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Shiga ToxinShiga Toxin 2Shiga Toxin 1Shiga ToxinsShiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coliShigella dysenteriaeEscherichia coli O157Hemolytic-Uremic SyndromeEscherichia coli InfectionsEnterohemorrhagic Escherichia coliBacterial ToxinsCholera ToxinCytotoxinsT-2 ToxinTrihexosylceramidesRicinGlobosidesEscherichia coliProphagesVero CellsToxicity TestsRibosome Inactivating ProteinsTetanus ToxinAntitoxinsFecesEscherichia coli ProteinsDiarrheaAdhesins, BacterialVirulence FactorsMarine ToxinsBotulinum Toxins, Type ASerotypingEscherichia coli VaccinesDysentery, BacillaryCercopithecus aethiopsEnterotoxinsVirulenceLethal Dose 50Molecular Sequence DataShigellaBacteriophagesHemolysin ProteinsButyric AcidToxicity Tests, AcuteToxoidsEdema Disease of SwinePolymerase Chain ReactionColiphagesDose-Response Relationship, DrugCattle DiseasesAntibodies, BacterialHeLa CellsCattleFood MicrobiologyGolgi ApparatusGlycolipidsCell SurvivalClathrin Heavy ChainsDNA, BacterialRNA, Ribosomal, 28SFoodborne DiseasesAmino Acid SequenceAdenylate Cyclase ToxinCell LineGenes, BacterialP Blood-Group Systemtrans-Golgi NetworkTrisaccharidesEnteropathogenic Escherichia coliEndosomesRabbitsGlycosphingolipidsLysogenyDisease OutbreaksTime FactorsProtein Synthesis InhibitorsEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayIntestinesTranscytosisProtein TransportBase SequenceElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldCells, CulturedReceptors, Cell SurfaceProtein SubunitsBiological TransportBrefeldin AMycotoxinsNeutralization TestsEndocytosisIntestinal MucosaSequence Analysis, DNASiphoviridaeImmunochromatographyBacterial ProteinsAntibodies, MonoclonalSerum Amyloid P-ComponentMeatScorpion VenomsRecombinant ProteinsButyratesGermanyO AntigensNeurotoxinsPinocytosisClostridium difficileAntigens, Tumor-Associated, CarbohydrateAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsTosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl KetoneMice, Inbred BALB CLipopolysaccharidesIleumBacterial AdhesionDrug Administration ScheduleDisease Models, AnimalProtein BindingEpithelial CellsToxicity Tests, ChronicBacillus thuringiensisNeutral GlycosphingolipidsSwineApoptosisClathrinAntineoplastic AgentsKidney
Shiga Toxin: A toxin produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE. It is the prototype of class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS.Shiga Toxin 2: A toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. It shares 50-60% homology with SHIGA TOXIN and SHIGA TOXIN 1.Shiga Toxin 1: A toxin produced by certain pathogenic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157. It is closely related to SHIGA TOXIN produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE.Shiga Toxins: A class of toxins that inhibit protein synthesis by blocking the interaction of ribosomal RNA; (RNA, RIBOSOMAL) with PEPTIDE ELONGATION FACTORS. They include SHIGA TOXIN which is produced by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE and a variety of shiga-like toxins that are produced by pathologic strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI such as ESCHERICHIA COLI O157.Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli: Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI with the ability to produce at least one or more of at least two antigenically distinct, usually bacteriophage-mediated cytotoxins: SHIGA TOXIN 1 and SHIGA TOXIN 2. These bacteria can cause severe disease in humans including bloody DIARRHEA and HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME.Shigella dysenteriae: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that is extremely pathogenic and causes severe dysentery. Infection with this organism often leads to ulceration of the intestinal epithelium.Escherichia coli O157: A verocytotoxin-producing serogroup belonging to the O subfamily of Escherichia coli which has been shown to cause severe food-borne disease. A strain from this serogroup, serotype H7, which produces SHIGA TOXINS, has been linked to human disease outbreaks resulting from contamination of foods by E. coli O157 from bovine origin.Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome: A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.Escherichia coli Infections: Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI that are a subgroup of SHIGA-TOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI. They cause non-bloody and bloody DIARRHEA; HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; and hemorrhagic COLITIS. An important member of this subgroup is ESCHERICHIA COLI O157-H7.Bacterial Toxins: Toxic substances formed in or elaborated by bacteria; they are usually proteins with high molecular weight and antigenicity; some are used as antibiotics and some to skin test for the presence of or susceptibility to certain diseases.Cholera Toxin: An ENTEROTOXIN from VIBRIO CHOLERAE. It consists of two major protomers, the heavy (H) or A subunit and the B protomer which consists of 5 light (L) or B subunits. The catalytic A subunit is proteolytically cleaved into fragments A1 and A2. The A1 fragment is a MONO(ADP-RIBOSE) TRANSFERASE. The B protomer binds cholera toxin to intestinal epithelial cells, and facilitates the uptake of the A1 fragment. The A1 catalyzed transfer of ADP-RIBOSE to the alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G PROTEINS activates the production of CYCLIC AMP. Increased levels of cyclic AMP are thought to modulate release of fluid and electrolytes from intestinal crypt cells.Cytotoxins: Substances that are toxic to cells; they may be involved in immunity or may be contained in venoms. These are distinguished from CYTOSTATIC AGENTS in degree of effect. Some of them are used as CYTOTOXIC ANTIBIOTICS. The mechanism of action of many of these are as ALKYLATING AGENTS or MITOSIS MODULATORS.T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.Trihexosylceramides: Glycosphingolipids which contain as their polar head group a trisaccharide (galactose-galactose-glucose) moiety bound in glycosidic linkage to the hydroxyl group of ceramide. Their accumulation in tissue, due to a defect in ceramide trihexosidase, is the cause of angiokeratoma corporis diffusum (FABRY DISEASE).Ricin: A protein phytotoxin from the seeds of Ricinus communis, the castor oil plant. It agglutinates cells, is proteolytic, and causes lethal inflammation and hemorrhage if taken internally.Globosides: Glycosphingolipids containing N-acetylglucosamine (paragloboside) or N-acetylgalactosamine (globoside). Globoside is the P antigen on erythrocytes and paragloboside is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of erythrocyte blood group ABH and P 1 glycosphingolipid antigens. The accumulation of globoside in tissue, due to a defect in hexosaminidases A and B, is the cause of Sandhoff disease.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Prophages: Genomes of temperate BACTERIOPHAGES integrated into the DNA of their bacterial host cell. The prophages can be duplicated for many cell generations until some stimulus induces its activation and virulence.Vero Cells: A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.Toxicity Tests: An array of tests used to determine the toxicity of a substance to living systems. These include tests on clinical drugs, foods, and environmental pollutants.Ribosome Inactivating Proteins: N-Glycosidases that remove adenines from RIBOSOMAL RNA, depurinating the conserved alpha-sarcin loop of 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA. They often consist of a toxic A subunit and a binding lectin B subunit. They may be considered as PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS. They are found in many PLANTS and have cytotoxic and antiviral activity.Tetanus Toxin: Protein synthesized by CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI as a single chain of ~150 kDa with 35% sequence identity to BOTULINUM TOXIN that is cleaved to a light and a heavy chain that are linked by a single disulfide bond. Tetanolysin is the hemolytic and tetanospasmin is the neurotoxic principle. The toxin causes disruption of the inhibitory mechanisms of the CNS, thus permitting uncontrolled nervous activity, leading to fatal CONVULSIONS.Antitoxins: Antisera from immunized animals that is purified and used as a passive immunizing agent against specific BACTERIAL TOXINS.Feces: Excrement from the INTESTINES, containing unabsorbed solids, waste products, secretions, and BACTERIA of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.Escherichia coli Proteins: Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.Diarrhea: An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.Adhesins, Bacterial: Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. What is sometimes called polymeric adhesin (BIOFILMS) is distinct from protein adhesin.Virulence Factors: Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)Marine Toxins: Toxic or poisonous substances elaborated by marine flora or fauna. They include also specific, characterized poisons or toxins for which there is no more specific heading, like those from poisonous FISHES.Botulinum Toxins, Type A: A serotype of botulinum toxins that has specificity for cleavage of SYNAPTOSOMAL-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 25.Serotyping: Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.Escherichia coli Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent or treat both enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections.Dysentery, Bacillary: DYSENTERY caused by gram-negative rod-shaped enteric bacteria (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE), most often by the genus SHIGELLA. Shigella dysentery, Shigellosis, is classified into subgroups according to syndrome severity and the infectious species. Group A: SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE (severest); Group B: SHIGELLA FLEXNERI; Group C: SHIGELLA BOYDII; and Group D: SHIGELLA SONNEI (mildest).Cercopithecus aethiops: A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.Enterotoxins: Substances that are toxic to the intestinal tract causing vomiting, diarrhea, etc.; most common enterotoxins are produced by bacteria.Virulence: The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.Lethal Dose 50: The dose amount of poisonous or toxic substance or dose of ionizing radiation required to kill 50% of the tested population.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Shigella: A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that ferments sugar without gas production. Its organisms are intestinal pathogens of man and other primates and cause bacillary dysentery (DYSENTERY, BACILLARY).Bacteriophages: Viruses whose hosts are bacterial cells.Hemolysin Proteins: Proteins from BACTERIA and FUNGI that are soluble enough to be secreted to target ERYTHROCYTES and insert into the membrane to form beta-barrel pores. Biosynthesis may be regulated by HEMOLYSIN FACTORS.Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.Toxicity Tests, Acute: Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of one-time, short-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals.Toxoids: Preparations of pathogenic organisms or their derivatives made nontoxic and intended for active immunologic prophylaxis. They include deactivated toxins. Anatoxin toxoids are distinct from anatoxins that are TROPANES found in CYANOBACTERIA.Edema Disease of Swine: An acute disease of young pigs that is usually associated with weaning. It is characterized clinically by paresis and subcutaneous edema.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Coliphages: Viruses whose host is Escherichia coli.Dose-Response Relationship, Drug: The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.Cattle Diseases: Diseases of domestic cattle of the genus Bos. It includes diseases of cows, yaks, and zebus.Antibodies, Bacterial: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.HeLa Cells: The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Food Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.Golgi Apparatus: A stack of flattened vesicles that functions in posttranslational processing and sorting of proteins, receiving them from the rough ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM and directing them to secretory vesicles, LYSOSOMES, or the CELL MEMBRANE. The movement of proteins takes place by transfer vesicles that bud off from the rough endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi apparatus and fuse with the Golgi, lysosomes or cell membrane. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990)Glycolipids: Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (From IUPAC's webpage)Cell Survival: The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.Clathrin Heavy Chains: The heavy chain subunits of clathrin.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.RNA, Ribosomal, 28S: Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.Foodborne Diseases: Acute illnesses, usually affecting the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, brought on by consuming contaminated food or beverages. Most of these diseases are infectious, caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or parasites that can be foodborne. Sometimes the diseases are caused by harmful toxins from the microbes or other chemicals present in the food. Especially in the latter case, the condition is often called food poisoning.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Adenylate Cyclase Toxin: One of the virulence factors produced by virulent BORDETELLA organisms. It is a bifunctional protein with both ADENYLYL CYCLASES and hemolysin components.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.P Blood-Group System: A blood group related to the ABO, Lewis and I systems. At least five different erythrocyte antigens are possible, some very rare, others almost universal. Multiple alleles are involved in this blood group.trans-Golgi Network: A network of membrane compartments, located at the cytoplasmic side of the GOLGI APPARATUS, where proteins and lipids are sorted for transport to various locations in the cell or cell membrane.Trisaccharides: Oligosaccharides containing three monosaccharide units linked by glycosidic bonds.Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli: Strains of ESCHERICHIA COLI characterized by attaching-and-effacing histopathology. These strains of bacteria intimately adhere to the epithelial cell membrane and show effacement of microvilli. In developed countries they are associated with INFANTILE DIARRHEA and infantile GASTROENTERITIS and, in contrast to ETEC strains, do not produce ENDOTOXINS.Endosomes: Cytoplasmic vesicles formed when COATED VESICLES shed their CLATHRIN coat. Endosomes internalize macromolecules bound by receptors on the cell surface.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Glycosphingolipids: Lipids containing at least one monosaccharide residue and either a sphingoid or a ceramide (CERAMIDES). They are subdivided into NEUTRAL GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS comprising monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides; and ACIDIC GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS which comprises sialosylglycosylsphingolipids (GANGLIOSIDES); SULFOGLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS (formerly known as sulfatides), glycuronoglycosphingolipids, and phospho- and phosphonoglycosphingolipids. (From IUPAC's webpage)Lysogeny: The phenomenon by which a temperate phage incorporates itself into the DNA of a bacterial host, establishing a kind of symbiotic relation between PROPHAGE and bacterium which results in the perpetuation of the prophage in all the descendants of the bacterium. Upon induction (VIRUS ACTIVATION) by various agents, such as ultraviolet radiation, the phage is released, which then becomes virulent and lyses the bacterium.Disease Outbreaks: Sudden increase in the incidence of a disease. The concept includes EPIDEMICS and PANDEMICS.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Protein Synthesis Inhibitors: Compounds which inhibit the synthesis of proteins. They are usually ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS or toxins. Mechanism of the action of inhibition includes the interruption of peptide-chain elongation, the blocking the A site of ribosomes, the misreading of the genetic code or the prevention of the attachment of oligosaccharide side chains to glycoproteins.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Intestines: The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.Transcytosis: The transport of materials through a cell. It includes the uptake of materials by the cell (ENDOCYTOSIS), the movement of those materials through the cell, and the subsequent secretion of those materials (EXOCYTOSIS).Protein Transport: The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field: Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.Receptors, Cell Surface: Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.Protein Subunits: Single chains of amino acids that are the units of multimeric PROTEINS. Multimeric proteins can be composed of identical or non-identical subunits. One or more monomeric subunits may compose a protomer which itself is a subunit structure of a larger assembly.Biological Transport: The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.Brefeldin A: A fungal metabolite which is a macrocyclic lactone exhibiting a wide range of antibiotic activity.Mycotoxins: Toxic compounds produced by FUNGI.Neutralization Tests: The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).Endocytosis: Cellular uptake of extracellular materials within membrane-limited vacuoles or microvesicles. ENDOSOMES play a central role in endocytosis.Intestinal Mucosa: Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Siphoviridae: A family of BACTERIOPHAGES and ARCHAEAL VIRUSES which are characterized by long, non-contractile tails.Immunochromatography: A type of affinity chromatography where ANTIBODIES are used in the affinity capture reaction on the solid support, in the mobile phase, or both.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Serum Amyloid P-Component: Amyloid P component is a small, non-fibrillar glycoprotein found in normal serum and in all amyloid deposits. It has a pentagonal (pentaxin) structure. It is an acute phase protein, modulates immunologic responses, inhibits ELASTASE, and has been suggested as an indicator of LIVER DISEASE.Meat: The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.Scorpion Venoms: Venoms from animals of the order Scorpionida of the class Arachnida. They contain neuro- and hemotoxins, enzymes, and various other factors that may release acetylcholine and catecholamines from nerve endings. Of the several protein toxins that have been characterized, most are immunogenic.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Butyrates: Derivatives of BUTYRIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxypropane structure.GermanyO Antigens: The lipopolysaccharide-protein somatic antigens, usually from gram-negative bacteria, important in the serological classification of enteric bacilli. The O-specific chains determine the specificity of the O antigens of a given serotype. O antigens are the immunodominant part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule in the intact bacterial cell. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Neurotoxins: Toxic substances from microorganisms, plants or animals that interfere with the functions of the nervous system. Most venoms contain neurotoxic substances. Myotoxins are included in this concept.Pinocytosis: The engulfing of liquids by cells by a process of invagination and closure of the cell membrane to form fluid-filled vacuoles.Clostridium difficile: A common inhabitant of the colon flora in human infants and sometimes in adults. It produces a toxin that causes pseudomembranous enterocolitis (ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS) in patients receiving antibiotic therapy.Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate: Carbohydrate antigens expressed by malignant tissue. They are useful as tumor markers and are measured in the serum by means of a radioimmunoassay employing monoclonal antibodies.Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols: The use of two or more chemicals simultaneously or sequentially in the drug therapy of neoplasms. The drugs need not be in the same dosage form.Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.Mice, Inbred BALB CLipopolysaccharides: Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Ileum: The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.Bacterial Adhesion: Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.Drug Administration Schedule: Time schedule for administration of a drug in order to achieve optimum effectiveness and convenience.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Epithelial Cells: Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.Toxicity Tests, Chronic: Experiments designed to determine the potential toxic effects of a long-term exposure to a chemical or chemicals.Bacillus thuringiensis: A species of gram-positive bacteria which may be pathogenic for certain insects. It is used for the biological control of the Gypsy moth.Neutral Glycosphingolipids: A subclass of GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS containing one or more sugars within their head group connected directly to a ceramide moiety. They consist of monoglycosyl-, and oligoglycosylsphingoids and monoglycosyl- and oligoglycosylceramides.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Clathrin: The main structural coat protein of COATED VESICLES which play a key role in the intracellular transport between membranous organelles. Each molecule of clathrin consists of three light chains (CLATHRIN LIGHT CHAINS) and three heavy chains (CLATHRIN HEAVY CHAINS) that form a structure called a triskelion. Clathrin also interacts with cytoskeletal proteins.Antineoplastic Agents: Substances that inhibit or prevent the proliferation of NEOPLASMS.Kidney: Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
AB5 toxinAB5 toxin
Shiga toxinShiga toxin
Microbial toxinMicrobial toxin
PolymyxinPolymyxin
Thrombotic microangiopathyThrombotic microangiopathy
Function-spacer-lipid constructFunction-spacer-lipid construct
RTX toxinRTX toxin
Median lethal doseMedian lethal dose
Aspergillus ochraceusAspergillus ochraceus
SproutingSprouting
ToxinToxin
GastroenteritisGastroenteritis
ToxinToxin
BirtoxinBirtoxin
Botulinum toxinBotulinum toxin
Botulinum toxinBotulinum toxin
LipopolysaccharideLipopolysaccharide
California newtCalifornia newt
HistrionicotoxinsHistrionicotoxins
AflatoxinAflatoxin
টক্সিন - উইকিপিডিয়াটক্সিন - উইকিপিডিয়া
Organic foodOrganic food
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Shiga ToxinShiga Toxin 2Shiga Toxin 1Shiga ToxinsShiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coliShigella dysenteriaeEscherichia coli O157Hemolytic-Uremic SyndromeEscherichia coli InfectionsEnterohemorrhagic Escherichia coliBacterial ToxinsCholera ToxinCytotoxinsT-2 ToxinTrihexosylceramidesRicinGlobosidesEscherichia coliProphagesVero CellsToxicity TestsRibosome Inactivating ProteinsTetanus ToxinAntitoxinsFecesEscherichia coli ProteinsDiarrheaAdhesins, BacterialVirulence FactorsMarine ToxinsBotulinum Toxins, Type ASerotypingEscherichia coli VaccinesDysentery, BacillaryCercopithecus aethiopsEnterotoxinsVirulenceLethal Dose 50Molecular Sequence DataShigellaBacteriophagesHemolysin ProteinsButyric AcidToxicity Tests, AcuteToxoidsEdema Disease of SwinePolymerase Chain ReactionColiphagesDose-Response Relationship, DrugCattle DiseasesAntibodies, BacterialHeLa CellsCattleFood MicrobiologyGolgi ApparatusGlycolipidsCell SurvivalClathrin Heavy ChainsDNA, BacterialRNA, Ribosomal, 28SFoodborne DiseasesAmino Acid SequenceAdenylate Cyclase ToxinCell LineGenes, BacterialP Blood-Group Systemtrans-Golgi NetworkTrisaccharidesEnteropathogenic Escherichia coliEndosomesRabbitsGlycosphingolipidsLysogenyDisease OutbreaksTime FactorsProtein Synthesis InhibitorsEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayIntestinesTranscytosisProtein TransportBase SequenceElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldCells, CulturedReceptors, Cell SurfaceProtein SubunitsBiological TransportBrefeldin AMycotoxinsNeutralization TestsEndocytosisIntestinal MucosaSequence Analysis, DNASiphoviridaeImmunochromatographyBacterial ProteinsAntibodies, MonoclonalSerum Amyloid P-ComponentMeatScorpion VenomsRecombinant ProteinsButyratesGermanyO AntigensNeurotoxinsPinocytosisClostridium difficileAntigens, Tumor-Associated, CarbohydrateAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsTosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl KetoneMice, Inbred BALB CLipopolysaccharidesIleumBacterial AdhesionDrug Administration ScheduleDisease Models, AnimalProtein BindingEpithelial CellsToxicity Tests, ChronicBacillus thuringiensisNeutral GlycosphingolipidsSwineApoptosisClathrinAntineoplastic AgentsKidney
Validation of treatment strategies for enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome: case...Validation of treatment strategies for enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome: case...
EFFECTIVE BACTERIOLYSIS OF SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI O157: H7 CAUSED BY SPECIFIC BACTERIOPHAGE ISOLATED FROM PIG...EFFECTIVE BACTERIOLYSIS OF SHIGA TOXIN-PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI O157: H7 CAUSED BY SPECIFIC BACTERIOPHAGE ISOLATED FROM PIG...
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Reduced Toxicity of Shiga Toxin (Stx) Type 2c in Mice Compared to Stx2d Is Associated with...Toxins | Free Full-Text | Reduced Toxicity of Shiga Toxin (Stx) Type 2c in Mice Compared to Stx2d Is Associated with...
Purification and Characterization of Shiga Toxin 2f, an Immunologically Unrelated Subtype of Shiga Toxin 2Purification and Characterization of Shiga Toxin 2f, an Immunologically Unrelated Subtype of Shiga Toxin 2
Researchers shed new light on how to combat Shiga and ricin toxinsResearchers shed new light on how to combat Shiga and ricin toxins
A single-step purification and molecular characterization of functional Shiga toxin 2 variants from pathogenic Escherichia coliA single-step purification and molecular characterization of functional Shiga toxin 2 variants from pathogenic Escherichia coli
Toxins | Free Full-Text | Ouabain Protects Human Renal Cells against the Cytotoxic Effects of Shiga Toxin Type 2 and Subtilase...Toxins | Free Full-Text | Ouabain Protects Human Renal Cells against the Cytotoxic Effects of Shiga Toxin Type 2 and Subtilase...
Ability of Manganese in Neutralizing Fatal Shiga Toxin, Reveals Carnegie Mellon StudyAbility of Manganese in Neutralizing Fatal Shiga Toxin, Reveals Carnegie Mellon Study
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: an overviewShiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: an overview
Mucus-Activatable Shiga Toxin Genotype stx2d in Escherichia coli O157:H7 - Volume 23, Number 8-August 2017 - Emerging...Mucus-Activatable Shiga Toxin Genotype stx2d in Escherichia coli O157:H7 - Volume 23, Number 8-August 2017 - Emerging...
Immunization of mice with chimeric antigens displaying selected epitopes confers protection against intestinal colonization and...Immunization of mice with chimeric antigens displaying selected epitopes confers protection against intestinal colonization and...
Hamabata T[au] - PubMed - NCBIHamabata T[au] - PubMed - NCBI
Alternative Pathway Activation of Complement by Shiga Toxin Promotes Exuberant C3a Formation That Triggers Microvascular...Alternative Pathway Activation of Complement by Shiga Toxin Promotes Exuberant C3a Formation That Triggers Microvascular...
Frontiers | Shiga toxin 2-induced intestinal pathology in infant rabbits is A-subunit dependent and responsive to the tyrosine...Frontiers | Shiga toxin 2-induced intestinal pathology in infant rabbits is A-subunit dependent and responsive to the tyrosine...
Frontiers | Shiga toxin type-2 (Stx2) induces glutamate release via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in murine neurons ...Frontiers | Shiga toxin type-2 (Stx2) induces glutamate release via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway in murine neurons ...
Identification of TLR4 as the Receptor That Recognizes Shiga Toxins in Human Neutrophils | The Journal of ImmunologyIdentification of TLR4 as the Receptor That Recognizes Shiga Toxins in Human Neutrophils | The Journal of Immunology
Gordon VM[au] - PubMed - NCBIGordon VM[au] - PubMed - NCBI
GA-10 (Clone 4) ATCC ® CRL-2393™ Homo sapiens Burkitts lymGA-10 (Clone 4) ATCC ® CRL-2393™ Homo sapiens Burkitt's lym
Humans not the major target of Shiga toxin | EurekAlert! Science NewsHumans not the major target of Shiga toxin | EurekAlert! Science News
Identification, Characterization, and Distribution of a Shiga Toxin 1 Gene Variant (stx1c) in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated...Identification, Characterization, and Distribution of a Shiga Toxin 1 Gene Variant (stx1c) in Escherichia coli Strains Isolated...
Bovine Non-O157 Shiga Toxin 2-Containing Escherichia coli Isolates Commonly Possess stx2-EDL933 and/or stx2vhb Subtypes |...Bovine Non-O157 Shiga Toxin 2-Containing Escherichia coli Isolates Commonly Possess stx2-EDL933 and/or stx2vhb Subtypes |...
CiteSeerX - Citation Query Prospective genomic characterization of the German enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4...CiteSeerX - Citation Query Prospective genomic characterization of the German enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4...
Serotyping, stx2 Subtyping, and Characterization of the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement Island of Shiga Toxin-Producing...Serotyping, stx2 Subtyping, and Characterization of the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement Island of Shiga Toxin-Producing...
Carnegie Mellon study reveals potential of manganese in neutralizing deadly S... ( PITTSBURGHCarnegie Mellon University...)Carnegie Mellon study reveals potential of manganese in neutralizing deadly S... ( PITTSBURGHCarnegie Mellon University...)
Direct Pathway from Early/Recycling Endosomes to the Golgi Apparatus Revealed through the Study of Shiga Toxin B-fragment...Direct Pathway from Early/Recycling Endosomes to the Golgi Apparatus Revealed through the Study of Shiga Toxin B-fragment...
Nitrogen limitation, toxin synthesis potential, and toxicity of cyanobacterial populations in Lake Okeechobee and the St. Lucie...Nitrogen limitation, toxin synthesis potential, and toxicity of cyanobacterial populations in Lake Okeechobee and the St. Lucie...
Tips From Other Journals - American Family PhysicianTips From Other Journals - American Family Physician
An Orally Applicable Shiga Toxin Neutralizer Functions in the Intestine To Inhibit the Intracellular Transport of the Toxin |...An Orally Applicable Shiga Toxin Neutralizer Functions in the Intestine To Inhibit the Intracellular Transport of the Toxin |...
Shiga toxin | Infection and ImmunityShiga toxin | Infection and Immunity
Effects of Azithromycin on Shiga Toxin Production by Escherichia coli and Subsequent Host Inflammatory Response | Antimicrobial...Effects of Azithromycin on Shiga Toxin Production by Escherichia coli and Subsequent Host Inflammatory Response | Antimicrobial...
Shiga-Like Toxin II Derived from Escherichia coli O157:H7 Modifies Renal Handling of Levofloxacin in Rats | Antimicrobial...Shiga-Like Toxin II Derived from Escherichia coli O157:H7 Modifies Renal Handling of Levofloxacin in Rats | Antimicrobial...
In silico analysis of Shiga toxins (Stxs) to identify new potential vaccine targets for Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli |...In silico analysis of Shiga toxins (Stxs) to identify new potential vaccine targets for Shiga toxin-producingEscherichia coli |...
AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
Shiga ToxinShiga Toxin 2Shiga Toxin 1Shiga ToxinsShiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coliShigella dysenteriaeEscherichia coli O157Hemolytic-Uremic SyndromeEscherichia coli InfectionsEnterohemorrhagic Escherichia coliBacterial ToxinsCholera ToxinCytotoxinsT-2 ToxinTrihexosylceramidesRicinGlobosidesEscherichia coliProphagesVero CellsToxicity TestsRibosome Inactivating ProteinsTetanus ToxinAntitoxinsFecesEscherichia coli ProteinsDiarrheaAdhesins, BacterialVirulence FactorsMarine ToxinsBotulinum Toxins, Type ASerotypingEscherichia coli VaccinesDysentery, BacillaryCercopithecus aethiopsEnterotoxinsVirulenceLethal Dose 50Molecular Sequence DataShigellaBacteriophagesHemolysin ProteinsButyric AcidToxicity Tests, AcuteToxoidsEdema Disease of SwinePolymerase Chain ReactionColiphagesDose-Response Relationship, DrugCattle DiseasesAntibodies, BacterialHeLa CellsCattleFood MicrobiologyGolgi ApparatusGlycolipidsCell SurvivalClathrin Heavy ChainsDNA, BacterialRNA, Ribosomal, 28SFoodborne DiseasesAmino Acid SequenceAdenylate Cyclase ToxinCell LineGenes, BacterialP Blood-Group Systemtrans-Golgi NetworkTrisaccharidesEnteropathogenic Escherichia coliEndosomesRabbitsGlycosphingolipidsLysogenyDisease OutbreaksTime FactorsProtein Synthesis InhibitorsEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayIntestinesTranscytosisProtein TransportBase SequenceElectrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-FieldCells, CulturedReceptors, Cell SurfaceProtein SubunitsBiological TransportBrefeldin AMycotoxinsNeutralization TestsEndocytosisIntestinal MucosaSequence Analysis, DNASiphoviridaeImmunochromatographyBacterial ProteinsAntibodies, MonoclonalSerum Amyloid P-ComponentMeatScorpion VenomsRecombinant ProteinsButyratesGermanyO AntigensNeurotoxinsPinocytosisClostridium difficileAntigens, Tumor-Associated, CarbohydrateAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsTosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl KetoneMice, Inbred BALB CLipopolysaccharidesIleumBacterial AdhesionDrug Administration ScheduleDisease Models, AnimalProtein BindingEpithelial CellsToxicity Tests, ChronicBacillus thuringiensisNeutral GlycosphingolipidsSwineApoptosisClathrinAntineoplastic AgentsKidney
Hemolytic Uremic SBacteriaShigellaReceptorInduceBacterial toxinsGenesVeroInfectionKnown as Shiga toxinProduce Shiga toxinClostridiumRetrogradeIntestinalVariantsPathogenicityBindsSubunitsRicin toxinsPathogensStxsPotentGolgiLethalActivity of the toxinsEndothelial cellInhibitDiphtheria toxinProteinsBotulinum toxinAssaysHemorrhagic colitisAnthraxGeneMicrobial ToxinsEukaryoticCytosolTargetsProtein toxinsSensitivityEnzymeReceptorsCellularCells
Hemolytic Uremic S4
Bacteria21
Shigella4
  • The toxins are named for Kiyoshi Shiga, who first described the bacterial origin of dysentery caused by Shigella dysenteriae. (wikipedia.org)
  • Shiga toxin (Stx) - true Shiga toxin - is produced by Shigella dysenteriae. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, the effects of excretion products of Shigella dysenteriae, in which Shiga toxin is present, were investigated on early larval stages of Zebrafish, an animal model with many advantages over other in vivo experimental models traditionally used. (bvsalud.org)
  • En este estudio, fueron evaluados los efectos del productos de excreción de Shigella dysenteriae (PESdy), sobre estadios larvarios de pez cebra (Danio rerio), un modelo animal con muchas ventajas sobre otros modelos experimentales in vivo utilizados tradicionalmente. (bvsalud.org)
Receptor15
Induce5
  • In cell cultures, manganese treatment yielded an almost 4,000-fold increase in the amount of Shiga toxin required to induce cell death. (medindia.net)
  • A number of physical and chemical agents, including a variety of toxins, have been reported to induce apoptosis ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 14 ). (asnjournals.org)
  • Numerosos estudios han demostrado que la toxina Shiga induce la apoptosis en diferentes tipos de células, sin embargo, este importante proceso ha sido poco estudiado en modelos experimentales in vivo. (bvsalud.org)
  • One of the biggest challenges is to develop an effective and safe immunogen to ensure non toxicity but also a strong input to the immune system to induce long-lasting, high affinity antibodies with anti-Stx neutralizing capacity. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Photo-optical observations on the mechanism of defecation in man Shiga toxin B subunits induce VWF secretion by human endothelial cells and thrombotic microangiopathy in ADAMTS13-deficient mice. (courtfield.ml)
Bacterial toxins7
Genes7
Vero3
  • We made mutations at these two sites to create intermediate toxins between Stx2c and Stx2d, and determined the 50% cytotoxic dose on Vero cells before and after heat treatment, and the 50% lethal dose in mice of the toxins. (mdpi.com)
  • The Vero cell toxicity assay was performed according to a protocol described previously ( 4 , 5 ). (asm.org)
  • We further identified 12 stx 1 + and stx 2 + isolates expressing little or no Shiga toxin 1 (Stx 1 ) and/or 2 (Stx 2 ) by reversed passive latex agglutination (RPLA) and Vero cell toxicity assays. (elsevier.com)
Infection3
Known as Shiga toxin2
  • An element usually found in nature may give way to neutralize the potentially toxic effects of a compound known as Shiga toxin, was discovered by Carnegie Mellon University researchers. (medindia.net)
  • PITTSBURGHCarnegie Mellon University researchers have discovered that an element commonly found in nature might provide a way to neutralize the potentially lethal effects of a compound known as Shiga toxin. (bio-medicine.org)
Produce Shiga toxin1
Clostridium5
Retrograde1
  • FP-Rab6 TCs specifically accumulated a retrograde cargo, the wild-type Shiga toxin B-fragment (STB), during STB transport from the Golgi to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (rupress.org)
Intestinal4
Variants6
Pathogenicity1
  • PATHOGENICITY/TOXICITY: Ingested pathogens can survive gastric acidity and cause illness by infecting the colonic mucosa and multiplying in the colonic epithelial cells, and spreading laterally to adjacent cells (5-7). (msdsonline.com)
Binds2
Subunits2
Ricin toxins4
Pathogens2
  • Bustamante, A.V., & Sanso, A.M. Multiple-locus variable-number of tandem-repeats analysis (MLVA) as subtyping technique for foodborne pathogens (2018) En: Grumezescu AM & Holban AM (Eds. (gob.ar)
  • Understanding the mechanisms used by pathogens and toxins to adhere and invade human cells could lead to the development of new strategies for preventing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases . (omicsonline.org)
Stxs2
  • However, the Stxs are now classified as select agents, and specific rules govern the distribution of both the toxin and clones of the toxin. (asmscience.org)
  • In conclusion, this study shows a unique effect of IFN- γ in the suppression of the toxicity of Stxs in a human microvascular endothelial cell model and the involvement of a novel mechanism in this suppression. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Potent1
  • These toxins are some of the most powerful poisons known to man - more potent than snake venom or strychnine. (blogspot.com)
Golgi9
Lethal5
Activity of the toxins2
Endothelial cell1
Inhibit2
Diphtheria toxin1
Proteins6
Botulinum toxin2
Assays3
  • Most assays to detect toxins target one or two toxins at a time, at best. (pnnl.gov)
  • There's a pressing need for assays that analyze multiple toxins simultaneously so that in case of exposure, differentiation of multiple biothreat toxins can occur early enough for appropriate care to be given,' Varnum added. (pnnl.gov)
  • CONCLUSION: With advantages of rapid sample preparation procedure and transparent observation of the live heart, this model can potentially be applied to large-scale drug screening and toxicity assays for non-ischemic HF. (bvsalud.org)
Hemorrhagic colitis1
Anthrax3
  • A role for PACE4 in the proteolytic activation of anthrax toxin protective antigen. (nih.gov)
  • In vitro processing of anthrax toxin protective antigen by recombinant PC1 (SPC3) and bovine intermediate lobe secretory vesicle membranes. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Lindberg was recently awarded a grant by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to test D6R against anthrax toxin in both cells as well as animal models (rats and mice). (innovations-report.com)
Gene3
  • The typical RTX toxin is encoded by a four-gene operon comprising, in order, the modifying enzyme, the toxin structural gene, and the two components of the secretion system. (asmscience.org)
  • cDNA microarray analysis of changes in gene expression associated with MPP+ toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. (bu.edu)
  • To identify genetic variations of each toxin gene, the software Geneious was used, providing alignments and phylogenetic trees. (fu-berlin.de)
Microbial Toxins2
Eukaryotic1
  • These toxins are secreted into the extracellular milieu, but they act upon targets within the eukaryotic cytosol. (jove.com)
Cytosol1
  • Some AB toxins travel by vesicle carriers from the cell surface to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) before entering the cytosol 2-4 . (jove.com)
Targets2
Protein toxins1
  • Protein toxins are considered to be potential biological threat agents because of their extreme toxicity, widespread availability, and ease of use. (pnnl.gov)
Sensitivity1
Enzyme1
  • 2.2 Toxicological studies 2.2.1 Acute toxicity studies 2.2.1.1 Rat Groups of 6 male and 6 female rats (Fischer 344) were dosed by gavage with the enzyme as an aqueous suspension at dose levels ranging from 0 to 12 g/kg b.w. (alpha-amylase activity 5130 U/g). (inchem.org)
Receptors1
Cellular3
  • We used toxins as a probe to understand a key cellular process,' Dong elaborates. (news-medical.net)
  • The protozoan might make a model cellular system for Shiga detoxification, which one day might relieve some of the stress around the salad bar, say Koudelka and Hennessey. (eurekalert.org)
  • Interestingly, the toxins share some genetic requirements, and exhibit similar sub-cellular localizations at various levels of their trafficking, suggesting two intertwined pathways converging and diverging at multiple levels," explains Dr. Bard. (redorbit.com)
Cells9
  • The study, recently published in PLOS Biology , used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to explore what factors in cells are necessary for the toxins to get in. (news-medical.net)
  • Especially toxins of the latter group are thus interesting models to study transport routes in animal cells that to date are still little explored. (rupress.org)
  • The strong selective pressure for cells resistant to toxin uptake enables the screening of pools of host cells, as opposed to arrayed libraries, saving in both cost and labor. (asm.org)
  • The plasma membrane of toxin-treated cells is selectively permeabilized with digitonin, allowing collection of a cytosolic fraction which is subsequently perfused over an SPR sensor coated with an anti-toxin A chain antibody. (jove.com)
  • Working on the theory that if the action of furin could be blocked, the toxins would not be activated and therefore unable to kill cells, the research team set out to make a peptide that would suppress furin activity. (innovations-report.com)
  • All of these toxins share a similar structure and mechanism for entering targeted host cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Associated with prophage induction (caused by factors such as antibiotics) the effective production of Shiga toxin and their release after, caused by phage, lysis of bacterial cells. (docplayer.net)
  • Also, the toxin uptake in the Stx-resistant phenotype was more than 100-fold greater than that of normal cells, when compared at Stx concentrations resulting in equivalent degrees of cell damage. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This indicated that the intracellular toxin was active as an N -glycosidase, while cells were still over 60 % viable, suggesting a possible unknown cytotoxic function of Stx. (microbiologyresearch.org)