Toxicodendron
Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of moronic acid purified from Rhus javanica in vitro and in vivo. (1/26)
Rhus javanica, a medicinal herb, has been shown to exhibit oral therapeutic anti-herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity in mice. We purified two major anti-HSV compounds, moronic acid and betulonic acid, from the herbal extract by extraction with ethyl acetate at pH 10 followed by chromatographic separations and examined their anti-HSV activity in vitro and in vivo. Moronic acid was quantitatively a major anti-HSV compound in the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction. The effective concentrations for 50% plaque reduction of moronic acid and betulonic acid for wild-type HSV type 1 (HSV-1) were 3.9 and 2.6 microgram/ml, respectively. The therapeutic index of moronic acid (10.3-16.3) was larger than that of betulonic acid (6.2). Susceptibility of acyclovir-phosphonoacetic acid-resistant HSV-1, thymidine kinase-deficient HSV-1, and wild-type HSV type 2 to moronic acid was similar to that of the wild-type HSV-1. When this compound was administered orally to mice infected cutaneously with HSV-1 three times daily, it significantly retarded the development of skin lesions and/or prolonged the mean survival times of infected mice without toxicity compared with the control. Moronic acid suppressed virus yields in the brain more efficiently than those in the skin. This was consistent with the prolongation of mean survival times. Thus, moronic acid was purified as a major anti-HSV compound from the herbal extract of Rhus javanica. Mode of the anti-HSV activity was different from that of ACV. Moronic acid showed oral therapeutic efficacy in HSV-infected mice and possessed novel anti-HSV activity that was consistent with that of the extract. (+info)Spectroscopic and kinetic studies on the oxygen-centered radical formed during the four-electron reduction process of dioxygen by Rhus vernicifera laccase. (2/26)
The oxygen-centered radical bound to the trinuclear copper center was detected as an intermediate during the reoxidation process of the reduced Rhus vernicifera laccase with dioxygen and characterized by using absorption, stopped-flow, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies and by super conducting quantum interface devices measurement. The intermediate bands appeared at 370 nm (epsilon approximately 1000), 420 nm (sh), and 670 nm (weak) within 15 ms, and were observable for approximately 2 min at pH 7.4 but for less than 5 s at pH 4.2. The first-order rate constant for the decay of the intermediate has been determined by stopped-flow spectroscopy, showing the isotope effect, k(H)/k(D) of 1.4 in D(2)O. The intermediate was found to decay mainly from the protonated form by analyzing pH dependences. The enthalpy and entropy of activation suggested that a considerable structure change takes place around the active site during the decay of the intermediate. The EPR spectra at cryogenic temperatures (<27 K) showed two broad signals with g approximately 1.8 and 1.6 depending on pH. We propose an oxygen-centered radical in magnetic interaction with the oxidized type III copper ions as the structure of the three-electron reduced form of dioxygen. (+info)A novel mixed valence form of Rhus vernicifera laccase and its reaction with dioxygen to give a peroxide intermediate bound to the trinuclear center. (3/26)
Rhus vernicifera laccase, in a novel mixed valence state [T1oxT23red: type 1 Cu as Cu(II), and type 2 and 3 Cus as Cu(I)], was formed by reacting Cu(I) on the type 2 Cu-depleted laccase [T1oxT3red: type 1 Cu as Cu(II) and type 3 Cus as Cu(I)] under argon. Contrary to T1oxT3red, T1oxT23red was highly reactive with dioxygen, and gave the three transient bands at 340, 475, and 680 nm due to the two-electron reduced form of dioxygen [charge transfer bands from peroxide to Cu(II)]. The first order decays were highly dependent on pH, which led to the successful detection of the intermediate for ca. 2 h at pH 7.5. Another mixed valence derivative, T12oxT3red [type 1 and type 2 Cus as Cu(II), and type 3 Cus as Cu(I)] prepared through the action of Cu(II) on T1oxT3red was not reactive with dioxygen, but showed high enzyme activity as to the oxidation of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine. The whole reaction mechanism of the reduction of dioxygen by laccase was proposed based on the present results together with data for the former detection and characterization of the three-electron reduced form of dioxygen [Huang, H. et al. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 46, 32718-32724]. (+info)Anaerobic reactions of Rhus vernicifera laccase and its type-2 copper-depleted derivatives with hexacyanoferrate(II). (4/26)
Anaerobic reactions of Rhus vernicifera laccase and its type-2 copper-depleted derivatives with hexacyanoferrate(II) were investigated by absorption and e.s.r. spectroscopy. When native laccase was treated with excess hexacyanoferrate(II), the type-1 and type-2 coppers were immediately reduced and the e.s.r. signal due to type-3 copper was transiently observed. After incubation, a novel e.s.r. signal (g parallel = 2.31, g perpendicular = 2.08) developed together with the type-1 copper signal. Only the novel e.s.r. signal was left after the sample had been treated with ascorbate. In the corresponding absorption spectrum, a new band was observed at around 490 nm. A similar new e.s.r. signal did not appear for the type-2-copper-depleted (T2D) laccase, in which the type-3 copper had been reduced during the procedure to deplete the type-2 copper. On the other hand, the novel e.s.r. signal emerged when the type-3 copper in T2D laccase had been previously reoxidized with H2O2. The novel e.s.r. signal was not significantly saturated even by 200 mV microwave power at 4 K. Quantitative estimations and a small molecule study for CuII-FeII(CN)6 and CuII-FeIII(CN)6 systems suggested that the novel e.s.r. signal corresponds to some sort of adduct involving the type-3 copper and hexacyanoferrate(II). (+info)Nonenzymic spectrophotometric determination of potential poison ivy cross-reactors. (5/26)
I describe an inexpensive, nonenzymic analytical system for prescreening substances that might cross-react as Rhus toxing (e.g., poison ivy, poison oak, and sumac allergens) on human skin. By spectrophotometric assay after incubation with an oxidizing mixture of Cu(II)ammine complex and ammonium persulfate, I could accurately and reproducibly determine o-quinoidal products of several potential synthetic cross-reactors and native poison ivy allergen, and could distinguish these from catecholamines, resorcinol, p-hydroquinone, and a closely related phenol. A good correlation was obtained between this nonenzymic technique and an enzymic assay. This Cu(II)ammine/persulfate oxidative assay, however, is inexpensive and obviates any spectral interference from enzymic proteins. (+info)Reductant-dependent electron distribution among redox sites of laccase. (6/26)
Rhus laccase (monophenol monooxygenase, monophenol,dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) an O2/H2O oxidoreductase containing four copper ions bound to three redox sites (type 1, type 2, and type 3 Cu pair), was titrated anaerobically with several reductants having various chemical and thermodynamic properties. The distribution of electron equivalents among the redox sites was found to be reductant dependent. When the data for titration by various reductants of the type 3 site were plotted against those of the type 1 site according to the Nernst formalism, the slope n varied from 2.0 to 1.0. The redox potential of the reductant's first oxidation step is qualitatively correlated with the value of n and is suggested as the factor that modulates the electron distribution. Such a behavior implies a nonequilibrium situation. A very good simulation of the data was provided by an analysis assuming a formally variable cooperativity between the two type 3 copper ions. This apparent variability is suggested to result from a process whereby sufficiently strong reductants induce a transition of the type 3 site from a cooperative two-electron acceptor to a pair of independent one-electron acceptors. This uncoupled state of the type 3 site is considered metastable. Other possible models were also investigated. Summarizing the available data, we conclude that the two-electron accepting behavior of the 330-nm chromophore is the exception rather than the rule. (+info)Biomass and toxicity responses of poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) to elevated atmospheric CO2. (7/26)
Contact with poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) is one of the most widely reported ailments at poison centers in the United States, and this plant has been introduced throughout the world, where it occurs with other allergenic members of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae). Approximately 80% of humans develop dermatitis upon exposure to the carbon-based active compound, urushiol. It is not known how poison ivy might respond to increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)), but previous work done in controlled growth chambers shows that other vines exhibit large growth enhancement from elevated CO(2). Rising CO(2) is potentially responsible for the increased vine abundance that is inhibiting forest regeneration and increasing tree mortality around the world. In this 6-year study at the Duke University Free-Air CO(2) Enrichment experiment, we show that elevated atmospheric CO(2) in an intact forest ecosystem increases photosynthesis, water use efficiency, growth, and population biomass of poison ivy. The CO(2) growth stimulation exceeds that of most other woody species. Furthermore, high-CO(2) plants produce a more allergenic form of urushiol. Our results indicate that Toxicodendron taxa will become more abundant and more "toxic" in the future, potentially affecting global forest dynamics and human health. (+info)Photoreduction of copper chromophores in blue oxidases. (8/26)
The low temperature (77 K) irradiation of oxidized ceruloplasmin and Rhus vernicifera laccase at the 330 nm absorption which arises from type 3 copper leads to the reduction of type 1 copper as demonstrated by bleaching of the 610 nm chromophore and the decrease of the EPR signal associated with this species. Type 2 copper remains unaffected. Concomitant with the type 1 copper reduction, a new EPR signal which is possibly that of a biradical appears. Upon thawing, type 1 copper is reversibly oxidized and the radical signal disappears. Irradiation of oxidized protein at the absorption band of type 1 copper produces no spectral change. An EPR study at room temperature confirms the wave-length specificity and reversibility of the photoreduction of type 1 copper and radical formation. Radical appearance and disappearance at room temperature are extremely slow (tau1/2 approximately 30 min). Optical studies at room temperature show that upon anaerobic irradiation of laccase in the 330 nm absorption band, both type 3 and type 1 chromophores are slowly reduced. Upon return to the dark and in the presence of O2, both type 3 and type 1 centers are reoxidized. Oxidizing equivalents either from O2 or K3Fe(CN)6 are required for the reoxidation reaction. These studies demonstrate that there is a direct energy transfer between type 3 and type 1 copper sites in blue copper oxidases. (+info)"Toxicodendron" is a genus of flowering plants in the family Anacardiaceae, also known as the cashew family. This genus includes several species that are well-known for causing allergic reactions in humans, particularly through contact with their sap or urushiol-containing parts of the plant. The most common and notorious species in this genus is Toxicodendron radicans, also known as poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. These plants can cause an itchy, blistering rash upon contact with the skin, which is a type of allergic reaction called contact dermatitis. The severity of the reaction can vary from person to person, depending on their sensitivity to urushiol and the amount of exposure they have had to the plant.
Toxicodendron dermatitis is a type of contact dermatitis that results from exposure to plants belonging to the Toxicodendron genus, which includes poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac. The reaction is caused by an oily resin called urushiol found in these plants. When the oil comes into contact with the skin, it can cause an allergic reaction that leads to a red, itchy rash, often with blisters or weeping lesions.
The rash usually appears within 12-72 hours after exposure and can last for several weeks. The severity of the reaction varies from person to person, depending on their sensitivity to urushiol and the amount of contact they had with the plant. In addition to direct skin contact, urushiol can also be spread through secondary sources such as clothing, pets, or tools that have come into contact with the plant.
Prevention measures include avoiding contact with Toxicodendron plants, wearing protective clothing and gloves when working in areas where these plants may be present, and washing skin and clothing thoroughly with soap and water after exposure. In some cases, medical treatment may be necessary to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Toxicodendron
Toxicodendron diversilobum
Toxicodendron striatum
Toxicodendron parviflorum
Toxicodendron pubescens
Toxicodendron calcicola
Toxicodendron delavayi
Toxicodendron succedaneum
Toxicodendron orientale
Toxicodendron vernicifluum
Toxicodendron vernix
Toxicodendron rydbergii
Toxicodendron radicans
Dichorda iridaria
Allergy
Pine-cypress forest
Trione-Annadel State Park
Urushiol
List of flora of Indiana
Rhizome
Gaultheria shallon
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
Jamaica Bay
Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis
Gum (botany)
Stigmella rhoifoliella
List of tree genera
Teleiopsis baldiana
Bell's vireo
Poison ivy
Toxicodendron - Wikipedia
Toxicodendron Poisoning Medication: Corticosteroids, Antihistamines
Toxicodendron vernicifluum Lacquer Tree PFAF Plant Database
Toxicodendron | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
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Toxicodendron vernicifluum - Deciduous - Chinese Lacquer, Varnish Tree
DailyMed - LEG CRAMP COMPLEX- calcarea carbonica, colocynthis, cuprum aceticum, lacticum acidum, rhus toxicodendron, secale...
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RHUS TOXICODENDRON 10M MD - ehealthland.com
Eastern Poison-Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) Species Details and Allergy Info, Pitt county, North Carolina
Herbe à puce (Toxicodendron radicans) | Space for life
Poison-Ivy, Poison-Oak, Poison-Sumac (Toxicodendron) Genus Level Details & Allergy Info, Camden county, North Carolina
Toxicodendron diversilobum | Landscape Plants | Oregon State University
Rhus Toxicodendron - NutriChem
Rhus toxicodendron | Boiron Canada
Rhus Toxicodendron Archives - misiahomeopatia.sk
Rhus toxicodendron LM30, 1g Granuler
Rhus Toxicodendron 30c - Hearthside Inspirations
Toxicodendron vernicifluum definition - Linguix.com
Poison ivy: Toxicodendron radicans - Atlanta Expat
Poison-sumac (Toxicodendron vernix). Anacardiaceae. | New York Nature
Toxicodendron radicans - Species Page - IPA: Indiana Plant Atlas
Rhus toxicodendron 200CK - Herb Stop - Arizona's Herbal Store
Willmar Schwabe Germany Rhus Toxicodendron Pentarkan 73 (20ml) - Paras Homeopathy
German Rhus Toxicodendron Mother Tincture Q. 20ml. Buy online - Homeomart
Rhus Toxicodendron13
- Contact dermatitis from Rhus toxicodendron in a homeopathic remedy. (medscape.com)
- Clinical and immunologic features of systemic contact dermatitis from ingestion of Rhus (Toxicodendron). (medscape.com)
- Prevention of poison ivy dermatitis with oral homeopathic Rhus toxicodendron. (nih.gov)
- Rhus toxicodendron is seen by some older botanists as one with Rhus diversiloba and Rhus radicans since they can be distinguished only with difficulty. (qjure.com)
- Rhus toxicodendron pellets are prepared by carefully impregnating the dilution of the desired potency, in Pharma grade sugar pellets. (bahola.co)
- Rhus toxicodendron D30 20g Piller er et homeopatisk legemiddel. (arnika.no)
- Rhus toxicodendron L. var. (unc.edu)
- Examples of plants made into homeopathic medicines include arnica montana, allium cepa (Onion), ledum palustre (Wild rosemary), hypericum perforatum (St. Treatment with ruta graveolens 5ch and rhus toxicodendron 9ch may reduce joint pain and stiffness linked to aromatase inhibitors in women with early breast cancer: Results of a pilot observational study. (foodpharmacy.blog)
- Turn over a new leaf with rhus toxicodendron 30ch from unda. (foodpharmacy.blog)
- The complaints of Rhus Toxicodendron remedy come on from exposure to cold damp weather. (thehomoeopathystore.com)
- Active ingredient: Rhus toxicodendron [HPUS]. (homeopathyworks.com)
- Poisoning by Rhus toxicodendron of unusual severity. (nih.gov)
- Accidents causés par le contact du Rhus toxicodendron (térébinthacées anacardiées). (nih.gov)
Radicans5
- It is indeed poisonous, reputedly much more severe than Poison Ivy ( Toxicodendron rybergii and T. radicans ), but, however, restricted to swamps and other wet places in Minnesota's east central counties, so rarely likely to be encountered by the average day hiker. (minnesotawildflowers.info)
- Toxicodendron pubescens , Toxicodendron toxicarum, Toxicodendron radicans or Rhus radicans. (qjure.com)
- Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze ssp. (unc.edu)
- Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) plants are easily the most abundant native woody vine on our campus. (nih.gov)
- The most toxic species are Toxicodendron vernix (poison sumac), T. diversilobum (poison oak), and T. radicans (poison ivy). (nih.gov)
Diversilobum5
- Toxicodendron calcicolum, endemic to China Western poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum or Rhus diversiloba) is found throughout much of western North America, ranging from the Pacific coast into the Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges between southern British Columbia and southward into Baja California. (wikipedia.org)
- Poison ivy ( Toxicodendron rydbergii ), poison oak ( Toxicodendron diversilobum ), and poison sumac ( Toxicodendron vernix ) are most common in North America. (medscape.com)
- Toxicodendron diversilobum, single grain. (pollenlibrary.com)
- Toxicodendron diversilobum, multiple grains. (pollenlibrary.com)
- Toxicodendron diversilobum is a most devious plant, the closest thing I can think of as an argument for intelligent design if not by a benevolent creator, then by a demon. (notfrisco.com)
Genus9
- Toxicodendron is a genus of flowering plants in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae. (wikipedia.org)
- There is evidence which points to keeping Toxicodendron as a separate monophyletic genus, but researchers have stated that the Toxicodendron and Rhus groups are complex and require more study to be fully understood. (wikipedia.org)
- In East Asia, in particular in Japan, traditional candle fuel was produced from Toxicodendron vernicifluum (synonym: Rhus verniciflua) and Toxicodendron succedaneum (synonym: Rhus succedanea), among other sumac plants in the genus Toxicodendron, rather than beeswax or animal fats. (wikipedia.org)
- Rapid detection of urushiol allergens of Toxicodendron genus using leaf spray mass spectrometry. (medscape.com)
- Toxicodendron dermatitis is an allergic contact dermatitis (allergic phytodermatitis) that occurs from exposure to urushiol, a skin-irritating oil produced by members of the plant genus Toxicodendron . (medscape.com)
- Specifically, they are in the Genus Toxicodendron which also contains Poison Oak and Poison Sumac. (bellavistapoa.com)
- Poison-Ivy, Poison-Oak, Poison-Sumac (Toxicodendron) is a genus of the ANACARDIACEAE family. (pollenlibrary.com)
- ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Comprising of about 30 species, the genus Toxicodendron ( Anacardiaceae ) are mainly distributed in East Asia and North America . (bvsalud.org)
- A genus (formerly part of Rhus genus) of shrubs, vines, or trees that yields a highly allergenic oleoresin which causes a severe contact dermatitis ( DERMATITIS, TOXICODENDRON ). (nih.gov)
Dermatitis13
- citation needed] For specific information on prevention and treatment of Toxicodendron rashes, see Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis. (wikipedia.org)
- Post-exposure prevention of toxicodendron dermatitis with early forceful unidirectional washing. (medscape.com)
- Exposure to unroasted cashew nut shells can cause a dermatitis often confused with toxicodendron dermatitis in susceptible individuals. (medscape.com)
- Toxicodendron dermatitis is the most common cause of contact dermatitis in the United States, exceeding all other causes combined. (medscape.com)
- Toxicodendron dermatitis occurs outside North America. (medscape.com)
- With increasing global travel and transport of plants, true toxicodendron dermatitis is being increasingly reported in Europe, although it is still case reportable. (medscape.com)
- Toxicodendron dermatitis: poison ivy, oak, and sumac. (nih.gov)
- The patient was diagnosed with Toxicodendron contact dermatitis caused by exposure to poison ivy. (jcadonline.com)
- Toxicodendron contact dermatitis (TCD) is a highly pruritic papulovesicular eruption that represents a Type-IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction triggered by contact with the sap of plants from the Anacardiaceae family, which includes poison ivy (the most common), oak, and sumac. (jcadonline.com)
- Poison ivy and a related Toxicodendron species are considered a public health concern because they cause contact dermatitis, an inflammation of the skin caused by skin to plant contact (12). (cdc.gov)
- Preventive measures for toxicodendron dermatitis include using barriers. (medscape.com)
- Patch testing is discouraged for toxicodendron dermatitis because it might sensitize an unsensitized individual. (medscape.com)
- For more on toxicodendron dermatitis, read here . (medscape.com)
Poison6
- Asian poison ivy (Toxicodendron orientale, Rhus orientale or R. ambigua) is very similar to the American poison ivy, and replaces it throughout east Asia (so similar that some texts treat it as just a variety of the American species). (wikipedia.org)
- Small-flowered poison sumac (Toxicodendron parviflorum or Rhus parviflora) grows in the Himalayas between Kumaun, India and Bhutan Potanin's lacquer tree or Chinese varnish tree (Toxicodendron potaninii or Rhus potaninii) from central China, is similar to T. vernicifluum but with (usually) fewer leaflets per leaf. (wikipedia.org)
- Atlantic poison oak (Toxicodendron pubescens or Rhus toxicarium) grows mostly in sandy soils in eastern parts of the United States. (wikipedia.org)
- According to the 2018 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System, skin irritation from Toxicodendron was the 6th most common plant exposure, accounting for 1015 cases. (medscape.com)
- Poison Oak, Toxicodendron pubescens - Low growing upright shrub with thick, shiny, oak-like (lobed) leaves grouped by threes. (bellavistapoa.com)
- The less common Poison Oak (Toxicodendron toxicodendron) can also be found in scattered locations. (nih.gov)
PUBESCENS LEAF1
- Your search for TOXICODENDRON PUBESCENS LEAF did not return any results. (nih.gov)
Anacardiaceae1
- A comprehensive review of medicinal Toxicodendron (Anacardiaceae): Botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. (bvsalud.org)
Species5
- Although technically not Toxicodendron species, mangoes and Japanese lacquer trees also contain urushiol and can incite a similar clinical picture. (medscape.com)
- Toxicodendron species contain oleoresins known collectively as urushiol. (medscape.com)
- Toxicodendron species are abundant throughout the United States except in desert areas, elevations above 4000 ft, Alaska, and Hawaii. (medscape.com)
- And the search terms " Toxicodendron " and "the names of 31 species and their synonyms" were used to search for information from electronic databases such as Web of Science , Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed , Baidu Scholar, Springer, and Wiley Online Library . (bvsalud.org)
- These species on Toxicodendron are widely used in folkloric medicine and modern pharmacological activities. (bvsalud.org)
Toxicity1
- Lofgran T, Mahabal G. Toxicodendron Toxicity. (medscape.com)
Botany1
- Therefore, this review aims to provide a reference for further research and development on medicinal purpose of Toxicodendron by summarizing the works (from 1980 to 2023), and focusing on its botany , traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology . (bvsalud.org)
Grows1
- Toxicodendron acuminatum (or Rhus acuminata) grows in China, Bhutan, India and Nepal. (wikipedia.org)
Topical1
- Mass spectrometry of topical products containing Toxicodendron (RHUS) extracts. (cdc.gov)
Review1
- AIM OF THE STUDY To date, no comprehensive review on Toxicodendron has been published and the scientific basis of the traditional medicinal benefits of Toxicodendron have been less reported. (bvsalud.org)