Tobacco, Smokeless
Tobacco
Tobacco Industry
Product Labeling
Product Packaging
Tobacco Use Disorder
Marketing
Advertising as Topic
Commerce
Nicotine
Smoking Cessation
Consumer Product Safety
Harm Reduction
Nitrosamines
Drug and Narcotic Control
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Smoke
Tars
United States
United States Food and Drug Administration
Areca
India
Public Policy
Health Policy
Opium
Health Promotion
Electronics
Research
Cotinine
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Carcinogens
Mass Media
Poison Control Centers
State Government
International Cooperation
Cross-Sectional Studies
Inhalation Exposure
Prevalence
Behavior, Addictive
Nicotinic Agonists
Health Education
Public Health
Industry
Data Collection
Metals, Heavy
Questionnaires
Plants, Genetically Modified
Molecular Sequence Data
Alkaloids
Lobbying
Biological Products
Health Surveys
Sex Factors
Minnesota
Universities
Focus Groups
Risk Factors
Base Sequence
Poisoning
California
Socioeconomic Factors
Logistic Models
Sex Distribution
Amino Acid Sequence
Public Relations
Population Surveillance
Age Factors
Receptors, Nicotinic
Plant Leaves
Biological Markers
Social Control Policies
Cloning, Molecular
Risk Assessment
Propaganda
Dairy Products
Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Escherichia coli
Mutation
Protoplasts
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Persuasive Communication
Glycosylation End Products, Advanced
RNA, Messenger
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Young adult smokers' perceptions of illicit tobacco and the possible impact of plain packaging on purchase behaviour. (1/181)
(+info)Tobacco use in Bollywood movies, tobacco promotional activities and their association with tobacco use among Indian adolescents. (2/181)
(+info)Effectiveness of the European Union text-only cigarette health warnings: findings from four countries. (3/181)
BACKGROUND: The European Commission requires tobacco products sold in the European Union to display standardized text health warnings. This article examines the effectiveness of the text health warnings among daily cigarette smokers in four Member States. METHODS: Data were drawn from nationally representative samples of smokers from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project surveys in France (2007), Germany (2007), the Netherlands (2008) and the UK (2006). We examined: (i) smokers' ratings of the health warnings on warning salience, thoughts of harm and quitting and forgoing of cigarettes; (ii) impact of the warnings using a Labels Impact Index (LII), with higher scores signifying greater impact; and (iii) differences on the LII by demographic characteristics and smoking behaviour. RESULTS: Scores on the LII differed significantly across countries. Scores were highest in France, lower in the UK, and lowest in Germany and the Netherlands. Across all countries, scores were significantly higher among low-income smokers, smokers who had made a quit attempt in the past year and smokers who smoked fewer cigarettes per day. CONCLUSION: The impact of the health warnings varies greatly across countries. Impact tended to be highest in countries with more comprehensive tobacco control programmes. Because the impact of the warnings was highest among smokers with the lowest socioeconomic status (SES), this research suggests that health warnings could be more effective among smokers from lower SES groups. Differences in warning label impact by SES should be further investigated. (+info)Reliability of adult self-reported smoking history: data from the tobacco use supplement to the current population survey 2002-2003 cohort. (4/181)
(+info)A comparison of cigarette- and hookah-related videos on YouTube. (5/181)
(+info)Risk factors for adolescent smoking: parental smoking and the mediating role of nicotine dependence. (6/181)
(+info)Roflumilast N-oxide, a PDE4 inhibitor, improves cilia motility and ciliated human bronchial epithelial cells compromised by cigarette smoke in vitro. (7/181)
(+info)Association between willingness to use snus to quit smoking and perception of relative risk between snus and cigarettes. (8/181)
INTRODUCTION: Smokers are often incorrect in their assessment of the relative risk of snus and cigarettes. We have studied how perception of risks of snus compared with cigarettes was associated with the willingness of trying snus as a quit-smoking method. METHODS: Fourteen thousand seven hundred and forty-four Norwegian men aged 20-50 years were selected at random from a national representative web panel and sent a questionnaire by e-mail. Of the 7,170 (48.6%) who responded, there were 1,155 former daily smokers who reported method for quitting smoking and 1,213 current daily smokers who stated their willingness to try different methods for quitting smoking. They were also asked to assess the relative risk between daily use of snus and cigarettes. RESULTS: Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for reporting willingness to try snus in future quit attempts was significantly higher (AOR = 4.82, p < .001) for the 22.9% of the current smokers who, consistent with scientific evidence, believed that the health risks were "far lower" for snus than for cigarettes compared with the 39.8% who incorrectly perceived the health risks to be "equal or higher" for snus (reference AOR = 1). About 37.2% of the daily smokers believed that the risk was "somewhat lower" for snus than for cigarettes and had a significantly higher AOR of reporting willingness to try snus (AOR = 2.31, p < .001) compared with the reference group. CONCLUSION: Devising a way to inform smokers about the risk continuum of tobacco products could be an important research priority in countries where snus is allowed to compete with cigarettes for market share. (+info)Tobacco products are defined as any items that contain tobacco, including but not limited to cigarettes, cigars, pipe tobacco, snuff, chewing tobacco, and electronic nicotine delivery systems (such as e-cigarettes). These products can be smoked, smokeless, or heated and involve the inhalation or ingestion of tobacco or its derivatives. They are known to cause addiction due to their nicotine content and can lead to a variety of serious health problems, including cancer, heart disease, and lung disease.
Smokeless tobacco is a type of tobacco that is not burned or smoked. It's often called "spit" or "chewing" tobacco. The most common forms of smokeless tobacco in the United States are snuff and chewing tobacco. Snuff is a finely ground tobacco that can be dry or moist. Dry snuff is sniffed or taken through the nose, while moist snuff is placed between the lower lip or cheek and gum. Chewing tobacco is plugs, leaves, or twists of tobacco that are chewed or sucked on.
Smokeless tobacco contains nicotine, which is addictive. When you use smokeless tobacco, the nicotine is absorbed through the lining of your mouth and goes directly into your bloodstream. This can lead to a rapid increase in nicotine levels in your body, which can make it harder to quit using tobacco.
Smokeless tobacco also contains harmful chemicals that can cause cancer of the mouth, esophagus, and pancreas. It can also cause other health problems, such as gum disease, tooth decay, and precancerous lesions in the mouth. Using smokeless tobacco can also increase your risk of developing heart disease and having a stroke.
Tobacco is not a medical term, but it refers to the leaves of the plant Nicotiana tabacum that are dried and fermented before being used in a variety of ways. Medically speaking, tobacco is often referred to in the context of its health effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "tobacco" can also refer to any product prepared from the leaf of the tobacco plant for smoking, sucking, chewing or snuffing.
Tobacco use is a major risk factor for a number of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and various other medical conditions. The smoke produced by burning tobacco contains thousands of chemicals, many of which are toxic and can cause serious health problems. Nicotine, one of the primary active constituents in tobacco, is highly addictive and can lead to dependence.
A Tobacco Industry is a commercial sector involved in the cultivation, production, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of tobacco and tobacco-related products. This can include growers who produce tobacco leaves, manufacturers who process the leaves into various forms (such as cigarettes, chewing tobacco, or snuff), and companies that market and distribute these products to consumers. It is important to note that the tobacco industry has been associated with significant health risks, as the use of tobacco products can lead to a range of serious health problems, including cancer, heart disease, and lung disease.
Product labeling, in the context of medicine or healthcare, refers to the information that is required by law to be present on the packaging of a pharmaceutical product or medical device. This information typically includes:
1. The name of the product, often with an active ingredient listed separately.
2. A description of what the product is used for (indications).
3. Dosage instructions and route of administration.
4. Warnings about potential side effects, contraindications, and precautions.
5. The name and address of the manufacturer or distributor.
6. The expiration date or storage conditions, if applicable.
7. Any other relevant information, such as whether the product is subject to additional monitoring.
The purpose of product labeling is to provide accurate and standardized information to healthcare professionals and patients about the safe and effective use of a medical product. It helps to ensure that the product is used appropriately, reducing the risk of adverse events or misuse.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Product Packaging" is not a medical term. Product packaging generally refers to the process of designing and producing containers or wrapping for a product. This is typically a term used in the context of consumer goods, retail, and industrial manufacturing, rather than in medicine. In medicine, terms like "medication packaging" or "pharmaceutical packaging" might be used to refer to the specific ways that medications are packaged for distribution and use.
Tobacco Use Disorder is a clinical diagnosis described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), used by healthcare professionals to diagnose mental health conditions. It is defined as a problematic pattern of tobacco use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as manifested by at least two of the following, occurring within a 12-month period:
1. Tobacco is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than was intended.
2. There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control tobacco use.
3. A great deal of time is spent on activities necessary to obtain or use tobacco, or recover from its effects.
4. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use tobacco, occurs.
5. Recurrent tobacco use results in a failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home.
6. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of tobacco use.
7. Tobacco use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by tobacco.
8. Tolerance, as defined by either of the following:
a. A need for markedly increased amounts of tobacco to achieve intoxication or desired effect.
b. Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of tobacco.
9. Characteristic withdrawal syndrome for tobacco, or tobacco is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.
The diagnosis excludes nicotine withdrawal that is a normal response to the cessation of tobacco use, intoxication, or substance/medication-induced disorders. Tobacco Use Disorder can be further specified as mild, moderate, or severe based on the number of criteria met.
I am not aware of a specific medical definition for the term "marketing." In general, marketing refers to the activities involved in promoting, selling, and distributing a product or service. This can include market research, product development, advertising, public relations, sales, and customer service. Marketing is used in many industries, including healthcare, to connect with and engage customers, build brand awareness, and increase sales.
Advertising is a form of communication used to promote or sell products, services, or ideas. In the medical field, advertising is often used by healthcare providers, hospitals, and pharmaceutical companies to reach potential patients or customers. Advertisements may appear in various media formats, such as television, radio, print, online platforms, and outdoor displays.
In the context of medical advertising, it is essential to ensure that all information presented is accurate, balanced, and not misleading. The advertising of prescription medications directly to consumers is regulated by government agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States, to ensure that the benefits and risks of the medication are clearly communicated.
Healthcare providers may also engage in advertising to promote their services or expertise. This can include listing their qualifications, areas of specialization, and patient testimonials. However, healthcare providers must adhere to ethical guidelines and avoid making exaggerated claims about their abilities or the outcomes that patients can expect.
Overall, medical advertising plays an essential role in informing the public about available healthcare options and promoting healthy behaviors. Still, it is crucial to ensure that all advertisements are truthful, transparent, and adhere to ethical standards.
Smoking is not a medical condition, but it's a significant health risk behavior. Here is the definition from a public health perspective:
Smoking is the act of inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning tobacco that is commonly consumed through cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. The smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, including nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide, and numerous toxic and carcinogenic substances. These toxins contribute to a wide range of diseases and health conditions, such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and various other cancers, as well as adverse reproductive outcomes and negative impacts on the developing fetus during pregnancy. Smoking is highly addictive due to the nicotine content, which makes quitting smoking a significant challenge for many individuals.
I believe you may have mixed up the terms "medicine" and "commerce." Commerce is a broad term that refers to the buying and selling of goods and services. It is not typically used in a medical context, so it does not have a specific medical definition. However, I can provide you with some related terms that might be helpful:
1. Medical commerce: This term generally refers to the business aspects of healthcare, such as the buying and selling of medical supplies, equipment, and services. It may also refer to the economic relationships between various stakeholders in the healthcare system, including providers, insurers, pharmaceutical companies, and patients.
2. Telemedicine commerce: This term specifically refers to the use of technology to facilitate remote consultations and transactions between healthcare providers and patients. Examples include online appointment scheduling, virtual consultations, and electronic prescribing.
3. Medical tourism: This is a form of commerce where people travel to other countries to receive medical treatment or procedures that may be less expensive or more accessible than in their home country. It can also refer to the business of providing medical services to international patients.
4. Healthcare marketing: This term refers to the activities and strategies used by healthcare organizations to promote their products, services, and brands to potential customers. It includes advertising, public relations, social media, content marketing, and other tactics designed to build awareness, generate leads, and drive sales.
I hope this information is helpful! Let me know if you have any further questions or concerns.
Tobacco use cessation is the process of discontinuing the use of tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and electronic cigarettes. This is often a critical component of treatment for tobacco-related diseases and conditions, as well as a key strategy for preventing tobacco-related illnesses and premature death.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a combination of behavioral support and medication as the most effective approach to tobacco use cessation. Behavioral support may include counseling, group therapy, and self-help materials, while medication can include nicotine replacement therapies (such as gum, lozenges, patches, inhalers, or nasal sprays), as well as prescription medications such as bupropion and varenicline.
Tobacco use cessation is a challenging process that often requires multiple attempts before successful long-term abstinence is achieved. However, with the right support and resources, many tobacco users are able to quit successfully and improve their health outcomes.
Government regulation in the context of medicine refers to the rules, guidelines, and laws established by government agencies to control, monitor, and standardize various aspects of healthcare. These regulations are designed to protect patients, promote public health, ensure quality of care, and regulate the healthcare industry. Examples of government regulation in medicine include:
1. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations for drug approval, medical device clearance, and food safety.
2. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) regulations for healthcare reimbursement, quality measures, and program eligibility.
3. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations for workplace safety in healthcare settings.
4. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations to minimize environmental impacts from healthcare facilities and pharmaceutical manufacturing.
5. State medical boards' regulations for licensing, disciplining, and monitoring physicians and other healthcare professionals.
6. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) regulations for patient privacy and data security.
7. Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) regulations for laboratory testing quality and standards.
8. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulations to prevent deceptive or unfair trade practices in healthcare marketing and advertising.
9. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) guidelines for evidence-based practice and patient safety.
10. Public Health Service Act (PHSA) regulations related to infectious diseases, bioterrorism preparedness, and substance abuse treatment.
'Toxic plants' refer to those species of plants that contain toxic substances capable of causing harmful effects or adverse health reactions in humans and animals when ingested, touched, or inhaled. These toxins can cause a range of symptoms from mild irritation to serious conditions such as organ failure, paralysis, or even death depending on the plant, the amount consumed, and the individual's sensitivity to the toxin.
Toxic plants may contain various types of toxins, including alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, resinous substances, and essential oils. Some common examples of toxic plants include poison ivy, poison oak, nightshade, hemlock, oleander, castor bean, and foxglove. It is important to note that some parts of a plant may be toxic while others are not, and the toxicity can also vary depending on the stage of growth or environmental conditions.
If you suspect exposure to a toxic plant, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately and, if possible, bring a sample of the plant for identification.
Nicotine is defined as a highly addictive psychoactive alkaloid and stimulant found in the nightshade family of plants, primarily in tobacco leaves. It is the primary component responsible for the addiction to cigarettes and other forms of tobacco. Nicotine can also be produced synthetically.
When nicotine enters the body, it activates the release of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, leading to feelings of pleasure, stimulation, and relaxation. However, with regular use, tolerance develops, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effects, which can contribute to the development of nicotine dependence.
Nicotine has both short-term and long-term health effects. Short-term effects include increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased alertness and concentration, and arousal. Long-term use can lead to addiction, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive problems. It is important to note that nicotine itself is not the primary cause of many tobacco-related diseases, but rather the result of other harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Taxes" is not a medical term. It refers to a compulsory financial charge or levy imposed on individuals or entities by a governmental authority to fund various public expenditures and services. If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!
Tobacco smoke pollution is not typically defined in medical terms, but it refers to the presence of tobacco smoke in indoor or outdoor environments, which can have negative effects on air quality and human health. It is also known as secondhand smoke or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). This type of smoke is a mixture of sidestream smoke (the smoke given off by a burning cigarette) and mainstream smoke (the smoke exhaled by a smoker).
The medical community recognizes tobacco smoke pollution as a serious health hazard. It contains more than 7,000 chemicals, hundreds of which are toxic and about 70 that can cause cancer. Exposure to tobacco smoke pollution can cause a range of adverse health effects, including respiratory symptoms, lung cancer, heart disease, and stroke. In children, it can also lead to ear infections, asthma attacks, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
Therefore, many laws and regulations have been implemented worldwide to protect people from tobacco smoke pollution, such as smoking bans in public places and workplaces.
Smoking cessation is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. This can be achieved through various methods such as behavioral modifications, counseling, and medication. The goal of smoking cessation is to improve overall health, reduce the risk of tobacco-related diseases, and enhance quality of life. It is a significant step towards preventing lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other serious health conditions.
Consumer Product Safety refers to the measures taken to ensure that products intended for consumer use are free from unreasonable risks of injury or illness. This is typically overseen by regulatory bodies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in the United States, which establishes safety standards, tests products, and recalls dangerous ones.
The definition of 'Consumer Product' can vary but generally refers to any article, or component part thereof, produced or distributed (i) for sale to a consumer for use in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise; (ii) for the personal use, consumption or enjoyment of a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise; (iii) for sensory evaluation and direct physical contact by a consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise.
The safety measures can include various aspects such as design, manufacturing, packaging, and labeling of the product to ensure that it is safe for its intended use. This includes ensuring that the product does not contain any harmful substances, that it functions as intended, and that it comes with clear instructions for use and any necessary warnings.
It's important to note that even with these safety measures in place, it is still possible for products to cause injury or illness if they are used improperly or if they malfunction. Therefore, it is also important for consumers to be aware of the risks associated with the products they use and to take appropriate precautions.
"Harm reduction" is a public health strategy and philosophy that seeks to minimize the negative health, social, and economic consequences associated with various human behaviors, including the use of substances such as drugs and alcohol. The goal of harm reduction is not necessarily to eliminate these behaviors but rather to reduce the potential harm that can come from them.
Examples of harm reduction strategies include providing access to clean needles for people who inject drugs, in order to prevent the spread of bloodborne diseases like HIV and hepatitis C; offering supervised consumption sites where people can use drugs under medical supervision, reducing the risk of overdose; and providing opioid agonist therapy (such as methadone or buprenorphine) to help individuals manage their dependence on opioids and reduce the risks associated with illicit drug use.
Harm reduction recognizes that abstinence may not be a realistic goal for everyone, and seeks to meet people where they are at in terms of their substance use, while still providing them with the support and resources they need to improve their health and well-being.
Tobacco use cessation products are a type of pharmacological or nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) designed to help individuals stop using tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco. These products include:
1. Nicotine gum: A chewing gum that delivers nicotine to the body through the lining of the mouth.
2. Nicotine lozenges: Similar to nicotine gum, but in the form of a small tablet that dissolves slowly in the mouth.
3. Nicotine patch: A transdermal patch that delivers a steady dose of nicotine through the skin.
4. Nicotine inhaler: A device that looks like a cigarette and delivers nicotine vapor to be inhaled.
5. Nicotine nasal spray: A spray that delivers nicotine through the nostrils.
6. Non-nicotine prescription medications: Such as bupropion (Zyban) and varenicline (Chantix), which help reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms.
These products are intended to help manage nicotine dependence and make it easier for individuals to quit tobacco use by alleviating the unpleasant symptoms of withdrawal. It is important to note that these products should be used as part of a comprehensive cessation plan, which may also include counseling and behavioral support.
Nitrosamines are a type of chemical compound that are formed by the reaction between nitrous acid (or any nitrogen oxide) and secondary amines. They are often found in certain types of food, such as cured meats and cheeses, as well as in tobacco products and cosmetics.
Nitrosamines have been classified as probable human carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Exposure to high levels of nitrosamines has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, particularly in the digestive tract. They can also cause DNA damage and interfere with the normal functioning of cells.
In the medical field, nitrosamines have been a topic of concern due to their potential presence as contaminants in certain medications. For example, some drugs that contain nitrofurantoin, a medication used to treat urinary tract infections, have been found to contain low levels of nitrosamines. While the risk associated with these low levels is not well understood, efforts are underway to minimize the presence of nitrosamines in medications and other products.
"Drug and narcotic control" refers to the regulation and oversight of drugs and narcotics, including their production, distribution, and use. This is typically carried out by governmental agencies in order to ensure public safety, prevent abuse and diversion, and protect the health of individuals. The goal of drug and narcotic control is to strike a balance between making sure that medications are available for legitimate medical purposes while also preventing their misuse and illegal sale.
Drug control policies may include measures such as licensing and registration of manufacturers, distributors, and pharmacies; tracking and monitoring of controlled substances; setting standards for prescription practices; and enforcement of laws and regulations related to drug use and trafficking. Narcotic control specifically refers to the regulation of drugs that have a high potential for abuse and are subject to international treaties, such as opioids.
It's important to note that while these regulations aim to protect public health and safety, they can also be controversial and have unintended consequences, such as contributing to drug shortages or creating barriers to access for people who need controlled substances for legitimate medical reasons.
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is not typically considered in the context of medical definitions, as it's primarily known for its impact on plants rather than humans or animals. However, I will provide the botanical definition for your interest.
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that infects a wide range of plants, including tobacco, tomatoes, cucumbers, and many ornamental plants. The virus is named after its initial discovery in tobacco plants, which exhibit symptoms such as mosaic patterns of light and dark green on the leaves, leaf curling, and stunted growth. TMV is highly contagious and can be spread through mechanical means, such as touching infected plants or using contaminated tools. It's also one of the most well-studied viruses due to its impact on agriculture and its historical significance in early virology research.
'Smoke' is not typically defined in a medical context, but it can be described as a mixture of small particles and gases that are released when something burns. Smoke can be composed of various components including carbon monoxide, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, styrene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exposure to smoke can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
In the medical field, exposure to smoke is often referred to as "secondhand smoke" or "passive smoking" when someone breathes in smoke from another person's cigarette, cigar, or pipe. This type of exposure can be just as harmful as smoking itself and has been linked to a range of health problems, including respiratory infections, asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease.
"Tars" is not a recognized medical term. However, "tarso-" is a prefix in anatomy that refers to the ankle or hind part of an organ. For example, the tarsal bones are the bones that make up the ankle and the rear part of the foot. Additionally, tarsus can refer to the thickened portion of the eyelid which contains the eyelashes. It is important to ensure you have the correct term when seeking medical information.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a federal government agency responsible for protecting public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our country's food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. The FDA also provides guidance on the proper use of these products, and enforces laws and regulations related to them. It is part of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).
"Areca" is the term used to refer to the Areca catechu plant, which is also known as the betel nut palm. The areca nut, which is the seed of the fruit produced by this plant, is commonly chewed with betel leaf for its mild stimulant effects. It contains a number of alkaloids, including arecoline, which has psychoactive properties. Chewing areca nut is a popular habit in many parts of Asia and the Pacific Islands, despite evidence that it can have negative health effects, such as increasing the risk of oral cancer.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "India" is not a medical term or concept. It is a country in South Asia, the second-most populous country in the world, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and numerous contributions to various fields including medicine. If you have any questions related to medical topics, I would be happy to help answer them!
"Public policy" is not a medical term, but rather a term used in the field of politics, government, and public administration. It refers to a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or organization to guide decisions and achieve specific goals related to public health, safety, or welfare.
However, in the context of healthcare and medicine, "public policy" often refers to laws, regulations, guidelines, and initiatives established by government entities to promote and protect the health and well-being of the population. Public policies in healthcare aim to ensure access to quality care, reduce health disparities, promote public health, regulate healthcare practices and industries, and address broader social determinants of health. Examples include Medicaid and Medicare programs, laws mandating insurance coverage for certain medical procedures or treatments, and regulations governing the safety and efficacy of drugs and medical devices.
Health policy refers to a set of decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific healthcare goals within a population. It is formulated by governmental and non-governmental organizations with the objective of providing guidance and direction for the management and delivery of healthcare services. Health policies address various aspects of healthcare, including access, financing, quality, and equity. They can be designed to promote health, prevent disease, and provide treatment and rehabilitation services to individuals who are sick or injured. Effective health policies require careful consideration of scientific evidence, ethical principles, and societal values to ensure that they meet the needs of the population while being fiscally responsible.
Opium is defined as the dried latex obtained from incisions made in the unripe seedpods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). It contains a number of alkaloids, including morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opium has been used for its pain-relieving, euphoric, and sedative effects since ancient times. However, its use is highly regulated due to the risk of addiction and other serious side effects.
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior change to include social and environmental interventions that can positively influence the health of individuals, communities, and populations. Health promotion involves engaging in a wide range of activities, such as advocacy, policy development, community organization, and education that aim to create supportive environments and personal skills that foster good health. It is based on principles of empowerment, participation, and social justice.
I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Electronics" is not a medical term, but rather a branch of physics and engineering that deals with the design, construction, and operation of electronic devices and systems. It involves the study and application of electrical properties of materials, components, and systems, and how they can be used to process, transmit, and store information and energy.
However, electronics have numerous applications in the medical field, such as in diagnostic equipment, monitoring devices, surgical tools, and prosthetics. In these contexts, "electronics" refers to the specific electronic components or systems that are used for medical purposes.
Research, in the context of medicine, is a systematic and rigorous process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information in order to increase our understanding, develop new knowledge, or evaluate current practices and interventions. It can involve various methodologies such as observational studies, experiments, surveys, or literature reviews. The goal of medical research is to advance health care by identifying new treatments, improving diagnostic techniques, and developing prevention strategies. Medical research is typically conducted by teams of researchers including clinicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals. It is subject to ethical guidelines and regulations to ensure that it is conducted responsibly and with the best interests of patients in mind.
Tobacco use is the act of consuming or ingesting tobacco products, such as cigarettes, cigars, pipes, chewing tobacco, and snuff. The primary active chemical in tobacco is nicotine, which is highly addictive and can have serious health consequences.
When tobacco is smoked, nicotine is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and travels to the brain, where it activates the release of neurotransmitters like dopamine, leading to feelings of pleasure and relaxation. However, smoking also exposes the user to a range of harmful chemicals and toxins that can cause serious health problems, including cancer, heart disease, lung disease, and stroke.
Chewing tobacco and snuff can also lead to nicotine addiction and are associated with an increased risk of oral cancer, gum disease, and other health issues. Overall, tobacco use is a major public health concern and is responsible for millions of preventable deaths each year worldwide.
Cotinine is the major metabolite of nicotine, which is formed in the body after exposure to tobacco smoke or other sources of nicotine. It is often used as a biomarker for nicotine exposure and can be measured in various biological samples such as blood, urine, saliva, and hair. Cotinine has a longer half-life than nicotine, making it a more reliable indicator of long-term exposure to tobacco smoke or nicotine products.
Menthol is a compound obtained from the crystals of the mint plant (Mentha arvensis). It is a white, crystalline substance that is solid at room temperature but becomes a clear, colorless, oily liquid when heated. Menthol has a cooling and soothing effect on mucous membranes, which makes it a common ingredient in over-the-counter products used to relieve symptoms of congestion, coughs, and sore throats. It is also used as a topical analgesic for its pain-relieving properties and as a flavoring agent in various products such as toothpaste, mouthwashes, and candies.
"Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices" (HKAP) is a term used in public health to refer to the knowledge, beliefs, assumptions, and behaviors that individuals possess or engage in that are related to health. Here's a brief definition of each component:
1. Health Knowledge: Refers to the factual information and understanding that individuals have about various health-related topics, such as anatomy, physiology, disease processes, and healthy behaviors.
2. Attitudes: Represent the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, or dispositions that people hold towards certain health issues, practices, or services. These attitudes can influence their willingness to adopt and maintain healthy behaviors.
3. Practices: Encompass the specific actions or habits that individuals engage in related to their health, such as dietary choices, exercise routines, hygiene practices, and use of healthcare services.
HKAP is a multidimensional concept that helps public health professionals understand and address various factors influencing individual and community health outcomes. By assessing and addressing knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, or unhealthy practices, interventions can be designed to promote positive behavior change and improve overall health status.
Carcinogens are agents (substances or mixtures of substances) that can cause cancer. They may be naturally occurring or man-made. Carcinogens can increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular DNA, disrupting cellular function, or promoting cell growth. Examples of carcinogens include certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, asbestos, UV radiation from the sun, and some viruses.
It's important to note that not all exposures to carcinogens will result in cancer, and the risk typically depends on factors such as the level and duration of exposure, individual genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle choices. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies carcinogens into different groups based on the strength of evidence linking them to cancer:
Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans
Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to humans
Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans
Group 3: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans
Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans
This information is based on medical research and may be subject to change as new studies become available. Always consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.
I apologize for any confusion, but "students" is not a medical term. It refers to individuals who are engaged in studying or learning at an educational institution, such as a school, college, or university. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Mass Media" is not a term that has a medical definition. Mass media refers to the means of communication that reach large numbers of people simultaneously, such as television, radio, newspapers, and the Internet. It may be used in a public health context to discuss how information about health-related topics is disseminated to the general population. However, it is not a term that is typically used within the field of medicine to describe a specific medical concept or condition.
A pharmacy is a retail store or a healthcare facility where medications, both prescription and over-the-counter, are sold or dispensed. Pharmacies are staffed by professional pharmacists who provide medication therapy management services, including reviewing the patient's medication history, checking for potential drug interactions, dosage adjustments, and providing education to patients on the safe and effective use of their medications.
Pharmacies may also offer other health-related products such as medical supplies, vitamins, and personal care items. Some pharmacies are part of a larger healthcare system, such as hospitals or clinics, while others are standalone retail stores. In addition to traditional brick-and-mortar locations, there are also online pharmacies that operate over the internet.
It's important for patients to only obtain medications from licensed and reputable pharmacies to ensure their safety and the effectiveness of their treatment.
Poison Control Centers are specialized organizations that provide immediate, free, and expert advice and treatment recommendations for exposure to potentially harmful substances, also known as poisons. They are staffed by trained healthcare professionals, including medical toxicologists, nurses, pharmacists, and poison information providers. These centers manage a wide range of poisoning cases, from accidental ingestions in children to intentional overdoses and chemical exposures in adults. They offer 24/7 emergency hotline services to the public, healthcare providers, and first responders for poison-related emergencies and provide valuable resources for poison prevention and education. The primary goal of Poison Control Centers is to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with poison exposures and promote overall public health and safety.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "State Government" is not a medical term. It refers to the level of government in the United States that is responsible for governing each of the individual states. This includes executives (such as governors), legislative bodies (like state senates and houses of representatives), and courts.
If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I'd be happy to try and help answer those for you!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "International Cooperation" is not a medical term. It refers to the collaboration and exchange of resources and information between countries or international organizations in various fields, including politics, economics, culture, environment, and security, among others. In the context of healthcare and medicine, international cooperation can involve joint research projects, sharing of data and clinical trial results, collaborative efforts to combat global health issues (such as infectious diseases or chronic conditions), capacity building in low-resource settings, and standardizing medical practices and guidelines across countries.
Consumer satisfaction in a medical context refers to the degree to which a patient or their family is content with the healthcare services, products, or experiences they have received. It is a measure of how well the healthcare delivery aligns with the patient's expectations, needs, and preferences. Factors that contribute to consumer satisfaction may include the quality of care, communication and interpersonal skills of healthcare providers, accessibility and convenience, affordability, and outcomes. High consumer satisfaction is associated with better adherence to treatment plans, improved health outcomes, and higher patient loyalty.
A cross-sectional study is a type of observational research design that examines the relationship between variables at one point in time. It provides a snapshot or a "cross-section" of the population at a particular moment, allowing researchers to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition and identify potential risk factors or associations.
In a cross-sectional study, data is collected from a sample of participants at a single time point, and the variables of interest are measured simultaneously. This design can be used to investigate the association between exposure and outcome, but it cannot establish causality because it does not follow changes over time.
Cross-sectional studies can be conducted using various data collection methods, such as surveys, interviews, or medical examinations. They are often used in epidemiology to estimate the prevalence of a disease or condition in a population and to identify potential risk factors that may contribute to its development. However, because cross-sectional studies only provide a snapshot of the population at one point in time, they cannot account for changes over time or determine whether exposure preceded the outcome.
Therefore, while cross-sectional studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying potential associations between variables, further research using other study designs, such as cohort or case-control studies, is necessary to establish causality and confirm any findings.
Inhalation exposure is a term used in occupational and environmental health to describe the situation where an individual breathes in substances present in the air, which could be gases, vapors, fumes, mist, or particulate matter. These substances can originate from various sources, such as industrial processes, chemical reactions, or natural phenomena.
The extent of inhalation exposure is determined by several factors, including:
1. Concentration of the substance in the air
2. Duration of exposure
3. Frequency of exposure
4. The individual's breathing rate
5. The efficiency of the individual's respiratory protection, if any
Inhalation exposure can lead to adverse health effects, depending on the toxicity and concentration of the inhaled substances. Short-term or acute health effects may include irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, or lungs, while long-term or chronic exposure can result in more severe health issues, such as respiratory diseases, neurological disorders, or cancer.
It is essential to monitor and control inhalation exposures in occupational settings to protect workers' health and ensure compliance with regulatory standards. Various methods are employed for exposure assessment, including personal air sampling, area monitoring, and biological monitoring. Based on the results of these assessments, appropriate control measures can be implemented to reduce or eliminate the risks associated with inhalation exposure.
An "attitude to health" is a set of beliefs, values, and behaviors that an individual holds regarding their own health and well-being. It encompasses their overall approach to maintaining good health, preventing illness, seeking medical care, and managing any existing health conditions.
A positive attitude to health typically includes:
1. A belief in the importance of self-care and taking responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in regular exercise, eating a balanced diet, getting enough sleep, and avoiding harmful behaviors such as smoking and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Regular check-ups and screenings to detect potential health issues early on.
4. Seeking medical care when necessary and following recommended treatment plans.
5. A willingness to learn about and implement new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Developing a strong support network of family, friends, and healthcare professionals.
On the other hand, a negative attitude to health may involve:
1. Neglecting self-care and failing to take responsibility for one's own health.
2. Engaging in unhealthy behaviors such as sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, lack of sleep, smoking, and excessive alcohol consumption.
3. Avoidance of regular check-ups and screenings, leading to delayed detection and treatment of potential health issues.
4. Resistance to seeking medical care or following recommended treatment plans.
5. Closed-mindedness towards new healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
6. Lack of a support network or reluctance to seek help from others.
Overall, an individual's attitude to health can significantly impact their physical and mental well-being, as well as their ability to manage and overcome any health challenges that may arise.
Prevalence, in medical terms, refers to the total number of people in a given population who have a particular disease or condition at a specific point in time, or over a specified period. It is typically expressed as a percentage or a ratio of the number of cases to the size of the population. Prevalence differs from incidence, which measures the number of new cases that develop during a certain period.
"World Health" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, it is often used in the context of global health, which can be defined as:
"The area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide. It emphasizes trans-national health issues, determinants, and solutions; involves many disciplines within and beyond the health sciences and engages stakeholders from across sectors and societies." (World Health Organization)
Therefore, "world health" could refer to the overall health status and health challenges faced by populations around the world. It encompasses a broad range of factors that affect the health of individuals and communities, including social, economic, environmental, and political determinants. The World Health Organization (WHO) plays a key role in monitoring and promoting global health, setting international standards and guidelines, and coordinating responses to global health emergencies.
Addictive behavior is a pattern of repeated self-destructive behavior, often identified by the individual's inability to stop despite negative consequences. It can involve a variety of actions such as substance abuse (e.g., alcohol, drugs), gambling, sex, shopping, or using technology (e.g., internet, social media, video games).
These behaviors activate the brain's reward system, leading to feelings of pleasure and satisfaction. Over time, the individual may require more of the behavior to achieve the same level of pleasure, resulting in tolerance. If the behavior is stopped or reduced, withdrawal symptoms may occur.
Addictive behaviors can have serious consequences on an individual's physical, emotional, social, and financial well-being. They are often associated with mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder. Treatment typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy, medication, and support groups to help the individual overcome the addiction and develop healthy coping mechanisms.
Nicotinic agonists are substances that bind to and activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels found in the nervous system of many organisms, including humans. These receptors are activated by the endogenous neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the exogenous compound nicotine.
When a nicotinic agonist binds to the receptor, it triggers a conformational change that leads to the opening of an ion channel, allowing the influx of cations such as calcium, sodium, and potassium. This ion flux can depolarize the postsynaptic membrane and generate or modulate electrical signals in excitable tissues, such as neurons and muscles.
Nicotinic agonists have various therapeutic and recreational uses, but they can also produce harmful effects, depending on the dose, duration of exposure, and individual sensitivity. Some examples of nicotinic agonists include:
1. Nicotine: A highly addictive alkaloid found in tobacco plants, which is the prototypical nicotinic agonist. It is used in smoking cessation therapies, such as nicotine gum and patches, but it can also lead to dependence and various health issues when consumed through smoking or vaping.
2. Varenicline: A medication approved for smoking cessation that acts as a partial agonist of nAChRs. It reduces the rewarding effects of nicotine and alleviates withdrawal symptoms, helping smokers quit.
3. Rivastigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used to treat Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. It increases the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, enhancing its activity at nicotinic receptors and improving cognitive function.
4. Succinylcholine: A neuromuscular blocking agent used during surgical procedures to induce paralysis and facilitate intubation. It acts as a depolarizing nicotinic agonist, causing transient muscle fasciculations followed by prolonged relaxation.
5. Curare and related compounds: Plant-derived alkaloids that act as competitive antagonists of nicotinic receptors. They are used in anesthesia to induce paralysis and facilitate mechanical ventilation during surgery.
In summary, nicotinic agonists are substances that bind to and activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, leading to various physiological responses. These compounds have diverse applications in medicine, from smoking cessation therapies to treatments for neurodegenerative disorders and anesthesia. However, they can also pose risks when misused or abused, as seen with nicotine addiction and the potential side effects of certain medications.
Health education is the process of providing information and strategies to individuals and communities about how to improve their health and prevent disease. It involves teaching and learning activities that aim to empower people to make informed decisions and take responsible actions regarding their health. Health education covers a wide range of topics, including nutrition, physical activity, sexual and reproductive health, mental health, substance abuse prevention, and environmental health. The ultimate goal of health education is to promote healthy behaviors and lifestyles that can lead to improved health outcomes and quality of life.
Public health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting human health through organized efforts of society." It focuses on improving the health and well-being of entire communities, populations, and societies, rather than individual patients. This is achieved through various strategies, including education, prevention, surveillance of diseases, and promotion of healthy behaviors and environments. Public health also addresses broader determinants of health, such as access to healthcare, housing, food, and income, which have a significant impact on the overall health of populations.
I believe there may be some confusion in your question. "Industry" is a general term that refers to a specific branch of economic activity, or a particular way of producing goods or services. It is not a medical term with a defined meaning within the field of medicine.
However, if you are referring to the term "industrious," which can be used to describe someone who is diligent and hard-working, it could be applied in a medical context to describe a patient's level of engagement and effort in their own care. For example, a patient who is conscientious about taking their medications as prescribed, following through with recommended treatments, and making necessary lifestyle changes to manage their condition might be described as "industrious" by their healthcare provider.
Data collection in the medical context refers to the systematic gathering of information relevant to a specific research question or clinical situation. This process involves identifying and recording data elements, such as demographic characteristics, medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory results, and imaging studies, from various sources including patient interviews, medical records, and diagnostic tests. The data collected is used to support clinical decision-making, inform research hypotheses, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments or interventions. It is essential that data collection is performed in a standardized and unbiased manner to ensure the validity and reliability of the results.
Heavy metals are a group of elements with a specific gravity at least five times greater than that of water. They include metals such as mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), thallium (Tl), and lead (Pb). These metals are considered toxic when they accumulate in the body beyond certain levels, interfering with various biological processes and causing damage to cells, tissues, and organs.
Heavy metal exposure can occur through various sources, including occupational exposure, contaminated food, water, or air, and improper disposal of electronic waste. Chronic exposure to heavy metals has been linked to several health issues, such as neurological disorders, kidney damage, developmental problems, and cancer. Monitoring and controlling exposure to these elements is essential for maintaining good health and preventing potential adverse effects.
A questionnaire in the medical context is a standardized, systematic, and structured tool used to gather information from individuals regarding their symptoms, medical history, lifestyle, or other health-related factors. It typically consists of a series of written questions that can be either self-administered or administered by an interviewer. Questionnaires are widely used in various areas of healthcare, including clinical research, epidemiological studies, patient care, and health services evaluation to collect data that can inform diagnosis, treatment planning, and population health management. They provide a consistent and organized method for obtaining information from large groups or individual patients, helping to ensure accurate and comprehensive data collection while minimizing bias and variability in the information gathered.
Genetically modified plants (GMPs) are plants that have had their DNA altered through genetic engineering techniques to exhibit desired traits. These modifications can be made to enhance certain characteristics such as increased resistance to pests, improved tolerance to environmental stresses like drought or salinity, or enhanced nutritional content. The process often involves introducing genes from other organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, into the plant's genome. Examples of GMPs include Bt cotton, which has a gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that makes it resistant to certain pests, and golden rice, which is engineered to contain higher levels of beta-carotene, a precursor to vitamin A. It's important to note that genetically modified plants are subject to rigorous testing and regulation to ensure their safety for human consumption and environmental impact before they are approved for commercial use.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Alkaloids are a type of naturally occurring organic compounds that contain mostly basic nitrogen atoms. They are often found in plants, and are known for their complex ring structures and diverse pharmacological activities. Many alkaloids have been used in medicine for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine, nicotine, and caffeine.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "lobbying" is not a term that has a medical definition. Lobbying refers to the act of attempting to influence decisions made by legislators or other officials in favor of specific causes or outcomes. It is commonly used to describe advocacy efforts by various interest groups, including healthcare organizations and pharmaceutical companies, to shape health policy and regulations. However, it is not a medical term with a specific clinical meaning.
Adolescent behavior refers to the typical behaviors, attitudes, and emotions exhibited by individuals who are within the developmental stage of adolescence, which generally falls between the ages of 10-24 years old. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines an adolescent as "an individual who is in the process of growing from childhood to adulthood, and whose age ranges from 10 to 19 years." However, it's important to note that the specific age range can vary depending on cultural, societal, and individual factors.
During adolescence, individuals experience significant physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that can influence their behavior. Some common behaviors exhibited by adolescents include:
1. Increased independence and autonomy seeking: Adolescents may start to challenge authority figures, question rules, and seek more control over their lives as they develop a stronger sense of self.
2. Peer influence: Adolescents often place greater importance on their relationships with peers and may engage in behaviors that are influenced by their friends, such as experimenting with substances or adopting certain fashion styles.
3. Risk-taking behavior: Adolescents are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as reckless driving, substance use, and unsafe sexual practices, due to a combination of factors, including brain development, peer pressure, and the desire for novelty and excitement.
4. Emotional volatility: Hormonal changes and brain development during adolescence can lead to increased emotional intensity and instability, resulting in mood swings, irritability, and impulsivity.
5. Identity exploration: Adolescents are often preoccupied with discovering their own identity, values, beliefs, and goals, which may result in experimentation with different hairstyles, clothing, hobbies, or relationships.
6. Cognitive development: Adolescents develop the ability to think more abstractly, consider multiple perspectives, and engage in complex problem-solving, which can lead to improved decision-making and self-reflection.
7. Formation of long-term relationships: Adolescence is a critical period for establishing close friendships and romantic relationships that can have lasting impacts on an individual's social and emotional development.
It is essential to recognize that adolescent development is a complex and dynamic process, and individual experiences may vary significantly. While some risky behaviors are common during this stage, it is crucial to provide support, guidance, and resources to help adolescents navigate the challenges they face and promote healthy development.
According to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), biological products are "products that are made from or contain a living organism or its derivatives, such as vaccines, blood and blood components, cells, genes, tissues, and proteins." These products can be composed of sugars, proteins, nucleic acids, or complex combinations of these substances, and they can come from many sources, including humans, animals, microorganisms, or plants.
Biological products are often used to diagnose, prevent, or treat a wide range of medical conditions, and they can be administered in various ways, such as through injection, inhalation, or topical application. Because biological products are derived from living organisms, their manufacturing processes can be complex and must be tightly controlled to ensure the safety, purity, and potency of the final product.
It's important to note that biological products are not the same as drugs, which are chemically synthesized compounds. While drugs are designed to interact with specific targets in the body, such as enzymes or receptors, biological products can have more complex and varied mechanisms of action, making them potentially more difficult to characterize and regulate.
Health surveys are research studies that collect data from a sample population to describe the current health status, health behaviors, and healthcare utilization of a particular group or community. These surveys may include questions about various aspects of health such as physical health, mental health, chronic conditions, lifestyle habits, access to healthcare services, and demographic information. The data collected from health surveys can be used to monitor trends in health over time, identify disparities in health outcomes, develop and evaluate public health programs and policies, and inform resource allocation decisions. Examples of national health surveys include the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).
"Sex factors" is a term used in medicine and epidemiology to refer to the differences in disease incidence, prevalence, or response to treatment that are observed between males and females. These differences can be attributed to biological differences such as genetics, hormones, and anatomy, as well as social and cultural factors related to gender.
For example, some conditions such as autoimmune diseases, depression, and osteoporosis are more common in women, while others such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer are more prevalent in men. Additionally, sex differences have been observed in the effectiveness and side effects of various medications and treatments.
It is important to consider sex factors in medical research and clinical practice to ensure that patients receive appropriate and effective care.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Minnesota" is not a medical term or concept. It is a state located in the Midwestern United States, known for its cold winters, beautiful lakes, and friendly people. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help!
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "universities" is a term that refers to institutions of higher education and research, and it is not a medical term. A university typically offers undergraduate and postgraduate programs leading to the award of degrees such as bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees.
If you have any questions related to medicine or healthcare, I would be happy to try to help answer them for you.
"Focus groups" is a term from the field of social science research, rather than medicine. It does not have a specific medical definition. However, focus groups are sometimes used in medical research to gather data and insights from a small group of people on a specific topic or product. This can include gathering feedback on patient experiences, testing prototypes of medical devices or treatments, or exploring attitudes and perceptions related to health issues. The goal is to gain a deeper understanding of the perspectives and needs of the target population through facilitated group discussion.
Medical Definition:
"Risk factors" are any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury. They can be divided into modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Modifiable risk factors are those that can be changed through lifestyle choices or medical treatment, while non-modifiable risk factors are inherent traits such as age, gender, or genetic predisposition. Examples of modifiable risk factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and unhealthy diet, while non-modifiable risk factors include age, sex, and family history. It is important to note that having a risk factor does not guarantee that a person will develop the disease, but rather indicates an increased susceptibility.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Poisoning is defined medically as the harmful, sometimes fatal, effect produced by a substance when it is introduced into or absorbed by living tissue. This can occur through various routes such as ingestion, inhalation, injection, or absorption through the skin. The severity of poisoning depends on the type and amount of toxin involved, the route of exposure, and the individual's age, health status, and susceptibility. Symptoms can range from mild irritation to serious conditions affecting multiple organs, and may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing, seizures, or unconsciousness. Immediate medical attention is required in cases of poisoning to prevent severe health consequences or death.
"California" is a geographical location and does not have a medical definition. It is a state located on the west coast of the United States, known for its diverse landscape including mountains, beaches, and forests. However, in some contexts, "California" may refer to certain medical conditions or situations that are associated with the state, such as:
* California encephalitis: a viral infection transmitted by mosquitoes that is common in California and other western states.
* California king snake: a non-venomous snake species found in California and other parts of the southwestern United States, which can bite and cause allergic reactions in some people.
* California roll: a type of sushi roll that originated in California and is made with avocado, cucumber, and crab meat, which may pose an allergy risk for some individuals.
It's important to note that these uses of "California" are not medical definitions per se, but rather descriptive terms that refer to specific conditions or situations associated with the state.
Socioeconomic factors are a range of interconnected conditions and influences that affect the opportunities and resources a person or group has to maintain and improve their health and well-being. These factors include:
1. Economic stability: This includes employment status, job security, income level, and poverty status. Lower income and lack of employment are associated with poorer health outcomes.
2. Education: Higher levels of education are generally associated with better health outcomes. Education can affect a person's ability to access and understand health information, as well as their ability to navigate the healthcare system.
3. Social and community context: This includes factors such as social support networks, discrimination, and community safety. Strong social supports and positive community connections are associated with better health outcomes, while discrimination and lack of safety can negatively impact health.
4. Healthcare access and quality: Access to affordable, high-quality healthcare is an important socioeconomic factor that can significantly impact a person's health. Factors such as insurance status, availability of providers, and cultural competency of healthcare systems can all affect healthcare access and quality.
5. Neighborhood and built environment: The physical conditions in which people live, work, and play can also impact their health. Factors such as housing quality, transportation options, availability of healthy foods, and exposure to environmental hazards can all influence health outcomes.
Socioeconomic factors are often interrelated and can have a cumulative effect on health outcomes. For example, someone who lives in a low-income neighborhood with limited access to healthy foods and safe parks may also face challenges related to employment, education, and healthcare access that further impact their health. Addressing socioeconomic factors is an important part of promoting health equity and reducing health disparities.
Logistic models, specifically logistic regression models, are a type of statistical analysis used in medical and epidemiological research to identify the relationship between the risk of a certain health outcome or disease (dependent variable) and one or more independent variables, such as demographic factors, exposure variables, or other clinical measurements.
In contrast to linear regression models, logistic regression models are used when the dependent variable is binary or dichotomous in nature, meaning it can only take on two values, such as "disease present" or "disease absent." The model uses a logistic function to estimate the probability of the outcome based on the independent variables.
Logistic regression models are useful for identifying risk factors and estimating the strength of associations between exposures and health outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders, and predicting the probability of an outcome given certain values of the independent variables. They can also be used to develop clinical prediction rules or scores that can aid in decision-making and patient care.
"Sex distribution" is a term used to describe the number of males and females in a study population or sample. It can be presented as a simple count, a percentage, or a ratio. This information is often used in research to identify any differences in health outcomes, disease prevalence, or response to treatment between males and females. Additionally, understanding sex distribution can help researchers ensure that their studies are representative of the general population and can inform the design of future studies.
An amino acid sequence is the specific order of amino acids in a protein or peptide molecule, formed by the linking of the amino group (-NH2) of one amino acid to the carboxyl group (-COOH) of another amino acid through a peptide bond. The sequence is determined by the genetic code and is unique to each type of protein or peptide. It plays a crucial role in determining the three-dimensional structure and function of proteins.
I apologize, but "Public Relations" is not a term that has a medical definition. Public relations is a field of study and practice that focuses on managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public. It involves building and maintaining a positive reputation, handling crises, and fostering relationships with various stakeholders.
If you have any questions related to healthcare or medicine, I'd be happy to help. Just let me know!
Population surveillance in a public health and medical context refers to the ongoing, systematic collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health-related data for a defined population over time. It aims to monitor the health status, identify emerging health threats or trends, and evaluate the impact of interventions within that population. This information is used to inform public health policy, prioritize healthcare resources, and guide disease prevention and control efforts. Population surveillance can involve various data sources, such as vital records, disease registries, surveys, and electronic health records.
"Age factors" refer to the effects, changes, or differences that age can have on various aspects of health, disease, and medical care. These factors can encompass a wide range of issues, including:
1. Physiological changes: As people age, their bodies undergo numerous physical changes that can affect how they respond to medications, illnesses, and medical procedures. For example, older adults may be more sensitive to certain drugs or have weaker immune systems, making them more susceptible to infections.
2. Chronic conditions: Age is a significant risk factor for many chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, cancer, and arthritis. As a result, age-related medical issues are common and can impact treatment decisions and outcomes.
3. Cognitive decline: Aging can also lead to cognitive changes, including memory loss and decreased decision-making abilities. These changes can affect a person's ability to understand and comply with medical instructions, leading to potential complications in their care.
4. Functional limitations: Older adults may experience physical limitations that impact their mobility, strength, and balance, increasing the risk of falls and other injuries. These limitations can also make it more challenging for them to perform daily activities, such as bathing, dressing, or cooking.
5. Social determinants: Age-related factors, such as social isolation, poverty, and lack of access to transportation, can impact a person's ability to obtain necessary medical care and affect their overall health outcomes.
Understanding age factors is critical for healthcare providers to deliver high-quality, patient-centered care that addresses the unique needs and challenges of older adults. By taking these factors into account, healthcare providers can develop personalized treatment plans that consider a person's age, physical condition, cognitive abilities, and social circumstances.
Educational status refers to the level or stage of education that a person has reached. It can be used to describe an individual's educational background, achievements, and qualifications. Educational status can be categorized in various ways, including by level (e.g., elementary school, high school, college, graduate school), years of schooling completed, or type of degree earned (e.g., bachelor's, master's, doctoral).
In medical settings, educational status may be used as a demographic variable to describe the characteristics of a patient population or to identify potential disparities in health outcomes based on education level. Research has shown that higher levels of education are often associated with better health outcomes, including lower rates of chronic diseases and improved mental health. Therefore, understanding a patient's educational status can help healthcare providers tailor their care and education strategies to meet the unique needs and challenges of each individual.
Nicotinic receptors are a type of ligand-gated ion channel receptor that are activated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the alkaloid nicotine. They are widely distributed throughout the nervous system and play important roles in various physiological processes, including neuronal excitability, neurotransmitter release, and cognitive functions such as learning and memory. Nicotinic receptors are composed of five subunits that form a ion channel pore, which opens to allow the flow of cations (positively charged ions) when the receptor is activated by acetylcholine or nicotine. There are several subtypes of nicotinic receptors, which differ in their subunit composition and functional properties. These receptors have been implicated in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and schizophrenia.
I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Plant leaves" are not a medical term, but rather a general biological term referring to a specific organ found in plants.
Leaves are organs that are typically flat and broad, and they are the primary site of photosynthesis in most plants. They are usually green due to the presence of chlorophyll, which is essential for capturing sunlight and converting it into chemical energy through photosynthesis.
While leaves do not have a direct medical definition, understanding their structure and function can be important in various medical fields, such as pharmacognosy (the study of medicinal plants) or environmental health. For example, certain plant leaves may contain bioactive compounds that have therapeutic potential, while others may produce allergens or toxins that can impact human health.
A biological marker, often referred to as a biomarker, is a measurable indicator that reflects the presence or severity of a disease state, or a response to a therapeutic intervention. Biomarkers can be found in various materials such as blood, tissues, or bodily fluids, and they can take many forms, including molecular, histologic, radiographic, or physiological measurements.
In the context of medical research and clinical practice, biomarkers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:
1. Diagnosis: Biomarkers can help diagnose a disease by indicating the presence or absence of a particular condition. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a biomarker used to detect prostate cancer.
2. Monitoring: Biomarkers can be used to monitor the progression or regression of a disease over time. For instance, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are monitored in diabetes patients to assess long-term blood glucose control.
3. Predicting: Biomarkers can help predict the likelihood of developing a particular disease or the risk of a negative outcome. For example, the presence of certain genetic mutations can indicate an increased risk for breast cancer.
4. Response to treatment: Biomarkers can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a specific treatment by measuring changes in the biomarker levels before and after the intervention. This is particularly useful in personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patients based on their unique biomarker profiles.
It's important to note that for a biomarker to be considered clinically valid and useful, it must undergo rigorous validation through well-designed studies, including demonstrating sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, and clinical relevance.
Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the lung tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant lung neoplasms are further classified into two main types: small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung neoplasms can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. They are often caused by smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, but can also occur due to genetic factors, radiation exposure, and other environmental carcinogens. Early detection and treatment of lung neoplasms is crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.
"Social control policies" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. However, in a broader social context, social control policies refer to the strategies and measures implemented by society or its institutions to regulate, manage, and shape the behavior of individuals or groups in order to maintain social order, conformity, and cohesion.
In the field of public health, social control policies may refer to interventions aimed at changing behaviors that pose risks to individual or community health, such as tobacco control policies, alcohol regulation measures, or food safety regulations. These policies are designed to promote healthy behaviors, prevent disease and injury, and protect vulnerable populations from harm.
It's worth noting that the concept of social control can be controversial, as it raises questions about individual autonomy, privacy, and social justice. Therefore, the development and implementation of social control policies should involve careful consideration of ethical principles and community engagement to ensure that they are fair, effective, and respectful of human rights.
Molecular cloning is a laboratory technique used to create multiple copies of a specific DNA sequence. This process involves several steps:
1. Isolation: The first step in molecular cloning is to isolate the DNA sequence of interest from the rest of the genomic DNA. This can be done using various methods such as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), restriction enzymes, or hybridization.
2. Vector construction: Once the DNA sequence of interest has been isolated, it must be inserted into a vector, which is a small circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently in a host cell. Common vectors used in molecular cloning include plasmids and phages.
3. Transformation: The constructed vector is then introduced into a host cell, usually a bacterial or yeast cell, through a process called transformation. This can be done using various methods such as electroporation or chemical transformation.
4. Selection: After transformation, the host cells are grown in selective media that allow only those cells containing the vector to grow. This ensures that the DNA sequence of interest has been successfully cloned into the vector.
5. Amplification: Once the host cells have been selected, they can be grown in large quantities to amplify the number of copies of the cloned DNA sequence.
Molecular cloning is a powerful tool in molecular biology and has numerous applications, including the production of recombinant proteins, gene therapy, functional analysis of genes, and genetic engineering.
Risk assessment in the medical context refers to the process of identifying, evaluating, and prioritizing risks to patients, healthcare workers, or the community related to healthcare delivery. It involves determining the likelihood and potential impact of adverse events or hazards, such as infectious diseases, medication errors, or medical devices failures, and implementing measures to mitigate or manage those risks. The goal of risk assessment is to promote safe and high-quality care by identifying areas for improvement and taking action to minimize harm.
I am not a medical professional, but I can tell you that the term "propaganda" is not typically used as a medical definition. Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of a population. It often presents a biased or misleading view of information in order to further an agenda or promote a particular point of view.
However, in the context of public health and medical communications, propaganda can refer to the dissemination of misinformation or manipulated information about health-related topics with the intention of shaping public opinion or behavior. This can be particularly problematic in the field of medicine, where accurate and unbiased information is critical for making informed decisions about healthcare and treatment options.
It's important to note that while propaganda can be used to promote positive messages and behaviors, such as encouraging people to get vaccinated or practice safe sex, it can also be used to spread misinformation and fear, leading to harmful consequences for individuals and communities.
Dairy products are foods produced from the milk of animals, primarily cows but also goats, sheep, and buffalo. The term "dairy" refers to the place or process where these products are made. According to the medical definition, dairy products include a variety of foods such as:
1. Milk - This is the liquid produced by mammals to feed their young. It's rich in nutrients like calcium, protein, and vitamins A, D, and B12.
2. Cheese - Made from milk, it can vary greatly in texture, taste, and nutritional content depending on the type. Cheese is a good source of protein and calcium.
3. Yogurt - This is formed by bacterial fermentation of milk. It contains probiotics which are beneficial bacteria that can help maintain gut health.
4. Butter - Made from cream or churned milk, butter is high in fat and calories but also provides some essential nutrients like vitamin A.
5. Ice Cream - A frozen dessert made from cream, milk, sugar, and often egg yolks. While it can be a source of calcium and protein, it's also high in sugar and should be consumed in moderation.
6. Casein and Whey Proteins - These are proteins derived from milk that are often used as dietary supplements for muscle building and recovery after exercise.
Individuals who are lactose intolerant may have difficulty digesting dairy products due to the sugar lactose found in them. For such individuals, there are lactose-free versions of these products available or they can opt for plant-based alternatives like almond milk, soy milk, etc.
A plant disease is a disorder that affects the normal growth and development of plants, caused by pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or nematodes, as well as environmental factors like nutrient deficiencies, extreme temperatures, or physical damage. These diseases can cause various symptoms, including discoloration, wilting, stunted growth, necrosis, and reduced yield or productivity, which can have significant economic and ecological impacts.
Gene expression regulation in plants refers to the processes that control the production of proteins and RNA from the genes present in the plant's DNA. This regulation is crucial for normal growth, development, and response to environmental stimuli in plants. It can occur at various levels, including transcription (the first step in gene expression, where the DNA sequence is copied into RNA), RNA processing (such as alternative splicing, which generates different mRNA molecules from a single gene), translation (where the information in the mRNA is used to produce a protein), and post-translational modification (where proteins are chemically modified after they have been synthesized).
In plants, gene expression regulation can be influenced by various factors such as hormones, light, temperature, and stress. Plants use complex networks of transcription factors, chromatin remodeling complexes, and small RNAs to regulate gene expression in response to these signals. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression regulation in plants is important for basic research, as well as for developing crops with improved traits such as increased yield, stress tolerance, and disease resistance.
Consumer advocacy in a medical context refers to the process of representing and supporting the rights and interests of patients and healthcare consumers. Consumer advocates work to ensure that individuals receive safe, effective, and affordable healthcare services, and that they are empowered to make informed decisions about their own care. This may involve promoting transparency and accountability in the healthcare system, advocating for policies that protect patient rights, and providing education and support to help consumers navigate the complex world of healthcare. Consumer advocacy can take many forms, including individual case advocacy, class action lawsuits, policy reform efforts, and public awareness campaigns.
'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.
While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.
E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. Mutations can occur spontaneously or be caused by environmental factors such as exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses. They may have various effects on the organism, ranging from benign to harmful, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. In some cases, mutations can increase an individual's susceptibility to certain diseases or disorders, while in others, they may confer a survival advantage. Mutations are the driving force behind evolution, as they introduce new genetic variability into populations, which can then be acted upon by natural selection.
A protoplast is not a term that is typically used in medical definitions, but rather it is a term commonly used in cell biology and botany. A protoplast refers to a plant or bacterial cell that has had its cell wall removed, leaving only the plasma membrane and the cytoplasmic contents, including organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, and other cellular structures.
Protoplasts can be created through enzymatic or mechanical means to isolate the intracellular components for various research purposes, such as studying membrane transport, gene transfer, or cell fusion. In some cases, protoplasts may be used in medical research, particularly in areas related to plant pathology and genetic engineering of plants for medical applications.
Sequence homology, amino acid, refers to the similarity in the order of amino acids in a protein or a portion of a protein between two or more species. This similarity can be used to infer evolutionary relationships and functional similarities between proteins. The higher the degree of sequence homology, the more likely it is that the proteins are related and have similar functions. Sequence homology can be determined through various methods such as pairwise alignment or multiple sequence alignment, which compare the sequences and calculate a score based on the number and type of matching amino acids.
In the context of medicine and pharmacology, "kinetics" refers to the study of how a drug moves throughout the body, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (often abbreviated as ADME). This field is called "pharmacokinetics."
1. Absorption: This is the process of a drug moving from its site of administration into the bloodstream. Factors such as the route of administration (e.g., oral, intravenous, etc.), formulation, and individual physiological differences can affect absorption.
2. Distribution: Once a drug is in the bloodstream, it gets distributed throughout the body to various tissues and organs. This process is influenced by factors like blood flow, protein binding, and lipid solubility of the drug.
3. Metabolism: Drugs are often chemically modified in the body, typically in the liver, through processes known as metabolism. These changes can lead to the formation of active or inactive metabolites, which may then be further distributed, excreted, or undergo additional metabolic transformations.
4. Excretion: This is the process by which drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body, primarily through the kidneys (urine) and the liver (bile).
Understanding the kinetics of a drug is crucial for determining its optimal dosing regimen, potential interactions with other medications or foods, and any necessary adjustments for special populations like pediatric or geriatric patients, or those with impaired renal or hepatic function.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Persuasive Communication" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Persuasive communication is a broader term used in various fields including psychology, sociology, and communications to refer to the process of using communication to influence or persuade others to adopt a particular viewpoint or course of action.
However, in a medical context, communication is a crucial aspect of healthcare delivery, and effective communication skills are essential for healthcare professionals to build trust, ensure informed consent, and promote patient engagement and adherence to treatment plans. This includes being able to effectively communicate complex medical information in a clear and understandable way, as well as being sensitive to patients' emotions, values, and cultural backgrounds.
If you have any specific questions about communication in a medical context or any other healthcare-related topic, I would be happy to try to help answer them!
Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs) are formed through the non-enzymatic glycation and oxidative modification of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. This process occurs when a sugar molecule, such as glucose, binds to a protein or lipid without the regulation of an enzyme, leading to the formation of a Schiff base. This then rearranges to form a more stable ketoamine, known as an Amadori product. Over time, these Amadori products can undergo further reactions, including oxidation, fragmentation, and cross-linking, resulting in the formation of AGEs.
AGEs can alter the structure and function of proteins and lipids, leading to damage in tissues and organs. They have been implicated in the development and progression of several age-related diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, kidney disease, and Alzheimer's disease. AGEs can also contribute to inflammation and oxidative stress, which can further exacerbate tissue damage.
In summary, Advanced Glycosylation End Products (AGEs) are the result of non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, leading to structural and functional changes in tissues and organs, and contributing to the development and progression of several age-related diseases.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA (ribonucleic acid) that carries genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. This information is used by the cell's machinery to construct proteins, a process known as translation. After being transcribed from DNA, mRNA travels out of the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs. Once the protein has been synthesized, the mRNA may be degraded and recycled. Post-transcriptional modifications can also occur to mRNA, such as alternative splicing and addition of a 5' cap and a poly(A) tail, which can affect its stability, localization, and translation efficiency.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique used to amplify specific regions of DNA. It enables the production of thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence in a rapid and efficient manner, making it an essential tool in various fields such as molecular biology, medical diagnostics, forensic science, and research.
The PCR process involves repeated cycles of heating and cooling to separate the DNA strands, allow primers (short sequences of single-stranded DNA) to attach to the target regions, and extend these primers using an enzyme called Taq polymerase, resulting in the exponential amplification of the desired DNA segment.
In a medical context, PCR is often used for detecting and quantifying specific pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites) in clinical samples, identifying genetic mutations or polymorphisms associated with diseases, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating treatment effectiveness.
A plant virus is not defined in medical terms, as viruses are typically considered within the context of living organisms and plants are not classified as such. However, I can provide a general virology definition for you:
Plant viruses are small infectious agents that consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein coat. They infect various plant species, causing a wide range of symptoms and diseases, which can result in significant economic losses in agriculture and horticulture. Plant viruses lack the ability to replicate outside a host cell, and they rely on the host's metabolic machinery for their reproduction. They can be transmitted through various means, such as insect vectors, seeds, or mechanical contact.
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is a type of chromatography that separates and analyzes compounds based on their interactions with a stationary phase and a mobile phase under high pressure. The mobile phase, which can be a gas or liquid, carries the sample mixture through a column containing the stationary phase.
In HPLC, the mobile phase is a liquid, and it is pumped through the column at high pressures (up to several hundred atmospheres) to achieve faster separation times and better resolution than other types of liquid chromatography. The stationary phase can be a solid or a liquid supported on a solid, and it interacts differently with each component in the sample mixture, causing them to separate as they travel through the column.
HPLC is widely used in analytical chemistry, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and other fields to separate, identify, and quantify compounds present in complex mixtures. It can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, including drugs, hormones, vitamins, pigments, flavors, and pollutants. HPLC is also used in the preparation of pure samples for further study or use.
Heated tobacco product
Tobacco Products Directive
Modified risk tobacco product
Center for Tobacco Products
Tobacco products in Indonesia
List of tobacco products
Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee
Tobacco and Vaping Products Act
List of heated tobacco products
Tobacco Products Control Act, 1993
Composition of heated tobacco product emissions
Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act
Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products
Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products (Smoked Tobacco) Amendment Act 2022
Tobacco politics
U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company
Snuff (tobacco)
Kodiak tobacco
Tobacco mosaic virus
Flavored tobacco
Tobacco
Tobacco smoking
Tobacco harm reduction
Tobacco in the United States
U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state
Plain tobacco packaging
Tobacco-free pharmacy
Tobacco pipe
Youth Tobacco Cessation Collaborative
Smokeless tobacco
Addressing Menthol Tobacco Products
Tobacco products use | WHO FCTC
Heated tobacco product - Wikipedia
Premarket Tobacco Product Applications | FDA
Chapter 70.158 RCW: TOBACCO PRODUCT MANUFACTURERS
San Francisco bans sales of flavored tobacco products | CNN
WHO EMRO | New pictorial health warnings on tobacco products | Egypt-news | Egypt
Hydrazine not prevalent in smokeless tobacco products
Tobacco Product Use Among Middle and High School Students - United States, 2022
ARCHIVED - Tobacco and Vaping Products Act
Tobacco products sales channel share Malaysia | Statista
Alcohol, Drugs and Tobacco Products
Tobacco & vapour products prevention | Vancouver Coastal Health
Production and Disposition of Tobacco Products
Tobacco Product Use Among Middle and High School Students - United States, 2020 | MMWR
Oregon Department of Revenue : Tobacco Products Tax and Licensing : Businesses : State of Oregon
Bill raising legal age to buy tobacco products awaits LePage's signature
Tobacco products promoted on Facebook despite policies | News Center | Stanford Medicine
Top 30 Tobacco Products in Columbia, SC | DexKnows.com
Senate Raises Age To Purchase Tobacco Products | NYSenate.gov
The curious case of Heated Tobacco Products | UICC
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Waterpipe tobacco products: nicotine labelling versus nicotine delivery | Tobacco Control
Regulations Governing the Declaration of Tobacco Product Information - Article Search
MMWR Report: Fewer Youth Say They Use Tobacco Products | AAFP
Raise Taxes on Cigarettes, Other Tobacco Products: WHO - NextBillion
Bulgaria: manufacture of tobacco products personnel costs 2020 | Statista
Top 12 Tobacco Products in Seaside, OR | DexKnows.com
Beverage and Tobacco Product Manufacturing Archives - CME
Can I (Still) Sue 'Big Tobacco' or a Nicotine Product Company? -- FindLaw
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- Federal law prohibits cigarettes to be marketed with characterizing flavors, except tobacco or menthol. (cdc.gov)
- A heated tobacco product (HTP) is a tobacco product that heats the tobacco at a lower temperature than conventional cigarettes. (wikipedia.org)
- HTPs generally heat tobacco to temperatures under 600 °C (1100 °F), a lower temperature than conventional cigarettes. (wikipedia.org)
- HTPs use embedded or external heat sources, heated sealed chambers, or product-specific customized cigarettes. (wikipedia.org)
- Whereas e-cigarettes are electronic devices that vaporize a liquid containing nicotine, HTPs usually use tobacco in leaf or some other solid form, although there are some hybrid products that can use both solid tobacco and e-liquids. (wikipedia.org)
- The limited evidence on air emissions from the use of HTPs indicates that toxic exposure from these products is greater than that of e-cigarettes. (wikipedia.org)
- A 2016 Cochrane review found it unclear if the use of heated tobacco products (HTPs) would "substantially alter the risk of harm" over traditional cigarettes. (wikipedia.org)
- It is unknown how users evaluate product safety-one study found that about half of people believed they are safer than traditional cigarettes. (wikipedia.org)
- With an assorted range of electronic cigarettes devices available in the UK, it is unclear if HTPs offer any favorable benefit as a plausible harm reduction product. (wikipedia.org)
- San Francisco voters approved a proposition that would ban the sale of flavored tobacco products, including menthol cigarettes and flavored vaping liquids on Tuesday. (cnn.com)
- Electronic cigarettes, or e-cigarettes, are battery powered devices that vaporizes a nicotine laced liquid solution into an aerosol mist which simulates the act of tobacco smoking. (cnn.com)
- The measure would also prohibit sales of menthol cigarettes and other flavored tobacco products. (cnn.com)
- San Francisco's youth are routinely bombarded with advertising for flavored tobacco and e-cigarettes every time they walk into a neighborhood convenience store. (cnn.com)
- E-cigarettes-for the ninth consecutive year-were the most commonly used tobacco product among all students. (cdc.gov)
- Fine cut smoking tobacco intended for cigarettes. (gc.ca)
- The market for Tobacco Products is constituted here by (filtered) Cigarettes, Smoking Tobacco (fine-cut tobacco, pipe tobacco), Cigars and cigarillos, and E-Cigarettes. (statista.com)
- To enable a better comparison between Cigarettes and Cigars and loose tobacco in terms of per capita consumption and price per unit, the latter's volume is denoted in 1.000 kgs (total consumption) and grams (per capita consumption, price per unit). (statista.com)
- From 2019 to 2020, decreases among high school and middle school students occurred in current use of any tobacco product, combustible tobacco products, multiple tobacco products, e-cigarettes, cigars, and smokeless tobacco. (cdc.gov)
- From 2019 to 2020, no significant change occurred in the use of cigarettes, hookahs, pipe tobacco, or heated tobacco products. (cdc.gov)
- The bill, which includes electronic smoking devices and is backed by a broad bipartisan coalition of lawmakers, looks to decrease the number of young people picking up cigarettes or other tobacco products that can lead to lifelong health problems. (pressherald.com)
- Among 108 company-sponsored pages for leading brands of cigars, e-cigarettes, hookah tobacco and smokeless tobacco, the study found more than half provided "shop now"-type buttons allowing users a way to buy their products. (stanford.edu)
- Additionally, the advertising policy bars the promotion of tobacco product sales - for example, with language like "Buy cigarettes and e-cigarettes here today. (stanford.edu)
- as combusted cigarettes, the heated product is "real" tobacco. (uicc.org)
- When launching in Italy, PMI found a way to convince policymakers - without providing any independent scientific evidence - that their product was less harmful than combustible tobacco and effective in reducing the consumption of traditional cigarettes and the number of smokers. (uicc.org)
- By raising the age to buy tobacco and vape products to 21, we will help prevent future generations of young people from ever picking up a pack of cigarettes. (nysenate.gov)
- Increasing the age to purchase tobacco products, including electronic cigarettes, from 18 to 21. (nysenate.gov)
- It should spur strong and prompt action to prevent kids from using any tobacco product, not just cigarettes. (scienceblogs.com)
- These survey results show why the Food and Drug Administration must act with urgency to protect our kids and issue a final rule to regulate all tobacco products, including e-cigarettes, cigars and hookah. (scienceblogs.com)
- The FDA first announced in early 2011 that it planned to regulate e-cigarettes, cigars and other unregulated tobacco products, so these important public health protections are long overdue. (scienceblogs.com)
- The new CDC data found that in 2014, the most commonly used tobacco products among high school students were e-cigarettes, followed by hookahs (9.4 percent), cigarettes (9.2 percent), cigars (8.2 percent), smokeless tobacco (5.5 percent), snus (1.9 percent) and pipes (1.5 percent). (scienceblogs.com)
- Research on the short- and long-term effects of e-cigarettes, which often contain a mixture of chemicals and flavorings, is still very much emerging, but most researchers agree that whether or not the novelty products are less harmful than cigarettes is yet to be known. (scienceblogs.com)
- The World Health Organisation has urged governments around the world to increase taxes on cigarettes and other tobacco products to save lives. (nextbillion.net)
- July 03, 2018 12:46 pm News Staff - A new report jointly prepared by CDC and FDA researchers found that although fewer high school and middle school students overall used any tobacco product in 2017 compared to 2011, e-cigarettes remained the most commonly used tobacco product among those who did use such products. (aafp.org)
- E-cigarettes were the most commonly used tobacco product among high-schoolers (11.7 percent) and middle-schoolers (3.3 percent). (aafp.org)
- From 2016 to 2017, whereas middle school students reported decreases in the use of any tobacco product (7.2 percent to 5.6 percent), e-cigarettes (4.3 percent to 3.3 percent) and hookahs (2 percent to 1.4 percent), high school students reported decreases only in the use of hookahs (4.8 percent to 3.3 percent) and pipe tobacco (1.4 percent to 0.8 percent). (aafp.org)
- But the FDA has exempted e-cigarettes and other electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) products from agency review until 2022, despite the 2016 deeming rule that established the agency's oversight of ENDS, cigars and other products that were not previously subject to regulation. (aafp.org)
- He added, 'While fewer youth are using cigarettes and other combustible tobacco products, we must do more to address the disturbingly high number of youth who are using e-cigarettes and vaping products. (aafp.org)
- We must not lose sight of the fact that for the past several years, e-cigarettes have been the most commonly used tobacco product among both middle and high school students, and a total of 2.1 million youth used e-cigarettes in 2017. (aafp.org)
- The FDA and the Federal Trade Commission, Gottlieb said, have sent written warnings to manufacturers and distributors of the liquids used in e-cigarettes, as well as to retailers who carry these products, aiming to halt what the agencies call 'false or misleading labeling and/or advertising that cause them to resemble kid-friendly food products such as juice boxes, candy or cookies, and some of them with cartoon-like imagery. (aafp.org)
- Lawsuits may be more limited than in the past in terms of the claims made, but there are new products and forms of nicotine available, such as e-cigarettes, that may give rise to lawsuits. (findlaw.com)
- Keep in mind that some products might contain just nicotine, just tobacco (such as herbal cigarettes), or both. (findlaw.com)
- It's not just cigarettes and tobacco anymore. (findlaw.com)
- Although some of these involve products intended to help you quit smoking, the majority of lawsuits involve e-cigarettes and vaping. (findlaw.com)
- Ask Erowid : ID 3061 : Is there nicotine in tobacco products other than cigarettes? (erowid.org)
- Is nicotine only in cigarettes or is it in other types of tobacco products (like cigar or pipe tobacco) too? (erowid.org)
- Though cigarettes are the predominant tobacco-delivery device today, pipe tobacco, cigarillos, cigars, tobacco snuff and chewing tobacco are all produced with dried leaves of the tobacco plant, which contains nicotine. (erowid.org)
- Rite Aid previously announced that it will remove e-cigarettes and vaping products chainwide. (chainstoreage.com)
- Dr James Murphy, formerly BAT's Head of Reduced Risk Substantiation, now Regional Product Manager, Americas and Sub-Saharan Africa, says: "The results of one study alone are important, but it's only by combining the results of all these different studies that we can build a comprehensive set of scientific evidence and thus a clear picture of how our products compare to cigarettes. (bat.com)
- As of June 30, 2023, the FDA has issued more than 2,800 warning letters and 825 civil money penalties for sales of e-cigarettes to underage purchasers, with over 1,000 warning letters and more than 140 civil money penalties relating to sales violations of nontobacco nicotine products to underage consumers. (tobaccoreporter.com)
- Tobacco companies have also focused their marketing of menthol cigarettes on certain communities, particularly Black Americans. (lung.org)
- Even if menthol cigarettes and flavored cigars are prohibited at the federal level it could take years to take effect, so states and local communities must act on flavored tobacco products by ending their sale in all locations. (lung.org)
- Countries classify e-cigarettes as tobacco products (or imitation/derivative/substitute products), medicinal/pharmaceutical products, consumer products, electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS)/e-cigarettes or poisons. (globaltobaccocontrol.org)
- The hike in national calamity contingent duty on cigarettes by 16 per cent clearly shows the government's intent to further strengthen the tobacco control policy and levy higher tax on "sin" products that claim more than 13 lakh lives in the country every year, noted economist and BJP spokesperson Gopal Krishna Agarwal said. (indiatimes.com)
- The total tax burden is currently about 53 per cent for cigarettes, 22 per cent for bidis and 60 per cent for smokeless tobacco. (indiatimes.com)
- Participating in the webinar, Dr Uma Kumar, public health expert and Head of the Department of Rheumatology, AIIMS, Delhi, too welcomed the increase in duty on cigarettes as she presented disturbing status of the growing number of diseases linked with tobacco and its health burden on households and the economy. (indiatimes.com)
- Dr Rahul Bhargava, Director of Haematology and Stem Cell Transplant at Fortis Hospital, Gurugram, termed the increase in duty on cigarettes an "exemplary measure" and hoped that taxes on all the tobacco products will be hiked in the next GST Council meeting in agreement with the states. (indiatimes.com)
- These include through vapes (e-cigarettes), Swedish snus, nicotine pouches and heated tobacco products, in an approach called tobacco-harm reduction. (dailynewsegypt.com)
- on the prevalence of the use of cigarettes and alternative tobacco products. (pmi.com)
- The study found that the use of heated tobacco products was lower than both traditional and electronic cigarettes in both junior high and high schools. (pmi.com)
- In addition, it would not be possible to buy tobacco products or e-cigarettes online or from a catalog. (err.ee)
- To assess recent national estimates of tobacco product use e-cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco, snuff, among U.S. adults aged 18 years, CDC analyzed data from dip, snus, or dissolvable tobacco). (cdc.gov)
- In 2019, reported having smoked 100 cigarettes during their lifetime an estimated 50.6 million U.S. adults (20.8%) reported cur- and reported that they smoked "every day" or "some days" at rently using any tobacco product, including cigarettes (14.0%), the time of survey. (cdc.gov)
- Prevalence estimates for current use of each reported using combustible products (cigarettes, cigars, or pipes), tobacco product type, any tobacco product, any combustible and 18.6% reported using two or more tobacco products. (cdc.gov)
- Use of e-cigarettes among US teens was down sharply, dropping from 14.1% in 2022 to 10% in 2023, government figures show , but the majority of these youth still used flavored products, which have been shown to both entice and keep teens vaping . (medscape.com)
- The Smoking and Tobacco use (SMQ) section includes an extensive array of questions on tobacco use, including cigarettes and other forms of tobacco. (cdc.gov)
- Most people who smoke cigarettes begin in their teens and teens may also be attracted to new tobacco , nicotine , and cannabis products. (bvsalud.org)
- Students who used a product were most likely to smoke cigarettes , but many regularly used new tobacco , nicotine and cannabis products, though use frequency varies. (bvsalud.org)
Cigarette29
- Although heated tobacco products may be less dangerous than cigarette smoking, the UK Committee on Toxicity suggests that it would be better for smokers to completely stop. (wikipedia.org)
- The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) requires state parties to introduce, among other tobacco control measures, large, graphic health warnings on cigarette packs. (who.int)
- The presence of hydrazine has only been reported once in a limited sample of cigarette tobacco and tobacco smoke some 40 years ago1. (news-medical.net)
- Navigate to and select "Apply for cigarette and tobacco license' at the bottom right of the page, and then select "Apply for distributor/wholesale license' to fill out the online application. (oregon.gov)
- High school is a prime time for youth to begin a tobacco addiction, but we know that if kids don't pick up a cigarette during these vulnerable teenage years that most of them will never start smoking later," Hilary Schneider, director of government relations for the cancer network in Maine, said in a statement. (pressherald.com)
- The researchers searched for company-sponsored Facebook pages among 388 leading tobacco brands and found such pages for 108, including for more than half of the top 46 hookah tobacco brands and of the top 92 e-cigarette brands. (stanford.edu)
- While the researchers identified pages for none of the 21 top traditional cigarette brands, they found that 10 of 14 online tobacco stores with company-maintained Facebook pages promoted popular cigarette brands, such as Marlboro and Camel, and included links to purchase them. (stanford.edu)
- Earlier this week, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released new data from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey finding that current e-cigarette use among high school students, which is defined as using at least once in the prior 30 days, nearly tripled - from 4.5 percent in 2013 to 13.4 percent in 2014. (scienceblogs.com)
- CDC reports that for the first time since the youth survey began collecting information on the new trend, current e-cigarette use has officially surpassed the use of every other tobacco product. (scienceblogs.com)
- While the CDC data did find declines in cigarette smoking among high school students - the 2014 rate was 9.2 percent, a new low - increases in e-cigarette and hookah use offset those gains, resulting in no real change in overall tobacco use among high school and middle school students. (scienceblogs.com)
- The dramatic decline in youth cigarette smoking is terrific news for our nation's health and shows that the fight against tobacco is winnable if we do what we know works. (scienceblogs.com)
- One research article published just this week in the journal Tobacco Control found that "some flavour chemicals in e-cigarette fluids are sufficiently high for inhalation exposure by vaping to be of toxicological concern. (scienceblogs.com)
- Gottlieb touted a recent 'nationwide blitz of brick-and-mortar and online retailers,' conducted by the FDA 'that led to warning letters to businesses that sold Juul brand products to minors,' referring to a type of e-cigarette that is popular among young people but is new enough that it was not specifically named (as other brands were) in questions for the 2017 National Youth Tobacco Survey. (aafp.org)
- Furthermore, the statement noted, 'We're also adding JUUL as a specific e-cigarette example in future tobacco use surveys to ensure we're accurately capturing patterns of youth use of e-cigarette products. (aafp.org)
- Recent changes by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) allow the marketing of e-cigarette products , and the laws around pricing, taxing, and selling of tobacco products change often. (findlaw.com)
- An attorney can help you understand which tobacco manufacturer or other cigarette companies to sue. (findlaw.com)
- Benzene, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), and lead in mainstream smoke from cigars, roll-your-own (RYO) cigarette and pipe tobaccos were sampled to evaluate their potential health significance. (nih.gov)
- for benzene, the mean values for cigars, RYO cigarette and pipe tobaccos were 156 +/- 52, 68 +/- 11, and 242 +/- 126 micrograms/g, respectively. (nih.gov)
- Mean values for BaP were 42 +/- 7 and 48 +/- 4 ng/g for cigars and RYO cigarette tobacco, respectively. (nih.gov)
- The mean benzene concentrations in a puff ranged from 1 to 2 x 10(5) micrograms/m3 for cigars, RYO cigarette and pipe tobaccos. (nih.gov)
- For BaP, the puff concentration averaged about 60 micrograms/m3 for cigars and RYO cigarette tobacco. (nih.gov)
- We estimate the effect of e-cigarette tax rates on e-cigarette prices, e-cigarette sales, and sales of other tobacco products using NielsenIQ Retail Scanner data from 2013 to 2019. (nber.org)
- Among students reporting current e-cigarette use, 89.4% said that they used flavored products, and 25.2% said they used an e-cigarette daily. (medscape.com)
- When a cigarette pack was seen, interviewers entered the Universal Product Code, the numbers beneath the bar code found on each cigarette pack. (cdc.gov)
- The code was then matched to the Cigarette Universal Product Code Database, 2002 which included the UPC, version 12 digit codes derived from AC Nielson supermarket scanner data (Reference: Report to CDC Office on Smoking and Health, RTI Project Number 06900.021, August 2002). (cdc.gov)
- When a cigarette pack was seen, the interviewer attempted to match the UPC code with the Cigarette Universal Product Code Database which included the brand name, sub-brand and qualifiers describing the cigarette. (cdc.gov)
- These next questions are about cigarette smoking and other tobacco use. (cdc.gov)
- Although public opinion in the United States on cigarette smoking is more unfavorable, many large tobacco companies continue to find success internationally. (wikipedia.org)
- For example, after the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) mandated warning labels on cigarette packages, tobacco companies successfully requested Congressional regulation in place of FTC regulation. (wikipedia.org)
Pipe tobacco1
- Largest selection in glass and handcrafted Pipes Walk in premium Cigar Humidor Hookah Pipes domestic and imported Pipe tobacco and accessories All your tobacco needs at Prices that cannot be beat. (dexknows.com)
Snuff6
- The product types included in the survey were snus, chewing tobacco, moist snuff, dry snuff, plug and pellet products, representing 90% market share of the major STP categories. (news-medical.net)
- Snuff, chewing tobacco and heat-not-burn products are not included at the moment nor are untaxed tobacco products. (statista.com)
- Moist snuff includes any form of tobacco that is not intended to be smoked or placed in the nasal cavity. (oregon.gov)
- Smokeless tobacco products include moist snuff and chewing tobacco. (oregon.gov)
- Before the 20th century, tobacco was predominantly smoked in pipes or cigars, or used as snuff. (erowid.org)
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration sent a warning letter to Amarillo Snuff Co. on Aug. 11, 2023, for manufacturing, selling and/or distributing unauthorized smokeless nicotine products, including products that are made with corn husks instead of tobacco leaves, according to an FDA release . (tobaccoreporter.com)
Smokeless tobacco products3
- After many years of speculation, it has finally been established that hydrazine is not a prevalent contaminant in contemporary smokeless tobacco products (STPs). (news-medical.net)
- But this study has been cited many times as evidence that hydrazine is present in smokeless tobacco products. (news-medical.net)
- Only smokeless tobacco products listed on the Oregon Department of Justice Smokeless Tobacco Brand Directory can be sold in Oregon. (oregon.gov)
Cigars1
- Cigars, cigarillos, cheroots and similar products. (gc.ca)
Centers for Diseas3
- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention analyzed data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey, a cross-sectional, self-administered survey of U.S. middle school (grades 6-8) and high school (grades 9-12) students. (cdc.gov)
- Maine's teenage smoking rate is 11 percent, which is among the highest in the nation and three points above the national teen smoking rate of 8 percent, according to data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that was compiled by the Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. (pressherald.com)
- The MMRW report from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) presents data from an annual survey of US middle and high school students of their use of tobacco products, including vapes. (medscape.com)
Nicotine delivery1
- Finally, despite the fact that some other nicotine delivery products, such as the Swedish snus (smokeless tobacco), [11] did not fulfil the safety requirements to enter into the Italian market, PMI found a way to convince policymakers to allow them to commercialise IQOS. (uicc.org)
20233
- 1 As of March 2023, over 170 U.S. communities have implemented laws prohibiting the sale of menthol and other flavored tobacco products. (cdc.gov)
- As of July 28, 2023, the FDA has issued about 600 warning letters to manufacturers of unauthorized tobacco products, with 100 of the letters being for unauthorized nontobacco nicotine products. (tobaccoreporter.com)
- The use of tobacco products by high school students decreased by 540,000 people from 2022 to 2023 (2.51 million vs 1.97 million students). (medscape.com)
British America4
- Scientists at British American Tobacco, in collaboration with Professor Brad Rodu of the University of Louisville, undertook a comprehensive survey of toxicants in STPs. (news-medical.net)
- Our results indicate that hydrazine is not a prevalent contaminant of contemporary STPs, and in the minority of cases where hydrazine might possibly be present, the levels are substantially lower -- by at least an order of magnitude -- than those reported previously,' says Kevin McAdam, principal scientist at British American Tobacco. (news-medical.net)
- The five most important producers worldwide are the China National Tobacco Corporation, Philip Morris International (PMI), British American Tobacco (BAT), Japan Tobacco International (JTI) and Imperial Tobacco. (statista.com)
- Today IQOS is available in a large majority of high-income countries, together with other HTPs such as Glo of British American Tobacco (BAT) and Pax of Japan Tobacco International (JTI). (uicc.org)
20205
- In 2020, 23.6% (3.65 million) of high school and 6.7% (800,000) of middle school students reported current (past 30-day) use of any tobacco product. (cdc.gov)
- CDC and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) analyzed data from the 2019 and 2020 National Youth Tobacco Surveys (NYTS) to determine changes in the current (past 30-day) use of seven tobacco products among U.S. middle (grades 6-8) and high (grades 9-12) school students. (cdc.gov)
- these declines resulted in an estimated 1.73 million fewer current youth tobacco product users in 2020 than in 2019 (6.20 million) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
- The personnel costs of the tobacco product manufacturing industry in Bulgaria declined to 14 million euros in 2020. (statista.com)
- As part of the modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) orders granted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in its authorization of our heated tobacco product in July 2020 , we are required to monitor and report who is using the product in the U.S., including whether it is used by youth and young adults. (pmi.com)
Hookah tobacco1
- Many pointed out that all hookah tobacco is considered flavored tobacco since it is made with honey and molasses. (noozhawk.com)
National Youth Tobacco Survey2
- The 2022 National Youth Tobacco Survey was administered January 18-May 31, 2022. (cdc.gov)
- In a statement about the 2017 National Youth Tobacco Survey, on which the new report was based, FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb said, 'Protecting our nation's youth from the dangers of tobacco products is among the FDA's most important responsibilities, and we're taking aggressive steps to make sure all tobacco products aren't being marketed to, sold to, or used by kids. (aafp.org)
Smokers10
- It is a travesty that anti-vaping extremists would mislead SF voters into making it harder for adult smokers to quit," he said, adding that flavored products are helpful to smokers who are trying to quit. (cnn.com)
- The higher sales age also helps offset the tobacco industry's attempts to target young people at a critical period when many people transition from experimenting with tobacco to become regular, daily smokers. (pressherald.com)
- Smokers aged 18 to 19 years old are a major supplier for younger kids who rely on social resources to buy their tobacco products. (nysenate.gov)
- The region also accounts for 25% of the world's smokers and almost 90% of smokeless tobacco users. (nextbillion.net)
- Recent estimates show that there are about 24.6 crore smokers and 29 crore smokeless tobacco users in the region. (nextbillion.net)
- Despite these changes, smokers and non-smokers can still pursue a case against tobacco companies. (findlaw.com)
- Objective Until recently, purveyors of vaping products marketed e-liquids in the 1%-3% range of nicotine concentration with those at 3% described as 'super high' intended for two packs/day smokers. (bmj.com)
- Public health and tobacco control scientists and experts are highlighting the 1.1 billion smokers and millions of smoking quitters' need to access appropriately regulated nicotine products. (dailynewsegypt.com)
- A total of 80% of the world's smokers live in low and middle income countries, those least able to implement tobacco control measures and with healthcare systems least able to cope with the disease burden of smoking. (dailynewsegypt.com)
- We only market and sell our products to adult smokers. (pmi.com)
20191
- Based on a nationwide survey of 7,000 adolescents and young adults between 12 and 25 in 2019, the report noted that 7.2 percent of those aged between 12 and 17 smoke, but only 0.5 percent had ever used a heated tobacco product. (pmi.com)
Reduce tobacco3
- This includes supporting school policies and using evidenced-based programs to reduce tobacco and vapour products use. (vch.ca)
- It is anticipated that the proposed regulatory amendments would improve the information collected by Health Canada from manufacturers and importers of tobacco products and vaping products and would assist in making decisions and policies aimed at continuing to reduce tobacco use in Canada. (canada.ca)
- Participating in a discussion on "Amrit Kaal: A Journey towards Tobacco-Free India", organised by Tobacco Free India , a citizen group platform, Agarwal said a hike in prices on such harmful products through tax policy is the most effective way to reduce tobacco consumption. (indiatimes.com)
Forms of tobacco2
- Talk to children, teens, and young adults about why all forms of tobacco products are harmful for them. (cdc.gov)
- The comprehensive and sustained implementation of evidence-based tobacco control strategies, combined with tobacco product regulation by the Food and Drug Administration, is warranted to help sustain this progress and prevent and reduce all forms of tobacco product use among U.S. youths. (cdc.gov)
Morbidity and Mo1
- Published in the June 8 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 'Tobacco Use Among Middle and High School Students -- United States, 2011-2017,' found that, in 2017, 19.6 percent of high school students and 5.6 percent of middle school students reported using a tobacco product at least once in the previous month. (aafp.org)
Waterpipe tobacco2
Sales of menthol1
- Prohibiting sales of menthol and other tobacco products. (cdc.gov)
Health warnings on tobacco2
Contains nicotine2
- The heat generates an aerosol or smoke to be inhaled from the tobacco, which contains nicotine and other chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
- A research letter published April 18 in Tobacco Control notes that just 25 percent of people who recognized JUUL and 37 percent of recent JUUL users understood that the product always contains nicotine. (aafp.org)
20212
- In 2021, CTP held "A Conversation With the Center for Tobacco Products Office of Science" to help industry understand the FDA review process for marketing applications related to deemed tobacco products. (fda.gov)
- Nearly all sales of tobacco products occurred offline in Malaysia in 2021. (statista.com)
Cannabis6
- There are similar devices that heat cannabis instead of tobacco. (wikipedia.org)
- The early years are when these habits are formed, and youth are very vulnerable to nicotine addiction and flavors are very enticing," said Renata Valladares, program coordinator for the Santa Barbara County Public Health Department's Tobacco Prevention and Cannabis Education Program. (noozhawk.com)
- YP Canada maintains extensive listings about Tobacco and cannabis Products businesses within our Shopping & Specialty Stores category in and near the Norglenwold, Alberta area. (yellowpages.ca)
- Discover nearby Tobacco and cannabis Products businesses near Norglenwold. (yellowpages.ca)
- Use of tobacco, nicotine and cannabis products among students in Switzerland. (bvsalud.org)
- We describe use prevalence among upper- secondary school students in Switzerland , including daily use, of tobacco , nicotine , and cannabis products. (bvsalud.org)
Control17
- Licensing retailers who sell any types of tobacco products, to better understand who is selling menthol and other tobacco products and to aid with equitable implementation and enforcement of tobacco control policies. (cdc.gov)
- WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. (who.int)
- Disclaimer: The information and views set out on this website are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Parties to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC), the Parties to the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products, or the Secretariat of the WHO FCTC. (who.int)
- The WHO country office supports the Ministry of Health and Population in the implementation of tobacco control interventions in Egypt in line with evidence-based best practices and policies. (who.int)
- His main research lines include tobacco control in Italy and Europe and the epidemiology of tinnitus. (uicc.org)
- Her main research fields include tobacco control in Italy and Europe and the epidemiology of tinnitus. (uicc.org)
- This encouraged even the most resistant policymakers to follow the articles outlined in the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) [1] and adopt stricter and stricter tobacco regulations. (uicc.org)
- There will likely always be health care, product liability, consumer protection, and tobacco control concerns to bring against major tobacco companies. (findlaw.com)
- Choose a state to view data from the State of Tobacco Control report. (lung.org)
- Lamenting that affected families not only face the loss of their loved ones but are also drained financially, emotionally and mentally, she said that proposed amendments to the tobacco-control law COTPA by the central government should be implemented with immediate effect. (indiatimes.com)
- While tobacco control efforts led by international agencies, such as the WHO, have lowered global smoking rates, much remains to be done. (dailynewsegypt.com)
- International tobacco control operates along prohibitionist lines, despite harm reduction approaches being successfully integrated into the response to many other public health issues since the 1980s. (dailynewsegypt.com)
- Currently, obstacles to widespread adoption of tobacco harm reduction include big US philanthropic foundations with a myopic view of tobacco control, creating divisions where none should exist, and international organisations wedded to a narrow view of what defines success. (dailynewsegypt.com)
- As of 2018, 169 states have signed the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), which governs international tobacco control. (wikipedia.org)
- Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS), is a global standard for systematically monitoring youth tobacco use (smoking and · 4.8% of students, 6.5% of boys, and 2.4% of girls currently smokeless) and tracking key tobacco control indicators. (who.int)
- Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) to generate used smokeless tobacco. (who.int)
- The survey uses a standard core questionnaire with a set of optional questions that countries can adapt to measure and track key tobacco control indicators. (who.int)
Legal age for buying2
- Telling adults what they can and can't do isn't effective," opponents stated in its argument before voters, adding that California had already raised the legal age for buying tobacco to 21. (cnn.com)
- However, proponents of raising the legal age for buying tobacco say decreased spending on tobacco-related health issues will easily offset any loss of tax revenue. (pressherald.com)
20161
- Action on Smoking and Health in the UK stated in 2016 that due to "the tobacco industry's long record of deceit" regarding the health risks involving smoking, it is important to conduct independent studies into the health effects of tobacco products. (wikipedia.org)
Prevalence1
- The tobacco product, and two or more tobacco products were prevalence of any current tobacco product use was higher among calculated. (cdc.gov)
Harmful3
- Approximately ten years ago, tobacco sales in high-income countries were falling, mainly due to an increased awareness of the harmful effects of tobacco smoking and the measures taken to reduce smoking incidence. (uicc.org)
- This can be done by implementing 'triple A' concept: cutting down 'affordability' and 'availability' of tobacco items by hiking tax while making people 'aware' of its harmful impact," he said. (indiatimes.com)
- GYTS uses a global standardized methodology that includes a tobacco smoking is harmful to them. (who.int)
Vapes1
- Valladares presented many examples of vapes and other flavored tobacco products that show apparent targeting towards youths, with bright, colorful packaging and fruit and candy flavors. (noozhawk.com)
Quit5
- Ensuring that all people who use tobacco products have access to evidence-based quitting resources , including counseling and medication , to help them successfully quit, and tailoring of cessation messages to better reach people who use menthol products. (cdc.gov)
- Encourage patients to quit using tobacco products, and provide information about and connection to evidence-based quitting resources , including counseling and medication . (cdc.gov)
- Parents, educators, and healthcare providers can help youth recognize and avoid the dangers of tobacco use, and support and encourage youth who use tobacco products to quit. (cdc.gov)
- Through ongoing training and certification for pharmacists and technicians, we also continue to help and support people looking to quit the use of tobacco in their lives. (chainstoreage.com)
- Sustained efforts to prevent initiation of tobacco product use among young persons and strategies to help young tobacco users quit are critical to reducing U.S. youth tobacco product use," the report states. (medscape.com)
Smoking bans1
- Current smoking bans may or may not apply to heated tobacco products. (wikipedia.org)
Sale of tobacco3
- We urge Gov. LePage to protect the health of Maine's youth by supporting an increase in the age of sale of tobacco to 21, and to sign L.D. 1170 into law," Schneider said. (pressherald.com)
- The commerce policy, which governs items, products and services sold on Facebook, prohibits the sale of tobacco and related paraphernalia. (stanford.edu)
- The Estonian government approved a bill by Minister of Health and Labour Jevgeni Ossinovski on Thursday which would substantially increase restrictions concerning the sale of tobacco products, including by restricting the display of tobacco products and their brands at points of sale. (err.ee)
Warnings1
- Photo credit: WHO A set of four new pictorial health warnings were introduced in Egypt on all tobacco products in January 2012. (who.int)
Regulation8
- Due to a growing health consciousness of consumers and increased regulation (such as through advertising bans in Europe) the use of tobacco in Europe has been decreasing in recent years and volume growth has almost exclusively been realized in emerging markets. (statista.com)
- The unauthorized products contain nontobacco nicotine, which falls under the FDA's regulation authority. (tobaccoreporter.com)
- Last year, Congress clarified FDA's authority to regulate tobacco products containing nicotine from any source, which closed a loophole that several companies were using to try to evade regulation," said Brian King, director of the FDA's Center for Tobacco Products (CTP). (tobaccoreporter.com)
- But in countries where tobacco regulation is more lenient, and would allow more freedom in terms of marketing, we stick to our strict marketing practices. (pmi.com)
- Except if required by the relevant regulation, we don't conduct research involving participants under the legal age for tobacco use, so we rely on the data and conclusions reported by the global scientific community to understand whether youth are using heated tobacco products. (pmi.com)
- We support regulation aimed at preventing youth use of tobacco or other nicotine-containing products, and strict enforcement of minimum-age laws. (pmi.com)
- The changes to the Tobacco Act would expand the sphere of regulation of the law to prevent and reduce the spread of addiction and health damage as a result of tobacco and tobacco products, the motion by the Ministry of Social Affairs states. (err.ee)
- The scientific basis of tobacco product regulation : second report of a WHO study group. (who.int)
Retailers1
- Walgreens' and Rite's Aid's moves come amid a crackdown this year by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on retailers for selling tobacco products to young people, and also align with the efforts of states and municipalities who have recently enacted, or are considering, laws to restrict tobacco sales to people 21 and older. (chainstoreage.com)
Legislation3
- (Albany, NY) The Senate today passed legislation ( S.2833 ) that will save lives by increasing the legal age to purchase tobacco products from 18 to 21. (nysenate.gov)
- Last week, U.S. Senate Majority leader Mitch McConnell said he plans to introduce legislation to raise the minimum age for buying tobacco products, including vaping devices, to 21 from 18. (chainstoreage.com)
- This legislation regulates for example reporting of ingredients, annual reporting, product and labelling requirements, sales and marketing of tobacco products. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
19982
- In November of 1998, most states and the four major US tobacco companies entered into a Master Settlement Agreement (MSA). (findlaw.com)
- It was not until the 1990s when public health advocates had more success in litigating against tobacco industries, including the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement between major tobacco companies and 46 state attorneys general. (wikipedia.org)
Begin using tobacco pr1
- Jackler and his fellow researchers looked to Facebook for the study because younger people are more likely to begin using tobacco products, with the risk of becoming nicotine-addicted, and because youth tend to be more active on social media. (stanford.edu)
Types of tobacco products3
- Develop and equitably implement and enforce tobacco-free school policies that address all types of tobacco products and that incorporate non-punitive penalties or restorative justice principles. (cdc.gov)
- Learn about the different types of tobacco products and the risks of using tobacco products. (cdc.gov)
- Ask about use of all types of tobacco products when screening all patients for the use of tobacco products. (cdc.gov)
Display of tobacco products1
- On 1 July 2009, Ireland prohibited the advertising and display of tobacco products in all retail outlets. (wikipedia.org)
Vapour7
- If you have any questions and/or would like more information, please contact the VCH Tobacco & Vapour Reduction Program at [email protected] or 604-675-3800. (vch.ca)
- Our factsheet explains the scientific approach we take to assessing the reduced-risk potential of our vapour and tobacco heating products. (bat.com)
- The ban on alternative smoking products is expected to remain in place in the near future, until the industry can address the health concerns associated with e-vapour products and heated tobacco products. (euromonitor.com)
- Given that the government has taken a tough stance against e-vapour products and heated tobacco, there are no indications that the blanket ban will be lifted any time soon. (euromonitor.com)
- Understand the latest market trends and future growth opportunities for the Smokeless Tobacco, E-Vapour Products and Heated Tobacco industry in Hong Kong, China with research from Euromonitor International's team of in-country analysts - experts by industry and geographic specialisation. (euromonitor.com)
- How is the operating environment for Smokeless Tobacco, E-Vapour Products and Heated Tobacco changing? (euromonitor.com)
- What are the current legislative restrictions applicable to the sale of Smokeless Tobacco, E-Vapour Products and Heated Tobacco products in Hong Kong, China? (euromonitor.com)
Additionally2
- Additionally, cleanliness is paramount to assure the quality and consistency of the end products. (videojet.com)
- Additionally, tobacco product that relates to a contravention or any item or thing used or acquired in a contravention may be seized and forfeited. (ontario.ca)
Search1
- Results of search for 'su:{Tobacco-derived products packing. (who.int)
Consumption3
- The global decline in tobacco consumption may be one reason the industry has invented and marketed new products such as HTPs. (wikipedia.org)
- This shows that there is enough scope to enhance tax that will not have much impact on the earnings of the industry but will certainly help cut down tobacco consumption. (indiatimes.com)
- Worried that these studies would negatively impact tobacco consumption, tobacco companies met together and hired the public relations firm Hill & Knowlton. (wikipedia.org)
Epidemic3
- For the first time, many countries faced the possibility of ending the tobacco epidemic and the prospect of a smoke-free future. (uicc.org)
- We cannot allow the tobacco industry to keep addicting kids and create another epidemic with a new generation of tobacco products. (scienceblogs.com)
- WHO released a report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2015, on Tuesday. (nextbillion.net)
Purchase tobacco products2
- You must purchase tobacco products from licensed Oregon distributors who have paid the tax. (oregon.gov)
- On Tuesday morning, Walgreens announced a chainwide move increasing the age to purchase tobacco products to 21, effective Sept. 1. (chainstoreage.com)
Alternative tobacco products1
- As early as the 1960s, tobacco companies developed alternative tobacco products. (wikipedia.org)
20181
- As recently as last summer, Facebook also specifically banned private individuals from buying, selling or trading tobacco products, but that provision had been removed by February 2018, the researchers found. (stanford.edu)
Philip Morris Intern1
- Major tobacco lobbying companies include Altria Group (the parent company of Philip Morris USA), Philip Morris International, and Reynolds American. (wikipedia.org)
Smoke9
- This page provides information about a program to temporarily prohibit the selling, offering for sale and storing of tobacco product at a retail location where a retail dealer has repeatedly contravened the Tobacco Tax Act and/or the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. (ontario.ca)
- The Tobacco Tax Act (Act), Temporary Prohibition Program prohibits all persons from selling, offering for sale and storing tobacco product at a location where a retail dealer has repeatedly contravened the Act and/or committed certain offences under the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. (ontario.ca)
- Retail dealers are advised to review both the Tobacco Tax Act and the Smoke-Free Ontario Act to understand the specific offences that may result in a prohibition. (ontario.ca)
- However, the commercialization of smoke-free products should not come at the expense of youth. (pmi.com)
- In addition to these four core principles, our Good Conversion Practices govern the marketing and sale of our smoke-free products. (pmi.com)
- Our goal is to convert adults who would otherwise continue to smoke to scientifically substantiated smoke-free products. (pmi.com)
- 17.3% of students were exposed to tobacco smoke at home. (who.int)
- 34.1% of students were exposed to tobacco smoke inside enclosed public places. (who.int)
- tobacco use (smoking and smokeless), cessation, secondhand smoke (SHS), pro- and anti-tobacco media and advertising, access to and availability of tobacco products, and knowledge and attitudes regarding tobacco use. (who.int)
Prevention1
- Implement school prevention and cessation programs that are free from tobacco industry influence, that include education about menthol products, and that can be tailored to groups that the tobacco industry targets with menthol marketing. (cdc.gov)
Evidence1
- the failure to provide evidence of proper payment of Ontario's tobacco tax. (ontario.ca)