Tooth. Medical search

One of a set of bone-like structures in the mouth used for biting and chewing.

The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.

The collective tissues from which an entire tooth is formed, including the DENTAL SAC; ENAMEL ORGAN; and DENTAL PAPILLA. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The teeth of the first dentition, which are shed and replaced by the permanent teeth.

The upper part of the tooth, which joins the lower part of the tooth (TOOTH ROOT) at the cervix (TOOTH CERVIX) at a line called the cementoenamel junction. The entire surface of the crown is covered with enamel which is thicker at the extremity and becomes progressively thinner toward the cervix. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p216)

The part of a tooth from the neck to the apex, embedded in the alveolar process and covered with cementum. A root may be single or divided into several branches, usually identified by their relative position, e.g., lingual root or buccal root. Single-rooted teeth include mandibular first and second premolars and the maxillary second premolar teeth. The maxillary first premolar has two roots in most cases. Maxillary molars have three roots. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p690)

The emergence of a tooth from within its follicle in the ALVEOLAR PROCESS of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE into the ORAL CAVITY. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

An extra tooth, erupted or unerupted, resembling or unlike the other teeth in the group to which it belongs. Its presence may cause malposition of adjacent teeth or prevent their eruption.

Congenital absence of or defects in structures of the teeth.

Loss of the tooth substance by chemical or mechanical processes

The surgical removal of a tooth. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A tooth from which the dental pulp has been removed or is necrotic. (Boucher, Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

The most posterior teeth on either side of the jaw, totaling eight in the deciduous dentition (2 on each side, upper and lower), and usually 12 in the permanent dentition (three on each side, upper and lower). They are grinding teeth, having large crowns and broad chewing surfaces. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p821)

A tooth that is prevented from erupting by a physical barrier, usually other teeth. Impaction may also result from orientation of the tooth in an other than vertical position in the periodontal structures.

Any change in the hue, color, or translucency of a tooth due to any cause. Restorative filling materials, drugs (both topical and systemic), pulpal necrosis, or hemorrhage may be responsible. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p253)

A normal developing tooth which has not yet perforated the oral mucosa or one that fails to erupt in the normal sequence or time interval expected for the type of tooth in a given gender, age, or population group.

Any of the eight frontal teeth (four maxillary and four mandibular) having a sharp incisal edge for cutting food and a single root, which occurs in man both as a deciduous and a permanent tooth. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p820)

The process of TOOTH formation. It is divided into several stages including: the dental lamina stage, the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage. Odontogenesis includes the production of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS), dentin (DENTINOGENESIS), and dental cementum (CEMENTOGENESIS).

The constricted part of the tooth at the junction of the crown and root or roots. It is often referred to as the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), the line at which the cementum covering the root of a tooth and the enamel of the tooth meet. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p530, p433)

A hard thin translucent layer of calcified substance which envelops and protects the dentin of the crown of the tooth. It is the hardest substance in the body and is almost entirely composed of calcium salts. Under the microscope, it is composed of thin rods (enamel prisms) held together by cementing substance, and surrounded by an enamel sheath. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)

Physiologic loss of the primary dentition. (Zwemer, Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

Partial or complete displacement of a tooth from its alveolar support. It is commonly the result of trauma. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p312)

Two teeth united during development by the union of their tooth germs; the teeth may be joined by the enamel of their crowns, by their root dentin, or by both.

The third tooth to the left and to the right of the midline of either jaw, situated between the second INCISOR and the premolar teeth (BICUSPID). (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p817)

The process whereby calcium salts are deposited in the dental enamel. The process is normal in the development of bones and teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p43)

One of the eight permanent teeth, two on either side in each jaw, between the canines (CUSPID) and the molars (MOLAR), serving for grinding and crushing food. The upper have two cusps (bicuspid) but the lower have one to three. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p822)

Solid fixation of a tooth resulting from fusion of the cementum and alveolar bone, with obliteration of the periodontal ligament. It is uncommon in the deciduous dentition and very rare in permanent teeth. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

A richly vascularized and innervated connective tissue of mesodermal origin, contained in the central cavity of a tooth and delimited by the dentin, and having formative, nutritive, sensory, and protective functions. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

Progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p296)

A hollow part of the alveolar process of the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE where each tooth fits and is attached via the periodontal ligament.

Reinsertion of a tooth into the alveolus from which it was removed or otherwise lost.

One of a pair of irregularly shaped bones that form the upper jaw. A maxillary bone provides tooth sockets for the superior teeth, forms part of the ORBIT, and contains the MAXILLARY SINUS.

The hard portion of the tooth surrounding the pulp, covered by enamel on the crown and cementum on the root, which is harder and denser than bone but softer than enamel, and is thus readily abraded when left unprotected. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

Resorption of calcified dental tissue, involving demineralization due to reversal of the cation exchange and lacunar resorption by osteoclasts. There are two types: external (as a result of tooth pathology) and internal (apparently initiated by a peculiar inflammatory hyperplasia of the pulp). (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p676)

Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.

The teeth collectively in the dental arch. Dentition ordinarily refers to the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. Dentition referring to the deciduous teeth is DENTITION, PRIMARY; to the permanent teeth, DENTITION, PERMANENT. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

A treatment modality in endodontics concerned with the therapy of diseases of the dental pulp. For preparatory procedures, ROOT CANAL PREPARATION is available.

Measurement of tooth characteristics.

The largest and strongest bone of the FACE constituting the lower jaw. It supports the lower teeth.

A tooth's loss of minerals, such as calcium in hydroxyapatite from the tooth matrix, caused by acidic exposure. An example of the occurrence of demineralization is in the formation of dental caries.

The 32 teeth of adulthood that either replace or are added to the complement of deciduous teeth. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

A restoration designed to remain in service for not less than 20 to 30 years, usually made of gold casting, cohesive gold, or amalgam. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

Congenital absence of the teeth; it may involve all (total anodontia) or only some of the teeth (partial anodontia, hypodontia), and both the deciduous and the permanent dentition, or only teeth of the permanent dentition. (Dorland, 27th ed)

The selected form given to a natural tooth when it is reduced by instrumentation to receive a prosthesis (e.g., artificial crown or a retainer for a fixed or removable prosthesis). The selection of the form is guided by clinical circumstances and physical properties of the materials that make up the prosthesis. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p239)

The fibrous CONNECTIVE TISSUE surrounding the TOOTH ROOT, separating it from and attaching it to the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS).

The thickest and spongiest part of the maxilla and mandible hollowed out into deep cavities for the teeth.

A means of identifying the age of an animal or human through tooth examination.

The bonelike rigid connective tissue covering the root of a tooth from the cementoenamel junction to the apex and lining the apex of the root canal, also assisting in tooth support by serving as attachment structures for the periodontal ligament. (Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

Cylindrical epithelial cells in the innermost layer of the ENAMEL ORGAN. Their functions include contribution to the development of the dentinoenamel junction by the deposition of a layer of the matrix, thus producing the foundation for the prisms (the structural units of the DENTAL ENAMEL), and production of the matrix for the enamel prisms and interprismatic substance. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The space in a tooth bounded by the dentin and containing the dental pulp. The portion of the cavity within the crown of the tooth is the pulp chamber; the portion within the root is the pulp canal or root canal.

Death of pulp tissue with or without bacterial invasion. When the necrosis is due to ischemia with superimposed bacterial infection, it is referred to as pulp gangrene. When the necrosis is non-bacterial in origin, it is called pulp mummification.

Therapeutic technique for replacement of minerals in partially decalcified teeth.

Presentation devices used for patient education and technique training in dentistry.

Extraoral body-section radiography depicting an entire maxilla, or both maxilla and mandible, on a single film.

Inflammation of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE. It includes general, unspecified, or acute nonsuppurative inflammation. Chronic nonsuppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL GRANULOMA. Suppurative inflammation is PERIAPICAL ABSCESS.

The description and measurement of the various factors that produce physical stress upon dental restorations, prostheses, or appliances, materials associated with them, or the natural oral structures.

The study of the teeth of early forms of life through fossil remains.

An operation in which carious material is removed from teeth and biomechanically correct forms are established in the teeth to receive and retain restorations. A constant requirement is provision for prevention of failure of the restoration through recurrence of decay or inadequate resistance to applied stresses. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p239-40)

Absence of teeth from a portion of the mandible and/or maxilla.

Synthetic resins, containing an inert filler, that are widely used in dentistry.

The proteins that are part of the dental enamel matrix.

An acquired or hereditary condition due to deficiency in the formation of tooth enamel (AMELOGENESIS). It is usually characterized by defective, thin, or malformed DENTAL ENAMEL. Risk factors for enamel hypoplasia include gene mutations, nutritional deficiencies, diseases, and environmental factors.

An abnormal opening or fissure between two adjacent teeth.

The relationship of all the components of the masticatory system in normal function. It has special reference to the position and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth for the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p556, p472)

Epithelial cells surrounding the dental papilla and differentiated into three layers: the inner enamel epithelium, consisting of ameloblasts which eventually form the enamel, and the enamel pulp and external enamel epithelium, both of which atrophy and disappear before and upon eruption of the tooth, respectively.

The practice of personal hygiene of the mouth. It includes the maintenance of oral cleanliness, tissue tone, and general preservation of oral health.

An adhesion procedure for orthodontic attachments, such as plastic DENTAL CROWNS. This process usually includes the application of an adhesive material (DENTAL CEMENTS) and letting it harden in-place by light or chemical curing.

The aftermost permanent tooth on each side in the maxilla and mandible.

Use of a metal casting, usually with a post in the pulp or root canal, designed to support and retain an artificial crown.

Dental procedure in which the entire pulp chamber is removed from the crown and roots of a tooth.

Total lack of teeth through disease or extraction.

Materials used in the production of dental bases, restorations, impressions, prostheses, etc.

The structures surrounding and supporting the tooth. Periodontium includes the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.

Mesodermal tissue enclosed in the invaginated portion of the epithelial enamel organ and giving rise to the dentin and pulp.

Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.

"Decayed, missing and filled teeth," a routinely used statistical concept in dentistry.

Inability or inadequacy of a dental restoration or prosthesis to perform as expected.

Materials placed inside a root canal for the purpose of obturating or sealing it. The materials may be gutta-percha, silver cones, paste mixtures, or other substances. (Dorland, 28th ed, p631 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p187)

Dental cements composed either of polymethyl methacrylate or dimethacrylate, produced by mixing an acrylic monomer liquid with acrylic polymers and mineral fillers. The cement is insoluble in water and is thus resistant to fluids in the mouth, but is also irritating to the dental pulp. It is used chiefly as a luting agent for fabricated and temporary restorations. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p159)

Migration of the teeth toward the midline or forward in the DENTAL ARCH. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

The testing of materials and devices, especially those used for PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; SUTURES; TISSUE ADHESIVES; etc., for hardness, strength, durability, safety, efficacy, and biocompatibility.

The plan, delineation, and location of actual structural elements of dentures. The design can relate to retainers, stress-breakers, occlusal rests, flanges, framework, lingual or palatal bars, reciprocal arms, etc.

Preparatory activities in ROOT CANAL THERAPY by partial or complete extirpation of diseased pulp, cleaning and sterilization of the empty canal, enlarging and shaping the canal to receive the sealing material. The cavity may be prepared by mechanical, sonic, chemical, or other means. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1700)

A partial denture designed and constructed to be removed readily from the mouth.

An artificial replacement for one or more natural teeth or part of a tooth, or associated structures, ranging from a portion of a tooth to a complete denture. The dental prosthesis is used for cosmetic or functional reasons, or both. DENTURES and specific types of dentures are also available. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p244 & Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p643)

The seepage of fluids, debris, and micro-organisms between the walls of a prepared dental cavity and the restoration.

Phase of endodontic treatment in which a root canal system that has been cleaned is filled through use of special materials and techniques in order to prevent reinfection.

Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.

The act and process of chewing and grinding food in the mouth.

Substances used to bond COMPOSITE RESINS to DENTAL ENAMEL and DENTIN. These bonding or luting agents are used in restorative dentistry, ROOT CANAL THERAPY; PROSTHODONTICS; and ORTHODONTICS.

Devices used for influencing tooth position. Orthodontic appliances may be classified as fixed or removable, active or retaining, and intraoral or extraoral. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p19)

A homeodomain protein that interacts with TATA-BOX BINDING PROTEIN. It represses GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of target GENES and plays a critical role in ODONTOGENESIS.

A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.

The application of dental knowledge to questions of law.

Dense fibrous layer formed from mesodermal tissue that surrounds the epithelial enamel organ. The cells eventually migrate to the external surface of the newly formed root dentin and give rise to the cementoblasts that deposit cementum on the developing root, fibroblasts of the developing periodontal ligament, and osteoblasts of the developing alveolar bone.

Technique involving the passage of X-rays through oral structures to create a film record while a central tab or wing of dental X-ray film is being held between upper and lower teeth.

Diseases of the PERIAPICAL TISSUE surrounding the root of the tooth, which is distinguished from DENTAL PULP DISEASES inside the TOOTH ROOT.

Such malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth as to interfere with the highest efficiency during the excursive movements of the jaw that are essential for mastication. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)

A major dental enamel-forming protein found in mammals. In humans the protein is encoded by GENES found on both the X CHROMOSOME and the Y CHROMOSOME.

A paired box transcription factor that is involved in ODONTOGENESIS.

The curve formed by the row of TEETH in their normal position in the JAW. The inferior dental arch is formed by the mandibular teeth, and the superior dental arch by the maxillary teeth.

A partial denture attached to prepared natural teeth, roots, or implants by cementation.

Bony structure of the mouth that holds the teeth. It consists of the MANDIBLE and the MAXILLA.

The plan and delineation of dental prostheses in general or a specific dental prosthesis. It does not include DENTURE DESIGN. The framework usually consists of metal.

A numerical rating scale for classifying the periodontal status of a person or population with a single figure which takes into consideration prevalence as well as severity of the condition. It is based upon probe measurement of periodontal pockets and on gingival tissue status.

Photographic techniques used in ORTHODONTICS; DENTAL ESTHETICS; and patient education.

An alloy used in restorative dentistry that contains mercury, silver, tin, copper, and possibly zinc.

Small metal or ceramic attachments used to fasten an arch wire. These attachments are soldered or welded to an orthodontic band or cemented directly onto the teeth. Bowles brackets, edgewise brackets, multiphase brackets, ribbon arch brackets, twin-wire brackets, and universal brackets are all types of orthodontic brackets.

A polymer obtained by reacting polyacrylic acid with a special anion-leachable glass (alumino-silicate). The resulting cement is more durable and tougher than others in that the materials comprising the polymer backbone do not leach out.

Inflammation of gum tissue (GINGIVA) without loss of connective tissue.

A white powder prepared from lime that has many medical and industrial uses. It is in many dental formulations, especially for root canal filling.

Skills, techniques, standards, and principles used to improve the art and symmetry of the teeth and face to improve the appearance as well as the function of the teeth, mouth, and face. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p108)

Restorations of metal, porcelain, or plastic made to fit a cavity preparation, then cemented into the tooth. Onlays are restorations which fit into cavity preparations and overlay the occlusal surface of a tooth or teeth. Onlays are retained by frictional or mechanical factors.

Preparation of TOOTH surfaces and DENTAL MATERIALS with etching agents, usually phosphoric acid, to roughen the surface to increase adhesion or osteointegration.

Fixed or removable devices that join teeth together. They are used to repair teeth that are mobile as a result of PERIODONTITIS.

Coagulated exudate isolated from several species of the tropical tree Palaquium (Sapotaceae). It is the trans-isomer of natural rubber and is used as a filling and impression material in dentistry and orthopedics and as an insulator in electronics. It has also been used as a rubber substitute.

Substances that inhibit or arrest DENTAL CARIES formation. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

Tissue surrounding the apex of a tooth, including the apical portion of the periodontal membrane and alveolar bone.

Agents used to occlude dental enamel pits and fissures in the prevention of dental caries.

Cements that act through infiltration and polymerization within the dentinal matrix and are used for dental restoration. They can be adhesive resins themselves, adhesion-promoting monomers, or polymerization initiators that act in concert with other agents to form a dentin-bonding system.

The formation of dentin. Dentin first appears in the layer between the ameloblasts and odontoblasts and becomes calcified immediately. Formation progresses from the tip of the papilla over its slope to form a calcified cap becoming thicker by the apposition of new layers pulpward. A layer of uncalcified dentin intervenes between the calcified tissue and the odontoblast and its processes. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

The phase of orthodontics concerned with the correction of malocclusion with proper appliances and prevention of its sequelae (Jablonski's Illus. Dictionary of Dentistry).

Orthodontic movement in the coronal direction achieved by outward tension on the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT. It does not include the operative procedure that CROWN LENGTHENING involves.

A mixture of metallic elements or compounds with other metallic or metalloid elements in varying proportions for use in restorative or prosthetic dentistry.

A dental specialty concerned with the maintenance of the dental pulp in a state of health and the treatment of the pulp cavity (pulp chamber and pulp canal).

The planning, calculation, and creation of an apparatus for the purpose of correcting the placement or straightening of teeth.

An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.

Dental procedure in which part of the pulp chamber is removed from the crown of a tooth.

A type of porcelain used in dental restorations, either jacket crowns or inlays, artificial teeth, or metal-ceramic crowns. It is essentially a mixture of particles of feldspar and quartz, the feldspar melting first and providing a glass matrix for the quartz. Dental porcelain is produced by mixing ceramic powder (a mixture of quartz, kaolin, pigments, opacifiers, a suitable flux, and other substances) with distilled water. (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

A disorder characterized by grinding and clenching of the teeth.

Resorption or wasting of the tooth-supporting bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS) in the MAXILLA or MANDIBLE.

A rapid, low-dose, digital imaging system using a small intraoral sensor instead of radiographic film, an intensifying screen, and a charge-coupled device. It presents the possibility of reduced patient exposure and minimal distortion, although resolution and latitude are inferior to standard dental radiography. A receiver is placed in the mouth, routing signals to a computer which images the signals on a screen or in print. It includes digitizing from x-ray film or any other detector. (From MEDLINE abstracts; personal communication from Dr. Charles Berthold, NIDR)

A commonly used prosthesis that results in a strong, permanent restoration. It consists of an electrolytically etched cast-metal retainer that is cemented (bonded), using resins, to adjacent teeth whose enamel was previously acid-treated (acid-etched). This type of bridgework is sometimes referred to as a Maryland bridge.

The generic term for salts derived from silica or the silicic acids. They contain silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals, and may contain hydrogen. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th Ed)

Radiographic techniques used in dentistry.

Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.

A prosthesis or restoration placed for a limited period, from several days to several months, which is designed to seal the tooth and maintain its position until a permanent restoration (DENTAL RESTORATION, PERMANENT) will replace it. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992)

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

Natural teeth or teeth roots used as anchorage for a fixed or removable denture or other prosthesis (such as an implant) serving the same purpose.

Polymeric resins derived from OXIRANES and characterized by strength and thermosetting properties. Epoxy resins are often used as dental materials.

The degree of approximation or fit of filling material or dental prosthetic to the tooth surface. A close marginal adaptation and seal at the interface is important for successful dental restorations.

A chronic endemic form of hypoplasia of the dental enamel caused by drinking water with a high fluorine content during the time of tooth formation, and characterized by defective calcification that gives a white chalky appearance to the enamel, which gradually undergoes brown discoloration. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p286)

An appliance used as an artificial or prosthetic replacement for missing teeth and adjacent tissues. It does not include CROWNS; DENTAL ABUTMENTS; nor TOOTH, ARTIFICIAL.

Inorganic derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Note that organic derivatives of phosphoric acids are listed under ORGANOPHOSPHATES.

Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.

Dentifrices that are formulated into a paste form. They typically contain abrasives, HUMECTANTS; DETERGENTS; FLAVORING AGENTS; and CARIOSTATIC AGENTS.

It is used as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as a disinfectant. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Inorganic compounds that contain calcium as an integral part of the molecule.

Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)

An abnormal passage in the oral cavity on the gingiva.

Microscopy in which the object is examined directly by an electron beam scanning the specimen point-by-point. The image is constructed by detecting the products of specimen interactions that are projected above the plane of the sample, such as backscattered electrons. Although SCANNING TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY also scans the specimen point by point with the electron beam, the image is constructed by detecting the electrons, or their interaction products that are transmitted through the sample plane, so that is a form of TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY.

The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.

General name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the Mesozoic era: Saurischia and Ornithischia.

A class of statistical methods applicable to a large set of probability distributions used to test for correlation, location, independence, etc. In most nonparametric statistical tests, the original scores or observations are replaced by another variable containing less information. An important class of nonparametric tests employs the ordinal properties of the data. Another class of tests uses information about whether an observation is above or below some fixed value such as the median, and a third class is based on the frequency of the occurrence of runs in the data. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1284; Corsini, Concise Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1987, p764-5)

Hand-held tools or implements especially used by dental professionals for the performance of clinical tasks.

The total of dental diagnostic, preventive, and restorative services provided to meet the needs of a patient (from Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982).

Diagnostic tests conducted in order to measure the increment of active DENTAL CARIES over a period of time.

Loss or destruction of periodontal tissue caused by periodontitis or other destructive periodontal diseases or by injury during instrumentation. Attachment refers to the periodontal ligament which attaches to the alveolar bone. It has been hypothesized that treatment of the underlying periodontal disease and the seeding of periodontal ligament cells enable the creating of new attachment.

Fluorides, usually in pastes or gels, used for topical application to reduce the incidence of DENTAL CARIES.

Stainless steel. A steel containing Ni, Cr, or both. It does not tarnish on exposure and is used in corrosive environments. (Grant & Hack's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary conditions characterized by malformed DENTAL ENAMEL, usually involving DENTAL ENAMEL HYPOPLASIA and/or TOOTH HYPOMINERALIZATION.

A dental specialty concerned with the prevention and correction of dental and oral anomalies (malocclusion).

A purely physical condition which exists within any material because of strain or deformation by external forces or by non-uniform thermal expansion; expressed quantitatively in units of force per unit area.

The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.

Endodontic procedure performed to induce TOOTH APEX barrier development. ROOT CANAL FILLING MATERIALS are used to repair open apex or DENTAL PULP NECROSIS in an immature tooth. CALCIUM HYDROXIDE and mineral trioxide aggregate are commonly used as the filling materials.

A mixed tumor of odontogenic origin, in which both the epithelial and mesenchymal cells exhibit complete differentiation, resulting in the formation of tooth structures. (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)

Any preparations used for cleansing teeth; they usually contain an abrasive, detergent, binder and flavoring agent and may exist in the form of liquid, paste or powder; may also contain medicaments and caries preventives.

Biocompatible materials placed into (endosseous) or onto (subperiosteal) the jawbone to support a crown, bridge, or artificial tooth, or to stabilize a diseased tooth.

Occlusal wear of the surfaces of restorations and surface wear of dentures.

Used as a dental cement this is mainly zinc oxide (with strengtheners and accelerators) and eugenol. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)

The property of dental enamel to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, mineral ions and other substances. It does not include the penetration of the dental enamel by microorganisms.

The internal resistance of a material to moving some parts of it parallel to a fixed plane, in contrast to stretching (TENSILE STRENGTH) or compression (COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH). Ionic crystals are brittle because, when subjected to shear, ions of the same charge are brought next to each other, which causes repulsion.

X-RAY COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY with resolution in the micrometer range.

The susceptibility of the DENTAL ENAMEL to dissolution.

Application of a protective agent to an exposed pulp (direct capping) or the remaining thin layer of dentin over a nearly exposed pulp (indirect capping) in order to allow the pulp to recover and maintain its normal vitality and function.

Investigations conducted on the physical health of teeth involving use of a tool that transmits hot or cold electric currents on a tooth's surface that can determine problems with that tooth based on reactions to the currents.

A prosthesis that gains its support, stability, and retention from a substructure that is implanted under the soft tissues of the basal seat of the device and is in contact with bone. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

A ectodysplasin receptor subtype that is specific for ECTODYSPLASIN A1. It signals via the specific signaling adaptor EDAR-ASSOCIATED DEATH DOMAIN PROTEIN. Loss of function of the edar receptor is associated with AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE ANHIDROTIC ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA and ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA 3, ANHIDROTIC.

Inorganic salts of hydrofluoric acid, HF, in which the fluorine atom is in the -1 oxidation state. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) Sodium and stannous salts are commonly used in dentifrices.

The middle germ layer of an embryo derived from three paired mesenchymal aggregates along the neural tube.

The predisposition to tooth decay (DENTAL CARIES).

A polysaccharide-producing species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from human dental plaque.

A denture replacing all natural teeth and associated structures in both the maxilla and mandible.

The complement of teeth in the jaws after the eruption of some of the permanent teeth but before all the deciduous teeth are absent. (Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed)

Acrylic acids or acrylates which are substituted in the C-2 position with a methyl group.

Excision of the apical portion of a tooth through an opening made in the overlying labial, buccal, or palatal alveolar bone. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A fluid occurring in minute amounts in the gingival crevice, believed by some authorities to be an inflammatory exudate and by others to cleanse material from the crevice, containing sticky plasma proteins which improve adhesions of the epithelial attachment, have antimicrobial properties, and exert antibody activity. (From Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry, 1982)

Members of the TNF receptor family that are specific for ECTODYSPLASIN. At least two subtypes of the ectodysplasin receptor exist, each being specific for a ectodysplasin isoform. Signaling through ectodysplasin receptors plays an essential role in the normal ectodermal development. Genetic defects that result in loss of ectodysplasin receptor function results ECTODERMAL DYSPLASIA.

The mechanical property of material that determines its resistance to force. HARDNESS TESTS measure this property.

Acute or chronic inflammation of tissues surrounding the apical portion of a tooth, associated with the collection of pus, resulting from infection following pulp infection through a carious lesion or as a result of an injury causing pulp necrosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Coloring, shading, or tinting of prosthetic components, devices, and materials.

Practice of adding fluoride to water for the purpose of preventing tooth decay and cavities.

Endodontic diseases of the DENTAL PULP inside the tooth, which is distinguished from PERIAPICAL DISEASES of the tissue surrounding the root.

The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.

The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.

Scientific study of human skeletal remains with the express purpose of identification. This includes establishing individual identity, trauma analysis, facial reconstruction, photographic superimposition, determination of time interval since death, and crime-scene recovery. Forensic anthropologists do not certify cause of death but provide data to assist in determination of probable cause. This is a branch of the field of physical anthropology and qualified individuals are certified by the American Board of Forensic Anthropology. (From Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1992 Jun;13(2):146)

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

Developmental expression patterns of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bax, and Bak in teeth. (1/1158)

The ontogenic profile of expression of four members of the Bcl-2 family (Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bax and Bak) was examined in the mouse by immunohistochemistry using paraffin sections. All four members were expressed in changing patterns during critical stages of tooth morphogenesis. Expression was detected in epithelial cell populations including the dental lamina, internal dental epithelium (IDE; differentiating ameloblasts), stratum intermedium and stellate reticulum cells, as well as in the condensed dental mesenchyme. The temporo-spatial localization of the various members of the Bcl-2 family in dental epithelium and mesenchyme showed striking overlapping areas but often their expression patterns differed. In general, contemporaneous co-expression of the Bcl-2 and Bax proteins, and of the Bcl-x and Bak proteins was noted in various types of cells during the developmental process, with the intensity of Bcl-2>Bax and of Bak>Bcl-x. Expression was pronounced at sites where interaction between surface ectoderm and induced mesenchyme takes place, and at the enamel knot, which is regarded as organization/regulating center for tooth development. Around birth, after the structural maturation was accomplished, the expression was down-regulated. The absence of elevated expression of each of these four members of the Bcl-2 family after birth in the teeth suggests that these proteins are relevant during the accomplishment of the basic architecture but not once the structure of the tooth is established. (+info)

Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. (2/1158)

The lack of an adequate hominid fossil record in eastern Africa between 2 and 3 million years ago (Ma) has hampered investigations of early hominid phylogeny. Discovery of 2.5 Ma hominid cranial and dental remains from the Hata beds of Ethiopia's Middle Awash allows recognition of a new species of Australopithecus. This species is descended from Australopithecus afarensis and is a candidate ancestor for early Homo. Contemporary postcranial remains feature a derived humanlike humeral/femoral ratio and an apelike upper arm-to-lower arm ratio. (+info)

Clinical trial of three 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching products. (3/1158)

BACKGROUND: A profusion of commercial bleaching systems exists on the market today, but there are few clinical comparisons of these systems. METHODS: In this study, three different commercial 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching systems were used by 24 patients in an overnight protocol for two weeks. Each patient used two of the bleaching products simultaneously in a side-by-side comparison. RESULTS: The mean onset of tooth whitening was 2.4 +/- 1.7 days. Tooth sensitivity was the most frequent side effect, as 64% of the patients reported tooth sensitivity occurring after 4.8 +/- 4.1 days and lasting for 5.0 +/- 3.8 days. Although intrapatient differences were recorded for the three commercial 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching systems by the patients, there were no statistical differences in the time of onset of subjective tooth whitening and the onset, frequency and duration of tooth sensitivity among the three commercial bleaching systems when compared pairwise or independently (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Selection of which bleaching product to use should be based on the concentration of the active ingredient, the viscosity of the product and other marketing features. Further research is needed to investigate the causes of tooth sensitivity and methods to reduce its severity and frequency. (+info)

Blastogenic response of human lymphocytes to oral bacterial antigens: comparison of individuals with periodontal disease to normal and edentulous subjects. (4/1158)

Cell-mediated immunity in humans to antigens derived from oral plaque bacteria was investigated by using the lymphocyte blastogenesis assay. Subjects with varying severities of periodontal disease including normal, gingivitis, periodontitis, and edentulous were compared. Mononuclear leukocytes were separated from peripheral blood and cultured with antigens prepared by sonication of Actinomyces viscosus (AV), Actinomyces naeslundii (AN), Veillonella alcalescens (VA), Leptotrichia buccalis (LB), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (BM), and homologous dental plaque (DP). The lymphocyte response of subjects with gingivitis or periodontitis was significantly greater than that of normal subjects to antigens of AV, AN, and DP, but did not differ from the response of edentulous subjects. Periodontitis subjects were significantly more reactive than edentulous and normal subjects in response to VA, LB, and BM. These findings suggest that the tested gram-negative bacteria and the host response they evoke are associated with advanced periodontal destruction. (+info)

Immunohistological distributions of fibronectin, tenascin, type I, III and IV collagens, and laminin during tooth development and degeneration in fetuses of minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. (5/1158)

The immunohistological distributions of fibronectin, tenascin, type I, III and IV collagens, and laminin were observed in the tooth buds of fetuses of minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Distributions of extracellular matrices (ECMs) examined in this study except for tenascin were generally similar to those of terrestrial mammalian species during development of the tooth bud. Tenascin in the fetuses of minke whale showed characteristic distributions in the dental lamina and the enamel organ in the early tooth developmental stage. In the physiological degeneration stage of tooth bud development, immunoreactivity of the ECMs were very weakly and limitedly detected in the dental papilla and the surrounding mesenchyme. Immunoreactivity of tenascin and type I and III collagens were positively detected in the developing baleen plate germ which was associated with the degenerating tooth bud. These findings suggested that expressions of the ECMs were related to the formation of the tooth bud and baleen plate germ, and that the lack of the ECMs was related to the degeneration of the tooth bud in the fetal minke whale. (+info)

Cbfa1 is required for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulating tooth development in mice. (6/1158)

Osteoblasts and odontoblasts, cells that are responsible for the formation of bone and dentin matrices respectively, share several molecular characteristics. Recently, Cbfa1 was shown to be a critical transcriptional regulator of osteoblast differentiation. Mutations in this gene cause cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), an autosomal dominant disorder in humans and mice characterized by defective bone formation. CCD also results in dental defects that include supernumerary teeth and delayed eruption of permanent dentition. The dental abnormalities in CCD suggest an important role for this molecule in the formation of dentition. Here we describe results of studies aimed at understanding the functions of Cbfa1 in tooth formation. RT-PCR and in situ hybridization analyses show that Cbfa1 has a unique expression pattern in dental mesenchyme from the bud to early bell stages during active epithelial morphogenesis. Unlike that observed in osteoblast differentiation, Cbfa1 is downregulated in fully differentiated odontoblasts and is surprisingly expressed in ectodermally derived ameloblasts during the maturation phase of enamel formation. The role of Cbfa1 in tooth morphogenesis is further illustrated by the misshapen and severely hypoplastic tooth organs in Cbfa1-/- mice. These tooth organs lacked overt odontoblast and ameloblast differentiation and normal dentin and enamel matrices. Epithelial-mesenchymal recombinants demonstrate that dental epithelium regulates mesenchymal Cbfa1 expression during the bud and cap stages and that these effects are mimicked by the FGFs but not by the BMPs as shown by our bead implantation assays. We propose that Cbfa1 regulates the expression of molecules in mesenchyme that act reciprocally on dental epithelium to control its growth and differentiation. Taken together, our data indicate a non-redundant role for Cbfa1 in tooth development that may be distinct from that in bone formation. In odontogenesis, Cbfa1 is not involved in the early signaling networks regulating tooth initiation and early morphogenesis but regulates key epithelial-mesenchymal interactions that control advancing morphogenesis and histodifferentiation of the epithelial enamel organ. (+info)

An mtDNA analysis in ancient Basque populations: implications for haplogroup V as a marker for a major paleolithic expansion from southwestern europe. (7/1158)

mtDNA sequence variation was studied in 121 dental samples from four Basque prehistoric sites, by high-resolution RFLP analysis. The results of this study are corroborated by (1) parallel analysis of 92 bone samples, (2) the use of controls during extraction and amplification, and (3) typing by both positive and negative restriction of the linked sites that characterize each haplogroup. The absence of haplogroup V in the prehistoric samples analyzed conflicts with the hypothesis proposed by Torroni et al., in which haplogroup V is considered as an mtDNA marker for a major Paleolithic population expansion from southwestern Europe, occurring approximately 10,000-15,000 years before the present (YBP). Our samples from the Basque Country provide a valuable tool for checking the previous hypothesis, which is based on genetic data from present-day populations. In light of the available data, the most realistic scenario to explain the origin and distribution of haplogroup V suggests that the mutation defining that haplogroup (4577 NlaIII) appeared at a time when the effective population size was small enough to allow genetic drift to act-and that such drift is responsible for the heterogeneity observed in Basques, with regard to the frequency of haplogroup V (0%-20%). This is compatible with the attributed date for the origin of that mutation (10,000-15, 000 YBP), because during the postglacial period (the Mesolithic, approximately 11,000 YBP) there was a major demographic change in the Basque Country, which minimized the effect of genetic drift. This interpretation does not rely on migratory movements to explain the distribution of haplogroup V in present-day Indo-European populations. (+info)

Expression of Wnt signalling pathway genes during tooth development. (8/1158)

We have carried out comparative in situ hybridisation analysis of six Wnt genes Wnts-3, -4, -5a, -6, -7b, and 10b together with Wnt receptor MFz6 and receptor agonist/antagonists MFrzb1 and Mfrp2 during murine odontogenesis from the earliest formation of the epithelial thickening to the early bell stage. Expression of Wnt-4, Wnt-6, and one Wnt receptor MFz6 was observed in the facial, oral and dental epithelium. Wnt10b was localised specifically to the presumptive dental epithelium. Wnts-3 and -7b were expressed in oral epithelium but showed no expression in the presumptive dental epithelium. Wnt-3 also showed no expression in the epithelial cells of the molar bud stage tooth germs, but showed restricted expression in the enamel knots which are signalling centres believed to be involved in regulating tooth shape. Wnts -6, -10b and MFz6 were also detected in the primary and secondary enamel knots. Wnt-5a and agonist/antagonists MFrzb1 and Mfrp2 were expressed in a graded proximo-distal (P-D) manner in mesenchymal cells during the early stages of tooth development with no overlying expression in the oral or dental epithelium. Wnt-5a and MFrzb1 show strong expression in the dental papilla mesenchyme. (+info)

There are several types of tooth loss, including:

1. Anterior tooth loss: This occurs when one or more front teeth are missing.
2. Posterior tooth loss: This occurs when one or more back teeth are missing.
3. Bilateral tooth loss: This occurs when there is a loss of teeth on both sides of the dental arch.
4. Unilateral tooth loss: This occurs when there is a loss of teeth on one side of the dental arch.
5. Complete tooth loss: This occurs when all teeth are missing from the dental arch.
6. Partial tooth loss: This occurs when only some teeth are missing from the dental arch.

Tooth loss can cause various problems such as difficulty chewing and biting food, speech difficulties, and changes in the appearance of the face and smile. It can also lead to other oral health issues such as shifting of the remaining teeth, bone loss, and gum recession.

Treatment options for tooth loss vary depending on the cause and severity of the condition. Some possible treatments include dentures, implants, bridges, and crowns. It is important to seek professional dental care if you experience any type of tooth loss to prevent further complications and restore oral health.

Synonyms: supplemental tooth; extra tooth; hyperdontia.

See Also: Tooth; Dentition.

1. Congenital abnormalities: These are present at birth and may be caused by genetic factors or environmental influences during fetal development. Examples include hypodontia (absence of one or more teeth), hyperdontia (extra teeth), or anodontia (absence of all teeth).
2. Acquired abnormalities: These can occur at any time during life, often as a result of trauma, infection, or other conditions. Examples include tooth decay, gum disease, or tooth wear and tear.
3. Developmental abnormalities: These occur during the development of teeth and may be caused by genetic factors, nutritional deficiencies, or exposure to certain medications or chemicals. Examples include enamel hypoplasia (thinning of tooth enamel) or peg-shaped teeth.
4. Structural abnormalities: These are irregularities in the shape or structure of teeth, such as anomalies in the size, shape, or position of teeth. Examples include crowded or misaligned teeth, or teeth that do not erupt properly.
5. Dental caries (tooth decay): This is a bacterial infection that causes the breakdown of tooth structure, often leading to cavities and tooth loss if left untreated.
6. Periodontal disease: This is an inflammatory condition that affects the supporting tissues of teeth, including the gums and bone, and can lead to tooth loss if left untreated.
7. Tooth wear: This refers to the wear and tear of teeth over time, often due to habits such as bruxism (teeth grinding) or acid reflux.
8. Dental anomalies: These are rare, genetic conditions that affect the development and structure of teeth, such as peg-shaped teeth or geminated teeth (two teeth fused together).

These are just a few examples of tooth abnormalities, and there are many more conditions that can affect the health and appearance of teeth. Regular dental check-ups can help detect and address any issues early on to ensure good oral health.

There are different types of tooth wear, including:

1. Attrition: This is the most common type of tooth wear and occurs when the enamel surfaces of teeth rub against each other.
2. Abrasion: This type of wear occurs when the outer layer of enamel is worn away by a foreign object such as a toothbrush or dental appliance.
3. Erosion: This type of wear occurs when acidic substances such as citrus fruits, soda, and sugary drinks dissolve the enamel surface of teeth.
4. Exfoliation: This type of wear occurs when a tooth is lost due to decay, injury, or gum disease, and the surrounding teeth shift to fill the gap.

Tooth wear can cause a range of symptoms including:

* Sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures
* Pain when chewing or biting
* Aesthetic concerns such as chipped or worn-down teeth
* Difficulty speaking or pronouncing certain words

Tooth wear can be prevented or treated by practicing good oral hygiene, avoiding acidic and sugary foods and drinks, using a soft-bristled toothbrush, and visiting the dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings. In severe cases, dental restorations such as fillings, crowns, or veneers may be necessary to restore the shape, size, and function of teeth.

A tooth that has died due to injury, disease, or other factors and cannot be saved or repaired. A nonvital tooth may require extraction. Also called dead tooth.

The term "nonvital" is used in the medical field to describe something that is not functioning properly or is no longer alive. In the context of dentistry, a nonvital tooth is one that has died and cannot be saved or repaired. This can happen due to injury, disease, or other factors. Nonvital teeth are typically extracted to prevent further infection or complications. The term "dead tooth" is sometimes used interchangeably with "nonvital tooth."

Impacted teeth can cause a range of symptoms including pain, swelling, and infection. If left untreated, impacted teeth can lead to more serious complications such as abscesses or cysts that can damage the surrounding bone and tissue.

Treatment options for impacted teeth depend on the severity of the impaction and may include antibiotics, pain relief medication, or surgical removal of the tooth. In some cases, impacted wisdom teeth may be removed prophylactically to prevent complications from arising in the future.

It's important to note that not all impacted teeth require treatment and your dentist will assess the situation and provide recommendations based on your individual needs.

There are several types of tooth discoloration, including:

1. Extrinsic stains: These are the most common type of tooth discoloration and are caused by factors such as coffee, tea, red wine, and smoking. These stains can be removed with professional cleaning and whitening treatments.
2. Intrinsic stains: These are deeper stains that occur within the tooth itself and can be caused by factors such as fluorosis, tetracycline staining, and overexposure to fluoride during childhood. These stains can be more difficult to remove and may require more advanced treatments such as porcelain veneers or teeth whitening.
3. Age-related discoloration: As we age, our teeth can become naturally more yellow due to the accumulation of calcium and other minerals on the surface of the teeth. This type of discoloration is more common in adults over the age of 40.
4. Trauma: A blow to the mouth or a injury to a tooth can cause discoloration.
5. Disease: Certain medical conditions such as bruxism, gum disease, and enamel defects can also cause tooth discoloration.

Tooth discoloration can be treated with various methods such as teeth whitening, dental bonding, porcelain veneers, and crowns. The choice of treatment depends on the severity and cause of the discoloration. It is important to consult a dentist if you notice any changes in the color of your teeth, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent further damage and improve the appearance of your smile.

During the procedure, the dentist will typically use a pair of forceps to grip the tooth and rock it back and forth to loosen it from the surrounding bone and ligaments. Once the tooth is loose, the dentist will use a specialized instrument to extract the tooth from its socket. The socket may be packed with gauze or other materials to help stop any bleeding and promote healing.

Tooth avulsion can be performed under local anesthesia, which numbs the area where the tooth is located, or sedation dentistry, which helps the patient relax and feel more comfortable during the procedure. After the procedure, the patient may need to follow a special post-operative care plan to ensure proper healing and minimize any discomfort or complications.

Source: Glossary of Dental Terms (American Dental Association)

Some common types of tooth diseases include:

1. Caries (cavities): A bacterial infection that causes the decay of tooth enamel, leading to holes or cavities in the teeth.
2. Periodontal disease (gum disease): An infection of the tissues surrounding the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and jawbone.
3. Tooth sensitivity: Pain or discomfort when eating or drinking hot or cold foods and beverages due to exposed dentin or gum recession.
4. Dental abscesses: Infections that can cause pain, swelling, and pus in the teeth and gums.
5. Tooth erosion: Wear away of the tooth enamel caused by acidic foods and drinks or certain medical conditions.
6. Tooth grinding (bruxism): The habit of grinding or clenching the teeth, which can cause wear on the teeth, jaw pain, and headaches.
7. Dental malocclusion: Misalignment of the teeth, which can cause difficulty chewing, speaking, and other oral health problems.
8. Tooth loss: Loss of one or more teeth due to decay, gum disease, injury, or other causes.

Prevention and treatment of tooth diseases usually involve good oral hygiene practices such as brushing, flossing, and regular dental check-ups. In some cases, more advanced treatments such as fillings, crowns, root canals, or extractions may be necessary.

This condition is characterized by the formation of new bone tissue around the tooth, which leads to the immobility of the tooth and can cause pain, discomfort, and difficulty in chewing. Tooth ankylosis can be diagnosed through radiographic examination and symptoms such as pain or limited range of motion of the affected tooth.

Treatment options for tooth ankylosis include antibiotics, pain management medications, and surgical intervention to remove the bone adhesions. In severe cases, extraction of the affected tooth may be necessary. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help prevent complications and improve the chances of successful treatment outcomes.

Tooth erosion can lead to sensitive teeth, pain, and discomfort when eating or drinking hot or cold foods and beverages. In severe cases, it can cause teeth to appear yellow or brown, become brittle and prone to breaking, or even result in tooth loss.

To prevent tooth erosion, good oral hygiene practices such as regular brushing and flossing, avoiding acidic foods and drinks, and using a fluoride-based toothpaste can help protect teeth from acid wear. Dental sealants or varnishes may also be applied to the teeth to provide extra protection against erosion.

If tooth erosion has already occurred, dental treatments such as fillings, crowns, or veneers may be necessary to repair damaged teeth. In severe cases, teeth may need to be extracted and replaced with dental implants or bridges.

There are two types of tooth resorption:

1. External resorption: This type occurs when the resorption takes place on the surface of the tooth, and is usually caused by an infection or injury.
2. Internal resorption: This type occurs when the resorption takes place within the tooth structure, and can be caused by factors such as a crack or a cavity.

Symptoms of tooth resorption may include sensitivity to hot or cold foods and drinks, pain when biting down, and visible holes or pits on the surface of the tooth. Treatment options for tooth resorption depend on the severity of the condition and can range from fillings to root canal therapy or extraction.

Prevention is key in avoiding tooth resorption, by maintaining good oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing regularly, avoiding sugary foods and drinks, and visiting a dentist for regular check-ups. Early detection and treatment can help prevent further damage and save the tooth from being lost.

In conclusion, tooth resorption is a process where the body breaks down and reabsorbs the dentin layer of the tooth, leading to sensitivity, pain, and potentially significant damage to the tooth structure. It can be treated with various methods depending on its severity, but prevention through good oral hygiene practices and regular check-ups is key in avoiding this condition altogether.

Symptoms may include sensitivity, discomfort, visible holes or stains on teeth, bad breath, and difficulty chewing or biting. If left untreated, dental caries can progress and lead to more serious complications such as abscesses, infections, and even tooth loss.

To prevent dental caries, it is essential to maintain good oral hygiene habits, including brushing your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, flossing daily, and using mouthwash regularly. Limiting sugary foods and drinks and visiting a dentist for regular check-ups can also help prevent the disease.

Dental caries is treatable through various methods such as fillings, crowns, root canals, extractions, and preventive measures like fissure sealants and fluoride applications. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent further damage and restore oral health.

Demineralization is the opposite process of remineralization, where minerals are deposited back onto the tooth surface. Demineralization can progress over time and lead to tooth decay, also known as dental caries, if not treated promptly. Early detection and prevention of demineralization through good oral hygiene practices and regular dental check-ups can help to prevent tooth decay and maintain a healthy tooth structure.

Tooth demineralization can be detected early on by dental professionals using various diagnostic tools such as radiographs (x-rays) or visual examination of the teeth. Treatment options for demineralization depend on the severity of the condition and may include fluoride treatments, fillings, or other restorative procedures to repair damaged tooth structures.

It is important to maintain good oral hygiene practices such as brushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, flossing once a day, and limiting sugary snacks and drinks to prevent demineralization and promote remineralization of the teeth. Regular dental check-ups are also crucial in detecting early signs of demineralization and ensuring proper treatment to maintain good oral health.

In this definition, we have used the following medical terms:

* Anodontia: This term refers to the absence of teeth. It is derived from the Greek words 'ano' meaning without, and 'dont' meaning tooth.
* Genetic: This term refers to something that is inherited or passed down through genes.
* Environmental: This term refers to factors that are external to the body, such as exposure to radiation or certain drugs during pregnancy.

Overall, anodontia is a rare condition that can be caused by a variety of factors, and it can have significant impacts on an individual's quality of life.

The symptoms of dental pulp necrosis can include:

* Toothache pain that is often severe and throbbing
* Sensitivity to hot or cold foods and drinks
* Swelling and redness in the gum tissue near the affected tooth
* A bad taste or smell in the mouth
* Discharge of pus from the gums near the affected tooth

If left untreated, dental pulp necrosis can lead to more serious complications such as an abscessed tooth, bone loss, and even sepsis. Treatment options for dental pulp necrosis include root canal therapy, extraction of the affected tooth, or antibiotic therapy if the infection has spread beyond the tooth.

It is important to seek professional dental care if you experience any symptoms of dental pulp necrosis to prevent further complications and maintain good oral health.

Symptoms of periapical periodontitis may include:

* Pain or tenderness in the affected tooth
* Swelling and redness in the gum tissue
* Bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth
* Discharge of pus from the affected tooth

Periapical periodontitis is typically diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination and diagnostic tests such as radiographs (x-rays) or dental scans. Treatment may involve antibiotics, a root canal, or extraction of the affected tooth, depending on the severity of the infection and the extent of damage to the pulp and surrounding tissues.

A condition where one or more teeth are missing from the jawbone, resulting in a partial dental defect. This can cause difficulties with chewing, speaking, and other oral functions. Treatment options may include dentures, implants, or bridges to restore the natural function and appearance of the mouth.

The most common symptoms of dental enamel hypoplasia are yellow or brown discoloration of the teeth, sensitivity to hot or cold foods and drinks, and an increased risk of cavities.

Treatment for dental enamel hypoplasia typically involves restorative procedures such as fillings, crowns, or veneers to repair and protect the affected teeth. In severe cases, extraction of the damaged teeth may be necessary. Preventive measures such as good oral hygiene practices, a balanced diet, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco and excessive sugars can also help manage the condition.

Early detection and treatment of dental enamel hypoplasia are crucial to prevent further damage and improve the appearance and function of the teeth. Dentists may use specialized techniques such as radiographs and clinical examinations to diagnose this condition and recommend appropriate treatments.

1. Tooth size discrepancy: When one tooth is larger than the others, it can cause a gap to form between them.
2. Missing teeth: If a tooth is missing, it can create a space between the adjacent teeth.
3. Poor dental hygiene: Inadequate brushing and flossing can lead to a buildup of plaque and tartar, which can cause teeth to shift and form gaps.
4. Genetics: Some people may be more prone to developing diastema due to their genetic makeup.
5. Thumb-sucking or pacifier use: Prolonged thumb-sucking or use of a pacifier can push the front teeth forward and create a gap.
6. Tongue thrust: A condition where the tongue presses against the teeth, causing them to shift and form gaps.
7. Orthodontic treatment: In some cases, diastema may be intentionally created during orthodontic treatment to help straighten teeth.
8. Gum disease: Advanced gum disease can cause teeth to pull away from each other, creating a gap.
9. Bone loss: Loss of bone in the jaw can cause teeth to shift and form gaps.
10. Facial trauma: A blow to the face or jaw can cause teeth to become displaced and form gaps.

Diastema can be treated with a variety of methods, including orthodontic braces, crowns, veneers, and dental bonding. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the underlying issue causing the diastema.

Etymology: [O.E. mund, mouth + L. dentatus, toothed.]

Synonyms: Toothless mouth.

Source: Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, 1913

In layman's terms, this definition is saying that a mouth, edentulous refers to a mouth without teeth. This can be due to various reasons such as tooth loss due to decay, injury, or other factors. The term is used in the medical field, specifically in dentistry, to describe a patient who requires dentures or other prosthetic devices to replace missing teeth.

In conclusion, mouth, edentulous is a medical term used to describe a toothless mouth, and it is commonly used in dentistry to identify patients who require dentures or other prosthetic devices to restore their dental health.

There are several types of periodontal diseases, including:

1. Gingivitis: This is the mildest form of periodontal disease, characterized by redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums. It is reversible with proper treatment and good oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: This is a more severe form of periodontal disease, characterized by the destruction of the periodontal ligament and the jawbone. It can cause teeth to become loose or fall out.
3. Advanced periodontitis: This is the most severe form of periodontal disease, characterized by extensive bone loss and severe gum damage.
4. Periodontal abscess: This is a pocket of pus that forms in the gum tissue as a result of the infection.
5. Peri-implantitis: This is a condition that affects the tissues surrounding dental implants, similar to periodontal disease.

The causes and risk factors for periodontal diseases include:

1. Poor oral hygiene
2. Smoking
3. Diabetes
4. Genetic predisposition
5. Hormonal changes during pregnancy or menopause
6. Poor diet
7. Stress
8. Certain medications

The symptoms of periodontal diseases can include:

1. Redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums
2. Bad breath
3. Loose teeth or teeth that feel like they are shifting in their sockets
4. Pus between the teeth and gums
5. Changes in the way teeth fit together when biting down

Treatment for periodontal diseases typically involves a combination of professional cleaning, antibiotics, and changes to oral hygiene habits at home. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue and restore the health of the teeth and gums.

Preventing periodontal diseases includes:

1. Brushing teeth at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste
2. Flossing once a day to remove plaque from between the teeth
3. Using an antibacterial mouthwash
4. Eating a balanced diet and avoiding sugary or acidic foods
5. Quitting smoking
6. Maintaining regular dental check-ups and cleanings.

Definition:
The movement of teeth towards the midline of the jaw is known as mesial movement of teeth or mesial shift. This movement occurs when the teeth on one side of the dental arch move closer to each other, resulting in a crowded or overlapping appearance. Mesial movement can occur due to various factors such as malocclusion, improper biting habits, or genetic predisposition.

Etymology:
The term "mesial" refers to the front or anterior part of the dental arch, while "movement" refers to the change in position of the teeth. Together, mesial movement of teeth means a shift towards the front or midline of the jaw.

Origins:
The concept of mesial movement of teeth has been described in dental literature for over a century. The term "mesial" was first introduced by the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel in 1802, and it has since become a widely accepted term in dentistry.

Purpose:
The purpose of mesial movement is to ensure proper alignment of teeth and adequate space for eruption of new teeth. When teeth are crowded or overlapping, they can cause various dental problems such as tooth decay, gum disease, and difficulty chewing or speaking. Mesial movement helps to correct these issues by creating more space between the teeth and ensuring proper alignment.

Types:
There are two main types of mesial movement: physiological and pathological. Physiological mesial movement occurs naturally as the teeth erupt and shift towards the midline, while pathological mesial movement is caused by factors such as malocclusion or poor oral hygiene.

Symptoms:
The symptoms of mesial movement can include crowding or overlapping of teeth, difficulty chewing or speaking, tooth decay, and gum disease. In some cases, there may be no visible symptoms, but a dentist can detect the movement during an examination.

Treatment:
Treatment for mesial movement typically involves orthodontic procedures such as braces or aligners to straighten and align the teeth. In some cases, extraction of one or more teeth may be necessary to create space for proper alignment. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are also important to prevent further movement and maintain a healthy smile.

In conclusion, mesial movement is a common dental phenomenon that can cause various dental problems if left untreated. Understanding the purpose, types, symptoms, and treatment options for mesial movement can help individuals take proactive steps towards maintaining good oral health and preventing malocclusion.

1. Improper fit of dental restorations (fillings, crowns, etc.)
2. Inadequate sealing of dental implants
3. Loose or damaged dental restorations
4. Poor oral hygiene
5. Trauma to the mouth
6. Inadequate suction during dental procedures

Dental leakage can have significant consequences, including:

1. Bacterial contamination of the surgical site
2. Delayed healing
3. Increased risk of post-operative complications
4. Decreased success rate of dental procedures
5. Potential for infection or other adverse events

To minimize the risk of dental leakage, dentists should:

1. Use proper technique and instrumentation during dental procedures
2. Ensure proper fit and sealing of dental restorations
3. Maintain proper oral hygiene before and after dental procedures
4. Use adequate suction during dental procedures
5. Monitor the surgical site for signs of leakage or other complications.

Early detection and treatment of dental leakage can help prevent serious complications and ensure a successful outcome for dental procedures.

There are two main types of pulpitis:

1. Reversible pulpitis: This type of pulpitis is reversible and can be treated with conservative measures such as a filling or a root canal. The inflammation and infection in the pulp tissue can resolve with proper treatment, and the tooth can survive.
2. Irreversible pulpitis: This type of pulpitis is irreversible and cannot be treated with conservative measures. The inflammation and infection in the pulp tissue are severe and have damaged the pulp beyond repair. In this case, the only option is to extract the tooth.

Symptoms of pulpitis may include:

* Sensitivity to hot or cold foods and drinks
* Pain when biting or chewing
* Swelling and tenderness in the affected gum tissue
* Discoloration of the tooth

If left untreated, pulpitis can lead to more severe conditions such as an abscess or bacterial endocarditis, which can have serious consequences. Therefore, it is essential to seek professional dental care if symptoms of pulpitis are present. A dentist will perform a thorough examination and may take X-rays to determine the extent of the damage and recommend appropriate treatment.

Treatment options for pulpitis depend on the severity of the condition and may include:

* Conservative measures such as fillings or crowns to address any underlying decay or structural issues
* Root canal therapy to remove the infected pulp tissue and preserve the tooth
* Extraction of the affected tooth if the damage is too severe or if the tooth cannot be saved.

Plaque is a key risk factor for dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal disease, which can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. In addition, research suggests that there may be a link between oral bacteria and certain systemic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes. Therefore, maintaining good oral hygiene practices, such as regular brushing and flossing, is essential to prevent the accumulation of plaque and promote overall health.

Some common types of periapical diseases include:

1. Periapical abscess: A collection of pus that forms in the tissues around the root canal, often as a result of bacterial infection.
2. Periapical granuloma: A group of immune cells that form in response to bacterial infection, which can cause pain and swelling.
3. Periapical periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontium (gums and supporting tissues) around the root canal, often caused by bacterial infection.
4. Radicular cyst: A fluid-filled sac that forms in the bone surrounding the root canal, often as a result of a bacterial infection.
5. Resorptive lesions: Abnormal growth of bone or other tissues into the root canal, often caused by bacterial infection.
6. Apical periodontitis: Inflammation of the periodontium (gums and supporting tissues) at the apex of the tooth, often caused by bacterial infection.
7. Apical abscess: A collection of pus that forms at the apex of the tooth, often as a result of bacterial infection.
8. Periapical fibrosis: Scar tissue that forms in the tissues surrounding the root canal, often as a result of inflammation or infection.
9. Periapical osteitis: Inflammation of the bone surrounding the root canal, often caused by bacterial infection.

Periapical diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including dental trauma, tooth decay, and poor oral hygiene. They can be diagnosed through a combination of clinical examination, radiographic imaging (such as X-rays), and other diagnostic tests. Treatment options for periapical diseases vary depending on the severity of the condition and may include root canal therapy, antibiotics, or extraction of the affected tooth.

Overbite: This occurs when the upper teeth overlap the lower teeth too much.

Underbite: This happens when the lower teeth overlap the upper teeth too much.

Crossbite: This is when the upper teeth do not align with the lower teeth, causing them to point towards the inside of the mouth.

Open bite: This occurs when the upper and lower teeth do not meet properly, resulting in a gap or an open bite.

Overjet: This is when the upper teeth protrude too far forward, overlapping the lower teeth.

Crowding: This refers to when there is not enough space in the mouth for all the teeth to fit properly, leading to overlapping or misalignment.

Spacing: This occurs when there is too much space between the teeth, which can lead to gum problems and other issues.

Each type of malocclusion can cause a range of symptoms, including difficulty chewing, jaw pain, headaches, and difficulty opening and closing the mouth fully. Treatment options for malocclusion depend on the severity of the problem and may include orthodontic braces, aligners, or surgery to correct the bite and improve oral function and aesthetics.

1. Tooth decay: Bacteria that cause tooth decay can reach the dentin layer of the tooth, causing inflammation and sensitivity.
2. Gum recession: When the gums pull back from the teeth, exposing the roots, the dentin becomes exposed and sensitive.
3. Cracks in the teeth: Cracks in the enamel or dentin layers of the tooth can allow bacteria and sensitivity-causing substances to enter the tooth, causing pain and discomfort.
4. Grinding and clenching: Grinding and clenching teeth can cause wear on the enamel and expose the dentin, leading to sensitivity.
5. Acid erosion: Frequent exposure to acidic foods and drinks, such as citrus fruits and soda, can wear away the enamel and expose the dentin, causing sensitivity.

Dentin sensitivity can be treated with a variety of methods, including:

1. Desensitizing toothpaste: Using a toothpaste specifically designed for dentin sensitivity can help block the dentinal tubules and reduce pain.
2. Fluoride treatments: Applying fluoride varnish or gel to the teeth can help strengthen the enamel and reduce sensitivity.
3. Dental sealants: Sealing the teeth with a plastic resin can help prevent bacteria and sensitivity-causing substances from entering the dentin.
4. Fillings: Filling in cavities or cracks in the teeth can help prevent bacteria and sensitivity-causing substances from reaching the dentin.
5. Root canal therapy: In severe cases of dentin sensitivity, a root canal may be necessary to remove infected tissue from the pulp chamber.

It is important to address dentin sensitivity as soon as possible to prevent further damage and discomfort. If you are experiencing dentin sensitivity, it is recommended that you visit a dentist for proper evaluation and treatment.

Gingivitis can be treated with good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing regularly, and by visiting a dentist for regular check-ups and professional cleanings. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of gum disease that can lead to permanent damage and tooth loss.

Some common symptoms of gingivitis include:

* Red and swollen gums
* Bleeding during brushing or flossing
* Bad breath
* Tenderness or pain in the gums
* A decrease in the amount of saliva

Treatment for gingivitis typically involves a combination of good oral hygiene practices and professional dental care. This may include:

* Regular brushing and flossing to remove plaque and bacteria from the teeth
* Professional cleanings ( scaling and root planing) to remove plaque and tartar from the teeth
* Antibiotics to treat any underlying infections
* Changes to diet and lifestyle to reduce the risk of further irritation to the gums.

It's important to note that while gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease, it can still have serious consequences if left untreated. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing and treating gingivitis.

What are the 5 main causes of Bruxism?

The five main causes of bruxism are:

1. Stress and anxiety: Many people experience bruxism as a result of stress and anxiety. When we are under stress, our body responds by tensing up our muscles, including those in the jaw. This can lead to teeth grinding or clenching.

2. Misaligned teeth: People with misaligned teeth are more likely to experience bruxism. This is because their teeth do not fit together properly, leading to friction and strain on the jaw muscles.

3. Sleep disorders: Sleep disorders such as sleep apnea can lead to bruxism. When we have a sleep disorder, our body may respond by grinding or clenching our teeth in an attempt to keep our airways open.

4. Poor posture: Poor posture can put strain on the jaw muscles, leading to bruxism. For example, people who slouch or lean forward may be more likely to experience teeth grinding or clenching.

5. Genetics: Some people may be more prone to bruxism due to their genetic makeup. Research suggests that certain genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing bruxism.

What are the 4 main symptoms of Bruxism?

The four main symptoms of bruxism are:

1. Teeth grinding or clenching: This is the most common symptom of bruxism and can occur during the day or night.

2. Jaw pain: People with bruxism may experience pain in their jaw, especially when they open their mouth wide or chew food.

3. Headaches: Bruxism can cause headaches due to the constant pressure on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).

4. Tooth wear: Grinding and clenching can cause the enamel of the teeth to wear down, leading to chipped or flat teeth.

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The alveolar bone is a specialized type of bone that forms the socket in which the tooth roots are embedded. It provides support and stability to the teeth and helps maintain the proper position of the teeth in their sockets. When the alveolar bone is lost, the teeth may become loose or even fall out completely.

Alveolar bone loss can be detected through various diagnostic methods such as dental X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for alveolar bone loss depend on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, bone grafting, or tooth extraction.

In the context of dentistry, alveolar bone loss is a common complication of periodontal disease, which is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, including the gums and bone. The bacteria that cause periodontal disease can lead to the destruction of the alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss.

In addition to periodontal disease, other factors that can contribute to alveolar bone loss include:

* Trauma or injury to the teeth or jaw
* Poorly fitting dentures or other prosthetic devices
* Infections or abscesses in the mouth
* Certain systemic diseases such as osteoporosis or cancer

Overall, alveolar bone loss is a significant issue in dentistry and can have a major impact on the health and function of the teeth and jaw. It is essential to seek professional dental care if symptoms of alveolar bone loss are present to prevent further damage and restore oral health.

There are two types of fluorosis:

1. Mild fluorosis: This type is characterized by white or brown spots or streaks on the surface of the teeth.
2. Severe fluorosis: This type is characterized by pitting or roughening of the tooth enamel, which can lead to cavities or structural weakness in the teeth.

Fluorosis is typically diagnosed through a visual examination of the teeth. In some cases, X-rays may be used to assess the severity of the condition. There is no specific treatment for fluorosis, but there are ways to manage its symptoms. For mild cases, regular cleaning and polishing of the teeth can help remove any stains or discoloration. In severe cases, dental fillings or crowns may be necessary to restore the damaged teeth.

Preventing fluorosis is much easier than treating it, so it's important to take steps to limit your child's exposure to excessive amounts of fluoride. This includes:

* Using fluoride toothpaste in appropriate amounts (a pea-sized amount for children under 3 years old and a portion the size of a grain of rice for children 3-6 years old)
* Limiting the consumption of fluoridated drinks, such as bottled water or formula, especially for infants
* Using a fluoride-free toothpaste for children under 3 years old
* Monitoring your child's fluoride intake and consulting with your dentist or healthcare provider if you have concerns.

Secondary dentin formation is a normal process that occurs in response to various stimuli, such as mechanical trauma, caries, or root canal treatment. The new layer of dentin helps to protect the pulp from further damage and can also help to strengthen the tooth.

In endodontic therapy, secondary dentin formation is often encouraged in order to prevent further inflammation and promote healing of the pulp. This can be achieved through various techniques, such as using specific medicaments or applying a special type of filling material called a "dentin-bonding agent."

Secondary dentin formation can also occur spontaneously over time, without any specific treatment. However, this process can be influenced by factors such as the severity of the injury, the presence of bacteria, and the overall health of the individual.

The main causes of periodontitis are poor oral hygiene, smoking, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. The symptoms of periodontitis include:

* Redness and swelling of the gums
* Bad breath
* Bleeding while brushing or flossing
* Pocket formation between the teeth and gums
* Loose teeth or changes in the bite
* Changes in the color or shape of the gums

If left untreated, periodontitis can lead to serious complications such as:

* Tooth loss
* Bone loss around the teeth
* Infection of the dental implant or prosthetic tooth
* Spread of bacteria to other parts of the body, leading to systemic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes.

Periodontitis can be treated by a dentist or periodontist with a combination of non-surgical and surgical procedures, including:

* Scaling and root planing (deep cleaning of the teeth and roots)
* Antibiotics to treat infection
* Bone grafting to restore lost bone tissue
* Gum grafting to cover exposed roots
* Dental implants or prosthetic teeth to replace missing teeth.

It is important to practice good oral hygiene, including brushing and flossing regularly, to prevent periodontitis. Early detection and treatment can help prevent the progression of the disease and save teeth from being lost.

The primary symptoms of dental fistula include:

* A small opening on the skin near the affected tooth or teeth, which may be covered with a scab or crust.
* Pus or discharge draining from the opening.
* Swelling in the nearby tissues, including the face, neck, and jaw.
* Bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth.
* Fever and swollen lymph nodes.
* Pain or tenderness in the affected tooth or teeth.

Dental fistula can be diagnosed by a dentist or an oral surgeon through a physical examination of the affected area. Additional tests such as X-rays or CT scans may be required to determine the extent of the condition and to rule out other potential causes.

Treatment for dental fistula usually involves draining the abscess and removing any infected tissue. Antibiotics may also be prescribed to prevent further infection. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or to remove teeth that are beyond repair.

Preventive measures include regular dental check-ups, good oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, and avoiding sugary snacks and drinks that can contribute to tooth decay. Early detection and treatment of any oral infections can help prevent the development of a dental fistula.

It is common for people with poor oral hygiene habits, smokers or those with systemic diseases such as diabetes or heart disease to experience periodontal attachment loss. It can also be a consequence of aging, as the supporting bone and gum tissue around the teeth can degenerate over time.

There are several risk factors for periodontal attachment loss, including:

* Poor oral hygiene habits
* Smoking
* Systemic diseases such as diabetes or heart disease
* Genetic predisposition
* Poor diet
* Inadequate salivary flow
* Malocclusion (bad bite)

There are several treatment options available for periodontal attachment loss, including:

* Scaling and root planing (a deep cleaning of the teeth and beneath the gum line)
* Guided tissue regeneration (a surgical procedure to promote new bone growth)
* Bone grafting (a surgical procedure to repair or replace damaged bone)
* Dental implants (artificial tooth roots that are placed in the jawbone to support a dental crown or bridge)

It is important to note that periodontal attachment loss can be prevented with proper oral hygiene habits, regular dental check-ups and prompt treatment of any oral health issues.

1. Sensitive teeth: Teeth with AI may be sensitive to hot or cold temperatures due to the lack of enamel.
2. Tooth decay: Without adequate enamel, teeth with AI are more susceptible to decay.
3. Discolored teeth: Teeth with AI may appear grayish, yellowish, or brownish due to the defective enamel.
4. Difficulty chewing: Depending on the severity of the condition, people with AI may experience difficulty chewing or biting due to the sensitive teeth.
5. Aesthetic concerns: The discoloration and irregular shape of teeth can cause self-esteem issues and affect the overall appearance of the smile.
6. Dental problems: Teeth with AI are more prone to dental problems such as cavities, gum disease, and tooth loss.
7. Speech difficulties: In severe cases, AI can affect the development of the palate and cause speech difficulties.
8. Jaw pain: The improper alignment of teeth can lead to jaw pain and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders.
9. Increased risk of oral infections: The lack of enamel can make teeth more susceptible to bacterial infections.
10. Dental anxiety: People with AI may experience dental anxiety due to the fear of undergoing dental procedures or the stigma associated with the condition.

There is no cure for AI, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms and prevent complications. These may include fluoride applications, dental fillings, crowns, and other restorative procedures to protect the teeth and improve their appearance. In some cases, orthodontic treatment or oral surgery may be necessary to correct bite problems and improve jaw alignment.

Treatment options for dental pulp exposure depend on the severity of the condition, but may include a root canal, pulpotomy, or extraction of the affected tooth.

There are two main types of odontoma: compound odontoma and complex odontoma. Compound odontoma is characterized by the presence of multiple teeth-like structures that are arranged in a repeating pattern, while complex odontoma has more irregular arrangements of teeth-like structures.

Odontomas are usually asymptomatic and are typically discovered incidentally during dental examinations or radiographic evaluations. They can cause symptoms such as tooth pain, swelling, and difficulty opening the mouth if they become large enough to press on neighboring structures.

The exact cause of odontoma is not well understood, but it is thought to be related to disturbances in the development of the teeth and their supporting tissues. They can occur at any age, but are most common in children and young adults.

Treatment for odontoma usually involves observation and monitoring, as most odontomas do not grow or cause symptoms over time. In some cases, surgical removal of the tumor may be necessary if it is causing symptoms or if it is suspected to be a sign of an underlying condition that requires treatment.

The prognosis for odontoma is generally good, as it is usually a benign and non-cancerous condition. However, in rare cases, odontoma can undergo malignant transformation, so close monitoring is necessary to ensure that any changes or growths are addressed promptly.

Symptoms of periapical abscess may include:

* Pain in the affected tooth and surrounding areas
* Swelling of the face, cheek, or neck
* Redness and tenderness of the gums
* Fever and chills
* Bad breath
* Discharge of pus from the abscess

If left untreated, periapical abscess can lead to more severe complications such as:

* Bacterial endocarditis (infection of the inner lining of the heart)
* Osteomyelitis (infection of the bone)
* Sepsis (systemic infection)

Treatment of periapical abscess usually involves a combination of antibiotics and dental treatment, such as:

* Root canal therapy to remove the infected pulp and nerve tissue
* Extraction of the affected tooth if it is too damaged to be saved
* Drainage of the abscess to release any collected pus

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent further complications and ensure a successful outcome.

1. Gingivitis: An inflammation of the gums that can be caused by poor oral hygiene, smoking, or other factors. Gingivitis is often reversible with proper treatment.
2. Periodontitis: A more severe form of gingival disease that affects the bone and tissues supporting the teeth. Periodontitis can lead to tooth loss if left untreated.
3. Pyorrhea: An inflammatory condition characterized by the presence of pus in the gums and pockets between the teeth and gums. Pyorrhea is often a symptom of periodontitis.
4. Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG): A severe and painful form of gingival disease that can lead to tissue death and tooth loss if left untreated.
5. Desquamative gingivitis: A condition characterized by the thinning and shedding of the gums, often due to smoking or other systemic factors.
6. Necrotizing periodontal disease: A rare but severe form of periodontitis that can lead to tissue death and tooth loss.
7. Peri-implant diseases: Conditions that affect the tissues surrounding dental implants, including peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis.

Treatment for gingival diseases may include antibiotics, scaling and root planing, surgical intervention, and lifestyle changes such as improved oral hygiene and smoking cessation. It is important to seek professional dental care if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Types of Dental Pulp Diseases:

1. Pulpal necrosis: This is a condition where the dental pulp becomes damaged or dies due to injury, infection, or exposure to extreme temperatures.
2. Dental abscess: A bacterial infection that can cause pain, swelling, and pus formation in the tooth and surrounding tissues.
3. Periapical granuloma: A non-cancerous inflammatory response to a pulpal or periodontal infection.
4. Periapical cyst: A fluid-filled sac that forms as a result of the inflammatory response to a pulpal or periodontal infection.
5. Radiculitis: Inflammation of the nerves that extend from the tooth into the jawbone and skull, causing pain and swelling.
6. Osteonecrosis: A condition where the jawbone dies due to a lack of blood supply, often caused by a dental infection or trauma.
7. Periodontal disease: A bacterial infection that affects the gums and supporting tissues of the teeth, leading to inflammation and damage to the gum and bone tissues.

Symptoms of Dental Pulp Diseases:

1. Toothache or sensitivity to temperature changes
2. Swelling and redness in the gums and surrounding tissues
3. Pain when chewing or biting
4. Bad breath or a bad taste in the mouth
5. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck or jaw
6. Fever and general feeling of illness

Treatment Options for Dental Pulp Diseases:

1. Root canal treatment: A procedure to remove the infected dental pulp, clean and disinfect the inside of the tooth, and fill the tooth with a special material.
2. Extraction: Removal of the affected tooth if the infection is severe or if the tooth cannot be saved.
3. Antibiotics: Medication to treat bacterial infections, such as abscesses or periapical infections.
4. Pain management: Over-the-counter pain medications, such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen, can help manage toothache pain and inflammation.
5. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove infected tissue or repair damaged tissues.

Prevention of Dental Pulp Diseases:

1. Regular dental check-ups and cleanings to catch any problems early on and prevent infections from developing.
2. Good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing twice a day with fluoride toothpaste and flossing once a day, to remove plaque and bacteria from the teeth.
3. Avoid sugary or acidic foods and drinks that can damage the teeth and lead to infections.
4. Wear a mouthguard when participating in sports to protect the teeth from injury.
5. Avoid smoking and using tobacco products, which can increase the risk of dental pulp diseases.

Early diagnosis and treatment of dental pulp diseases are crucial to preventing more severe complications and preserving the affected tooth. If you suspect that you have a dental pulp disease, it is essential to visit a dentist as soon as possible for proper evaluation and treatment.

Here are some common causes of gingival hemorrhage:

1. Poor oral hygiene: When you don't brush and floss regularly, plaque and tartar can build up along the gum line, leading to inflammation and bleeding.
2. Gingivitis: This is an early stage of gum disease that can cause swollen, red gums that bleed easily.
3. Periodontitis: This is a more advanced stage of gum disease that can cause the gums to pull away from the teeth and create pockets where bacteria can grow, leading to bleeding.
4. Injury to the gums: If you accidentally bite your lip or tongue, or if you have a sharp object pierce your gum, it can cause bleeding.
5. Medications: Certain medications such as aspirin, warfarin, and prednisone can thin the blood and increase the risk of gingival hemorrhage.
6. Hormonal changes: Changes in hormone levels during pregnancy, menstruation, or menopause can increase the risk of gingival hemorrhage.
7. Vitamin deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins such as vitamin C and K can impair the body's ability to clot blood and increase the risk of bleeding gums.
8. Systemic diseases: Certain systemic diseases such as diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and liver disease can increase the risk of gingival hemorrhage.

If you experience gingival hemorrhage, your dentist may perform a thorough examination to determine the underlying cause. Treatment options will depend on the severity of the condition, but may include professional cleaning, antibiotics, or surgery. It is important to maintain good oral hygiene practices and visit your dentist regularly to prevent and manage gingival hemorrhage.

There are different types of dental calculus, including:

1. Supragingival calculus - found above the gum line and is more common.
2. Subgingival calculus - found below the gum line and is less common but more difficult to remove.
3. Interdental calculus - found between teeth and is common in people with tightly spaced teeth.
4. Cemental calculus - found on the root surface of teeth and is less common.

Dental calculus can cause a range of problems, including:

1. Gingivitis - inflammation of the gums that can lead to redness, swelling, and bleeding.
2. Periodontitis - more advanced stage of gingivitis that can cause bone loss, receding gums, and eventual tooth loss.
3. Halitosis - bad breath.
4. Tooth sensitivity - sensitivity to hot or cold foods and drinks.
5. Difficulty chewing or biting.

Removing dental calculus is an important part of maintaining good oral health, and can be done through a variety of methods, including:

1. Professional cleaning by a dentist or hygienist.
2. Brushing with fluoride toothpaste and flossing regularly to remove plaque before it hardens into calculus.
3. Using an antibacterial mouthwash to kill bacteria that can contribute to calculus formation.
4. Avoiding sugary or acidic foods and drinks, which can contribute to the formation of plaque and calculus.

In conclusion, dental calculus is a common problem that can cause a range of oral health issues, but it can be prevented and treated through regular maintenance and good oral hygiene practices. It is important to visit a dentist regularly for check-ups and cleanings to ensure the best possible oral health.

The presence of a smear layer has been associated with delayed healing, increased risk of infection, and decreased strength of the newly formed tissue. Therefore, removing or reducing the smear layer is an important step in wound care to promote optimal healing outcomes.

The term "smear layer" was first introduced by Dr. Jeffrey M. Olsen and colleagues in 2007, and since then it has been widely adopted in the medical field as a key concept in wound care.

Dens in dente is a condition where there is a hard, dense deposit on the surface of a tooth that is usually found between the teeth and gum line. It is also known as dental calculus or tartar buildup. This condition can cause inflammation and irritation of the surrounding tissue, leading to conditions such as periodontal disease.

Prevalence:
Dens in dente is a common condition found in many individuals, especially those who have poor oral hygiene habits or diets high in sugar and refined carbohydrates. It is estimated that over 50% of adults have some form of dental calculus on their teeth.

Risk factors:
There are several risk factors for developing dens in dente, including poor oral hygiene habits, diets high in sugar and refined carbohydrates, smoking, and certain medical conditions such as diabetes and heart disease. Additionally, certain medications such as steroids and anticonvulsants can increase the risk of developing dental calculus.

Symptoms:
The symptoms of dens in dente can include bad breath, bleeding gums, and sensitivity to hot or cold temperatures. In more advanced cases, it can lead to periodontal disease, which can cause loose teeth, receding gum lines, and bone loss around the teeth.

Diagnosis:
Dens in dente is usually diagnosed through a visual examination of the teeth and gums by a dentist or hygienist. X-rays may also be taken to assess the extent of the condition and any underlying damage to the teeth or bone.

Treatment:
The primary treatment for dens in dente is professional scaling and root planing, which involves removing the tartar buildup from the teeth both above and below the gum line. In more advanced cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat any underlying infections. Additionally, changes to oral hygiene habits such as brushing and flossing regularly, and a healthy diet can help prevent the recurrence of dental calculus.

Prognosis:
The prognosis for dens in dente is generally good if treated promptly and properly. With professional treatment and proper oral hygiene habits, the condition can be managed effectively and any further damage prevented. However, if left untreated, it can lead to more severe complications such as periodontal disease, which can have a negative impact on overall health.

Prevention:
To prevent dens in dente, regular dental cleanings are essential. Additionally, good oral hygiene habits such as brushing and flossing regularly, and a healthy diet can help prevent the buildup of tartar and bacteria on the teeth. Avoiding sugary snacks and drinks and not smoking also helps prevent dental calculus formation.

Some examples of ectodermal dysplasias include:

* Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), a group of rare genetic disorders that cause fragile skin and mucous membranes.
* Ichthyosis, a group of genetic disorders that cause dry, scaly skin.
* Hereditary neurological and muscular atrophy (HNMA), a condition characterized by progressive loss of nerve cells and muscle wasting.

Ectodermal dysplasias can be caused by mutations in genes that are important for ectodermal development, such as genes involved in cell signaling, differentiation, and growth. These disorders can be inherited in an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked manner, depending on the specific gene mutation.

There is no cure for ectodermal dysplasias, but treatment may involve managing symptoms and preventing complications. This can include using protective clothing and devices to prevent skin injury, managing infections and inflammation, and addressing any related psychosocial issues. In some cases, surgery or other procedures may be necessary to correct physical abnormalities or improve function.

Overall, ectodermal dysplasias are a diverse group of rare genetic disorders that can have a significant impact on quality of life. Early diagnosis and intervention can help manage symptoms and prevent complications, and ongoing research is focused on understanding the underlying causes of these disorders and developing new treatments.

Anatomy43

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Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment72

Phenomena and Processes20

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Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

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Developmental expression patterns of Bcl-2, Bcl-x, Bax, and Bak in teeth. (1/1158)

Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. (2/1158)

Clinical trial of three 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching products. (3/1158)

Blastogenic response of human lymphocytes to oral bacterial antigens: comparison of individuals with periodontal disease to normal and edentulous subjects. (4/1158)

Immunohistological distributions of fibronectin, tenascin, type I, III and IV collagens, and laminin during tooth development and degeneration in fetuses of minke whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. (5/1158)

Cbfa1 is required for epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulating tooth development in mice. (6/1158)

An mtDNA analysis in ancient Basque populations: implications for haplogroup V as a marker for a major paleolithic expansion from southwestern europe. (7/1158)

Expression of Wnt signalling pathway genes during tooth development. (8/1158)

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Age Determination by Teeth

Dental Cementum

Odontoblasts

Ameloblasts

Dental Pulp Cavity

Dental Pulp Necrosis

Tooth Remineralization

Dental Models

Radiography, Panoramic

Periapical Periodontitis

Dental Stress Analysis

Paleodontology

Dental Cavity Preparation

Jaw, Edentulous, Partially

Composite Resins

Dental Enamel Proteins

Dental Enamel Hypoplasia

Diastema

Dental Occlusion

Enamel Organ

Oral Hygiene

Dental Bonding

Molar, Third

Post and Core Technique

Pulpectomy

Mouth, Edentulous

Dental Materials

Periodontium

Dental Papilla

Periodontal Diseases

DMF Index

Dental Restoration Failure

Root Canal Filling Materials