Tombusviridae
Carmovirus
Tombusvirus
Molecular Sequence Data
Base Sequence
Encyclopedias as Topic
Zea mays
MedlinePlus
Benzamidines
Diphosphonates
Consumer Health Information
Both RNA rearrangement and point mutation contribute to repair of defective chimeric viral genomes to form functional hybrid viruses in plants. (1/76)
The putative movement protein gene (p27) plus 5' and 3' flanking sequences of cucumber leaf spot aureusvirus (CLSV) was inserted into an infectious cucumber necrosis tombusvirus (CNV) cDNA clone containing a deletion in the cell-to-cell movement protein gene. Approximately 5% of plants inoculated with synthetic transcripts of two such defective chimeric CNV/CLSV cDNA clones developed systemic symptoms 7-19 days postinoculation. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of virus obtained from systemically infected leaves indicated that both point mutation and RNA rearrangement (deletion) contributed to the formation of movement competent CNV/CLSV hybrid viruses. The hybrid viruses were found to accumulate to high levels in infected plants, to form stable virions, and to be mechanically transmissible. In addition, a hybrid virus that lacked 50 amino acids at the carboxyl-terminal region of CLSV p27 was still capable of facilitating CNV movement. These data provide experimental evidence for the role of CLSV p27 in viral cell-to-cell movement and demonstrate that p27 can enable efficient movement of the CNV genome. Moreover, the data show that RNA rearrangements known to occur during CNV RNA replication can contribute to rapid evolution of the CNV genome. (+info)The amino terminus of the coat protein of Turnip crinkle virus is the AVR factor recognized by resistant arabidopsis. (2/76)
We have isolated three naturally occurring strains of Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) that break resistance in Di-17 Arabidopsis. Two mutations in the N terminus of the TCV coat protein, D4N and P5S, were shown to confer this phenotype. Thus, this region of the coat protein is involved in eliciting resistance responses in Arabidopsis. (+info)A novel RNA mycovirus in a hypovirulent isolate of the plant pathogen Diaporthe ambigua. (3/76)
Hypovirulent isolates of the fruit tree fungal pathogen Diaporthe ambigua have previously been shown to harbour a double-stranded (ds)RNA genetic element of about 4 kb. In this study, we established the complete cDNA sequence of this dsRNA, which represents a replicative form of a positive-strand RNA virus that we have named D. ambigua RNA virus (DaRV). The nucleotide sequence of the genome is 4113 bp and has a GC content of 53%. Two large ORFs are present in the same reading frame. They are most probably translated by readthrough of a UAG stop codon in the central part of the genome. The longest possible translation product (p125) has a predicted molecular mass of about 125 kDa. A significant homology can be found to the non-structural proteins of carmoviruses of the positive-strand RNA virus family TOMBUSVIRIDAE: These proteins also include the conserved RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) domain. In contrast to the genome organization of these plant viruses, no ORF is present at the 3' end of the DaRV genome that encodes a coat protein. Therefore, it is proposed that DaRV is not encapsidated but that it occurs as RNA-RDRP complexes and/or that it might be associated with cell membranes. Interestingly, six putative transmembrane helices are predicted in the N-terminal part of p56 (translation product of the first ORF, N-terminal part of p125), which might direct and anchor the viral complex to membranes. DaRV is a mycovirus with a unique genome organization and has a distant relationship to the plant virus family TOMBUSVIRIDAE: (+info)Genetic identification of multiple biological roles associated with the capsid protein of satellite panicum mosaic virus. (4/76)
Satellite panicum mosaic virus (SPMV), an 824-nucleotide, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus, depends on Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) for replication and spread in host plants. Compared with PMV infection alone, symptoms are intensified and develop faster on millet plants infected with SPMV and PMV. SPMV encodes a 157 amino acid capsid protein (CP) (17.5 kDa) to encapsidate SPMV RNA and form T = 1 satellite virions. The present study identifies additional biological activities of the SPMV CP, including the induction of severe chlorosis on proso millet plants (Panicum miliaceum cv. Sunup or Red Turghai). Initial deletion mutagenesis experiments mapped the chlorosis-inducing domain to amino acids 50 to 157 on the C-terminal portion of the SPMV CP. More defined analyses revealed that amino acids 124 to 135 comprised a critical domain associated with chlorosis induction and virion formation, whereas the extreme C-terminal residues 148 to 157 were not strictly essential for either role. The results also demonstrated that the absence of SPMV CP tended to stimulate the accumulation of defective RNAs. This suggests that the SPMV CP plays a significant role in maintaining the structural integrity of the full-length satellite virus RNA and harbors multiple functions associated with pathogenesis in SPMV-infected host plants. (+info)An Arabidopsis thaliana protein interacts with a movement protein of Turnip crinkle virus in yeast cells and in vitro. (5/76)
Plant virus movement proteins bind host components to promote virus movement from initially infected cells to neighbouring cells. In this study, cDNA clones encoding p8 and p9, two small proteins required for the movement of Turnip crinkle virus, were used as 'bait' in a yeast two-hybrid system to screen an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library for interactive proteins. One A. thaliana clone was identified that encodes a protein, designated Atp8, which interacted with p8 in yeast cells and in vitro. The apparent full-length of Atp8 mRNA was sequenced and shown to encode a protein with two possible transmembrane helices, several potential phosphorylation sites and two 'RGD' sequences. (+info)Primary structure and phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein of a Toyama isolate of tobacco necrosis virus. (6/76)
The amino acid sequence of the coat protein (CP) of a tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) strain, Toyama isolate, was determined by a combination of peptide and cDNA sequencing. The deduced sequence of 276 residues was compared with CPs of other TNV isolates and other plant virus isolates of Tombusviridae. It showed the highest similarity to the TNV Nebraska isolate with 92% identity and moderate similarity to the TNV strain A with 51% identity, confirming the previous serological analysis. It also showed overall similarity with CPs of mostly genera Necrovirus and Sobemovirus, and partial similarity with CPs of genera Tombusvirus and Carmovirus. Among 13 CPs that showed overall similarity, there were 10 completely conserved residues. These included three residues that participate in Ca2+ ligation at the interfaces of virion subunits in TNV crystal structure, suggesting that similar metal binding occur in the viruses of genera Necrovirus and Sobemovirus. (+info)Defective interfering RNAs of a satellite virus. (7/76)
Panicum mosaic virus (PMV) is a recently molecularly characterized RNA virus with the unique feature of supporting the replication of two subviral RNAs in a few species of the family Gramineae. The subviral agents include a satellite RNA (satRNA) that is devoid of a coding region and the unrelated satellite panicum mosaic virus (SPMV) that encodes its own capsid protein. Here we report the association of this complex with a new entity in the RNA world, a defective-interfering RNA (DI) of a satellite virus. The specificity of interactions governing this four-component viral system is illustrated by the ability of the SPMV DIs to strongly interfere with the accumulation of the parental SPMV. The SPMV DIs do not interfere with PMV satRNA, but they do slightly enhance the rate of spread and titer of PMV. The SPMV-derived DIs provide an additional avenue by which to investigate fundamental biological questions, including the evolution and interactions of infectious RNAs. (+info)The 3'-untranslated region of RNA1 as a primary determinant of temperature sensitivity of Red clover necrotic mosaic virus Canadian strain. (8/76)
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus Canadian strain (RCNMV-Can) induces symptoms on host plants at 17 degrees C, but not at 25 degrees C. We investigated the temperature sensitivity of RCNMV-Can in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and protoplasts using infectious transcripts of genomic RNAs 1 and 2. Viral RNAs accumulated in both inoculated and noninoculated leaves at 17 degrees C, whereas no viral RNAs were detected at 25 degrees C in either inoculated or noninoculated leaves. Similar temperature sensitivity in RNA accumulation was observed in protoplasts, and no viral RNAs were detected at temperatures above 22 degrees C. These results indicate that the temperature sensitivity of RCNMV-Can occurs at an early stage of infection, including during RNA replication. Using reassortant viruses and chimeric RNAs 1 between RCNMV-Can and the RCNMV Australian strain, which accumulates viral RNAs at nonpermissive temperatures for RCNMV-Can, we demonstrated that a viral determinant for the temperature sensitivity resides in the 3'-untranslated region of RNA1. (+info)Tombusviridae is a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales, characterized by having single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes. Members of this family typically infect plants and are transmitted by mechanical means or through contact with contaminated soil. The virions are non-enveloped and have icosahedral symmetry, with a diameter of about 30-34 nanometers. Tombusviruses are known to cause various symptoms in their host plants, including mottling, necrosis, and stunting. Some notable examples of tombusviruses include Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and Cucumber necrosis virus (CNV).
Carmovirus is a genus of viruses in the family *Tombusviridae*, which infect plants. The name "Carmovirus" is derived from the initials of the plant it was first isolated from, **C**harlock **A**rtichoke **M**osaic **Virus**. These viruses have a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome and are transmitted by beetles and through mechanical means such as contaminated tools or hands.
Carmoviruses cause symptoms such as mosaic patterns, leaf curling, and stunting in infected plants. They replicate in the cytoplasm of host cells and form viral inclusion bodies called **X**-**bodies**. Examples of Carmoviruses include:
* Carmovirus (CarMV)
* Cardamine chlorotic fleck virus (CCFV)
* Poplar mosaic virus (PopMV)
* Turnip crinkle virus (TCV)
It's important to note that medical professionals and researchers in human health may not encounter the term "Carmovirus" frequently, as it primarily relates to plant virology.
Tombusvirus is a genus of viruses in the family Tombusviridae, order Tymovirales. These are positive-strand RNA viruses that infect a wide range of plants, causing various symptoms such as mosaic patterns, necrotic lesions, and stunting. The name "tombusvirus" is derived from the type species, Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV). TBSV has a 4.8 kb RNA genome that encodes for five proteins involved in replication, encapsidation, and movement within the host plant. Other notable tombusviruses include Cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) and Pelargonium leaf curl virus (PelLCV).
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
A viral genome is the genetic material (DNA or RNA) that is present in a virus. It contains all the genetic information that a virus needs to replicate itself and infect its host. The size and complexity of viral genomes can vary greatly, ranging from a few thousand bases to hundreds of thousands of bases. Some viruses have linear genomes, while others have circular genomes. The genome of a virus also contains the information necessary for the virus to hijack the host cell's machinery and use it to produce new copies of the virus. Understanding the genetic makeup of viruses is important for developing vaccines and antiviral treatments.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.
'Zea mays' is the biological name for corn or maize, which is not typically considered a medical term. However, corn or maize can have medical relevance in certain contexts. For example, cornstarch is sometimes used as a diluent for medications and is also a component of some skin products. Corn oil may be found in topical ointments and creams. In addition, some people may have allergic reactions to corn or corn-derived products. But generally speaking, 'Zea mays' itself does not have a specific medical definition.
MedlinePlus is not a medical term, but rather a consumer health website that provides high-quality, accurate, and reliable health information, written in easy-to-understand language. It is produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine, the world's largest medical library, and is widely recognized as a trusted source of health information.
MedlinePlus offers information on various health topics, including conditions, diseases, tests, treatments, and wellness. It also provides access to drug information, medical dictionary, and encyclopedia, as well as links to clinical trials, medical news, and patient organizations. The website is available in both English and Spanish and can be accessed for free.
Benzamidines are a group of organic compounds that contain a benzene ring linked to an amidine functional group. They are commonly used as antimicrobial agents, particularly in the treatment of various gram-negative bacterial infections. Benzamidines work by inhibiting the enzyme bacterial dehydrogenases, which are essential for the bacteria's survival.
Some examples of benzamidine derivatives include:
* Tempanamine hydrochloride (Tembaglanil): used to treat urinary tract infections caused by susceptible strains of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
* Chlorhexidine: a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent used as a disinfectant and preservative in various medical and dental applications.
* Prothiobenzamide: an anti-inflammatory and analgesic drug used to treat gout and rheumatoid arthritis.
It is important to note that benzamidines have a narrow therapeutic index, which means that the difference between an effective dose and a toxic dose is small. Therefore, they should be used with caution and under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
Diphosphonates are a class of medications that are used to treat bone diseases, such as osteoporosis and Paget's disease. They work by binding to the surface of bones and inhibiting the activity of bone-resorbing cells called osteoclasts. This helps to slow down the breakdown and loss of bone tissue, which can help to reduce the risk of fractures.
Diphosphonates are typically taken orally in the form of tablets, but some forms may be given by injection. Commonly prescribed diphosphonates include alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), and ibandronate (Boniva). Side effects of diphosphonates can include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, heartburn, and abdominal pain. In rare cases, they may also cause esophageal ulcers or osteonecrosis of the jaw.
It is important to follow the instructions for taking diphosphonates carefully, as they must be taken on an empty stomach with a full glass of water and the patient must remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to reduce the risk of esophageal irritation. Regular monitoring of bone density and kidney function is also recommended while taking these medications.
Consumer health information (CHI) refers to the resources and materials that provide health information and education to the general public, who are not necessarily healthcare professionals. CHI is designed to be understandable and accessible to laypeople, and it covers a wide range of topics related to health and wellness, including:
* Diseases and conditions
* Preventive care and healthy lifestyles
* Medications and treatments
* Medical tests and procedures
* Healthcare services and facilities
* Patient rights and responsibilities
CHI can be found in various formats, such as pamphlets, brochures, websites, videos, podcasts, and social media. It is essential to ensure that CHI is accurate, unbiased, and up-to-date to help consumers make informed decisions about their health and healthcare. The goal of CHI is to empower individuals to take an active role in managing their health and making healthcare choices that are right for them.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Social Media" is a term related to communication technologies, particularly websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking. It is not a medical concept or term, and therefore, it does not have a medical definition. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those!
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