dominant Hyper IgE Syndrome Autosomal ... Netherton Syndrome - NTS), and TYK2 genetic defects. Types[edit]. HIES often appears early in life with recurrent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperimmunoglobulin_E_syndrome

The genome RNA is unusual because it has a protein on the 5' end that is used as a primer for transcription by RNA polymerase. ... Like most positive sense RNA genomes, the genetic material alone is infectious; although substantially less virulent than if ... So, an overview of the steps in picornavirus replication are in order: attachment, entry, translation, transcription/genome ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picornavirus

Hedley PL, Jørgensen P, Schlamowitz S, Moolman-Smook J, Kanters JK, Corfield VA, Christiansen M (Sep 2009). "The genetic basis ... high levels of calcium in mitochondria elevates activity of nuclear factor kappa B NF-κB and transcription of CACNA1c and ... Large-scale genetic analyses have shown the possibility that CACNA1C is associated with bipolar disorder [21] and subsequently ... "Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci". Nature. 511 (7510): 421-427. doi:10.1038/nature13595 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cav1.2

Transcription in archaea more closely resembles eukaryotic than bacterial transcription, with the archaeal RNA polymerase being ... Gene transfer and genetic exchangeEdit. Halobacterium volcanii, an extreme halophilic archaeon, forms cytoplasmic bridges ... Circular chromosomes, unique translation and transcription. Multiple, linear chromosomes, similar translation and transcription ... Current knowledge on genetic diversity is fragmentary and the total number of archaeal species cannot be estimated with any ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea

... a change in transcription can be seen when there is no TATA box to promote transcription, but transcription of a gene will ... Genetic engineering[edit]. TATA box modification[edit]. Evolutionary changes have pushed plants to adapt to the changing ... Transcription factors, TATA binding protein (TBP), and RNA polymerase II are all recruited to begin transcription. ... Core promoter-specific mechanisms for transcription initiation by the canonical TBP/TFIID-dependent basal transcription ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box

Functions in transcription[edit]. Most well-studied histone modifications are involved in control of transcription. ... The formation of this mark is tied to transcription in a rather convoluted manner: early in transcription of a gene, RNA ... Histone gene transcription is controlled by multiple gene regulatory proteins such as transcription factors which bind to ... is a transcription factor which activates histone gene transcription on chromosomes 1 and 6 of human cells. NPAT is also a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_modification

The viroplasm is where components such as replicase enzymes, virus genetic material, and host proteins required for replication ... "Transcription and Replication Evidence that NBs Are Sites of Viral (NBs) in Rabies Virus-Infected Cells: Functional ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viroplasm

Degeneracy of the genetic code was identified by Lagerkvist.[2] For instance, codons GAA and GAG both specify glutamic acid and ... Post-transcription. *Precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA / hnRNA). *5' capping. *Splicing. *Polyadenylation. *Histone acetylation and ... Inverse table for the standard genetic code (compressed using IUPAC notation) Amino acid. Codons. Compressed Amino acid. Codons ... Shu, Jian-Jun (2017). "A new integrated symmetrical table for genetic codes". BioSystems. 151: 21-26. arXiv:1703.03787. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codon_degeneracy

Role in genetic disordersEdit. Many genetic disorders involve hereditary defects in receptor genes. Often, it is hard to ... The N terminus interacts with other cellular transcription factors in a ligand-independent manner; and, depending on these ...

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_

Minor genetic variations are found consistently in different geographic areas; thus, genetic analysis of JC virus samples has ... Certain transcription factors present in the early promoter sequences of the JC virus can induce trophism and viral ... "Transcription factor Spi-B binds unique sequences present in the tandem repeat promoter/enhancer of JC virus and supports ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jc_virus

A well-known transcription factor in the yeast pheromone pathway is used as an example, and the underlying genetic loci ... By mapping differences in transcription factor binding among individuals, here we present the genetic basis of such variation ... studied the variability of transcription factor binding among individuals on a genome-wide scale, using transcription-binding ... and thus the extent and underlying genetic basis of transcription factor binding diversity is unknown. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature08934?error=cookies_not_supported&code=0554ad96-8b5b-4683-9452-c160b6e18197

HU Protein Affects Transcription of Surface Polysaccharide Synthesis Genes in Porphyromonas gingivalis Christine Alberti-Segui ... GlpR Represses Fructose and Glucose Metabolic Enzymes at the Level of Transcription in the Haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii ... Effects of Increasing the Affinity of CarD for RNA Polymerase on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth, rRNA Transcription, and ... gfpTCD Is a Genetically Remastered gfp Gene with Reduced Susceptibility to H-NS-Mediated Transcription Silencing and with ...

https://jb.asm.org/keyword/transcription-genetic

Genetic engineering using transcription factors (TFs) represents an alternative approach that may help overcome this difficulty ... Ueda Y., Yanagisawa S. (2018) Transcription Factor-Based Genetic Engineering to Increase Nitrogen Use Efficiency. In: Shrawat A ... Qu B, He X, Wang J, Zhao Y, Teng W, Shao A, Zhao X, Ma W, Wang J, Li B et al (2015) A wheat CCAAT box-binding transcription ... He X, Qu B, Li W, Zhao X, Teng W, Ma W, Ren Y, Li B, Li Z, Tong Y (2015) The nitrate inducible NAC transcription factor TaNAC2- ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-92958-3_3

Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is generally considered to function as a tumor suppressor in the development of ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/91788/figure/1

DNA is the genetic material of a cell and is copied in the form of pre-mRNA through transcription in eukaryotes. RNA polymerase ... Stochastic modeling of eukaryotic transcription at the single nucleotide level Vashishtha, Saurabh (Lethbridge, Alta. : ... II is responsible for the transcription of all genes that express proteins. Transcription ... ...

https://www.uleth.ca/dspace/handle/10133/298/browse?value=Genetic+transcription+--+Research&type=subject

Transcription Factor TCF7L2 Genetic Study in the French Population. Stéphane Cauchi, David Meyre, Christian Dina, Hélène ... Transcription Factor TCF7L2 Genetic Study in the French Population. Stéphane Cauchi, David Meyre, Christian Dina, Hélène ... Transcription Factor TCF7L2 Genetic Study in the French Population Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from ... Transcription Factor TCF7L2 Genetic Study in the French Population. Expression in Human β-Cells and Adipose Tissue and Strong ...

https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/55/10/2903?ijkey=991c9473b59dc5f456afab1afec36ec4c8adad99&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

Accessing the druggable genetic programmes governed by mammalian bHLH-PAS transcription factors. Investigator Awards in Science ... We will explore a family of human gene regulating proteins, known as the bHLH-PAS transcription factors, whose 3D structure ... Understanding how such signalling molecules interact with bHLH-PAS transcription factors should inform future drug development ...

https://wellcome.ac.uk/funding/people-and-projects/grants-awarded/accessing-druggable-genetic-programmes-governed-by

We identified Pea3 family transcription factors as the key effectors of FGF signaling in reprograming the epithelia ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1007660

... Abstract A central goal of ... Characterizing and Prototyping Genetic Networks with Cell-Free Transcription-Translation Reactions + Title ... Cell-free transcription-translation (TX-TL) systems offer a simple and fast alternative to performing these characterizations ... As a way to demonstrate the utility of cell-free TX-TL, we illustrate the characterization of two genetic networks: an RNA ...

http://www.cds.caltech.edu/~murray/wiki/index.php?title=Special:Browse/Characterizing-20and-20Prototyping-20Genetic-20Networks-20with-20Cell-2DFree-20Transcription-2DTranslation-20Reactions

The transcription is the initial step of gene expression which involves the particular segment of DNA which is copied to RNA ... Transcription Peer-review Journals. The transcription is the initial step of gene expression which involves the particular ... The band of DNA transcribed into RNA is called a transcription unit and encodes at least one gene. Peer review refers to the ...

https://www.omicsonline.org/genetic-syndromes-and-gene-therapy/transcription-peer-review-journals.php

The kinetics of cessation of transcription give information on both meassenger RNA decay and rate of transcription. Arrhenius ... If cells are irradiated shortly after induction, the transcription of the DNA ceases, and the enzyme produced by the messenger ... and the activation energies mtieasured are 11,000 calories per mole for decay and 22,000 calories per mole for transcription. ...

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/146/3646/927

The transcription is the initial step of gene expression which involves the particular segment of DNA which is copied to RNA ... Transcription Impact Factor. The transcription is the initial step of gene expression which involves the particular segment of ... The band of DNA transcribed into RNA is called a transcription unit and encodes at least one gene. The impact factor of journal ...

https://www.omicsonline.org/genetic-syndromes-and-gene-therapy/transcription-impact-factor.php

Genetic" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Transcription, Genetic" was a major or minor topic of ... "Transcription, Genetic" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Transcription, Genetic" by people in Profiles. ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Transcription, Genetic". ...

https://connects.catalyst.harvard.edu/Profiles/display/Concept/Transcription,%20Genetic

A Genetic Study of Signaling Processes for Repression of PHO5 Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. W.-T. Walter Lau, Ken ... A Genetic Study of Signaling Processes for Repression of PHO5 Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. W.-T. Walter Lau, Ken ... A Genetic Study of Signaling Processes for Repression of PHO5 Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. W.-T. Walter Lau, Ken ... A Genetic Study of Signaling Processes for Repression of PHO5 Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ...

https://www.genetics.org/content/150/4/1349.abstract

Promoter and Transcription Analysis of Penicillin-Binding Protein Genes in Streptococcus gordonii Marisa Haenni, Philippe ... In Vitro Activities of Different Inhibitors of Bacterial Transcription against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm Philippe ... Reporter System Suitable for High-Throughput Screening of Compounds Able To Inhibit Ebolavirus Replication and/or Transcription ...

https://aac.asm.org/keyword/transcription-genetic

... EMBO J. 1996 ... The present study elucidates differences in the regulatory mechanisms by which glucose controls the transcription and turnover ... that are repressed in the presence of glucose are believed to be controlled at the level of transcription. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8617211/

No other data source has: the depth of longitudinal social, behavioral, environmental, genetic, and biological data; the ... Analyses of these data could inform therapeutic interventions; identify new genetic mechanisms for GxE research; inform ... the genetic regulation of the immune system, biomarkers, and very common forms of inflammatory morbidity and morbidity-specific ...

https://www.cpc.unc.edu/research-themes/projects/social-context-the-life-course-and-genetic-transcription-in-add-health/

At the same time, current evidence indicates that these regions are particularly stressed by transcription-related mutagenic ... The regions surrounding transcription start sites (TSSs) of genes play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression. ...

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0114432

Genetic and genomic analyses of RNA polymerase II-pausing factor in regulation of mammalian transcription and cell growth. J. ... Chemical genetic discovery of PARP targets reveals a role for PARP-1 in transcription elongation ... Chemical genetic discovery of PARP targets reveals a role for PARP-1 in transcription elongation ... Chemical genetic discovery of PARP targets reveals a role for PARP-1 in transcription elongation ...

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/353/6294/45?ijkey=4264ed656feb19a696aaf6c944e3daabdb6dcfa9&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

https://www.dovepress.com/genetic-variations-in-the-transcription-factors-gata4-and-gata6-and-bl-peer-reviewed-article-DDDT

Genetic variations in the transcription factors GATA4 and GATA6 and bleeding complications in patients receiving warfarin ... Genetic variations in the transcription factors GATA4 and GATA6 and bleeding complications in patients receiving warfarin ... Requirement of the transcription factor GATA4 for heart tube formation and ventral morphogenesis. Genes Dev. 1997;11:1061-1072. ... Nevertheless, to our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the effects of genetic variations in GATA4 and GATA6 ...

https://www.dovepress.com/genetic-variations-in-the-transcription-factors-gata4-and-gata6-and-bl-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-DDDT

Genetic networks controlled by the bacterial replication initiator and transcription factor DnaA in Bacillus subtilis. Download ... Genetic networks controlled by the bacterial replication initiator and transcription factor DnaA in Bacillus subtilis. Research ... In B. subtilis, DnaA has previously been shown to repress its own transcription and has also been implicated in directing part ... DnaA is the bacterial replication initiator, which also functions as a transcription factor to regulate gene expression. ...

http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/84384

Previous reports demonstrated that the MFNLP could lead to the duplication of transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) ... Genetic Diversity in HIV-1 Subtype C LTR from Brazil and Mozambique Generates New Transcription Factor-Binding Sites. José ... "Genetic Diversity in HIV-1 Subtype C LTR from Brazil and Mozambique Generates New Transcription Factor-Binding Sites." Viruses ... Genetic Diversity in HIV-1 Subtype C LTR from Brazil and Mozambique Generates New Transcription Factor-Binding Sites. Viruses ...

http://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/6/6/2495

Association of the Genetic Polymorphisms in Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors-γ2 ... Transcription factor 7-like 2 gene (TCF7L2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-γ2 (PPAR-γ2) have a profound effect ... In this investigation, we carried out genetic association study of the SNPs in PPAR-γ2 and TCF7L2 with T2DM susceptibility and ... L. S. H. Wu, C. H. Hsieh, D. Pei, Y. J. Hung, S.-W. Kuo, and E. Lin, "Association and interaction analyses of genetic variants ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jdr/2015/129695/

Genetic analysis of the interaction between Vibrio cholerae transcription activator ToxR and toxT promoter DNA.. D E Higgins, V ... Genetic analysis of the interaction between Vibrio cholerae transcription activator ToxR and toxT promoter DNA. ... Genetic analysis of the interaction between Vibrio cholerae transcription activator ToxR and toxT promoter DNA. ... Genetic analysis of the interaction between Vibrio cholerae transcription activator ToxR and toxT promoter DNA. ...

https://jb.asm.org/content/178/4/1080

... are detected in Drosophila melanogaster cultured cells for mobile dispersed genetic elements mdg1, mdg3, and mdg4 (gypsy). The ... Reverse transcription intermediate forms (minus and plus strong-stop DNA) ... mdg elements studied possess a common mechanism of reverse transcription, despite their structural … ... The steps of reverse transcription of Drosophila mobile dispersed genetic elements and U3-R-U5 structure of their LTRs Cell. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2418981/?dopt=Abstract

Convergent transcription and stalling of transcription are enriched at DNA breakpoints found in acute lymphoblastic leukemia ... and associate with DNA structures and sequences that mediate genetic instability. ... Indication of transcription-coupled genetic instability at leukemia SV hotspots lacking RSS motifs.. (A) Overlap between RLFS ... These mechanisms of transcription-coupled genetic instability, earlier implicated in lymphomas (Pavri et al., 2010; Meng et al ...

https://elifesciences.org/articles/13087

Identification of a Genetic Signature of Activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Human Tumors. James V. ... Identification of a Genetic Signature of Activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Human Tumors ... Identification of a Genetic Signature of Activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Human Tumors ... Identification of a Genetic Signature of Activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 in Human Tumors ...

https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/65/12/5054?ijkey=02ea79d91e6c3691b78d2e18fb21276990fdae9c&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

... Kalantarian, Maryam ... AGAMOUS-LIKE 36 (AGL36), a member of the MADS-box transcription factor type I Mγ family, has been identified as an imprinted ... In a series of phenotypic and genetic analysis, a 10% transmission reduction of the agl36;agl62 double mutant combination ...

https://www.duo.uio.no/handle/10852/43076

Targeting the Myofibroblast Genetic Switch: Inhibitors of Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor/Serum Response Factor- ... Targeting the Myofibroblast Genetic Switch: Inhibitors of Myocardin-Related Transcription Factor/Serum Response Factor- ... Thus, targeting the MRTF/SRF gene transcription pathway could provide an efficacious new approach to therapy for SSc and other ... In light of evidence that a myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF)-and serum response factor (SRF)-regulated gene ...

https://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/349/3/480.abstract

However, owing to the large number of genes and metabolic pathways involved in nitrogen uptake and utilization, simple approaches for genetic engineering for increased NUE involving the overexpression of single genes for transporters or enzymes related to nitrogen assimilation are frequently ineffective. (springer.com)
Genetic engineering using transcription factors (TFs) represents an alternative approach that may help overcome this difficulty, because TFs often regulate a set of genes involved in a certain metabolic pathway or biological event, simultaneously influencing a number of associated reactions. (springer.com)
Franco-Zorrilla JM, López-Vidriero I, Carrasco JL, Godoy M, Vera P, Solano R (2014) DNA-binding specificities of plant transcription factors and their potential to define target genes. (springer.com)
RNA polymerase II is responsible for the transcription of all genes that express proteins. (uleth.ca)
Many other genes, for example, SUC2, that are repressed in the presence of glucose are believed to be controlled at the level of transcription. (nih.gov)
These oncogenic transcription factors function by activating or repressing target genes that collaborate to promote cell survival and proliferation. (aacrjournals.org)
MADS-box transcription factor genes have been found in nearly all eukaryotes, in plants over 100 genes belonging to this family have been identified. (uio.no)
A set of downregulated MADS-box encoding genes were identified in a genome wide transcription profiling assay of seeds lacking paternal contribution in the endosperm. (uio.no)
Genetic interaction analysis is a powerful approach to the study of complex biological processes that are dependent on multiple genes. (g3journal.org)
Genetic interaction analysis allows the identification and characterization of networks of genes whose products work together to regulate and/or mediate a common cellular process. (g3journal.org)
Baricheva, E. 2004-10-16 00:00:00 The Drosophila melanogaster Trithorax-like(Trl) gene is classed with thetrx-Ggenes and codes for several isoforms of the GAGA transcription factor (GAF) which regulates expression of homeotic and numerous other genes. (deepdyve.com)
Transcription factors are enriched among genes with the most variation in expression across tissues, as well as among genes with higher-than-median levels of variation in expression across genotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
In contrast, transcription factors are depleted among genes whose expression is either highly stable or highly variable across genotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Importantly, transcription factors are significantly enriched among trait-associated genes identified with eRD-GWAS. (biomedcentral.com)
Together, the data in this thesis show that transcription of protein-coding genes is primarily determined epigenetically, and suggest that chromatin-related processes may be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. (wustl.edu)
IN eukaryotic cells, transcription initiation of genes encoding mRNA involves the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex containing general transcription factors (GTFs) and RNA pol II ( R oeder 1998 ). (genetics.org)
These proteins, known as transcription factors, control the activity of genes. (mpg.de)
Scientists had previously assumed that these segments exert an effect by inhibiting the binding of transcription factors, thus impeding the activity of neighbouring genes," Meijsing says. (mpg.de)
Extensive transcription was detected within the CENH3 binding domain based on comprehensive annotation of protein-coding genes coupled with empirical measurements of mRNA levels using RT-PCR and massively parallel signature sequencing. (elsevier.com)
The genetic control of floral organ identity is one of the most important examples of how regulatory genes determine plant structure. (biologists.org)
Traditional molecular techniques have been used in research in discovering the genes and enzymes that are involved in aflatoxin formation and genetic regulation. (mdpi.com)
Genetic disorders may be hereditary , meaning that they are passed down from the parents' genes. (wikipedia.org)
Among these genes, Rice Starch Regulator1 (RSR1), an APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding protein family transcription factor, was found to negatively regulate the expression of type I starch synthesis genes, and RSR1 deficiency results in the enhanced expression of starch synthesis genes in seeds. (plantphysiol.org)
Many efforts have been made to identify the genetic mechanisms controlling the physicochemical properties of rice starch, especially the diversity of rice starch synthesis genes. (plantphysiol.org)
Some transcription factors (TFs) regulate the expression of starch synthesis genes. (plantphysiol.org)
Both methods point towards the involvement of ion channel genes and the transcription factors that govern their activity. (nih.gov)
The HOXA13 gene is part of a larger family of transcription factors called homeobox genes, which act during early embryonic development to control the formation of many body structures. (medlineplus.gov)
Both of these publicity campaigns, and the published conclusions, were heavily criticized for not understanding the distinction between fortuitous transcription and real genes and for not understanding the difference between fortuitous binding sites and functional binding sites. (archive.org)
For example, insertions near promoter regions, which are short segments of DNA that are used to initiate gene transcription (the synthesis of RNA from DNA), can lead to overactivity of genes. (britannica.com)
In eukaryotes, but usually not in bacteria, transcription of most genes proceeds past the end of the gene, as shown in Figure 1D. (jrank.org)
Molecular genetics often applies an "investigative approach" to determine the structure and/or function of genes in an organism's genome using genetic screens. (wikipedia.org)
The computer analysis and comparison of genes within and between different species is called bioinformatics, and links genetic mutations on an evolutionary scale. (wikipedia.org)
Forward genetics is a molecular genetics technique used to identify genes or genetic mutations that produce a certain phenotype. (wikipedia.org)

DNA is the genetic material of a cell and is copied in the form of pre-mRNA through transcription in eukaryotes. (uleth.ca)
The collection and dissemination of genome-wide mRNA expression profiles among Add Health respondents make possible for the first time cutting-edge, population-based gene expression studies that map connections among social experiences, the genetic regulation of the immune system, biomarkers, and very common forms of inflammatory morbidity and morbidity-specific mortality. (unc.edu)
During transcription, a strand of mRNA is made that is complementary to a strand of DNA. (lumenlearning.com)
Transcription uses the sequence of bases in a strand of DNA to make a complementary strand of mRNA. (lumenlearning.com)
Many genetic variants associated with human disease have been found to be associated with alterations in mRNA expression. (diagenode.com)
Our results suggest that protein-based mechanisms might functionally buffer genetic alterations that influence mRNA expression levels and that pQTLs might contribute phenotypic diversity to a human population independently of influences on mRNA expression. (diagenode.com)
Genetic interactions between mRNA export factors and components of the transcription machinery. (biomedcentral.com)
The mRNA carries the genetic code from the DNA into the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for translation of the RNA into a protein or polypeptide strand. (news-medical.net)
Transcription is the first of several steps of DNA based gene expression in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA ) by the enzyme RNA polymerase . (wikipedia.org)
Because information in DNA cannot be decoded directly into proteins, it is first transcribed, or copied, into mRNA ( see transcription ). (britannica.com)
The process of reading a gene's DNA and transferring the information to a similar molecule called mRNA is known as transcription. (medlineplus.gov)
Replication of DNA and transcription from DNA to mRNA occurs in the mitochondria while translation from RNA to proteins occurs in the ribosome. (wikipedia.org)

As a way to demonstrate the utility of cell-free TX-TL, we illustrate the characterization of two genetic networks: an RNA transcriptional cascade and a protein regulated incoherent feed-forward loop. (caltech.edu)
resulting in a comprehensive characterization of the underlying genetic alterations. (elifesciences.org)
Here, we report the genomic and genetic characterization of the complete centromere of rice (Oryza sativa) chromosome 3. (elsevier.com)

Trans -acting regulatory variation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the role of transcription factors. (nature.com)
Ito Y, Katsura K, Maruyama K, Taji T, Kobayashi M, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K (2006) Functional analysis of rice DREB1/CBF-type transcription factors involved in cold-responsive gene expression in transgenic rice. (springer.com)
We will explore a family of human gene regulating proteins, known as the bHLH-PAS transcription factors, whose 3D structure allows binding to small molecules and to genomic sites for controlling gene expression. (wellcome.ac.uk)
Understanding how such signalling molecules interact with bHLH-PAS transcription factors should inform future drug development for a variety of unmet human conditions including cancer. (wellcome.ac.uk)
We showed that a subset of these targets, which include transcription factors regulating cell growth, survival, and differentiation, are coexpressed in a range of human tumors. (aacrjournals.org)
Several transcription factors are inappropriately activated in human tumors and capable of transforming cell lines in vitro . (aacrjournals.org)
The regions thereby become accessible to other transcription factors. (deepdyve.com)
The risk variants of rs350099, rs350104, and rs164390 are associated with increased reporter gene expression through binding of transcription factors nuclear factor-Y, activator protein 1, and specificity protein 1, respectively. (ahajournals.org)
In a growing number of studies, genetic code expansion has now been applied to precisely control the chemical properties of transcription factors, RNA polymerases and histones, and this has enabled new insights into their interactions, conformational changes, cellular localizations and the functional roles of posttranslational modifications. (uni-konstanz.de)
These regions lack all known eukaryotic cis-regulatory elements, and it is not known how genetic and epigenetic factors cooperate to define dSSRs as regions of productive initiation. (wustl.edu)
The CAMTAs are a family of well-characterized Calmodulin (CaM) binding transcription factors that are reported to be evolutionarily conserved from plants to animals 1 . (nature.com)
In addition to its role in activator-dependent transcription, acting as an interface between gene-specific regulatory factors and the general transcription machinery, there is also evidence that mediator is required for basal transcription ( B iddick and Y oung 2005 ). (genetics.org)
Substances known as transcription factors often determine how a cell develops as well as which proteins it produces and in what quantities. (mpg.de)
Transcription factors bind to a section of DNA and control how strongly a gene in that section is activated. (mpg.de)
A team of scientists headed by Sebastiaan Meijsing at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics have now come to a different conclusion: The researchers discovered that transcription factors can assume various shapes depending on which DNA segment they bind to. (mpg.de)
Consequently, transcription factors can bind to DNA segments without affecting a nearby gene. (mpg.de)
Other factors must also be involved in determining how strongly a transcription factor activates a gene. (mpg.de)
The receptors simultaneously act as transcription factors and regulate gene activity in the cells. (mpg.de)
In addition, adjacent DNA segments influence the activity of the bound transcription factors. (mpg.de)
Many DNA variants associated with diseases belong to sequences that evidently control the activity of transcription factors. (mpg.de)
Evidence has been provided for genetic as well as for environmental factors that affect the AO [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
A unique finding from this study is that the seven autoimmune disorders: SLE, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, and type 1 diabetes, share a common set of abnormal transcription factors - and each is affected by the EBNA2 protein, 1 said Dr. Harley. (endocrineweb.com)
this study found that when the virus infects cells, it makes its own transcription factors, which then connect to disease-specific risk loci on the human genome, thereby increasing the risk for that disease. (endocrineweb.com)
There are approximately 1600 known transcription factors within the human genome, to which Dr. Harley and his team have applied these analytic methods to examine connections between them and the known gene variants associated with more than 200 diseases. (endocrineweb.com)
How Do You Define the General Transcription Factors in Eukaryotes? (reference.com)
Eukaryotic gene expression requires RNA polymerase in addition to five proteins called general transcription factors. (reference.com)
RNA polymerase, together with one or more general transcription factors , binds to promoter DNA . (wikipedia.org)
Yeast two-hybrid screening and bimolecular luciferase complementation experiments revealed that FL3 interacts with the RNA polymerase III subunit 53 (RPC53) and transcription factor class C 1 (TFC1), two critical factors of the RNA polymerase III (RNAPIII) transcription complex. (plantcell.org)
Upstream regulator analysis discovered significant perturbation in oncogenic forkhead box and hypoxia inducible factor family transcription factors. (nih.gov)

Complex haploinsufficiency, which occurs when a strain containing two heterozygous mutations at distinct loci shows a phenotype that is distinct from either of the corresponding single heterozygous mutants, is an expedient approach to genetic interactions analysis in diploid organisms. (g3journal.org)
As chief of the NHGRI Genome Technology Branch's Molecular Pathogenesis section, he is interested in studying genetic mutations that lead to perturbations in normal metabolic pathways and cause disorders such as cancer and birth defects. (genome.gov)
We have identified mutations affecting components of three different complexes involved in the control of basal transcription: the mediator, TFIIH, and RNA pol II itself. (genetics.org)
We set forth to study the functionality of haplogroup-defining mutations within the mtDNA transcription/ replication regulatory region by in vitro transcription, hypothesizing that haplogroup-defining mutations occurring within regulatory motifs of mtDNA could affect these processes. (bgu.ac.il)
BACKGROUND: Patients with thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1)-negative pulmonary adenocarcinoma (ADC) have been reported to have a worse prognosis and to lack epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. (elsevier.com)
The AP1-SEU protein-protein interaction was supported by synergistic genetic interactions between ap1 and seu mutations. (biologists.org)
In other genetic disorders, defects may be caused by new mutations or changes to the DNA . (wikipedia.org)
Such mutants, designated rbt for regulator of basal transcription, can be classified into at least six complementation groups, i.e., four single (rbt1 to rbt4) and two apparently double (rbt5 rbt6 and rbt7 rbt8) mutations. (elsevier.com)
Molecular genetics is a powerful methodology for linking mutations to genetic conditions that may aid the search for treatments/cures for various genetics diseases. (wikipedia.org)
In a genetic screen, random mutations are generated with mutagens (chemicals or radiation) or transposons and individuals are screened for the specific phenotype. (wikipedia.org)

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation of proteins is an important modulator of cellular processes, from the regulation of chromatin and transcription to protein translation and stability ( 1 ). (sciencemag.org)
Accumulating evidence suggests that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a member of the STAT family of proteins, is such an oncogene. (aacrjournals.org)
The expansion of the genetic code with non-canonical amino acids (ncAA) enables the chemical and biophysical properties of proteins to be tailored, inside cells, with a previously unattainable level of precision. (uni-konstanz.de)
The role of SEU proteins in bridging the interaction between AP1/SEP3 and LUG to repress target gene transcription was further demonstrated in yeast and plant cells, providing important mechanistic insights into co-repressor function in plants. (biologists.org)
However, the majority of the genetic code does not actually code for proteins. (reference.com)
Along with the Central Dogma, the genetic code is used in understanding how RNA is translated into proteins. (wikipedia.org)

DnaA is the bacterial replication initiator, which also functions as a transcription factor to regulate gene expression. (mit.edu)
In B. subtilis, DnaA has previously been shown to repress its own transcription and has also been implicated in directing part of the transcriptional response to replication stress. (mit.edu)
The research article I will be analyzing is, "Control of bacterial transcription, translation and replication by (p)ppGpp" written by Anjana Srivatsan and Jue D Wang, published in 2008 Current Opinion in Microbiology 11: 100-105. (brightkite.com)
The main research area of the paper is to control and regulate bacterial transcription, translation and replication with the use of the small nucleotides, pppGpp and ppGpp (also known as, (p)ppGpp). (brightkite.com)
The introduction makes a convincing case of importance and value of the study by presenting the experiments performed already as well as showing success in generating the nucleotides ppGpp and pppGpp, which retained their capacity to control bacterial transcription, translation and replication. (brightkite.com)
The experimental approach succeeds in answering the main question of the article, can (p)ppGpp control transcription, translation and replication? (brightkite.com)
This triggering, admits E. coli to produce (p)ppGpp allowing the nucleotides to be tested for control and regulation of transcription, translation and replication. (brightkite.com)
The two main functions of the genetic material in a cell, also known as DNA, are gene expression and replication. (reference.com)
Replication of the genetic material takes place through two processes, mitosis and meiosis. (reference.com)
As opposed to DNA replication , transcription results in an RNA complement that includes the nucleotide uracil (U) in all instances where thymine (T) would have occurred in a DNA complement. (wikipedia.org)
As a result, transcription has a lower copying fidelity than DNA replication. (wikipedia.org)
However, researchers now know that reverse transcription also occurs during the replication of the DNA virus hepatitis B, and that RNA-copying DNA polymerases function within human cells. (jrank.org)

The length of minus strong-stop DNA that locates the RNA start site coincides with the data obtained from S1 nuclease analysis of transcription initiation. (nih.gov)
Transcription takes place in three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. (lumenlearning.com)
Transcription occurs in the three steps-initiation, elongation, and termination-all shown here. (lumenlearning.com)
Initiation is the beginning of transcription. (lumenlearning.com)
Rather, nuclease-hypersensitive sites are positioned heterogeneously across broad regions associated with epigenetic marks indicative of active transcription, suggesting that transcription initiation events occur promiscuously within regions associated with a transcriptionally-permissive epigenetic state. (wustl.edu)
In addition to these genetic studies we also focused on epigenetic determinants of transcriptional activity in Leishmania, with respect to both transcription initiation and transcription termination. (wustl.edu)
this finding argues against an effect on initiation or elongation of transcription. (pnas.org)
Transcription is divided into initiation , promoter escape , elongation, and termination . (wikipedia.org)

For transcription in eukaryotes, see Eukaryotic transcription . (wikipedia.org)
At the 3′ ends, eukaryotic mRNAs typically contain long runs of adenosine residues (polyA) that are not encoded in the DNA but are added enzymatically after transcription. (britannica.com)

Transcription factor 7-like 2 gene ( TCF7L2 ) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors- γ 2 ( PPAR- γ 2 ) have a profound effect on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and had previously been found to be associated with T2DM risk in various ppopulations. (hindawi.com)
Transcription factor-7-like 2 gene variants are strongly associated with type 2 diabetes in Tunisian Arab subjects. (semanticscholar.org)

Overall, these studies identified genetic regulators of molecular diversity among individuals and provide new insights into mechanisms of gene regulation. (nature.com)
Molecular and genetic analysis of the role of the MADS-box Type I transcription factor AGL34 in seed development. (uio.no)
Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin have now discovered that the DNA segment to which a transcription factor binds can assume various spatial arrangements. (mpg.de)
The development of DNA sequencing techniques in the late 1970s, first by Maxam and Gilbert, and then by Frederick Sanger, was pivotal to molecular genetic research and enabled scientists to begin conducting genetic screens to relate genotypic sequences to phenotypes. (wikipedia.org)
Today, through the application of molecular genetic techniques, genomics is being studied in many model organisms and data is being collected in computer databases like NCBI and Ensembl. (wikipedia.org)

ToxR is a transmembrane DNA-binding protein that is required for transcription of toxT and also can directly activate transcription of the cholera toxin operon (ctxAB). (asm.org)
Identification and Validation of Genetic Variants that Influence Transcription Factor and Cell Signaling Protein Levels. (diagenode.com)
Here, we further developed the micro-western array approach and globally examined relationships between human genetic variation and cellular protein levels. (diagenode.com)
It has been suggested that transcription factor 7-like 2 protein (TCF7L2) plays an important role in glucose metabolism by regulating the production level of glucagon-like peptide-1, a hormone which modifies glucose-dependent insulin secretion. (semanticscholar.org)
The results, together with the previous finding that showed its predominant localization in the nucleus, suggest that this DNA-binding protein could be a transcription factor. (microbiologyresearch.org)
NC2 operates by interacting with the core promoter and components of the basal transcription machinery, like the TATA-binding protein (TBP). (genetics.org)
A DNA transcription unit encoding for a protein may contain both a coding sequence , which will be translated into the protein, and regulatory sequences , which direct and regulate the synthesis of that protein. (wikipedia.org)
Many of the functions are associated with translation, in which the genetic code of messenger RNA molecules is used to help the ribosomes synthesize a specific protein. (encyclopedia.com)
protein synthesis DNA in the cell nucleus carries a genetic code, which consists of sequences of adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) (Figure 1). (britannica.com)

In most multicellular eukaryotes, centromeres are composed of long tracts of satellite repeats that are recalcitrant to sequencing and fine-scale genetic mapping. (elsevier.com)

The present study elucidates differences in the regulatory mechanisms by which glucose controls the transcription and turnover of the SUC2 and Ip mRNAs. (nih.gov)
However, other mechanisms of repression operate through the core promoter and general transcription factor interactions ( L ee and Y oung 1998 ). (genetics.org)
Until recently, researchers have been unable to identify the mechanisms for the genetic associations of most diseases. (endocrineweb.com)
Transcription has some proofreading mechanisms, but they are fewer and less effective than the controls for copying DNA. (wikipedia.org)

Genetic analysis of the interaction between Vibrio cholerae transcription activator ToxR and toxT promoter DNA. (asm.org)
Data presented in this report demonstrate that nucleotides within the upstream half-site of an inverted repeat element in the toxT promoter are critical for ToxR-regulated activation of transcription in V. cholerae. (asm.org)
under the control of one promoter (a short segment of DNA to which the RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription). (britannica.com)
Besides sin4, rgr1, tup1, and ssn6 mutants, we also obtained new mutants that enhance basal transcription even from a core promoter without UAS. (elsevier.com)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that is activated in diverse human tumors and may play a direct role in malignant transformation. (aacrjournals.org)

Negative cofactor 2 (NC2) has been described as an essential and evolutionarily conserved transcriptional repressor, although in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that it can function as both a positive and a negative effector of transcription. (genetics.org)
Thank you to everyone who attended the webinar titled 'Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) derived from patients with known genetic disease for modeling disease progression in vitro ' on March 16, 2017. (regmednet.com)
[5] When a couple where one partner or both are sufferers or carriers of a single-gene disorder wish to have a child, they can do so through in vitro fertilization, which enables preimplantation genetic diagnosis to occur to check whether the embryo has the genetic disorder. (wikipedia.org)

If NELF is ribosylated, pausing is released and productive transcription elongation resumes. (sciencemag.org)

Evidence from various studies has shown that genetic susceptibility to T2DM is polygenic [ 5 , 6 ], and Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have reported more than 20 genetic loci associated with the risk of T2DM [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)

However, recently the paired box transcription factor PAX3 was shown to transcriptionally activate POU3F2/BRN2, leading to direct repression of MITF expression. (frontiersin.org)
To elucidate the way in which these two repression systems are interrelated, we isolated mutants that exhibit enhanced transcription of a reporter gene harboring the upstream activation sequence (UAS), but still are subject to Tup1-Ssn6-mediated repression. (elsevier.com)

Activation-induced deaminase (AID) can drive lymphomagenesis by generating off-target DNA breaks at loci that harbor highly active enhancers and display convergent transcription. (elifesciences.org)
Typical approaches to GWAS exploit linkage disequilibrium (LD) between genetic variants such as SNPs and loci that directly affect traits of interest. (biomedcentral.com)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , transcription of a secreted acid phosphatase, PHO5 , is repressed in response to high concentrations of extracellular inorganic phosphate. (genetics.org)

The first successful example of TF-based genetic engineering for increased NUE is the improvement of Arabidopsis growth under nitrogen-limited conditions, which was achieved using the maize TF gene Dof1 . (springer.com)
In this chapter, we summarize the concept underlying TF-based genetic engineering of NUE and provide a list of TFs shown to be potentially useful for genetically modifying NUE in the model plant Arabidopsis and several crop species. (springer.com)
Guan P, Wang R, Nacry P, Breton G, Kay SA, Pruneda-Paz JL, Davani A, Crawford NM (2014) Nitrate foraging by Arabidopsis roots is mediated by the transcription factor TCP20 through the systemic signaling pathway. (springer.com)
Previously, we identified and isolated two Arabidopsis transcription co-repressors LEUNIG ( LUG ) and SEUSS ( SEU ) that function together in a putative co-repressor complex to prevent ectopic AGAMOUS ( AG ) transcription in flowers. (biologists.org)

The synthesis of small, non-natural oscillatory genetic circuits have been increasingly used to test fundamental principles of genetic network dynamics. (arxiv.org)

Our studies using the bidirectional reporter validate these observations and strongly suggest that Leishmania do not require cis-regulatory elements for efficient bidirectional transcription initiating in dSSRs, as a large region of the dSSR can be replaced with unrelated sequences without altering bidirectional reporter gene expression. (wustl.edu)
This submission provides a demonstation of a MPCC (mathematical program with complementarity constraints) based solution of a genetic regulatory circuit design problem. (mathworks.com)
On the Use of MPCCs in Combined Topological and Parametric Design of Genetic Regulatory Circuits. (mathworks.com)

it has been shown that Bur6 is able to selectively repress basal transcription from some promoters and to stimulate activated transcription from others ( C ang and P relich 2002 ). (genetics.org)
Transcription is initiated at regions of DNA called promoters, which are typically 20 to 150 base pairs long, depending on the organism. (encyclopedia.com)

Divergence of transcription factor binding sites across related yeast species. (nature.com)
Thus, we speculate that Rbf1p may be involved in the regulation of the transition between yeast and filamentous forms at the level of transcription. (microbiologyresearch.org)

This revealed that in the error-prone DNA regions, two processes - called convergent transcription and transcriptional stalling - interfere with transcription. (elifesciences.org)
While in the US, he was successful in identifying the RNA polymerase associated with the transcription and methylation processes of Ribonucleic acid in 1961. (wikipedia.org)

T2DM involves a complex interaction between genetic variants and the environment, with obesity being a primary risk factor [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Because of the largely diploid nature of the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans , genetic interaction analysis has been limited to a small number of large-scale screens and a handful for gene-by-gene studies. (g3journal.org)
Here, we describe the construction of a barcoded-library of 133 heterozygous TF deletion mutants and deletion cassettes for designed to facilitate complex haploinsufficiency-based genetic interaction studies of the TF networks in C. albicans . (g3journal.org)
The genetic interaction networks at each stage of biofilm formation are significantly different indicating that the network is not static but dynamic. (g3journal.org)
One area of C. albicans genetic analysis that has not been extensively developed compared to other systems is genetic interaction analysis. (g3journal.org)

Our eRD-GWAS results are consistent with the hypothesis that genetic variation in transcription factor expression contributes substantially to phenotypic diversity. (biomedcentral.com)

Reverse transcription intermediate forms (minus and plus strong-stop DNA) are detected in Drosophila melanogaster cultured cells for mobile dispersed genetic elements mdg1, mdg3, and mdg4 (gypsy). (nih.gov)
The mdg elements studied possess a common mechanism of reverse transcription, despite their structural differences, and the comparative analysis of intermediate forms proves that mdg elements pass the same stages of reverse transcription as retroviruses. (nih.gov)
To determine the extent of genetic variations and the nature of swine HEV infections in U.S. pigs, we developed a universal reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assay that is capable of detecting genetically divergent strains of HEV. (pubmedcentralcanada.ca)
Some viruses like HIV have RNA as their genetic material that copies into DNA in a reverse transcription manner. (news-medical.net)
Varmus, H. "Reverse Transcription. (jrank.org)

The discovery of DNA as a means to transfer the genetic code of life from one cell to another and between generations was essential for identifying the molecule responsible for heredity. (wikipedia.org)

Cancerous cells often contain alterations to the genetic information in their DNA. (elifesciences.org)
Several researchers have sequenced the entire DNA of childhood leukemia cells, with the result that almost all of the genetic alterations linked to these conditions have been catalogued. (elifesciences.org)
Recent evidence also suggests that transcription - the process of producing useful molecules from a stretch of DNA - can play a role in generating genetic alterations. (elifesciences.org)
while the onset of overt disease requires additional genetic alterations. (elifesciences.org)

This CENHS-associated chromatin domain is embedded within a 3113-kb region that lacks genetic recombination. (elsevier.com)

We showed that most transcription factor binding variation is cis -linked, and that many variations are associated with polymorphisms residing in the binding motifs of Ste12 as well as those of several proposed Ste12 cofactors. (nature.com)
The correlations between body fat and insulin resistance have been very well established [ 3 ], and the associations between genetic polymorphisms and T2DM were demonstrated to be reliant on obesity status [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
In over 400 German HD patients, polymorphisms in the nuclear respiratory factor 1 gene, NRF-1 , and the mitochondrial transcription factor A, encoded by TFAM showed nominally significant association with AO of HD. (biomedcentral.com)

The band of DNA transcribed into RNA is called a transcription unit and encodes at least one gene. (omicsonline.org)

By mapping differences in transcription factor binding among individuals, here we present the genetic basis of such variation on a genome-wide scale. (nature.com)
Genetic analysis of genome-wide variation in human gene expression. (nature.com)

Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), is thought to be a central player in melanoma biology, and it controls many aspects of the phenotypic expression of the melanocytic lineage. (frontiersin.org)

In precursor leukemias, the most common genetic changes involve deleting, adding or rearranging segments of the DNA sequence. (elifesciences.org)
These findings reveal these common genetic variations as attractive diagnostic tools in risk stratification for restenosis. (ahajournals.org)

GG20) lines were developed using AtDREB1A gene, encoding for a transcription factor, through Agrobacterium -mediated genetic transformation. (frontiersin.org)
Study on Genetic Transformation of Hevea Brasil. (scoop.it)

We present signal feature analysis to detect vulnerable regions and quantified from human cells how convergent transcription contributes to R-loop generation and RNA polymerase stalling. (elifesciences.org)
In a series of phenotypic and genetic analysis, a 10% transmission reduction of the agl36;agl62 double mutant combination through the female gametophyte was observed, suggesting a role in the female gametophyte. (uio.no)
Genetic variants detected via eQTL analysis can act in cis or in trans . (biomedcentral.com)

To investigate the signal transduction pathway leading to transcriptional regulation of PHO5 , we carried out a genetic selection for mutants that express PHO5 constitutively. (genetics.org)

Recently, the transcription factor 7-like 2 ( TCF7L2 ) gene has been associated with type 2 diabetes in subjects of European origin in the DeCode study. (diabetesjournals.org)
These data provide evidence that TCF7L2 is a major determinant of type 2 diabetes risk in European populations and suggests that this transcription factor plays a key role in glucose homeostasis. (diabetesjournals.org)
Several studies have shown linkage between type 2 diabetes and chromosome 10q in Mexican-American, French, English, and Icelandic populations ( 4 - 7 ) with a strong association between type 2 diabetes and variation in the transcription factor 7-like 2 ( TCF7L2 ) gene found in Icelandic, Danish, and American populations ( 8 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Because French type 2 diabetic families exhibit evidence for linkage in a chromosome 10q region encompassing the TCF7L2 locus, we assessed the contribution of TCF7L2 genetic variation to type 2 diabetes genetic risk. (diabetesjournals.org)
Association of transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) variants with type 2 diabetes in a Finnish sample. (semanticscholar.org)

The transcription is the initial step of gene expression which involves the particular segment of DNA which is copied to RNA with the help of RNA Polymerase enzyme. (omicsonline.org)
Combined transcription and genome data from multiple tissues in hundreds of human donors reveal links between genotype and gene expression across the body. (the-scientist.com)

Control of Transcription. (wikipedia.org)

Termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. (lumenlearning.com)
We showed that the histone variants H2A.Z and H2B.V, which are associated with transcriptionally permissive regions in T. brucei, are essential in L. major, while the transcription termination-associated histone variant H3.V is not. (wustl.edu)
Interestingly, unlike Leishmania lacking the DNA modification base J, H3.V-null L. major shows no defects in transcription termination. (wustl.edu)

Cell-free transcription-translation (TX-TL) systems offer a simple and fast alternative to performing these characterizations in cells. (caltech.edu)
Transcription and Translation. (lumenlearning.com)

Species-specific transcription in mice carrying human chromosome 21. (nature.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs124

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes84

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

The Drosophila kismet gene is related to chromatin-remodeling factors and is required for both segmentation and segment identity. (1/75781)

Transcriptional repression by the Drosophila giant protein: cis element positioning provides an alternative means of interpreting an effector gradient. (2/75781)

Activation of systemic acquired silencing by localised introduction of DNA. (3/75781)

Association of snRNA genes with coiled bodies is mediated by nascent snRNA transcripts. (4/75781)

TIF1gamma, a novel member of the transcriptional intermediary factor 1 family. (5/75781)

Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene is a direct target of c-Myc but is not functionally equivalent in cellular transformation. (6/75781)

B-MYB transactivates its own promoter through SP1-binding sites. (7/75781)

Differential stability of the DNA-activated protein kinase catalytic subunit mRNA in human glioma cells. (8/75781)

Transcription Factors

Transcription, Genetic

Gene Expression Regulation

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Sp1 Transcription Factor

Base Sequence

RNA, Messenger

Molecular Sequence Data

Transcriptional Activation

Trans-Activators

Binding Sites

DNA-Binding Proteins

Cell Line

Transcription Initiation Site

Nuclear Proteins

Protein Binding

Repressor Proteins

Amino Acid Sequence

DNA

Mutation

RNA Polymerase II

Transcription Factor AP-1

STAT3 Transcription Factor

Cell Nucleus

Signal Transduction

HeLa Cells

Transfection

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors

Transcription Factors, TFII

Transcription Factor TFIID

Plasmids

Genes, Reporter

DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases

Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental

Reverse Transcription

Cloning, Molecular

Homeodomain Proteins

Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid

Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors

Cells, Cultured

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation

Forkhead Transcription Factors

Transcription Factor TFIIB

Enhancer Elements, Genetic

Chromatin

Transcription Factor AP-2

Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal

Cell Differentiation

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

STAT1 Transcription Factor

YY1 Transcription Factor

Sp3 Transcription Factor

TATA Box

Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors

Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay

Gene Expression

Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins

Gene Expression Profiling

Luciferases

Histones

Bacterial Proteins

NFATC Transcription Factors

Escherichia coli

Activating Transcription Factor 2

NF-kappa B

Operon

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Phosphorylation

Zinc Fingers

GATA4 Transcription Factor

Cell Line, Tumor

Activating Transcription Factor 3

Models, Genetic

RNA

Tumor Cells, Cultured

E2F1 Transcription Factor

Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors