Toxicity Tests, Acute
Toxicity Tests
Toxicity Tests, Subchronic
Toxicity Tests, Chronic
Toxicity Tests, Subacute
Lethal Dose 50
Morinda
Animal Testing Alternatives
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Daphnia
Skin Irritancy Tests
Amphipoda
Toxicology
Artemia
Plant Extracts
Metabonomics: evaluation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and pattern recognition technology for rapid in vivo screening of liver and kidney toxicants. (1/218)
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of metabonomics technology for developing a rapid-throughput toxicity screen using 2 known hepatotoxicants: carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) and alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) and 2 known nephrotoxicants: 2-bromoethylamine (BEA) and 4-aminophenol (PAP). In addition, the diuretic furosemide (FURO) was also studied. Single doses of CCl(4) (0.1 and 0.5 ml/kg), ANIT (10 and 100 mg/kg), BEA (15 and 150 mg/kg), PAP (15 and 150 mg/kg) and FURO (1 and 5 mg) were administered as single IP or oral doses to groups of 4 male Wistar rats/dose. Twenty-four-h urine samples were collected pretest, daily through Day 4, and on Day 10 (high dose CCl(4) and BEA only). Blood samples were taken on Days 1, 2, and 4 or 1, 4, and 10 for clinical chemistry assessment, and the appropriate target organ was examined microscopically. NMR spectra of urine were acquired and the data processed and subjected to principal component analyses (PCA). The results demonstrated that the metabonomic approach could readily distinguish the onset and reversal of toxicity with good agreement between clinical chemistry and PCA data. In at least 2 instances (ANIT and BEA), PCA analysis suggested effects at low doses, which were not as evident by clinical chemistry or microscopic analysis. Furosemide, which had no effect at the doses employed, did not produce any changes in PCA patterns. These data support the contention that the metabonomic approach represents a promising new technology for the development of a rapid throughput in vivo toxicity screen. (+info)Evaluation of plasma von Willebrand factor as a biomarker for acute arterial damage in rats. (2/218)
Plasma von Willebrand factor (vWF) was evaluated as a potential biomarker of acute arterial damage in rats after a vasotoxic dose of the dopaminergic vasodilator, fenoldopam (FP). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given FP or isotonic saline by subcutaneous injection, and plasma vWF was measured at 2, 6, and 24 hours after challenge. Mean plasma vWF values increased in FP-treated rats compared to controls at 2 hours (167 vs 122%; p < 0.05) and 6 hours postdose (172 vs 130%; p < 0.01) but were comparable to control values after 24 hours. Mesenteric arterial lesions were observed microscopically in all FP-treated rats 24 hours postdose but were not present in rats at 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 hours after FP challenge. Further, plasma vWF concentrations increased in saline-treated rats after only the minimal perturbation of repeated venipuncture. These results indicate an early, minimal, and transient release of vWF that precedes the onset of morphologically evident vascular damage. The minimal increases in plasma vWF concentrations were of limited predictive value, may be more reflective of an acute-phase reactant response, and were not considered a reliable biomarker of acute FP-induced arterial damage in the rat. (+info)Acute, subacute, and subchronic oral toxicity studies of 1,1-dichloroethane in rats: application to risk evaluation. (3/218)
1,1-Dichloroethane (DCE) is a solvent that is often found as a contaminant of drinking water and a pollutant at hazardous waste sites. Information on its short- and long-term toxicity is so limited that the U.S. EPA and ATSDR have not established oral reference doses or minimal risk levels for the volatile organic chemical (VOC). The acute oral LD(50) in male Sprague-Dawley (S-D) rats was estimated in the present study to be 8.2 g/kg of body weight (bw). Deaths appeared to be due to CNS depression and respiratory failure. In an acute/subacute experiment, male S-D rats were given 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 g DCE/kg in corn oil by gavage for 1, 5, or 10 consecutive days. The animals were housed in metabolism cages for collection of urine and sacrificed for blood and tissue sampling 24 h after their last dose. There were decreases in body weight gain and relative liver weight at all dosage levels, as well as increased renal nonprotein sulfhydryl levels at 2 and 4 g/kg after 5 and 10 days. Elevated serum enzyme levels, histopathological changes, and abnormal urinalyses were not manifest. For the subchronic study, adult male S-D rats were gavaged with 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 g DCE/kg 5 times weekly for up to 13 weeks. Animals receiving 4 g/kg exhibited pronounced CNS depression, with more than one-half dying by week 11. The 2-g/kg rats exhibited moderate CNS depression. One 2-g/kg rat died during week 6. There were very few manifestations of organ damage in animals that succumbed or in survivors at any dosage level. Decreases in bw gain and transient increases in enzymuria were noted at 2 and 4 g/kg. Serum enzyme levels and blood urea nitrogen were not elevated, nor were glycosuria or proteinuria present. Chemically induced histological changes were not seen in the liver, kidney, lung, brain, adrenal, spleen, stomach, epididymis, or testis. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450 experiments revealed that single, high oral doses of DCE did not alter total P450 levels, but did induce CYP2E1 levels and activity and inhibit CYP1A1 activity. These effects were reversible and regressed with repeated DCE exposure. There was no apparent progression of organ damage during the 13-week subchronic study, nor appearance of adverse effects not seen in the short-term exposures. One g/kg orally (po) was found to be the acute, subacute, and subchronic LOAEL for DCE, under the conditions of this investigation. In each instance, 0.5 g/kg was the NOAEL. (+info)Cytochrome oxidase inhibition induced by acute hydrogen sulfide inhalation: correlation with tissue sulfide concentrations in the rat brain, liver, lung, and nasal epithelium. (4/218)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important brain, lung, and nose toxicant. Inhibition of cytochrome oxidase is the primary biochemical effect associated with lethal H2S exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the concentration of sulfide and cytochrome oxidase activity in target tissues following acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of inhaled H2S. Hindbrain, lung, liver, and nasal (olfactory and respiratory epithelial) cytochrome oxidase activity and sulfide concentrations were determined in adult male CD rats immediately after a 3-h exposure to H2S (10, 30, 80, 200, and 400 ppm). We also determined lung sulfide and sulfide metabolite concentrations at 0, 1.5, 3, 3.25, 3.5, 4, 5, and 7 h after the start of a 3-h H2S exposure to 400 ppm. Lung sulfide concentrations increased during H2S exposure and rapidly returned to endogenous levels within 15 min after the cessation of the 400-ppm exposure. Lung sulfide metabolite concentrations were transiently increased immediately after the end of the 3-h H2S exposure. Decreased cytochrome oxidase activity was observed in the olfactory epithelium following exposure to > or = 30 ppm H2S. Increased olfactory epithelial sulfide concentrations were observed following exposure to 400 ppm H2S. Hindbrain and nasal respiratory epithelial sulfide concentrations were unaffected by acute H2S exposure. Nasal respiratory epithelial cytochrome oxidase activity was reduced following acute exposure to > or = 30 ppm H2S. Liver sulfide concentrations were increased following exposure to > or = 200 ppm H2S and cytochrome oxidase activity was increased following inhalation exposure to > or = 10 ppm H2S. Our results suggest that cytochrome oxidase inhibition is a sensitive biomarker of H2S exposure in target tissues, and sulfide concentrations are unlikely to increase postexposure in the brain, lung, or nose following a single 3-h exposure to < or = 30 ppm H2S. (+info)Buprenorphine and midazolam act in combination to depress respiration in rats. (5/218)
High dose buprenorphine is used as substitution treatment in human heroin addiction. Deaths have been reported in addicts using buprenorphine, frequently in association with benzodiazepines. In the current study, we observed the effects of buprenorphine and midazolam alone and in combination on arterial blood gases. Four groups of 10 male Sprague-Dawley rats received a parenteral injection of aqueous solvent, buprenorphine (30 mg/kg, iv), midazolam (160 mg/kg, ip), or buprenorphine (30 mg/kg, iv) plus midazolam (160 mg/kg, ip). Serial blood gases were obtained over 3 hours. There was a mild but significant effect of buprenorphine alone in comparison with the aqueous solvent on PaCO2 at 60 min (6.24 vs. 5.65 kPa, p< 0.01). There was also a mild but significant effect of midazolam alone in comparison with aqueous solvent on arterial pH at 90 min (7.33 vs. 7.41,p< 0.001) and PaCO2 at 60 min (6.52 vs. 5.65 kPa,p< 0.01). The combination of midazolam and buprenorphine produces a rapid, profound, and prolonged respiratory depression, as demonstrated by an increase in PaCO2 at 7.65 +/- 0.12 kPa at 20 min and a decrease in arterial pH at 7.25 +/- 0.02 at 20 min, with appearance of delayed hypoxia with a decrease in PaO2 at 8.74 +/- 0.20 kPa at 120 min. These data show that high doses of midazolam and buprenorphine alone have limited effects on arterial blood gases in rats while midazolam and buprenorphine appear to act in an additive or synergistic fashion to depress ventilation in rats. (+info)Interaction of exposure concentration and duration in determining acute toxic effects of sarin vapor in rats. (6/218)
Sarin (GB) vapor exposure is associated with both systemic and local toxic effects occurring primarily via the inhalation and ocular routes. The objective of these studies was to develop models for predicting dose-response effects of GB vapor concentrations as a function of exposure duration. Thus, the probability of GB vapor-induced lethality was estimated in rats exposed to various combinations of exposure concentration and duration. Groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to one of a series of GB vapor concentrations for a single duration (5-360 min) in a whole-body dynamic chamber. The onset of clinical signs and changes in blood cholinesterase activity were measured with each exposure. Separate effective concentrations for lethality in 50% of the exposed population (LC50) and corresponding dose-response slopes were determined for each exposure duration by the Bliss probit method. Contrary to that predicted by Haber's rule, the interaction of LC50 x time (LCT50) values increased with exposure duration (i.e., the CT for 50% lethality in the exposed population and corresponding dose-response slope was not constant over time). A plot of log (LCT50) versus log (exposure time) showed significant curvature. Predictive models derived from multifactor probit analysis of results describing the relationship between exposure conditions and probability of lethality in the rat are discussed. Overall, female rats were more sensitive to GB vapor toxicity than male rats over the range of exposure concentration and duration studied. Miosis was the initial clinical sign noted after the start of GB vapor exposure. Although blood cholinesterase activity was significantly inhibited by GB vapor exposure, poor correlation between cholinesterase inhibition and exposure conditions or cholinesterase inhibition and severity of clinical signs was noted. (+info)Acute and subchronic mammalian toxicity of naphthenic acids from oil sands tailings. (7/218)
Naphthenic acids are the most significant environmental contaminants resulting from petroleum extraction from oil sands deposits. In this study, a mixture of naphthenic acids isolated from Athabasca oil sands (AOS) tailings pond water was used in acute and subchronic toxicity tests with rodents, in order to assess potential risks posed to terrestrial wildlife. Dosages were chosen to bracket worst-case environmental exposure scenarios. In acute tests, adult female Wistar rats were given single po dosages of naphthenic acids at either 3, 30, or 300 mg per kg body weight (mg/kg), while adult male rats received 300 mg/kg. Food consumption was temporarily suppressed in the high-dose groups of both sexes. Following euthanasia 14 days later, histopathology revealed a significant incidence of pericholangitis in the high-dose group of both sexes, suggesting hepatotoxicity as an acute effect. Other histological lesions included brain hemorrhage in high-dose males, and cardiac periarteriolar necrosis and fibrosis in female rats. In subchronic tests, naphthenic acids were po administered to female Wistar rats at 0.6, 6, or 60 mg/kg, 5 days per week for 90 days. Results again suggested the liver as a potential target organ. The relative liver weight in the high-dose group was 35% higher than in controls. Biochemical analysis revealed elevated blood amylase (30% above controls) and hypocholesterolemia (43% below controls) in high-dose rats. Excessive hepatic glycogen accumulation was observed in 42% of animals in this group. These results indicate that, under worst-case exposure conditions, acute toxicity is unlikely in wild mammals exposed to naphthenic acids in AOS tailings pond water, but repeated exposure may have adverse health effects. (+info)Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is essential for acrylonitrile metabolism to cyanide: comparative studies using CYP2E1-null and wild-type mice. (8/218)
Acrylonitrile (AN) is a rodent carcinogen and suspected human carcinogen. Metabolism of AN proceeds via conjugation with glutathione or epoxidation via cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) to cyanoethylene oxide (CEO). It was hypothesized that CEO metabolism via epoxide hydrolase (EH) is the primary pathway for cyanide formation. The objective of this work is to assess the enzymatic basis of metabolism to cyanide. Male wild-type and CYP2E1-null mice received 0, 2.5, 10, 20, or 40 mg of AN/kg by gavage, and cyanide was measured in blood and tissues. CYP2E1 and EH expression were assessed using Western blot analyses. Present results demonstrated that cyanide concentrations in blood and tissues of AN-treated wild-type mice were higher at 1 versus 3 h, increased in a dose-dependent manner, and were significantly higher in AN-treated versus vehicle-treated mice. In contrast, cyanide concentrations in the blood and tissues of AN-treated CYP2E1-null mice were not statistically different from those of vehicle-treated mice. Furthermore, this work showed that EH is expressed in CYP2E1-null and wild-type mice. In conclusion, under the current experimental conditions using CYP2E1-null mice, current work demonstrated for the first time that CYP2E1-mediated oxidation is a prerequisite for AN metabolism to cyanide. Since earlier studies showed that CYP2E1 is the only enzyme responsible for AN epoxidation, it is concluded that AN metabolism to CEO is a prerequisite for cyanide formation, and this pathway is exclusively catalyzed by CYP2E1. Finally, this work confirmed that cyanide plays an essential role in the causation of the acute toxicity/mortality of AN. (+info)Acute toxicity tests are a category of medical or biological testing that measure the short-term adverse effects of a substance on living organisms. These tests are typically performed in a laboratory setting and involve exposing test subjects (such as cells, animals, or isolated organs) to a single high dose or multiple doses of a substance within a short period of time, usually 24 hours or less.
The primary objective of acute toxicity testing is to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) or concentration (LC50) of a substance, which is the amount or concentration that causes death in 50% of the test subjects. This information can be used to help assess the potential health hazards associated with exposure to a particular substance and to establish safety guidelines for its handling and use.
Acute toxicity tests are required by regulatory agencies around the world as part of the process of evaluating the safety of chemicals, drugs, and other substances. However, there is growing concern about the ethical implications of using animals in these tests, and many researchers are working to develop alternative testing methods that do not involve the use of live animals.
Toxicity tests, also known as toxicity assays, are a set of procedures used to determine the harmful effects of various substances on living organisms, typically on cells, tissues, or whole animals. These tests measure the degree to which a substance can cause damage, inhibit normal functioning, or lead to death in exposed organisms.
Toxicity tests can be conducted in vitro (in a test tube or petri dish) using cell cultures or in vivo (in living organisms) using animals such as rats, mice, or rabbits. The results of these tests help researchers and regulators assess the potential risks associated with exposure to various chemicals, drugs, or environmental pollutants.
There are several types of toxicity tests, including:
1. Acute toxicity tests: These tests measure the immediate effects of a single exposure to a substance over a short period (usually 24 hours or less).
2. Chronic toxicity tests: These tests evaluate the long-term effects of repeated exposures to a substance over an extended period (weeks, months, or even years).
3. Genotoxicity tests: These tests determine whether a substance can damage DNA or cause mutations in genetic material.
4. Developmental and reproductive toxicity tests: These tests assess the impact of a substance on fertility, embryonic development, and offspring health.
5. Carcinogenicity tests: These tests evaluate the potential of a substance to cause cancer.
6. Ecotoxicity tests: These tests determine the effects of a substance on entire ecosystems, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Toxicity tests play a crucial role in protecting public health by helping to identify potentially harmful substances and establish safe exposure levels. They also contribute to the development of new drugs, chemicals, and consumer products by providing critical data for risk assessment and safety evaluation.
Subchronic toxicity tests are a type of medical study used to evaluate the potential adverse health effects resulting from repeated exposure to a substance over a relatively short period of time, usually lasting between 28 and 90 days. These tests are designed to identify the dosage levels at which a substance may cause harm, as well as any patterns of toxicity that may emerge with repeated exposure.
The tests typically involve administering the substance to groups of animals, such as rats or mice, at different dose levels. The animals are then closely monitored for signs of toxicity, including changes in body weight, food and water intake, clinical chemistry parameters, hematology, urinalysis, and histopathological examinations of major organs.
The data collected from these tests can be used to establish a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) or a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), which can help inform regulatory decisions about the safe use of the substance in question. Subchronic toxicity tests are an important part of the overall risk assessment process for many chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other substances that may be used in consumer products or industrial applications.
Chronic toxicity tests are a type of experimental procedure in toxicology that are conducted over an extended period to evaluate the potential adverse health effects resulting from repeated exposure to low levels of chemical substances or physical agents. These tests are designed to assess the long-term effects of these agents on living organisms, including humans, and typically span a significant portion of the lifespan of the test species.
The primary objective of chronic toxicity testing is to identify potential health hazards associated with prolonged exposure to chemicals or physical agents, such as heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, nanomaterials, and ionizing radiation. The tests provide information on the nature and severity of toxic effects, including cancer, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurological damage, and other chronic health issues.
Standardized protocols for conducting chronic toxicity tests are established by regulatory agencies such as the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). These guidelines typically involve testing on two or more species, often including rodents and non-rodents, to ensure the results are applicable across different taxonomic groups.
The data generated from chronic toxicity tests contribute significantly to risk assessment and help regulatory agencies establish safe exposure limits for chemical substances and physical agents in various settings, such as occupational, consumer, and environmental contexts.
Subacute toxicity tests are a type of toxicity test used in preclinical safety evaluation of new pharmaceuticals, chemicals, or medical devices. These tests are conducted over a longer period than acute toxicity tests, typically lasting between 14 and 28 days, to evaluate the potential adverse effects of repeated exposure to the substance.
The test involves administering the substance to animals, usually rodents, at specified doses and observing them for signs of toxicity. The parameters evaluated during subacute toxicity tests include clinical observations, body weight changes, food and water consumption, hematology, blood chemistry, urinalysis, and necropsy findings.
The primary objective of subacute toxicity testing is to identify the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) or the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL), which helps in determining safe starting doses for subsequent long-term toxicity studies and human clinical trials. It also provides information on potential target organs of toxicity, which is useful in risk assessment and safety evaluation.
Medical Definition:
Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) is a standard measurement in toxicology that refers to the estimated amount or dose of a substance, which if ingested, injected, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin by either human or animal, would cause death in 50% of the test population. It is expressed as the mass of a substance per unit of body weight (mg/kg, μg/kg, etc.). LD50 values are often used to compare the toxicity of different substances and help determine safe dosage levels.
"Morinda" is a botanical term that refers to a genus of tropical shrubs and trees in the family Rubiaceae, which includes several species with medicinal properties. One of the most well-known species is Morinda citrifolia, also known as noni, which has been used in traditional medicine for various health purposes.
The fruit, leaves, bark, and roots of Morinda plants have been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of conditions such as infections, inflammation, fever, skin disorders, and digestive problems. Some studies suggest that Morinda extracts may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and immune-boosting properties, but more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended dosages and safety guidelines.
It's important to note that while Morinda has a long history of use in traditional medicine, it should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice or treatment. Before taking any herbal supplements, including Morinda, it's always best to consult with a healthcare provider to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Animal testing alternatives, also known as alternative methods or replacement methods, refer to scientific techniques that can be used to replace the use of animals in research and testing. These methods aim to achieve the same scientific objectives while avoiding harm to animals. There are several categories of animal testing alternatives:
1. In vitro (test tube or cell culture) methods: These methods involve growing cells or tissues in a laboratory setting, outside of a living organism. They can be used to study the effects of chemicals, drugs, and other substances on specific cell types or tissues.
2. Computer modeling and simulation: Advanced computer programs and algorithms can be used to model biological systems and predict how they will respond to various stimuli. These methods can help researchers understand complex biological processes without using animals.
3. In silico (using computer models) methods: These methods involve the use of computational tools and databases to predict the potential toxicity or other biological effects of chemicals, drugs, and other substances. They can be used to identify potential hazards and prioritize further testing.
4. Microdosing: This method involves giving human volunteers very small doses of a drug or chemical, followed by careful monitoring to assess its safety and pharmacological properties. This approach can provide valuable information while minimizing the use of animals.
5. Tissue engineering: Scientists can create functional tissue constructs using cells, scaffolds, and bioreactors. These engineered tissues can be used to study the effects of drugs, chemicals, and other substances on human tissues without using animals.
6. Human-based approaches: These methods involve the use of human volunteers, donated tissues, or cells obtained from consenting adults. Examples include microdosing, organ-on-a-chip technology, and the use of human cell lines in laboratory experiments.
These animal testing alternatives can help reduce the number of animals used in research and testing, refine experimental procedures to minimize suffering, and replace the use of animals with non-animal methods whenever possible.
Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.
Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.
Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.
'Daphnia' is not a medical term, but rather it refers to a group of small, planktonic crustaceans commonly known as water fleas. They are widely distributed in various freshwater environments and play an important role in the aquatic food chain as they serve as a food source for many larger animals such as fish.
While Daphnia may not have a direct medical definition, there has been some research into their potential use in biomedical applications due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. For instance, they have been used as indicators of water quality and toxicity levels in ecotoxicological studies. However, it is important to note that Daphnia itself is not a medical term or concept.
Skin irritancy tests are experimental procedures used to determine the potential of a substance to cause irritation or damage to the skin. These tests typically involve applying the substance to intact or abraded (damaged) skin of human volunteers or animals, and then observing and measuring any adverse reactions that occur over a specified period. The results of these tests can help assess the safety of a substance for use in consumer products, pharmaceuticals, or industrial applications. It is important to note that the ethical considerations and regulations surrounding animal testing have led to an increased focus on developing alternative methods, such as in vitro (test tube) tests using reconstructed human skin models.
Amphipoda is an order of crustaceans characterized by a laterally compressed body and a distinctive jointed swimming leg, making them well-adapted for swimming in open water. They are commonly known as "sand fleas" or "beach fleas," although they are not actually fleas. Amphipods can be found in various aquatic habitats, including marine, freshwater, and brackish environments. Some species live on the seafloor, while others are planktonic or associate with other organisms. They vary greatly in size, ranging from less than a millimeter to over 30 centimeters in length.
The medical definition of 'Amphipoda' is not typically used since amphipods do not have direct relevance to human health or medicine. However, they can serve as bioindicators of environmental quality and may be involved in the transmission of certain diseases between aquatic organisms.
Toxicology is a branch of medical science that deals with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or toxins on living organisms and the environment, including their detection, evaluation, prevention, and treatment. It involves understanding how various substances can cause harm, the doses at which they become toxic, and the factors that influence their toxicity. This field is crucial in areas such as public health, medicine, pharmacology, environmental science, and forensic investigations.
'Artemia' is a genus of aquatic branchiopod crustaceans, also known as brine shrimp. They are commonly found in saltwater environments such as salt lakes and highly saline ponds. Artemia are known for their ability to produce cysts (also called "resting eggs") that can survive extreme environmental conditions, making them an important organism in research related to survival in harsh environments and space exploration.
In a medical context, Artemia is not typically used as a term but may be referenced in scientific studies related to biology, genetics, or astrobiology. The compounds derived from Artemia, such as astaxanthin and other carotenoids, have been studied for their potential health benefits, including antioxidant properties and support for eye and heart health. However, these applications are still under research and not yet considered part of mainstream medical practice.
A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.
A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.
The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.
The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.
In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.
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Chemicals20
- Deletion of requirements for acute testing by the dermal route for chemicals and agrochemical/biocide active substances and formulations. (ecopa.eu)
- For example, a study examining almost 2,500 chemicals showed that, when repeated, the oral animal test failed to produce the same result 40% of the time. (peta.org)
- Mammalian acute systemic toxicity can be studied using computer models or human cells that assess the actions of toxic chemicals at the cellular level. (peta.org)
- For acute inhalation toxicity, three-dimensional models constructed from human cells (such as those from Epithelix Sàrl ) can be used to study the effects of chemicals on specific parts of the lung. (peta.org)
- This test guideline is a laboratory test method, designed to assess the acute oral toxicity of pesticides and other chemicals to adult worker bumblebees. (oecd.org)
- From the regulatory point of view, the main objective of acute toxicity testing is basically to classify chemicals according to their intrinsic toxicity as required by the EEC directive on the classification, packaging, and labelling of dangerous substances (Council Directive 67/548/EEC and subsequent amendments). (qima-lifesciences.com)
- OECD guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals are periodically reviewed in the light of scientific progress or changing assessment practices. (indexindex.com)
- In 1985, Bruce proposed to use an up-and-down procedure (UDP) for the determination of acute toxicity of chemicals (5). (indexindex.com)
- Since thousands of new chemicals are registered a year, it is important to utilize a screening technique that predicts toxicity of chemicals in a consistent, efficient manner. (wikipedia.org)
- The EPA is evaluating whether an equation that sums the hazards of individual chemicals can replace the animal test for formulations and mixtures. (acs.org)
- The principles of GLP aim to ensure and promote safety, consistency, high quality, and reliability of chemicals in the process of non-clinical and laboratory testing. (wikipedia.org)
- Following Decision C(97),186/Final of the OECD Council, data generated in the testing of chemicals in one OECD Member Country, in accordance with OECD Test Guidelines and the Principles of GLP are accepted in all other OECD Member Countries. (wikipedia.org)
- OECD publishes OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals , which are guidelines that usually have to be followed for GLP compliance. (wikipedia.org)
- John H. Draize, Ph.D., a scientist at the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), developed the Draize eye test in 1944 to assess eye irritation caused by various chemicals. (aavs.org)
- Reducing and refining acute toxicity tests in the pharmaceutical and chemicals industries. (nc3rs.org.uk)
- Putative adverse outcome pathways for female reproductive disorders to improve testing and regulation of chemicals. (harvard.edu)
- Participants in this workshop considered approaches available to assess acute lethality associated with chemicals and chemical mixtures, with the purpose of designing comprehensive strategies to predict toxicity while avoiding animal tests. (nih.gov)
- Group discussions focused on issues specific to particular classes of chemicals, mechanisms of acute toxicity, prioritization of activities, and recommending next steps. (nih.gov)
- Other activities carried out by the IPCS include the development of know-how for coping with chemical accidents, coordination of laboratory testing and epidemiological studies, and promotion of research on the mechanisms of the biological action of chemicals. (inchem.org)
- Some legal prescription and over-the-counter medicines may interact with the testing chemicals and false results in urine tests. (medlineplus.gov)
Drug toxicity2
- The coroner ruled her death was caused by multiple drug toxicity, citing use of Ecstasy and amphetamines. (latimes.com)
- It may help determine the cause of acute drug toxicity, monitor drug dependency, and determine the presence of substances in the body for medical or legal purposes. (medlineplus.gov)
Systemic toxicity tests3
- Acute systemic toxicity tests are conducted to measure a chemical's capacity to cause harm or death within two weeks of a single, short-term exposure. (peta.org)
- Mammalian acute systemic toxicity tests are commonly conducted on rats. (peta.org)
- Acute systemic toxicity tests are the most commonly performed type of safety test worldwide. (nih.gov)
Dermal toxicity3
- For example, for acute dermal toxicity, three-dimensional reconstructed human skin models can be used first to determine whether a substance will penetrate the skin, which is necessary for a substance to cause systemic (dermal) toxicity. (peta.org)
- Details on the available acute oral and dermal toxicity studies are provided in Tables 7 and 8 . (canada.ca)
- Guidance for Waiving Acute Dermal Toxicity Tests for Pesticide Formulations & Supporting Retrospective Analysis. (epa.gov)
Toxicology3
- In toxicology, the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach is a method for predicting toxicity based on the properties and structure of a toxicant. (wikipedia.org)
- Overall, the objective is to aid in toxicology by providing databases and predictive models for classifying toxicants by modes of action as well as estimate acute toxicity of a chemical. (wikipedia.org)
- A toxicology screen refers to various tests that determine the type and approximate amount of legal and illegal drugs a person has taken by measuring how much is in their blood, urine, or other bodily fluid. (medlineplus.gov)
Inhalation toxicity1
- This Technical Report provides basic background information on methods suitable to define the acute inhalation toxicity of fire effluents, as generated by fire models. (iso.org)
Rats7
- In an acute oral toxicity study, groups of fasted Fisher 344 rats (5 male, 5 female) were given a single oral dose via gavage of hex-1-ene (Neodene 6) at doses of 0, 1000, 1800, 3200, or 5600 mg/kg bw and observed for 14 days (Albert et al. (europa.eu)
- Clinical signs of toxicity included mucoid diarrhoea over the first day in treated rats. (europa.eu)
- The acute oral toxicity of alkenes, C11 -15 (Internal Olefin 114 LP11) was investigated using two groups of four male and four female Wistar rats, age approximately 12 weeks. (europa.eu)
- Safety of both strains was confirmed by acute oral toxicity in rats. (frontiersin.org)
- Finally, antipyretic activity was tested by inducing pyrexia with brewer's yeast in rats. (sld.cu)
- The team evaluated recombinant monellin and brazzein's acute and chronic toxicity on three mammalian species: guinea pigs, rats, and mice. (news-medical.net)
- The highest tested dosage of monellin or brazzein for mice and rats in the experiments was 5,000 mg per kg of body weight, near the maximal permissible dosage for intragastric delivery to these animals. (news-medical.net)
Assess the acute1
- To assess the acute systemic toxicity of products comprising a number of different ingredients, the GHS additivity equation can be used to consider the individual toxicity values of each ingredient to predict the overall toxicity of the product. (peta.org)
Predict toxicity1
- For acute oral toxicity, there are computational models such as CATMoS (the Collaborative Acute Toxicity Modeling Suite) that can predict toxicity following oral consumption of a substance. (peta.org)
LD503
- A study comparing the results obtained with the UDP, the conventional LD50 test and the Fixed Dose Procedure (FOP, Guideline 420) was published in 1995 (7). (indexindex.com)
- For decades, acute toxicity testing meant poisoning large numbers of animals in Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) tests, which are conducted until at least one half of the test animals die. (aavs.org)
- The LD50 test is conducted infrequently now as it is being replaced by several new, but still lethal, options. (aavs.org)
Developmental toxicity2
- Yang M, Zhang X. Comparative developmental toxicity of new aromatic halogenated DBPs in a chlorinated saline sewage effluent to the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii[J]. Environmental science & technology, 2013, 47(19): 10868-10876. (bcpublication.org)
- Engineering spatial-organized cardiac organoids for developmental toxicity testing. (harvard.edu)
Pesticides5
- WHO is not responsible, and does not accept any liability, for the testing of pesticides for compliance with the specifications, nor for any methods recommended and/or used for testing compliance. (who.int)
- The US Environmental Protection Agency is working to reduce the number of animals used in testing the acute toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)
- In early 2016, the US Environmental Protection Agency set an immediate goal to reduce the number of animals used to test the toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)
- The US Environmental Protection Agency is working to replace these in vivo animal tests with nonanimal alternatives to categorize the toxicity of pesticides. (acs.org)
- Determine acute short-term toxicity of organic and conventional tree fruit pesticides to earwigs b. (usda.gov)
Substance10
- Additionally, the cell-based neutral red uptake cytotoxicity test and the human cell-based AcutoX test can help predict if a substance is not toxic. (peta.org)
- The animals were fasted overnight prior to administration of a single oral dose of the test substance (5.0 and 10 mL/kg), followed by a 9 day observation period (Cassidy and Clark, 1977). (europa.eu)
- In the test, a substance is placed in one eye, with the other eye serving as a control. (aavs.org)
- An array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. (harvard.edu)
- The kinetic direct peptide reactivity assay (kDPRA) is a modification of the DPRA (OECD TG 442C) wherein the reaction kinetics of a test substance towards a synthetic cysteine-containing peptide is evaluated. (iivs.org)
- For this purpose, several concentrations of the test substance are incubated with the synthetic peptide for several incubation times at 25°C. After. (iivs.org)
- 92/69/EEC, C.4-E (Closed bottle test).The test substance was incubated in aqueous solutions for 28 days it. (janusinfo.se)
- Additionally, a reference substance was tested as control. (janusinfo.se)
- Additional vessels without any test or reference substance were used as blank (control). (janusinfo.se)
- No degradation of the test substance was observed. (janusinfo.se)
Daphnia2
- A 48-h acute toxicity test was conducted exposing the cladoceran, Daphnia magna, to five concentrations of phenanthrene. (wisconsin.edu)
- Acute toxicity: Data available for 1 trophic level for crustaceans (Daphnia magna) 2 800 microg/L. (janusinfo.se)
Chronic4
- from physio-chemical properties through acute to chronic toxicity tests. (wikipedia.org)
- In the present study, researchers experimentally assessed the acute, sub-chronic, and chronic toxicity and allergenic and mutagenic properties of recombinant monellin and brazzein. (news-medical.net)
- and sub-chronic toxicity was evaluated in guinea pigs. (news-medical.net)
- For the sub-chronic toxicity study, guinea pigs were administered intra-gastrically with aqueous solutions of brazzein or monellin, while control group animals received distilled water. (news-medical.net)
Exposure8
- After completion of this educational activity, the reader should be able to discuss the major exposure routes for trichloroethylene, describe two potential environmental and occupational sources of exposure to trichloroethylene, state two reasons why trichloroethylene is a health hazard, describe factors contributing to trichloroethylene toxicity, identify evaluation and treatment protocols for persons exposed to trichloroethylene, and list two sources of information on trichloroethylene. (cdc.gov)
- Fish acute toxicity syndrome (FATS) is a set of common chemical and functional responses in fish resulting from a short-term, acute exposure to a lethal concentration of a toxicant, a chemical or material that can produce an unfavorable effect in a living organism. (wikipedia.org)
- Reactions to the exposure of these products vary among species, making it difficult to extract data from animal tests and apply them to situations in which humans are exposed. (aavs.org)
- Acute toxicity testing is used to determine the danger of exposure to a chemical by mouth, skin, or inhalation. (aavs.org)
- In a notice issued on March 22, the NMPA drafted acceptance of nine test methods including: Direct Peptide Reaction Assay (DPRA) for Skin Sensitization (OECD TG 442C) Short Time Exposure Assay (STE) for eye irritation (OECD TG 491) These new regulations will go into effect January. (iivs.org)
- Children who have eaten the recalled products or have other suspected sources of lead exposure should be tested. (cdc.gov)
- Although children with lead exposure may have no apparent acute symptoms, even low levels of lead have been associated with learning, behavioral, and cognitive deficits. (cdc.gov)
- Managing acute lead poisoning includes eliminating the exposure, providing supportive and symptomatic care, and quantifying lead exposure by checking BLLs. (cdc.gov)
Gastrointestinal2
- Acute grade 1 toxicity for Gastrointestinal (GI) and Genitourinary (GU) were 65% and 35% respectively, while Grade 2 toxicity was 30% for both. (scirp.org)
- Mercury in any form is poisonous, with mercury toxicity most commonly affecting the neurologic, gastrointestinal (GI) and renal organ systems. (medscape.com)
Assessment3
- A Cosmetic Ingredient Review safety assessment found ethoxylated alkyl sulfates like sodium laureth sulfate have low acute oral toxicity. (ewg.org)
- Follow-up actions include an analysis of variability in the in vivo test to establish confidence in toxicity predictions, a comprehensive assessment of an additivity equation for predicting mixtures toxicity, and exploring the addition of biological and mechanistic information to complement in silico predictions. (nih.gov)
- EPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs has developed a Strategic Direction for New Pesticide Testing and Assessment Approaches which describes OPP’s approach to implementing the NAS vision. (epa.gov)
OECD1
- Following the methodology described in OECD Test Guideline 497, KeratinoSens is an alternative to animal testing methods necessary for the purpose of hazard identification. (iivs.org)
Alternatives3
- As a result, animal-based testing methods continue to fail legitimate human needs, while new discoveries in the field of alternatives have led to new and improved techniques that do not involve live animals. (aavs.org)
- There are sufficient existing safety data as well as in vitro alternatives to make animal testing for cosmetic and household products obsolete. (aavs.org)
- While no non-animal alternative has yet been approved as a replacement for the Draize eye test, two alternatives have been created to allow for partial replacement of animal tests in a tiered testing scheme. (aavs.org)
Organs1
- Acute toxicity assessments included weight gain, the general condition of animals, intoxication symptoms, the relative mass of main organs, and the pathomorphological examination of internal organs. (news-medical.net)
Lethality3
- Substitution of non-lethal endpoints (e.g. 'evident toxicity') in place of conventional acute lethality studies. (ecopa.eu)
- Regulatory Needs: Can Existing Data Be Used to Derive Acute Lethality Estimates Without Animal Tests? (nih.gov)
- Group Discussion: Where Can We Predict Acute Lethality with Mechanistic In Vitro Models? (nih.gov)
Oral4
- The EPA waived the test for formulations in 2016, saying that information from acute oral tests was sufficient. (acs.org)
- The acute oral toxicity of octadec-1-ene has been investigated in two studies. (europa.eu)
- Two studies are available which investigated the acute oral toxicity of C12-14 alpha olefin. (europa.eu)
- en edema en la oreja inhibió la inflamación 60 %, tanto tópico como oral. (sld.cu)
Vivo2
- Toxicity of the NPs was tested in vivo in comparison to pure aconitine, aconite, and licorice root decoction and reported here. (springer.com)
- Mn accumulates in the inner ear (cochlea) following acute in vivo treatment and in vitro studies show that uM levels of Mn damage sensory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) in the inner ear. (cdc.gov)
Irritation1
- The webinar focuses on the standard information requirements for REACH registration, including the following endpoints: Skin corrosion and irritation Serious eye damage and eye irritation Skin sensitisation Acute toxicity The webinar explains recent developments in alternative methods and approaches to address these endpoints, including their recent REACH Annex revisions. (norecopa.no)
Biological2
- By definition, modes of action are characterized by FATS because the combination of common responses that represent each fish acute toxicity syndrome characterize an adverse biological effect. (wikipedia.org)
- The biological degradation of the test and reference substances was evaluated by the decrease of dissolved oxygen in the solutions. (janusinfo.se)
Commonly1
- Commonly, an abnormal blood test is the first indication that you have a virus that is causing the hepatitis. (drkaslow.com)
Pollutants1
- These include tests on clinical drugs, foods, and environmental pollutants. (harvard.edu)
Aquatic life2
- Several toxicity tests are needed to complete data sets for the numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic life. (wisconsin.edu)
- Most studies on the toxicity of aluminum (Al) to aquatic life have been conducted in acidic waters, due to concerns centered around surface water acidification. (wisconsin.edu)
Chemical's2
- A chemical's toxicity is predicted based on the amount of it that kills 50% of the animals. (peta.org)
- In other words, the toxicity of a chemical is directly related to the chemical's structure. (wikipedia.org)
Evaluation2
- The Contribution of acute toxicity testing to the evaluation of pharmaceuticals / edited by D. Schuppan, A. D. Dayan and F. A. Charlesworth. (who.int)
- For institutions that frequently treat ethylene glycol toxicity cases, in-hospital rapid laboratory confirmation may become cost-effective because of the institutional cost-benefit ratio evaluation that compares antidotal therapy, ethanol therapy, and hemodialysis therapy. (medscape.com)
Adverse1
- We describe clinical presentations of neurological toxicity , phases of treatment when these adverse events were more frequent and patients Ì outcome. (bvsalud.org)
Murine2
- Although positive responses were observed in the murine LLNA test [Ashby et al. (cdc.gov)
- In acute toxicity tests conducted on murine animals, similar results were achieved. (news-medical.net)
Data5
- Increased international harmonisation of data requirements toward best practices to ensure timely uptake of 3Rs approaches and mutual recognition of test results among both existing and emerging markets. (ecopa.eu)
- The following are the toxicity data which has been tested. (guidechem.com)
- The Environmental Health Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Superior (UW-S) conducted tests to complete the data set necessary to derive national water quality criteria for nonylphenol. (wisconsin.edu)
- Not acutely hazardous after ingestion, inhalation or skin contact, based on animal test data. (europa.eu)
- OPP’s document on Guiding Principles for Data Requirements notes the importance of only requiring data that inform regulatory decision making and avoid unnecessary use of time and resources, data generation costs, and animal testing. (epa.gov)
Organic1
- Minamata disease is an example of organic toxicity. (medscape.com)
Symptoms3
- While Hepatitis A is rather acute in symptoms, it never persists and once you have gotten through the acute stage, you will not have ongoing liver inflammation. (drkaslow.com)
- There were no intoxication or death-related symptoms observed for the protein doses tested in the experiments. (news-medical.net)
- Withhold GILOTRIF for acute onset or worsening of pulmonary symptoms. (nih.gov)
Vitro tests2
Studies3
- PETA scientists have hosted workshops and webinars, published articles in peer-reviewed scientific journals, and organized funding and testing studies with the goal of developing strategies to replace animal use in acute systemic toxicity testing. (peta.org)
- Further studies are needed now for more exploration of the toxicity of CBZ since it could be bioaccumulable throughout the food web and may affect non-target organisms. (scielo.br)
- GILOTRIF is indicated for the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose tumors have non-resistant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations as detected by an FDA-approved test [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) , Clinical Pharmacology (12.1) , Clinical Studies (14.1) ]. (nih.gov)
Clinical3
- Encapsulation of poisonous alkaloids into self-assembled herbal protein nanoparticles contributes to toxicity attenuation of combined use of herbs, implying a prototype nanostructure and a universal principle for the safer clinical applications of herbal medicines. (springer.com)
- As an essential measure for clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine, it is recommended that the aconite roots shall be used together with roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch ( Radix glycyrrhizae , Gan-Cao, licorice root) to eliminate the toxicity and improve efficacy [ 5 , 6 ]. (springer.com)
- Emergency departments located in larger metropolitan areas may negotiate availability of this test at regional clinical laboratories. (medscape.com)
Syndrome1
- Therefore, toxicants that have the same mode of action elicit similar sets of responses in the organism and can be classified by the same fish acute toxicity syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Mice5
- We ended the study 2 years after inoculations, testing brains of all mice for PrP TSE using the HerdCheck BSE-Scrapie Ag Test (IDEXX Laboratories, https://www.idexx.com ) ( 7 ), which was previously found to be more sensitive than Western blots ( 8 ), to assign final disease status ( Table ). (cdc.gov)
- We estimated removals by DE filtration conservatively, assuming that a 10-fold lower dilution, not tested, would have infected all mice. (cdc.gov)
- We tested brains of all mice for PrP TSE as reported previously (5). (cdc.gov)
- Analgesic activity was assayed by writhing and tail flick, and antiinflammatory activity by the ear oedema test, both in mice. (sld.cu)
- To investigate the mutagenicity of the proteins, the Ames test, bone marrow chromosomal aberration test, and micronucleus tests were performed in mice. (news-medical.net)
Animal9
- On 16 September, the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) convened a cross-sector workshop in Brussels to examine the findings of its task force regarding opportunities for application of the 3Rs in the area of acute systemic toxicity testing. (ecopa.eu)
- For years, the U.S. has lagged behind the European Union, which passed a law in 2004 that phased out the use of animals to test cosmetic products and ingredients, as well as the sale of products containing ingredients subjected to new animal tests. (aavs.org)
- China has recently announced plans to limit mandatory animal testing for some cosmetic products. (aavs.org)
- It would also ban the use animals testing cosmetics and their ingredients, as well as phase out the sale of cosmetic products containing animal tested ingredients. (aavs.org)
- However, neither agency requires companies to use animal tests to access safety of their products. (aavs.org)
- Unfortunately, many companies remain resistant to changing their testing techniques and U.S. agencies, like the FDA, continue to endorse animal testing methods as the gold standard. (aavs.org)
- During preclinical tests, the compound was associated with a significant reduction in intestinal fluid secretion in an animal model of bacterial diarrhea. (genengnews.com)
- Gaithersburg, MD - May 8, 2019 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. (IIVS) has received a grant from the European Partnership for Alternative Approaches to Animal Testing (EPAA) to support its annual training of Chinese scientists in non-animal testing methods. (iivs.org)
- Gaithersburg, MD - April 3, 2019 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) applauds China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) for their acceptance of certain non-animal (alternative) test methods for the regulation of cosmetics. (iivs.org)
Study3
- In this study, a boiling-stable 31-kDa protein (namely GP) was purified from licorice and self-assembled into nanoparticles (206.2 ± 2.0 nm) at pH 5.0, 25 °C. The aconitine-encapsulated GP nanoparticles (238.2 ± 1.2 nm) were prepared following the same procedure and tested for its toxicity by intraperitoneal injection on ICR mouse ( n = 8). (springer.com)
- The aim of this study is to evaluate the dosemetric parameters and acute toxicity of dose-escalated whole pelvis (WP) Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) prostate boost following neoadjuvant and concomitant with androgen deprivation therapy in high-risk prostate cancer patients. (scirp.org)
- In a recent study published in Foods , researchers comprehensively performed toxicity assessments of monellin and brazzein, recombinant naturally sweet proteins produced by yeasts. (news-medical.net)
Aqueous1
- Adult worker bumblebees are exposed to 50 % (w/v) aqueous sucrose solution containing the test chemical. (oecd.org)
Organisms2
- This Test Guideline describes a method to assess effects of a test chemical on the phagocytotic activity of activated sludge containing protozoan organisms under defined conditions in the presence of different concentrations of the test chemical. (oecd.org)
- Acute 96-h flow-through, toxicity tests with lead were conducted using the annelid Lumbriculus variegatus and the bullfrog Rana catesbiana as the test organisms. (wisconsin.edu)
Apparent1
- It caused significant decrease in fluid secretion without apparent toxicity. (genengnews.com)
Dose1
- Dose escalation in two phases utilizing Simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) combined with ADT in high risk prostate cancer patient is feasible and associated with acceptable acute GI and GU toxicity. (scirp.org)
Efficacy1
- The combined use of Radix glycyrrhizae (licorice) with Radix aconite L. effectively eliminates toxicity of the later while increasing efficacy. (springer.com)
Targets2
- The compound, a pyridopyrimidine derivative, targets acute secretory diarrhea caused by E. coli and other enterotoxigenic strains of bacteria, which produce toxins that stimulate the linings of the intestines, causing them to secrete excessive fluid, thereby producing diarrhea. (genengnews.com)
- Lead toxicity primarily targets the central nervous system. (cdc.gov)
Liver funct1
- These are collectively known as liver function tests (LFTs). (drkaslow.com)
Approaches1
- One component of OPP’s strategic vision describes the need for improved approaches to more traditional toxicity tests to minimize the number of animals used while expanding the amount of information obtained. (epa.gov)
Compound1
- The compound was tested for its antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and. (academicjournals.org)
Animals4
- In addition to causing animals suffering, these tests are not reliable. (peta.org)
- A 2011 survey found that 67% of Americans believe that companies should not test products like cosmetics and dish soap on animals, and 60% are more likely to buy products that have not been testing on animals. (aavs.org)
- Other tests include the acute toxic class method and the up-and-down procedure, which typically involve the use of a smaller number of animals. (aavs.org)
- The animals were tested 10 to 12 days after sensitization using skin, conjunctival, and nasal tests and the indirect mass cell degranulation reaction. (news-medical.net)
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