An alkaloid that occurs in the extract of leaves of wild tomato plants. It has been found to inhibit the growth of various fungi and bacteria. It is used as a precipitating agent for steroids. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed)
Animal reproductive bodies, or the contents thereof, used as food. The concept is differentiated from OVUM, the anatomic or physiologic entity.
Single membrane vesicles, generally made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS.
Steroids with a hydroxyl group at C-3 and most of the skeleton of cholestane. Additional carbon atoms may be present in the side chain. (IUPAC Steroid Nomenclature, 1987)
Organic nitrogenous bases. Many alkaloids of medical importance occur in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, and some have been synthesized. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
The study of the origin, structure, development, growth, function, genetics, and reproduction of plants.
Pesticides designed to control insects that are harmful to man. The insects may be directly harmful, as those acting as disease vectors, or indirectly harmful, as destroyers of crops, food products, or textile fabrics.
The science of controlling or modifying those conditions, influences, or forces surrounding man which relate to promoting, establishing, and maintaining health.
An independent Federal agency established in 1958. It conducts research for the solution of problems of flight within and outside the Earth's atmosphere and develops, constructs, tests, and operates aeronautical and space vehicles. (From U.S. Government Manual, 1993)
An agency of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH concerned with overall planning, promoting, and administering programs pertaining to advancement of medical and related sciences. Major activities of this institute include the collection, dissemination, and exchange of information important to the progress of medicine and health, research in medical informatics and support for medical library development.
Administrative units of government responsible for policy making and management of governmental activities.
The collective designation of three organizations with common membership: the European Economic Community (Common Market), the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). It was known as the European Community until 1994. It is primarily an economic union with the principal objectives of free movement of goods, capital, and labor. Professional services, social, medical and paramedical, are subsumed under labor. The constituent countries are Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. (The World Almanac and Book of Facts 1997, p842)
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.

Tomatinase from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici defines a new class of saponinases. (1/42)

Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites, many of which have antifungal activity. Saponins are plant glycosides that may provide a preformed chemical barrier against phytopathogenic fungi. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and other tomato pathogens produce extracellular enzymes known as tomatinases, which deglycosylate alpha-tomatine to yield less toxic derivatives. We have cloned and characterized the cDNA and genomic DNA encoding tomatinase from the vascular pathogen of tomato F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. This gene encodes a protein (FoTom1) with no amino acid sequence homology to any previously described saponinase, including tomatinase from Septoria lycopersici. Although FoTom1 is related to family 10 glycosyl hydrolases, which include mainly xylanases, it has no detectable xylanase activity. We have overexpressed and purified the protein with a bacterial heterologous system. The purified enzyme is active and cleaves alpha-tomatine into the less toxic compounds tomatidine and lycotetraose. Tomatinase from F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is encoded by a single gene whose expression is induced by alpha-tomatine. This expression is fully repressed in the presence of glucose, which is consistent with the presence of two putative CREA binding sites in the promoter region of the tomatinase gene. The tomatinase gene is expressed in planta in both roots and stems throughout the entire disease cycle of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.  (+info)

Effects of targeted replacement of the tomatinase gene on the interaction of Septoria lycopersici with tomato plants. (2/42)

Many plants produce constitutive antifungal molecules belonging to the saponin family of secondary metabolites, which have been implicated in plant defense. Successful pathogens of these plants must presumably have some means of combating the chemical defenses of their hosts. In the oat root pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis, the saponin-detoxifying enzyme avenacinase has been shown to be essential for pathogenicity. A number of other phytopathogenic fungi also produce saponin-degrading enzymes, although the significance of these for saponin resistance and pathogenicity has not yet been established. The tomato leaf spot pathogen Septoria lycopersici secretes the enzyme tomatinase, which degrades the tomato steroidal glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine. Here we report the isolation and characterization of tomatinase-deficient mutants of S. lycopersici following targeted gene disruption. Tomatinase-minus mutants were more sensitive to alpha-tomatine than the wild-type strain. They could, however, still grow in the presence of 1 mM alpha-tomatine, suggesting that nondegradative mechanisms of tolerance are also important. There were no obvious effects of loss of tomatinase on macroscopic lesion formation on tomato leaves, but trypan blue staining of infected tissue during the early stages of infection revealed more dying mesophyll cells in leaves that had been inoculated with tomatinase-minus mutants. Expression of a defense-related basic beta-1,3 glucanase gene was also enhanced in these leaves. These differences in plant response may be associated with subtle differences in the growth of the wild-type and mutant strains during infection. Alternatively, tomatinase may be involved in suppression of plant defense mechanisms.  (+info)

HISTAMINE PROTECTION PRODUCED BY PLANT TUMOUR EXTRACTS. THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLE OF TOMATO PLANTS INFECTED WITH GROWN-GALL. (3/42)

Guinea-pigs were protected against the lethal effects of a histamine aerosol by intraperitoneal injection of stable extracts of normal tomato plants and of tomato plants infected with crown-gall tumours. The protection was short-lasting. No difference was observed between the activities of extracts of normal and of infected plants. The active principle of the extracts was isolated, and identified as the steroid alkaloid glycoside, tomatine.  (+info)

Chemosensory tuning to a host recognition cue in the facultative specialist larvae of the moth Manduca sexta. (4/42)

Larvae of Manduca sexta are facultative specialists on plants in the family Solanaceae. Larvae reared on solanaceous foliage develop a strong preference for their host; otherwise, they remain polyphagous. The host-specific recognition cue in potato foliage for Manduca larvae is the steroidal glycoside, indioside D. Two pairs of galeal taste sensilla, the lateral and medial sensilla styloconica, are both necessary and sufficient for the feeding preferences of host-restricted larvae. We conducted electrophysiological tip recordings from sensilla of solanaceous or wheat germ diet-reared larvae. For each animal, recordings of the responses to indioside D, glucose, tomatine and KCl were compared. All responses included both phasic and tonic portions. The sensilla styloconica of solanaceous-reared larvae were tuned to indioside D, defined as maintaining a high sensitivity to indioside D, while showing lower sensitivity to other plant compounds. Half of the sensillar neurons of solanaceous-reared larvae were 'tuned' to indioside D, whereas those of wheat germ diet-reared larvae were not. The different responses between the two types of animals were a result of changes of individual receptor cells' responses in the sensilla. Feeding on solanaceous foliage therefore appears to result in a modification of the physiological responses of individual taste receptor cells that causes them to be tuned to the host-recognition cue indioside D. We propose that this tuning is the basis for the host-restricted larvae's strong behavioral preferences for solanaceous foliage.  (+info)

Tomatidine and lycotetraose, hydrolysis products of alpha-tomatine by Fusarium oxysporum tomatinase, suppress induced defense responses in tomato cells. (5/42)

Many fungal pathogens of tomato produce extracellular enzymes, collectively known as tomatinases, that detoxify the preformed antifungal steroidal glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine. Tomatinase from the vascular wilt pathogen of tomato Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici cleaves alpha-tomatine into the aglycon tomatidine (Td) and the tetrasaccharide lycotetraose (Lt). Although modes of action of alpha-tomatine have been extensively studied, those of Td and Lt are poorly understood. Here, we show that both Td and Lt inhibit the oxidative burst and hypersensitive cell death in suspension-cultured tomato cells. A tomatinase-negative F. oxysporum strain inherently non-pathogenic on tomato was able to infect tomato cuttings when either Td or Lt was present. These results suggest that tomatinase from F. oxysporum is required not only for detoxification of alpha-tomatine but also for suppression of induced defense responses of host.  (+info)

Identification of a tomatinase in the tomato-pathogenic actinomycete Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis NCPPB382. (6/42)

The insertion site of a transposon mutant of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis NCPPB382 was cloned and found to be located in the gene tomA encoding a member of the glycosyl hydrolase family 10. The intact gene was obtained from a cosmid library of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The deduced protein TomA (543 amino acids, 58 kDa) contains a predicted signal peptide and two domains, the N-terminal catalytic domain and a C-terminal fibronectin III-like domain. The closest well-characterized relatives of TomA were tomatinases from fungi involved in the detoxification of the tomato saponin alpha-tomatine which acts as a growth inhibitor. Growth inhibition of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis by alpha-tomatine was stronger in the tomA mutants than in the wild type. Tomatinase activity assayed by deglycosylation of alpha-tomatine to tomatidine was demonstrated in concentrated culture supernatants of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. No activity was found with the tomA mutants. However, neither the transposon mutant nor a second mutant constructed by gene disruption was affected in virulence on the tomato cv. Moneymaker.  (+info)

Dual effects of plant steroidal alkaloids on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (7/42)

Many plant species accumulate sterols and triterpenes as antimicrobial glycosides. These secondary metabolites (saponins) provide built-in chemical protection against pest and pathogen attack and can also influence induced defense responses. In addition, they have a variety of important pharmacological properties, including anticancer activity. The biological mechanisms underpinning the varied and diverse effects of saponins on microbes, plants, and animals are only poorly understood despite the ecological and pharmaceutical importance of this major class of plant secondary metabolites. Here we have exploited budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to investigate the effects of saponins on eukaryotic cells. The tomato steroidal glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine has antifungal activity towards yeast, and this activity is associated with membrane permeabilization. Removal of a single sugar from the tetrasaccharide chain of alpha-tomatine results in a substantial reduction in antimicrobial activity. Surprisingly, the complete loss of sugars leads to enhanced antifungal activity. Experiments with alpha-tomatine and its aglycone tomatidine indicate that the mode of action of tomatidine towards yeast is distinct from that of alpha-tomatine and does not involve membrane permeabilization. Investigation of the effects of tomatidine on yeast by gene expression and sterol analysis indicate that tomatidine inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis. Tomatidine-treated cells accumulate zymosterol rather than ergosterol, which is consistent with inhibition of the sterol C(24) methyltransferase Erg6p. However, erg6 and erg3 mutants (but not erg2 mutants) have enhanced resistance to tomatidine, suggesting a complex interaction of erg mutations, sterol content, and tomatidine resistance.  (+info)

alpha-Tomatine, the major saponin in tomato, induces programmed cell death mediated by reactive oxygen species in the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. (8/42)

The tomato saponin alpha-tomatine has been proposed to kill sensitive cells by binding to cell membranes followed by leakage of cell components. However, details of the modes of action of the compound on fungal cells are poorly understood. In the present study, mechanisms involved in alpha-tomatine-induced cell death of fungi were examined using a filamentous pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. alpha-Tomatine-induced cell death of F. oxysporum (TICDF) occurred only under aerobic conditions and was blocked by the mitochondrial F(0)F(1)-ATPase inhibitor oligomycin, the caspase inhibitor D-VAD-fmk, and protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Fungal cells exposed to alpha-tomatine showed TUNEL-positive nuclei, depolarization of transmembrane potential of mitochondria, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. These results suggest that TICDF occurs through a programmed cell death process in which mitochondria play a pivotal role. Pharmacological studies using inhibitors suggest that alpha-tomatine activates phosphotyrosine kinase and monomeric G-protein signaling pathways leading to Ca(2+) elevation and ROS burst in F. oxysporum cells.  (+info)

Tomatine is not a medical term, but a chemical compound found in plants, specifically in the leaves and stems of green tomatoes and in higher concentrations in the roots and flowers. It is a glycoalkaloid, which is a type of toxic compound that some plants produce to deter pests.

In the context of human health, tomatine has been studied for its potential effects on the body. Some research suggests that it may have anti-cancer properties, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings and determine whether it has any therapeutic value. It's important to note that tomatine can be toxic in high concentrations, so it should not be consumed in large amounts or as a supplement without medical supervision.

In the medical context, the term "eggs" is not typically used as a formal medical definition. However, if you are referring to reproductive biology, an egg or ovum is a female reproductive cell (gamete) that, when fertilized by a male sperm, can develop into a new individual.

In humans, eggs are produced in the ovaries and are released during ovulation, usually once per month. They are much larger than sperm and contain all the genetic information necessary to create a human being, along with nutrients that help support the early stages of embryonic development.

It's worth noting that the term "eggs" is also commonly used in everyday language to refer to chicken eggs or eggs from other birds, which are not relevant to medical definitions.

Unilamellar liposomes are a type of liposome that consists of a single phospholipid bilayer membrane enclosing an aqueous compartment. They are spherical vesicles, ranging in size from 20 nanometers to several micrometers, and can be used as drug delivery systems for various therapeutic agents, including hydrophilic drugs (in the aqueous compartment) and hydrophobic drugs (incorporated into the lipid bilayer). The single membrane structure of unilamellar liposomes distinguishes them from multilamellar liposomes, which have multiple concentric phospholipid bilayers.

Sterols are a type of organic compound that is derived from steroids and found in the cell membranes of organisms. In animals, including humans, cholesterol is the most well-known sterol. Sterols help to maintain the structural integrity and fluidity of cell membranes, and they also play important roles as precursors for the synthesis of various hormones and other signaling molecules. Phytosterols are plant sterols that have been shown to have cholesterol-lowering effects in humans when consumed in sufficient amounts.

Alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. They are often found in plants, and are known for their complex ring structures and diverse pharmacological activities. Many alkaloids have been used in medicine for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine, nicotine, and caffeine.

Solanine is a glycoalkaloid toxin found in plants of the nightshade family, Solanaceae, which includes potatoes, tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers. It's primarily concentrated in the leaves, stems, and fruits (green potatoes and green, sprouted, or damaged potato areas), but it can also be found in lower concentrations in other parts of these plants. Solanine has a bitter taste and is produced by the plant as a defense mechanism against pests and diseases. When consumed in large amounts, solanine can cause symptoms such as gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, and neurological problems like headaches, dizziness, and confusion. In severe cases, it may lead to paralysis and even death. However, it's important to note that solanine concentrations in commonly consumed nightshade vegetables are generally low, and toxic effects are unlikely to occur from normal consumption unless the vegetables are spoiled or improperly prepared.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Botany is the scientific study of plants, encompassing various disciplines such as plant structure, function, evolution, diversity, distribution, ecology, and application. It involves examining different aspects like plant anatomy, physiology, genetics, molecular biology, systematics, and ethnobotany. The field of botany has contributed significantly to our understanding of the natural world, agriculture, medicine, and environmental conservation.

Insecticides are substances or mixtures of substances intended for preventing, destroying, or mitigating any pest, including insects, arachnids, or other related pests. They can be chemical or biological agents that disrupt the growth, development, or behavior of these organisms, leading to their death or incapacitation. Insecticides are widely used in agriculture, public health, and residential settings for pest control. However, they must be used with caution due to potential risks to non-target organisms and the environment.

Environmental health is a branch of public health that focuses on the study of how environmental factors, including physical, chemical, and biological factors, impact human health and disease. It involves the assessment, control, and prevention of environmental hazards in order to protect and promote human health and well-being.

Environmental health encompasses a wide range of issues, such as air and water quality, food safety, waste management, housing conditions, occupational health and safety, radiation protection, and climate change. It also involves the promotion of healthy behaviors and the development of policies and regulations to protect public health from environmental hazards.

The goal of environmental health is to create safe and healthy environments that support human health and well-being, prevent disease and injury, and promote sustainable communities. This requires a multidisciplinary approach that involves collaboration between various stakeholders, including policymakers, researchers, healthcare providers, community organizations, and the public.

The United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is not a medical term or organization, but rather the civilian space agency of the U.S. federal government. It is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and space research. However, NASA has made significant contributions to medicine and health through its research and technological developments. For example, it has developed medical technologies for use in space that have also been applied to patient care on Earth, such as improved imaging techniques and telemedicine systems. Additionally, NASA's studies of the effects of space travel on the human body have led to advances in understanding and treating various health conditions, including bone loss, muscle atrophy, and radiation exposure.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Government Agencies" is a very broad term and does not have a specific medical definition. Government agencies are administrative bodies of a government that carry out certain legislated functions, and these can cover a wide range of areas, including public health, environmental protection, workplace safety, and many others.

However, if you're interested in learning about government agencies that deal with health-related matters, here are a few examples:

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): A federal agency in the United States that conducts and supports public health activities to decrease preventable diseases, injuries, and disabilities.
2. National Institutes of Health (NIH): A US government agency responsible for biomedical and health-related research. It comprises 27 institutes and centers focusing on various disease areas and other health issues.
3. Food and Drug Administration (FDA): A US government agency that oversees the safety of food, dietary supplements, medications, vaccines, cosmetics, medical devices, and radiation-emitting products.
4. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): A US government agency responsible for protecting human health and the environment by enforcing regulations related to air and water quality, hazardous waste disposal, pesticides, and other environmental concerns.
5. World Health Organization (WHO): An international organization that coordinates global health initiatives, sets international health standards, and provides technical assistance to member countries in addressing various health issues.

These are just a few examples of government agencies that deal with health-related matters. If you have a specific agency or area of interest, I'd be happy to help provide more information!

The European Union (EU) is not a medical term or organization, but rather a political and economic union of 27 European countries. It is primarily involved in matters related to policy, law, and trade, and does not have a direct role in the provision or regulation of healthcare services, except in certain specific areas such as pharmaceutical regulations and cross-border healthcare directives.

Therefore, there is no medical definition for "European Union."

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

... is effective against fungi at pH 8 but not at pH 4. A possible explanation for this is that the tomatine only in the ... The hydroxylation of tomatine likely leads to the formation of tomatidine, which is the aglycon of tomatine. Tomatidine is a ... Also, tomatine is known to be an immune adjuvant in connection with certain protein antigens. The possible risks of tomatine ... The toxicity of tomatine has only been studied on laboratory animals. The symptoms of acute tomatine poisoning in animals are ...
Chemically, it is the aglycone of tomatine. It has been shown to have multiple health benefits. Tomatidine is an inhibitor of ... α-Tomatine, and Tomatidine in Pure Form and in Fresh and Processed Tomatoes". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 61 ( ...
... (data page) Lycopane Nutrition Tocopherol Tocotrienol Tomatine "Lycopene". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. ...
2013 they find several BSGs for α-tomatine in tomato and α-solanine in potato. Typically they are used in plants as a ... Alkaloids found in these plants include chaconine, solanine, solasodine, tomatidine, tomatine, and solanidine. The Itkin group ...
Nonetheless, he believed it was poisonous (in fact, the plant and raw fruit do have low levels of tomatine, but are not ... The leaves and fruit contain tomatine, which in large quantities would be toxic. However, the ripe fruit contains a much lower ... and green unripe fruit of the tomato plant contain small amounts of the alkaloid tomatine, whose effect on humans has not been ... amount of tomatine than the immature fruit. The exact date of domestication is unknown; by 500 BC, it was already being ...
A tomatinase enzyme, encoded by tomA which can degrade the antimicrobial saponin α-tomatine. The aerial growth of mutants ...
For instance, potatoes and tomatoes can contain toxic levels of respectively, solanine and alpha-tomatine alkaloids. To decide ...
Evidence suggests that α-tomatine is a precursor of esculeoside A. In order for alpha tomatine to be converted to esculeoside A ... Yamanaka, T.; Vincken, J.; Zuilhof, H.; Legger, A.; Takada, N.; Gruppen, H. (2009). "C22 Isomerization in a-Tomatine-to- ... this time but research from Iijima and colleagues in 2009 suggest a glycosylation step in the putative pathway from α-tomatine ...
According to cultivariable.com, "The primary glycoalkaloid in this species is tomatine, unlike the domesticated potato, in ...
However, Mendel Friedman of the United States Department of Agriculture contradicts this claim, stating that tomatine, a ...
... tomatine MeSH D03.132.889.180 - belladonna alkaloids MeSH D03.132.889.180.297 - atropine MeSH D03.132.889.180.297.297 - ...
... such as the glycoalkaloids solanine in potatoes and alpha-tomatine in tomatoes-which do not affect their safety when prepared ...
Tomatine is effective against fungi at pH 8 but not at pH 4. A possible explanation for this is that the tomatine only in the ... The hydroxylation of tomatine likely leads to the formation of tomatidine, which is the aglycon of tomatine. Tomatidine is a ... Also, tomatine is known to be an immune adjuvant in connection with certain protein antigens. The possible risks of tomatine ... The toxicity of tomatine has only been studied on laboratory animals. The symptoms of acute tomatine poisoning in animals are ...
The meaning of TOMATINE is a crystalline antibiotic glycosidic alkaloid C50H83NO21 that is obtained especially from the juice ... "Tomatine." Merriam-Webster.com Medical Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/tomatine. Accessed ...
Haki sibul ja küüslauguküüned ning prae neid pannil õlis umbes 5 minutit. Lisa toores riis, maitseained, purustatud tomatid ja puljong, lase haududa. Prae teisel pannil tükeldatud kana. Kui riis on peaaegu pehme, lisa riisi-tomatisegule kanatükid ja köögiviljad ...
Be the first to review "TOMATINE BRIGHTENING GEL" Cancel reply. Your email address will not be published. Required fields are ... Formulated in a light refreshing scent, Tomatine Brightening Gel reduces appearance of dark brown spots, evening out skin tone ...
Byside is a classic open Tote, lightweight, and equipped with clip closures for added security when needed. Inside, the tonal fabric blends harmoniously with the pockets, offering an elegant look while ensuring impeccable organization.
See ret-sept val-mis koos-töös Thormi-ga, mis on her-ne- ja kae-ra-val-gust val-mis-ta-tud taim-ne hakk-li-ha alter-na-tiiv. Üldi-selt ma väga ran-gelt min-gi-te kind-la-te brän-di-de too-teid ret-sep-ti-des ei soo-vi-ta, kuid kuna ma olen uuri-nud nii mõne-gi eri-ne-va sar-na-se alter-na-tiivi koos-tist, siis Thor-mi on siia-ni ainu-ke, mida ma tões-ti jul-gen soo-vi-ta-da. Ehk-ki too-teid tuleb ajas aina juur-de ning loo-de-ta-vas-ti on ka koos-ti-sed pare-maks muu-tu-mas. 🙂 Lisaks on Thor-mi väärt mis-sioo-ni-ga kodu-mai-ne bränd ning nen-de taim-ne hakk mait-seb tõe-li-selt hästi.. ...
Lee-2013-Alpha-Tomatine_Atten.pdf - Published Version Download (1MB) Abstract. Background: Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) ... Lee, S.T. and Wong, P.F. and He, H. and Hooper, J.D. and Mustafa, Mohd Rais (2013) Alpha-tomatine attenuation of in vivo growth ... Alpha (α)-tomatine is the major saponin present in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and we have previously reported that it ... Alpha-tomatine attenuation of in vivo growth of subcutaneous and orthotopic xenograft tumors of human prostate carcinoma Pc-3 ...
Quidde, T., Osbourn, A. E., Tudzynski, P. (1998). Detoxification of α-tomatine by Botrytis cinerea. Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. ...
Yang, Y.W.; Wu, C.A.; Morrow, W.J. The apoptotic and necrotic effects of tomatine adjuvant. Vaccine 2004, 22, 2316-2327. [ ... has also been shown for tomatine adjuvant [153]. The benefit of cell death induced by alum appears to involve the release of ...
Studies on α-tomatine and avenacin A-1 show that changes to the sugar moiety can affect toxicity of these saponins (42, 95-97 ... 1979Tomatine and parasitic wasps: potential incompatibility of plant antibiosis with biological controlScience. 205:700-2 ... 2013Detoxification of α-tomatine by C ladosporium fulvum is required for full virulence on tomatoNew Phytologist. 198:1203-14 ... 2020Identification of α-tomatine 23-hydroxylase involved in the detoxification of a bitter glycoalkaloidPlant and Cell ...
7. Tomatine. Tomato was nicknamed poison apple by the Europeans and was not considered edible for centuries. Heres why: ... found in the stem, leaves and unripe fruit of the tomato plant is the toxic glycoalkaloid tomatine which when taken in excess ...
Effect of mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with α-tomatine on HepG2 cancer cells studied in vitro″, B. Nepal, J. K. ... Atomic force microscopy study of the complexation of sterols and thr glycoalkaloid α-tomatine in Langmuir-Blodget monolayers ...
Tomatoes technically contain tomatine instead of solanine, which is essentially a less toxic version of that chemical. Youll ... find concentrated amounts of tomatine in the green parts of a tomato, like underripe flesh stems and leaves. ...
... alpha tomatine in tomatoes) that up-regulate the immune response and should be avoided. ...
Fortunately, tomatine poisoning is uncommon in dogs and is seldom deadly. The majority of dogs who have been poisoned with ... Solanine and its relative tomatine are poisons found mostly in the tomato plants green sections. This implies that your dog ... What is Poisoning with Tomatine?. Because tomatoes contain tiny levels of toxins, consuming an excessive quantity of them may ... Occasionally, these symptoms might be an indication of other significant health problems in addition to tomatine poisoning, ...
As the tomato ripens, the tomatine decreases rapidly to levels less than 5 mg per kg in fully ripe tomatoes. These low levels ... In tomatoes, the highest level of the solanine group of chemicals, called tomatine, occurs when they are immature and green. ...
Even tomatoes offer potential for future medicine, with tomatine supporting the bodys regulation of the cell cycle so that it ... Winkiel and her colleagues focused on five glycoalkaloids - solanine, chaconine, solasonine, solamargine and tomatine - which ...
Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents strictly based on their biological origin.[7] Less strict understandings embrace naturally occurring non-organic toxins, such as arsenic.[8][9][10] Other understandings embrace synthetic analogs of naturally occurring organic poisons as toxins,[11] and may[12] or may not[13] embrace naturally occurring non-organic poisons. It is important to confirm usage if a common understanding is critical. Toxins are a subset of toxicants. The term toxicant is preferred when the poison is man-made and therefore artificial.[14] The human and scientific genetic assembly of a natural-based toxin should be considered a toxin as it is identical to its natural counterpart.[15] The debate is one of linguistic semantics. The word toxin does not specify method of delivery (as opposed to venom, a toxin delivered via a bite, sting, etc.). Poison is a related but broader term that encompasses both toxins and toxicants; poisons may enter the body through any means ...
Tomatine Saponins - Preferred Concept UI. M0019420. Scope note. A type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. Each consists ...
Tomatine kanapasta. Marja- rukkivaht. Kuldne kõrvitsakreem. Taimetoit. Kikerherne - porgandikarri. Köögiviljasupp valgete ...
Alpha-tomatine and the two sides of the same coin: An anti-nutritional glycoalkaloid with potential in human health. Faria- ...
The greens of tomatoes, including un-ripened tomatoes and the skin, contain lots of a chemical called Tomatine. This is a toxic ...
Vürtsikas tomatine pasta kana-kebabiga (M, L) 6,90 €. Kookose-kõrvitsapasta päikesekuivatatud tomatitega (M, L, V) 6,90 € ...
FRVEG Tomatine 500g. Veganistisch. vers. BIO. 50353. fresh en veggie. FRVEG Vegan spaghetti witloof saus 440g. Vegetarisch ...
In Vivo and in vitro antitumor activity of tomatine in hepatocellular carcinoma Echeverria, Cesar; Martin, Aldo; Simon, Felipe ...
While tomatine is a relatively weak toxin18, and accidental consumption of small quantities of tomato plants or unripe tomatoes ... Tomatine, Wikipedia. 19. Solanine, Wikipedia. 20. Onions Are Toxic To Dogs, Pet Poison Helpline. 21. Rhubarb Uses, Benefits & ... Tomato stems and leaves, and to a lesser extent the unripe fruits, contain a glycoalkaloid toxin called tomatine. ...
Tomatine riisi kanapada 4.50. Kodune hakklihakaste 4.50/4.-. Köögiviljahautis 3.90. Köögiviljasupp lihaga 2.- ...
Concern as tomatine gives; has in cost. In recalled with retailers. To within with of food brands?! Cat states meal niacin ...
Tomatine helps fight cancer. Since tomato leaves are harmless to most people, eating them lowers the risk of contracting this ... Tomatine is deadly to canines, especially if ingested in large quantities. This usually happens to stray dogs whose owners ... Even better, tomatine inhibits the development of cancerous cells. Precisely, it suppresses breast, colon, liver, and stomach ... Remember - Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid with antifungal properties. Therefore, tomato leaves make a practical, organic pesticide ...
Tomatine: Present in tomatoes. *α-chaconine: Another compound often present in potatoes ...
  • Tomatine is sometimes confused with the glycoalkaloid solanine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tomatoes technically contain tomatine instead of solanine, which is essentially a less toxic version of that chemical. (thedodo.com)
  • Solanine and its relative tomatine are poisons found mostly in the tomato plant's green sections. (animalshub.net)
  • In tomatoes, the highest level of the solanine group of chemicals, called tomatine, occurs when they are immature and green. (health.org.au)
  • Winkiel and her colleagues focused on five glycoalkaloids - solanine, chaconine, solasonine, solamargine and tomatine - which are found in crude extracts of the Solanaceae family of plants, also known as nightshades. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Tomato leaves are mainly unpopular because they contain alkaloids such as tomatine and solanine. (gardeniaorganic.com)
  • But did you know tomatoes also contain toxic compounds like solanine and tomatine? (upperpawside.com)
  • These parts contain higher concentrations of toxic compounds such as solanine and tomatine, which could lead to poisoning if ingested in large quantities. (drukmetho.com)
  • Tomatine (sometimes called tomatin or lycopersicin) is a glycoalkaloid, found in the stems and leaves of tomato plants, and in the fruits at much lower concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here's why: found in the stem, leaves and unripe fruit of the tomato plant is the toxic glycoalkaloid tomatine which when taken in excess causes gastrointestinal pain, diarrhoea and vomiting. (indianlink.com.au)
  • Remember - Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid with antifungal properties. (gardeniaorganic.com)
  • As an aside, you might remember this post about whether or not tomato leaves are poisonous , where I wrote about a glycoalkaloid called tomatine that's present in tomato leaves. (gardenbetty.com)
  • Tomatine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in tomato plants. (ilovecatsforlife.com)
  • Alpha-tomatine (α-tomatine) belongs to the compound group steroidal glycoalkaloids. (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] The effects of the glycoalkaloids (to which tomatine belongs), can be divided in two main parts: the disruption of cellular membranes and the inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, they contain carotenoids like alpha and beta carotene and glycoalkaloids like tomatine. (healthifyme.com)
  • We also evaluated the antitumor activity of α-tomatine against PC-3 cell tumors grown subcutaneously and orthotopically in mice. (um.edu.my)
  • In the mid 20th century, scientists from the US Department of Agriculture were the first to isolate tomatine from the wild tomato species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium and the cultured species Lycopersicon esculentum. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alpha (α)-tomatine is the major saponin present in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and we have previously reported that it suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in androgen-independent prostate cancer PC-3 cells and also potently induces apoptosis of these cells. (um.edu.my)
  • Because tomatoes contain tiny levels of toxins, consuming an excessive quantity of them may result in tomatine toxicity, sometimes referred to as tomato poisoning. (animalshub.net)
  • Veterinarians may induce vomiting or monitor dogs with tomatine toxicity. (animalshub.net)
  • According to Dr. Joanna Woodnutt, Veterinarian, "Tomatine is only toxic in very high concentrations, and ripe tomatoes contain hardly any of this compound. (upperpawside.com)
  • In the case of the fruit, however, tomatine concentrations are only higher when the fruit is still green (un-ripened) and fall to undetectable levels once it matures. (keepingpet.com)
  • Consuming an unripe (green) tomato or any of the tomato's green portions may cause tomatine poisoning. (animalshub.net)
  • Tomatine is considered to be a fungitoxic compound, as it completely inhibits mycelial growth of the fungi C. orbiculare (MC100=2.0 mM), S. linicola (MC100=0.4 mM), and H. turcicum (MC100=0.13 mM). (wikipedia.org)
  • Tomatine inhibits also the fungal types Ph. (wikipedia.org)
  • Even better, tomatine inhibits the development of cancerous cells. (gardeniaorganic.com)
  • What is Poisoning with Tomatine? (animalshub.net)
  • Fortunately, tomatine poisoning is uncommon in dogs and is seldom deadly. (animalshub.net)
  • Occasionally, these symptoms might be an indication of other significant health problems in addition to tomatine poisoning, therefore it's critical to get them checked out as soon as possible to avoid complications. (animalshub.net)
  • Ingesting excessive tomatine increases the risk of food poisoning for pups. (upperpawside.com)
  • What Is Tomatine Poisoning? (upperpawside.com)
  • It would take a truckload of tomatoes to cause tomatine poisoning. (upperpawside.com)
  • Ingesting these in large quantities may lead to tomatine poisoning. (upperpawside.com)
  • The main concern with feeding your cat tomatoes is the possibility of tomatine poisoning. (ilovecatsforlife.com)
  • While there have been no reported cases of tomatine poisoning in cats, it is still important to be cautious when feeding them tomatoes. (ilovecatsforlife.com)
  • These compounds consist of an aglycon, which is a cholesterol derivative, and a carbohydrate chain, which in the case of α-tomatine consists of two d-glucose units, a d-galactose unit, and a d-xylose unit. (wikipedia.org)
  • The green parts contain a 5% concentration of tomatine compounds. (upperpawside.com)
  • The product "Phelp's Compound Tomato Pills" was extracted from the tomato plant, and contained tomatine. (wikipedia.org)
  • For the inhibition at a low pH, much more tomatine is required, so the compound is more effectively fungitoxic at a high pH, when the alkaloid is unprotonated. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the major compound tomatine happens to be fungicidal. (keepingpet.com)
  • However, the precise mechanism by which α-tomatine suppresses NF-κB nuclear translocation is yet to be elucidated and the anti-tumor activity of this agent in vivo has not been examined. (um.edu.my)
  • The pills were made by the medic Guy R. Phelps, who stated that the alkaloid tomatine was one of the most useful discoveries ever made. (wikipedia.org)
  • They're members of the nightshade family, and produce an alkaloid called tomatine. (almanacplanting.com)
  • When tomatine is orally ingested, the brush border of the intestine is damaged by the membrane-disruptive properties of tomatine, so increased uptake of macromolecules occurs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Methodology/ Principal Findings : In the present study we show that suppression of NF-κB activation by α-tomatine occurs through inhibition of I kappa B alpha (IκBα) kinase activity, leading to sequential suppression of IκBα phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, NF-κB/p65 phosphorylation, and NF-κB p50/p65 nuclear translocation. (um.edu.my)
  • However, they also have tomatine, which causes diarrhea and other complications. (gardeniaorganic.com)
  • Consistent with its ability to induce apoptosis, α-tomatine reduced TNF-α induced activation of the pro-survival mediator Akt and its inhibition of NF-κB activation was accompanied by significant reduction in the expression of NF-κB-dependent anti-apoptotic (c-IAP1, c-IAP2, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, XIAP and survivin) proteins. (um.edu.my)
  • First, the aglycon part of tomatine binds reversibly to sterols in the membrane (figure 2, part 2). (wikipedia.org)
  • The unprotonated form of tomatine forms complexes with sterols such as cholesterol, which may cause disruption of cell membrane and changes in membrane permeability. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tomatine disrupts liposome membranes containing 3-β-hydroxy sterol, while liposomes without 3-β-hydroxy sterols are resistant to membrane disruption. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tomatine is toxic when ingested in extremely large doses, it may cause gastrointestinal problems, liver, and even heart damage. (almanacplanting.com)
  • Conclusion/ Significance: Our study provides first evidence for in vivo antitumor efficacy of α-tomatine against the human androgen-independent prostate cancer. (um.edu.my)
  • Our data indicate that intraperitoneal administration of α-tomatine significantly attenuates the growth of PC-3 cell tumors grown at both sites. (um.edu.my)
  • Tomatine is deadly to canines, especially if ingested in large quantities. (gardeniaorganic.com)
  • Tomatine is responsible in tomato plants for resistance against for example the Colorado beetle and to snails. (wikipedia.org)
  • You'll find concentrated amounts of tomatine in the green parts of a tomato, like underripe flesh stems and leaves. (thedodo.com)
  • In his publication Grete Herball, he considered tomatoes poisonous due to their levels of what would later be called tomatine, plus high acid content. (wikipedia.org)
  • As the tomato ripens, the tomatine decreases rapidly to levels less than 5 mg per kg in fully ripe tomatoes. (health.org.au)
  • Tomatine may play a major role in resistance of the tomato plant against fungal, microbial, insect, and herbivoral attack. (wikipedia.org)
  • These plants produce a dangerous toxin referred to as tomatine, which is unappealing to animals. (cottontailguide.com)
  • The majority of dogs who have been poisoned with tomatine recover completely. (animalshub.net)
  • The potential usefulness of α-tomatine in prostate cancer prevention and therapy requires further investigation. (um.edu.my)
  • Even tomatoes offer potential for future medicine, with tomatine supporting the body's regulation of the cell cycle so that it can kill cancer cells. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Tomatine helps fight cancer. (gardeniaorganic.com)
  • Analysis of tumor material indicates that the tumor suppressing effects of α-tomatine were accompanied by increased apoptosis and lower proliferation of tumor cells as well as reduced nuclear translocation of the p50 and p65 components of NF-κB. (um.edu.my)
  • Tomatine can be pretty toxic to our pets, especially when consumed in high quantities. (cottontailguide.com)
  • The membrane disruptive properties of tomatine are caused by the ability to form 1:1 complexes with cholesterol. (wikipedia.org)