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Activation of systemic acquired silencing by localised introduction of DNA. (1/6986)
BACKGROUND: In plants, post-transcriptional gene silencing results in RNA degradation after transcription. Among tobacco transformants carrying a nitrate reductase (Nia) construct under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter (35S-Nia2), one class of transformants spontaneously triggers Nia post-transcriptional gene silencing (class II) whereas another class does not (class I). Non-silenced plants of both classes become silenced when grafted onto silenced stocks, indicating the existence of a systemic silencing signal. Graft-transmitted silencing is maintained in class II but not in class I plants when removed from silenced stocks, indicating similar requirements for spontaneous triggering and maintenance. RESULTS: Introduction of 35S-Nia2 DNA by the gene transfer method called biolistics led to localised acquired silencing (LAS) in bombarded leaves of wild-type, class I and class II plants, and to systemic acquired silencing (SAS) in class II plants. SAS occurred even if the targeted leaf was removed 2 days after bombardment, indicating that the systemic signal is produced, transmitted and amplified rapidly. SAS was activated by sense, antisense and promoterless Nia2 DNA constructs, indicating that transcription is not required although it does stimulate SAS. CONCLUSIONS: SAS was activated by biolistic introduction of promoterless constructs, indicating that the DNA itself is a potent activator of post-transcriptional gene silencing. The systemic silencing signal invaded the whole plant by cell-to-cell and long-distance propagation, and reamplification of the signal. (+info)Determination of pyrolysis products of smoked methamphetamine mixed with tobacco by tandem mass spectrometry. (2/6986)
This study examines the pyrolysis products of smoked methamphetamine mixed with tobacco that was trapped with a C8 adsorbent cartridge and then detected by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. According to the results, the mainstream smoke contains 2-methylpropyl-benzene, 2-chloropropyl-benzene, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, 3-ethyl-phenol, methamphetamine, dimethylamphetamine, hydroquinone, 3-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-methylcarbamate phenol, N-methyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)-acetamide, 4-(3-hydroxy-1-butenyl)-3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-one, propanoic acid, N-acetylmethamphetamine, phenyl ester, and furfurylmethylamphetamine. In addition, the compounds in sidestream smoke are 2-propenyl benzene, phenylacetone, methamphetamine, dimethylamphetamine, benzyl methyl ketoxime, 3,4-dihydro-2-naphthalenone, N-folmyamphetamine, N-acetylamphetamine, bibenzyl, N-folmylmethamphetamine, N-acetylmethamphetamine, N-propionymethamphetamine, and furfurylmethylamphetamine. Moreover, the presence of methamphetamine promotes the oxidation of the tobacco components. (+info)Biophysical characterization of a designed TMV coat protein mutant, R46G, that elicits a moderate hypersensitivity response in Nicotiana sylvestris. (3/6986)
The hypersensitivity resistance response directed by the N' gene in Nicotiana sylvestris is elicited by the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) coat protein R46G, but not by the U1 wild-type TMV coat protein. In this study, the structural and hydrodynamic properties of R46G and wild-type coat proteins were compared for variations that may explain N' gene elicitation. Circular dichroism spectroscopy reveals no significant secondary or tertiary structural differences between the elicitor and nonelicitor coat proteins. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies, however, do show different concentration dependencies of the weight average sedimentation coefficients at 4 degrees C. Viral reconstitution kinetics at 20 degrees C were used to determine viral assembly rates and as an initial assay of the rate of 20S formation, the obligate species for viral reconstitution. These kinetic results reveal a decreased lag time for reconstitution performed with R46G that initially lack the 20S aggregate. However, experiments performed with 20S initially present reveal no detectable differences indicating that the mechanism of viral assembly is similar for the two coat protein species. Therefore, an increased rate of 20S formation from R46G subunits may explain the differences in the viral reconstitution lag times. The inferred increase in the rate of 20S formation is verified by direct measurement of the 20S boundary as a function of time at 20 degrees C using velocity sedimentation analysis. These results are consistent with the interpretation that there may be an altered size distribution and/or lifetime of the small coat protein aggregates in elicitors that allows N. sylvestris to recognize the invading virus. (+info)Rational analyses of organelle trajectories in tobacco pollen tubes reveal characteristics of the actomyosin cytoskeleton. (4/6986)
To gain insight into the characteristics of organelle movement and the underlying actomyosin motility system in tobacco pollen tubes, we collected data points representing sequential organelle positions in control and cytochalasin-treated cells, and in a sample of extruded cytoplasm. These data were utilized to reconstruct approximately 900 tracks, representing individual organelle movements, and to produce a quantitative analysis of the movement properties, supported by statistical tests. Each reconstructed track appeared to be unique and to show irregularities in velocity and direction of movement. The regularity quotient was near 2 at the tip and above 3 elsewhere in the cell, indicating that movement is more vectorial in the tube area. Similarly, the progressiveness ratio showed that there were relatively more straight trajectories in the tube region than at the tip. Consistent with these data, arithmetical dissection revealed a high degree of randomlike movement in the apex, lanes with tip-directed movement along the flanks, and grain-directed movement in the center of the tube. Intercalated lanes with bidirectional movement had lower organelle velocity, suggesting that steric hindrance plays a role. The results from the movement analysis indicate that the axial arrangement of the actin filaments and performance of the actomyosin system increases from tip to base, and that the opposite polarity of the actin filaments in the peripheral (+-ends of acting filaments toward the tip) versus the central cytoplasm (+-ends of actin filaments toward to the grain) is installed within a few minutes in these tip-growing cells. (+info)Enhanced resistance to bacterial diseases of transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing sarcotoxin IA, a bactericidal peptide of insect. (5/6986)
Sarcotoxin IA is a bactericidal peptide of 39 amino acids found in the common flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina. Many agronomically important bacteria in Japan are killed by this peptide at sub-micro molar levels, and the growth of tobacco and rice suspension cultured cells is not inhibited with less than 25 microM. Transgenic tobacco plants which overexpress the peptide, i.e. over 250 pmol per gram of fresh leaf, under the control of a high expression constitutive promoter showed enhanced resistance to the pathogens for wild fire disease (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci) and bacterial soft rot disease (Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora). (+info)Overexpression of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry2Aa2 protein in chloroplasts confers resistance to plants against susceptible and Bt-resistant insects. (6/6986)
Evolving levels of resistance in insects to the bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) can be dramatically reduced through the genetic engineering of chloroplasts in plants. When transgenic tobacco leaves expressing Cry2Aa2 protoxin in chloroplasts were fed to susceptible, Cry1A-resistant (20,000- to 40,000-fold) and Cry2Aa2-resistant (330- to 393-fold) tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens, cotton bollworm Helicoverpa zea, and the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua, 100% mortality was observed against all insect species and strains. Cry2Aa2 was chosen for this study because of its toxicity to many economically important insect pests, relatively low levels of cross-resistance against Cry1A-resistant insects, and its expression as a protoxin instead of a toxin because of its relatively small size (65 kDa). Southern blot analysis confirmed stable integration of cry2Aa2 into all of the chloroplast genomes (5, 000-10,000 copies per cell) of transgenic plants. Transformed tobacco leaves expressed Cry2Aa2 protoxin at levels between 2% and 3% of total soluble protein, 20- to 30-fold higher levels than current commercial nuclear transgenic plants. These results suggest that plants expressing high levels of a nonhomologous Bt protein should be able to overcome or at the very least, significantly delay, broad spectrum Bt-resistance development in the field. (+info)Mg-chelatase of tobacco: the role of the subunit CHL D in the chelation step of protoporphyrin IX. (7/6986)
The Mg-chelation is found to be a prerequisite to direct protoporphyrin IX into the chlorophyll (Chl)-synthesizing branch of the tetrapyrrol pathway. The ATP-dependent insertion of magnesium into protoporphyrin IX is catalyzed by the enzyme Mg-chelatase, which consists of three protein subunits (CHL D, CHL I, and CHL H). We have chosen the Mg-chelatase from tobacco to obtain more information about the mode of molecular action of this complex enzyme by elucidating the interactions in vitro and in vivo between the central subunit CHL D and subunits CHL I and CHL H. We dissected CHL D in defined peptide fragments and assayed for the essential part of CHL D for protein-protein interaction and enzyme activity. Surprisingly, only a small part of CHL D, i.e., 110 aa, was required for interaction with the partner subunits and maintenance of the enzyme activity. In addition, it could be demonstrated that CHL D is capable of forming homodimers. Moreover, it interacted with both CHL I and CHL H. Our data led to the outline of a two-step model based on the cooperation of the subunits for the chelation process. (+info)Expression of alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein in tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) deficient in the production of its native coat protein supports long-distance movement of a chimeric TMV. (8/6986)
Alfalfa mosaic virus (AlMV) coat protein is involved in systemic infection of host plants, and a specific mutation in this gene prevents the virus from moving into the upper uninoculated leaves. The coat protein also is required for different viral functions during early and late infection. To study the role of the coat protein in long-distance movement of AlMV independent of other vital functions during virus infection, we cloned the gene encoding the coat protein of AlMV into a tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)-based vector Av. This vector is deficient in long-distance movement and is limited to locally inoculated leaves because of the lack of native TMV coat protein. Expression of AlMV coat protein, directed by the subgenomic promoter of TMV coat protein in Av, supported systemic infection with the chimeric virus in Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana tabacum MD609, and Spinacia oleracea. The host range of TMV was extended to include spinach as a permissive host. Here we report the alteration of a host range by incorporating genetic determinants from another virus. (+info)Tobacco use disorder refers to a condition where an individual engages in the excessive and compulsive consumption of tobacco products, despite the negative consequences it may have on their health and well-being. Tobacco use disorder is a common condition that affects millions of people worldwide, and it is characterized by a pattern of continued tobacco use despite harmful effects, as well as an increased tolerance to tobacco and withdrawal symptoms when trying to stop.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines tobacco use disorder as a chronic condition that can manifest in different forms, including nicotine dependence and tobacco abuse. The criteria for diagnosing tobacco use disorder include:
1. Tolerance: A need to use more tobacco to achieve the desired effect.
2. Withdrawal: Experiencing symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, or depression when trying to stop using tobacco.
3. Loss of control: Consuming more tobacco than intended or for longer periods than intended.
4. Negative consequences: Continuing to use tobacco despite social, physical, or psychological problems caused by its use.
5. Increased time and effort spent on using tobacco.
6. Craving or a strong desire to use tobacco.
7. Failure to control or reduce tobacco use.
Tobacco use disorder can have severe consequences, including lung cancer, heart disease, respiratory problems, and other health issues. It can also lead to social and economic problems, such as lost productivity and strained relationships with family and friends. Treatment for tobacco use disorder includes behavioral therapies, medications, and support groups, and it is important for individuals struggling with this condition to seek professional help to quit using tobacco and improve their overall health and well-being.
Types of mouth neoplasms include:
1. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): This is the most common type of mouth cancer, accounting for about 90% of all cases. It usually occurs on the tongue, lips, or floor of the mouth.
2. Verrucous carcinoma: This type of cancer is slow-growing and typically affects the gums or the outer surface of the tongue.
3. Adenoid cystic carcinoma: This type of cancer is rare and usually affects the salivary glands. It can infiltrate surrounding tissues and cause significant destruction of nearby structures.
4. Mucoepidermoid carcinoma: This type of cancer is relatively rare and occurs most commonly on the tongue or the floor of the mouth. It can be benign or malignant, and its behavior varies depending on the type.
5. Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor: This is a rare type of cancer that affects the melanocytes (pigment-producing cells) in the mouth. It typically occurs in the tongue or the lips.
Symptoms of mouth neoplasms can include:
* A sore or ulcer that does not heal
* A lump or mass in the mouth
* Bleeding or pain in the mouth
* Difficulty swallowing or speaking
* Numbness or tingling in the mouth
Diagnosis of mouth neoplasms typically involves a combination of physical examination, imaging studies (such as X-rays or CT scans), and biopsy. Treatment options vary depending on the type and severity of the cancer, but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these. Early detection and treatment are important for improving outcomes in patients with mouth neoplasms.
Oral leukoplakia can occur anywhere in the mouth, including the tongue, lips, gums, and cheeks. It is usually painless, but it can cause difficulties with speaking, eating, and swallowing.
The exact cause of oral leukoplakia is not known, but risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and exposure to cancer-causing substances (carcinogens) in the mouth. The condition is usually diagnosed through a physical examination of the mouth and may be followed by a biopsy to rule out other conditions.
Treatment for oral leukoplakia depends on the severity of the condition and may include:
1. Removing the cause, such as quitting tobacco use or reducing alcohol consumption.
2. Chemical ablation therapy, which uses a chemical solution to remove the affected cells.
3. Laser surgery to remove the thickened tissue.
4. Cryotherapy, which involves freezing the affected area with liquid nitrogen.
5. Photodynamic therapy, which uses light and a special medication to kill cancerous cells.
Early detection and treatment are important for successful management of oral leukoplakia, as it can progress to oral cancer if left untreated.
There are several risk factors associated with leukoplakia, including:
1. Tobacco use: Smoking or using other forms of tobacco products can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
2. Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol consumption can also increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
3. Exposure to certain chemicals: Exposure to certain chemicals, such as those found in industrial or construction sites, can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
4. Poor oral hygiene: Poor oral hygiene can contribute to the development of leukoplakia.
5. Diet: A diet high in sugar and refined carbohydrates can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
6. Viral infections: Some viral infections, such as human papillomavirus (HPV), can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
7. Immune deficiency: People with immune deficiency disorders are at a higher risk of developing leukoplakia.
8. Radiation therapy: Head and neck radiation therapy can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia.
9. Genetic predisposition: Some people may be more susceptible to developing leukoplakia due to genetic factors.
The diagnosis of leukoplakia is based on a physical examination of the mouth, tongue, or lips. A healthcare provider will look for white patches or lesions that are not normal and may use a specialized tool called a wooden spatula to scrape off a small sample of the affected tissue for further examination under a microscope.
There are several treatment options for leukoplakia, including:
1. Medications: Prescription medications such as retinoids, immunomodulators, and antiviral drugs may be used to treat leukoplakia.
2. Laser therapy: Laser therapy can be used to remove the white patches or lesions.
3. Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected tissue.
4. Dietary changes: Avoiding sugary and acidic foods and drinks, eating a balanced diet, and staying hydrated can help reduce the risk of developing leukoplakia.
5. Good oral hygiene: Practicing good oral hygiene, including brushing and flossing regularly, can help prevent the development of leukoplakia.
6. Avoiding tobacco and alcohol: Tobacco and alcohol consumption can increase the risk of developing leukoplakia, so avoiding these substances can help reduce the risk.
7. Reducing stress: Stress can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of developing leukoplakia, so finding ways to manage stress, such as through exercise, meditation, or therapy, can be helpful.
8. Using a humidifier: Dry air can irritate the mouth and contribute to the development of leukoplakia, so using a humidifier can help keep the air moist and reduce the risk of developing the condition.
9. Avoiding harsh or abrasive products: Avoid using harsh or abrasive products in the mouth, such as rough-bristled toothbrushes or mouthwashes that contain alcohol, as these can irritate the mouth and contribute to the development of leukoplakia.
10. Getting regular dental check-ups: Regular dental check-ups can help identify any changes in the mouth early on and prevent the development of leukoplakia.
There are several types of lung neoplasms, including:
1. Adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 40% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the glands of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
2. Squamous cell carcinoma: This type of lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all lung cancers and is more common in men than women. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the squamous cells lining the airways of the lungs.
3. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC): This is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer that accounts for approximately 15% of all lung cancers. It is often found in the central parts of the lungs and can spread quickly to other parts of the body.
4. Large cell carcinoma: This is a rare type of lung cancer that accounts for only about 5% of all lung cancers. It is a malignant tumor that originates in the large cells of the respiratory tract and can be found in any part of the lung.
5. Bronchioalveolar carcinoma (BAC): This is a rare type of lung cancer that originates in the cells lining the airways and alveoli of the lungs. It is more common in women than men and tends to affect older individuals.
6. Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM): This is a rare, progressive, and often fatal lung disease that primarily affects women of childbearing age. It is characterized by the growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs and can lead to cysts, lung collapse, and respiratory failure.
7. Hamartoma: This is a benign tumor that originates in the tissue of the lungs and is usually found in children. It is characterized by an overgrowth of normal lung tissue and can be treated with surgery.
8. Secondary lung cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
9. Metastatic cancer: This type of cancer occurs when cancer cells from another part of the body spread to the lungs through the bloodstream or lymphatic system. It is more common in people who have a history of smoking or exposure to other carcinogens.
10. Mesothelioma: This is a rare and aggressive form of cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs or abdomen. It is caused by asbestos exposure and can be treated with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Lung diseases can also be classified based on their cause, such as:
1. Infectious diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms and can include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and bronchitis.
2. Autoimmune diseases: These are caused by an overactive immune system and can include conditions such as sarcoidosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
3. Genetic diseases: These are caused by inherited mutations in genes that affect the lungs and can include cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia.
4. Environmental diseases: These are caused by exposure to harmful substances such as tobacco smoke, air pollution, and asbestos.
5. Radiological diseases: These are caused by exposure to ionizing radiation and can include conditions such as radiographic breast cancer and lung cancer.
6. Vascular diseases: These are caused by problems with the blood vessels in the lungs and can include conditions such as pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension.
7. Tumors: These can be benign or malignant and can include conditions such as lung metastases and lung cancer.
8. Trauma: This can include injuries to the chest or lungs caused by accidents or other forms of trauma.
9. Congenital diseases: These are present at birth and can include conditions such as bronchopulmonary foregut malformations and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation.
Each type of lung disease has its own set of symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any persistent or severe respiratory symptoms, as early diagnosis and treatment can improve outcomes and quality of life.
The most common type of pharyngeal neoplasm is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for approximately 90% of all cases. Other types of pharyngeal neoplasms include adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and lymphoma.
The symptoms of pharyngeal neoplasms can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor, but they may include:
* Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
* Pain with swallowing (odynophagia)
* Hoarseness or a raspy voice
* Sore throat
* Ear pain
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
If you have any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for proper evaluation and diagnosis. A biopsy or other diagnostic tests will be needed to confirm the presence of a pharyngeal neoplasm and determine its type and extent. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these, depending on the specific type of tumor and its stage (extent) of growth.
In summary, pharyngeal neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that can develop in the pharynx, and they can be benign or malignant. Symptoms may include difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, ear pain, and other symptoms, and diagnosis typically requires a biopsy or other diagnostic tests. Treatment options depend on the specific type of tumor and its stage of growth.
Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects can affect various aspects of the child's development, including:
1. Physical growth and development: PDEDs can lead to changes in the child's physical growth patterns, such as reduced birth weight, short stature, or delayed puberty.
2. Brain development: Prenatal exposure to certain substances can affect brain development, leading to learning disabilities, memory problems, and cognitive delays.
3. Behavioral and emotional development: Children exposed to PDEDs may exhibit behavioral and emotional difficulties, such as anxiety, depression, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
4. Immune system functioning: Prenatal exposure to certain substances can affect the immune system's development, making children more susceptible to infections and autoimmune diseases.
5. Reproductive health: Exposure to certain chemicals during fetal development may disrupt the reproductive system, leading to fertility problems or an increased risk of infertility later in life.
The diagnosis of Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects often requires a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as specialized tests such as imaging studies or laboratory assessments. Treatment for PDEDs typically involves addressing the underlying cause of exposure and providing appropriate interventions to manage any associated symptoms or developmental delays.
In summary, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects can have a profound impact on a child's growth, development, and overall health later in life. It is essential for healthcare providers to be aware of the potential risks and to monitor children exposed to substances during fetal development for any signs of PDEDs. With early diagnosis and appropriate interventions, it may be possible to mitigate or prevent some of these effects and improve outcomes for affected children.
Types of Substance-Related Disorders:
1. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive consumption of alcohol, leading to impaired control over drinking, social or personal problems, and increased risk of health issues.
2. Opioid Use Disorder (OUD): A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of opioids, such as prescription painkillers or heroin, leading to withdrawal symptoms when the substance is not available.
3. Stimulant Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of stimulants, such as cocaine or amphetamines, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
4. Cannabis Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of cannabis, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
5. Hallucinogen Use Disorder: A chronic disease characterized by the excessive use of hallucinogens, such as LSD or psilocybin mushrooms, leading to impaired control over use and increased risk of adverse effects.
Causes and Risk Factors:
1. Genetics: Individuals with a family history of substance-related disorders are more likely to develop these conditions.
2. Mental health: Individuals with mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety, may be more likely to use substances as a form of self-medication.
3. Environmental factors: Exposure to substances at an early age, peer pressure, and social environment can increase the risk of developing a substance-related disorder.
4. Brain chemistry: Substance use can alter brain chemistry, leading to dependence and addiction.
Symptoms:
1. Increased tolerance: The need to use more of the substance to achieve the desired effect.
2. Withdrawal: Experiencing symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, or nausea when the substance is not present.
3. Loss of control: Using more substance than intended or for longer than intended.
4. Neglecting responsibilities: Neglecting responsibilities at home, work, or school due to substance use.
5. Continued use despite negative consequences: Continuing to use the substance despite physical, emotional, or financial consequences.
Diagnosis:
1. Physical examination: A doctor may perform a physical examination to look for signs of substance use, such as track marks or changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Laboratory tests: Blood or urine tests can confirm the presence of substances in the body.
3. Psychological evaluation: A mental health professional may conduct a psychological evaluation to assess symptoms of substance-related disorders and determine the presence of co-occurring conditions.
Treatment:
1. Detoxification: A medically-supervised detox program can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.
2. Medications: Medications such as methadone or buprenorphine may be prescribed to manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
3. Behavioral therapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and contingency management are effective behavioral therapies for treating substance use disorders.
4. Support groups: Joining a support group such as Narcotics Anonymous can provide a sense of community and support for individuals in recovery.
5. Lifestyle changes: Making healthy lifestyle changes such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep can help manage withdrawal symptoms and reduce cravings.
It's important to note that diagnosis and treatment of substance-related disorders is a complex process and should be individualized based on the specific needs and circumstances of each patient.
* Anxiety
* Depression
* Fatigue
* Insomnia
* Muscle and bone pain
* Nausea and vomiting
* Seizures (in severe cases)
* Sweating
* Tremors
The specific symptoms of substance withdrawal syndrome can vary depending on the substance being withdrawn from, but some common symptoms include:
* Alcohol: tremors, anxiety, insomnia, nausea and vomiting, headaches, and seizures
* Opioids: withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, muscle aches, sweating, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and depression
* Benzodiazepines: withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, insomnia, tremors, and seizures
The diagnosis of substance withdrawal syndrome is typically made based on the patient's history of substance use and the presence of withdrawal symptoms. A healthcare provider may also order laboratory tests to rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms. Treatment for substance withdrawal syndrome usually involves supportive care, such as rest, hydration, and pain management, as well as medication to manage withdrawal symptoms. In some cases, medical professionals may also recommend a gradual tapering of the substance over a period of time to minimize withdrawal symptoms.
It is important for individuals who are experiencing withdrawal symptoms to seek medical attention as soon as possible, as untreated withdrawal can lead to serious complications, such as seizures and dehydration. With appropriate treatment, most individuals with substance withdrawal syndrome can recover fully and successfully overcome their addiction.
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Smokeless tobacco7
- Smokeless tobacco is a known cause of cancer. (cdc.gov)
- In addition, the nicotine in smokeless tobacco may increase the risk for sudden death from a condition where the heart does not beat properly (ventricular arrhythmias). (cdc.gov)
- A student using smokeless tobacco or nicotine products. (fldoe.org)
- Tobacco Cessation Challenge ( Tracker ) - Participants will use the tracker to record how many cigarettes, cigars, pipes or smokeless tobacco products they use each day. (tn.gov)
- Recent research shows the dangers of smokeless tobacco may go beyond the mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
- Smokeless tobacco contains more nicotine than cigarettes. (medlineplus.gov)
- Chewing Tobacco and Other Forms of Smokeless Tobacco Are More Harmful and Addictive Than You Might Think. (medlineplus.gov)
Nicotine8
- In just the last few years, we've seen the advent and adoption of new product categories that may be able to deliver nicotine without having to burn tobacco. (fda.gov)
- The possession, sale, purchase, distribution, or use of tobacco or nicotine products on school grounds, at school-sponsored events, or on school transportation by any person under the age of 21. (fldoe.org)
- Although electronic cigarettes do not contain tobacco, they do contain nicotine and should be reported as SESIR Tobacco and Vaping-Related . (fldoe.org)
- Although district codes of student conduct may make it against the district code for students age 21 and older to be smoking or using tobacco/nicotine on school campus, it still is not in violation of the state statute and should not be reported in SESIR. (fldoe.org)
- Nicotine is a highly addictive drug that makes it hard to stop using tobacco once you start. (medlineplus.gov)
- The findings, published in the journal Nicotine & Tobacco Research , suggest that existing state-level tobacco control measures likely influence e-cigarette use, despite their focus on traditional cigarettes. (eurekalert.org)
- The WHO African Region has made great progress in reducing demand for tobacco products through the MPOWER Package, providing technical support to countries to develop tobacco control laws and regulations to enforce smoke-free laws, and to address the rising use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and heated tobacco products. (who.int)
- Nicotine contained in tobacco is highly addictive and tobacco use is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, over 20 different types or subtypes of cancer, and many other debilitating health conditions. (who.int)
Cessation services5
- We are the nation's largest nonprofit provider of tobacco cessation services and over the past 17 years, we have helped more than 1.5 million people with their quit attempts. (nationaljewish.org)
- 24.6 professionals outside the school or offered staff development on tobacco- use cessation services to school nurses. (cdc.gov)
- 43.5% of school health services coordinators who served as study respondents received staff development on tobacco-use prevention services and 32.8% received staff development on tobacco-use cessation services. (cdc.gov)
- Still, More than 40% of dentists do not routinely ask about tobacco use and 60% do not routinely advise tobacco users to quit, while 61.5% of dentists believe their patients do not expect tobacco cessation services. (bvsalud.org)
- The Ministry of Health and Medical Services (MoHMS) launched Fiji's expanded tobacco cessation services together with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other partners. (who.int)
Quit tobacco4
- While e-cigarettes are marketed as aides for smoking cessation, "whether e-cigarettes actually help people quit tobacco use completely is currently under scrutiny among the tobacco control community," said study author Scott E. Sherman, MD, MPH, professor of population health at NYU School of Medicine and an affiliated faculty member at the NYU College of Global Public Health. (eurekalert.org)
- Requiring most insurance plans to cover recommended cancer screenings, vaccinations, as well as counseling and medications to help people quit tobacco use at no cost to the patient through the Affordable Care Act. (cdc.gov)
- Funding and promoting educational campaigns about tobacco use, information, and proven resources to help people quit tobacco use. (cdc.gov)
- Interventions by dentist has been found to be effective in helping people to quit tobacco consumption. (bvsalud.org)
Cigarettes9
- And I know all too well that it's cigarettes that are the primary cause of tobacco-related disease and death. (fda.gov)
- Fact One: The overwhelming amount of the death and disease attributable to tobacco is caused by addiction to cigarettes. (fda.gov)
- States with robust tobacco control policies and regulations, such as smoke free air laws and taxes on cigarettes, not only have fewer cigarette users but also fewer e-cigarette users, according to research from NYU School of Medicine and the NYU College of Global Public Health. (eurekalert.org)
- To calculate and map the use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes, the researchers used 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 data from the National Adult Tobacco Survey, a telephone survey of more than 60,000 U.S. adults. (eurekalert.org)
- Several decades of research on traditional cigarettes guided the existing tobacco control environment. (eurekalert.org)
- With new coronavirus attacking the lungs, some say it can be a serious threat to those who smoke tobacco both through cigarettes and waterpipe, marijuana, or those who vape. (harvard.edu)
- What is more, former smokers who watched e-cigarette commercials with visual cues reported lower intentions to refrain from smoking tobacco cigarettes, compared with those who watched e-cigarette ads without visual cues and former smokers who did not watch e-cigarette commercials. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Tobacco use remains somewhat limited in Angola, with cigarettes remaining the most popular category in 2021. (euromonitor.com)
- Moreover, despite more stringent tobacco control legislation, attitudes towards tobacco remain relatively favourable, while cigarettes are largely affordable to most consumers. (euromonitor.com)
Smokers9
- Dugas EN, Bob Wellman, Kermak A, Tremblay M, O'Loughlin J. Reasons Young Smokers Do Not Use NRT Even When It Is Available Free-of-Charge: An Exploratory Study. (umassmed.edu)
- Tobacco cessation will help smokers, other people, and the planet. (uicc.org)
- they may encourage current and former tobacco smokers to reach for a conventional cigarette. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Former smokers who saw the ads reported a reduced ability to refrain from tobacco smoking. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The researchers found that the urge to smoke tobacco was much higher among daily smokers who watched the e-cigarette commercials containing visual cues. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- No significant differences in tobacco smoking urge were identified among intermittent smokers across the three groups, according to the team. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Despite the record-breaking billion verdict against the tobacco industry awarded Friday in a Florida class-action lawsuit brought by smokers, state legislators did not seem worried that tobacco payment money would cease to flow in the future. (stateline.org)
- ABSTRACT A survey of 2120 adults in Alexandria, Egypt, studied the determinants and patterns of tobacco cessation among ever smokers. (who.int)
- The considerable evidence of the benefits of tobacco cessation prompted the Tobacco products have no safe level of study of ever smokers in Alexandria, consumption. (who.int)
Harms our health1
- Tobacco growing harms our health, the health of farmers and the planet's health. (bvsalud.org)
Prevention and Cessation1
- Indiana Tobacco Prevention and Cessation seeks to achieve health equity by eliminating the disease and economic burden associated with tobacco addiction and exposure to commercial tobacco products. (in.gov)
Giving tobacco products1
- or giving tobacco products to persons under 8 years of age. (fldoe.org)
Million tobacco-related cancer deaths1
- We have made progress: more than 1 million tobacco-related cancer deaths have been avoided since 1990 because of comprehensive cancer and tobacco control programs, early detection of cancer, and improvements in cancer treatment. (cdc.gov)
Governments5
- UICC and its members help with the implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) by encouraging governments and policymakers to adopt and effectively implement the WHO FCTC requirements and guidelines, and by raising awareness of the risks related to the use of tobacco. (uicc.org)
- Each year, the objectives of World No-Tobacco Day are to encourage governments, communities, and groups worldwide to become aware of the hazards of tobacco use and to encourage all persons who use tobacco to quit for at least 24 hours. (cdc.gov)
- World No-Tobacco Day 1992 will emphasize the right to work in a smoke-free environment and the need to coordinate appropriate actions by governments, employees, and employers. (cdc.gov)
- In Kenya and Zambia, for example, farmers are being supported through WHO, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the UN World Food Programme, the UN Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the Governments of Kenya and Zambia to adopt alternative livelihoods to tobacco farming. (who.int)
- Governments seeking to shift farmers away from tobacco will need to consider how to address the dynamics revealed in this research . (bvsalud.org)
Economic viability2
- Create awareness on the associated harms of tobacco growing and economic viability of alternative value chains to influence households to make the decision to transition effectively. (who.int)
- Binary logistic regression results suggest that company's incentives to farmers , farmers ' profitability, a guaranteed market for the tobacco crop and economic viability were the variables most affecting the decision to cultivate tobacco . (bvsalud.org)
Smoke tobacco1
- But you don't have to smoke tobacco for it to be dangerous. (medlineplus.gov)
Products21
- When I last served, FDA lacked the authority to regulate tobacco products as traditionally marketed. (fda.gov)
- And FDA has stood up a new Center for Tobacco Products that already has a number of important accomplishments. (fda.gov)
- There's also been enormous change in the marketplace for tobacco products since I was last at FDA. (fda.gov)
- and purchase of tobacco products by persons under 18 years of age. (fldoe.org)
- An Indiana where all are free from tobacco addiction and exposure to commercial tobacco products. (in.gov)
- Empathy - We have compassion for those suffering from tobacco addiction and exposure to commercial tobacco products. (in.gov)
- Current tobacco users can dedicate one month to quitting tobacco products by using the tools found in the TN QuitKit. (tn.gov)
- Our personalized coaching and online resources help people quit smoking, vaping and using other tobacco products. (nationaljewish.org)
- Practice social distancing by staying 3-6 feet or 1-2 meters away from others who may be infected and wash your hands frequently, including after the use of tobacco products. (harvard.edu)
- Tobacco products kill more than 8 million people every year and are accountable for 25% of all #cancer deaths globally. (uicc.org)
- With such a high death rate, #tobacco industries must continuously find new consumers to replace the ones that their products are killing to maintain revenue. (uicc.org)
- Ending online #tobacco and e-cigarette advertising now will prevent future generations from seeing these products as "normal" and getting hooked. (uicc.org)
- Given the sophistication of cigarette marketing in the past and the exponential increase in advertising dollars allotted to e-cigarette promotion in the past year," says the authors, "it should be expected that advertisements for these products created by big tobacco companies will maximize smoking cues in their advertisements, and if not regulated, individuals will be exposed to much more e-cigarette advertising on a daily basis. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Tobacco distributors want to ensure that every barcode is read using automation and that the data is captured in a database to track and trace tobacco products from the warehouse to the customer. (cognex.com)
- Packaging and labelling of tobacco products, including plain packaging. (who.int)
- Preventing illicit trade in tobacco products by improving tax administration, track-and-trace systems. (who.int)
- Tobacco products are widely distributed in Angola. (euromonitor.com)
- What are the current legislative restrictions applicable to the sale of Tobacco products in Angola? (euromonitor.com)
- The lifetime risk of a smoker co survey was conducted in Alexandria city being killed by the use of tobacco products between May and August 2000. (who.int)
- Regulating manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products. (cdc.gov)
- Ask all patients whether they use tobacco products, advise those who do not use them not to start, encourage those who do to quit, and provide help with quitting. (cdc.gov)
Prevalence3
- The prevalence of current tobacco use among adults is an important measure of the health and economic burden of tobacco, and provides a baseline for evaluating the effectiveness of tobacco control programmes over time. (who.int)
- Adjusted and age-standardized prevalence rates are constructed solely for the purpose of comparing tobacco-use prevalence estimates across multiple countries or across multiple time periods for the same country. (who.int)
- Current prevalence estimates for use of any tobacco product are derived from the results of the latest adult tobacco-use survey (or a survey that asks tobaccouse questions), adjusted using the WHO regression method for standardization described in the section on method of estimation below. (who.int)
Control19
- Congress gave FDA powerful tools to help reduce the harms caused by tobacco use when it passed the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act in 2009. (fda.gov)
- And it sent a strong signal by calling it the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act. (fda.gov)
- TPC partners with many local and state organizations working on commercial tobacco control initiatives. (in.gov)
- Our research adds to the understanding of the geographic and sociodemographic factors underlying e-cigarette use within the existing tobacco control environment," said Omar El-Shahawy, MD, MPH, PhD, a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Population Health at NYU School of Medicine and the study's lead author. (eurekalert.org)
- Tobacco control efforts worldwide have slowed the epidemic of tobacco use by introducing a variety of policies and regulations, including smoke free air laws, cigarette taxes, and increasing the availability of smoking cessation medications and counseling. (eurekalert.org)
- The current study examined the association between e-cigarette and cigarette use and existing state-level tobacco control measures. (eurekalert.org)
- The researchers used the American Lung Association's State of Tobacco Control reports published in 2013 and 2014 to evaluate state tobacco control policies and measures, which they then compared with state-specific smoking and vaping rates. (eurekalert.org)
- Of note, states with stronger implementation of tobacco control measures, including state-level funding for tobacco prevention and control programs that are recommended by the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), had lower rates of both current cigarette and e-cigarette use. (eurekalert.org)
- There are still many unknowns pertaining to the role of e-cigarette in tobacco control. (eurekalert.org)
- Until this ongoing debate is settled, tobacco control advocates and policy makers should continue focusing on enforcing the existing tobacco control interventions and regulatory framework. (eurekalert.org)
- This page regroups resources and tools to communicate about tobacco control such as infographics, social media cards and videos. (uicc.org)
- 2004). Tobacco control. (who.int)
- Activities will include press releases, a video on smoke-free workplaces, and radio announcements by World Health Organization (WHO) experts on tobacco control. (cdc.gov)
- Build evidence on alternative livelihoods for advocacy and policy formulation on tobacco control. (who.int)
- When states make greater and longer investments in comprehensive cancer and tobacco control programs, fewer people use tobacco and get or die from tobacco-related cancers. (cdc.gov)
- Fund comprehensive tobacco prevention and control programs at CDC-recommended levels. (cdc.gov)
- Funding state tobacco and cancer prevention and control programs to help reduce the number of people who get cancer caused by tobacco use. (cdc.gov)
- Apart from supporting wider tobacco control measures, oral health professionals can help patients to stop using tobacco. (bvsalud.org)
- This review is prepared with the object to help both clinicians and oral health professionals to scale up their involvement in tobacco control activities, including advocacy and smoking cessation programs. (bvsalud.org)
20004
- In the United States, the national health objectives for the year 2000 specify the need for restrictions on smoking in public places and include establishment of tobacco-free environments. (cdc.gov)
- The report, which covered appropriations for fiscal years 2000 and 20001, found that million had been put toward tobacco use prevention and smoking cessation programs. (stateline.org)
- Before FY 2000, states had not appropriated more than million of general revenue for tobacco use prevention. (stateline.org)
- The percentage of schools posting signs marking a tobacco-free school zone increased from 42.4% in 2000 to 54.1% in 2006. (cdc.gov)
Determinants2
- Most people cessation, and the determinants of tobacco know that tobacco is hazardous but few cessation and attempts to quit. (who.int)
- Determinants of tobacco cultivation in Bangladesh. (bvsalud.org)
Cultivation1
- Tobacco cultivation produces almost 84 megatons of CO2 emissions per year - Curbing tobacco production will improve people's health and the health of the planet. (uicc.org)
Exposure3
- Secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure contributes to diseases including heart disease, lung cancer, and stroke. (cdc.gov)
- Assessment of workplace SHS exposure was based on responses to the question "During the past 12 months, while at work, how often were you exposed to tobacco smoke from other people? (cdc.gov)
- In the United States, the growing evidence linking exposure to environmental tobacco smoke to disease in nonsmokers has led to an increase in clean indoor air legislation at the state and local levels (5). (cdc.gov)
Preventable cause4
- Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. (cdc.gov)
- Each year, UICC supports the WHO-led World No Tobacco Day on 31 May to drive attention to the harms caused by tobacco as the leading preventable cause of cancer and to reduce the number of cancer cases and related deaths through tobacco cessation. (uicc.org)
- Tobacco use is the single largest preventable cause of #cancer and stopping smoking is one of the best things we can do to reduce our risk of cancer. (uicc.org)
- Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of cancer and cancer deaths. (cdc.gov)
Cigarette4
- In addition to the devastating human toll of tobacco use, cigarette smoking also causes direct health care and lost productivity costs totaling nearly $300 billion a year. (fda.gov)
- Zimbabwe is among the top 10 tobacco producers in the world, according to the World Bank, and its crop is used as a flavoring by some leading cigarette manufacturers. (yahoo.com)
- image: State-specific estimates of current e-cigarette use among US adults from the National Adult Tobacco Survey, 2012-2014. (eurekalert.org)
- The organisation's first conferernce "Cigarette Smoke-Related Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Their Prevention , is to be held in Seoul Koreal, Dec 6-7 2002 -- now part of their "harm reduction efforts" - with possible supported from other tobacco companies. (sourcewatch.org)
20231
- The campaign theme for World No Tobacco Day 2023 is " We need food, not tobacco " to raise awareness about alternative crop production and marketing opportunities for tobacco farmers and encourage them to grow sustainable, nutritious crops. (uicc.org)
Quitting4
- Our Coaches listen, understand, provide personal support and build relationships that promote quitting tobacco. (nationaljewish.org)
- Quitting #tobacco at any age can make huge a difference, increasing your life expectancy and improving quality of life. (uicc.org)
- Tobacco cessation was predict- ed by older age of tobacco initiation, shorter duration of use, presence of health problems and a perception of the benefits of quitting. (who.int)
- Quitting tobacco use at any age can reduce the risk of getting or dying from cancer. (cdc.gov)
Search1
- We are indexing the millions of documents stored at the San Francisco Uni's Legacy Tobacco Archive [1] With some entries you'll need to go to this site and type into the Search panel a (multi-digit) Bates number . (sourcewatch.org)
Assist tobacco1
- The dental practice setting provides a unique opportunity to assist tobacco users in achieving tobacco abstinence. (bvsalud.org)
Secondhand smoke1
- People who use tobacco or are exposed to secondhand smoke are more likely to get and die from cancer. (cdc.gov)
Comprehensive tobacco1
- QuitLogix is powered by National Jewish Health®, the nation's leading respiratory hospital, and is at the forefront of developing comprehensive tobacco cessation programming online, over the phone and on mobile devices. (nationaljewish.org)
Alcohol1
- BRiDGES-Madison County Council on Alcoholism and Substance Abuse is a nonprofit organization dedicated to preventing addictions to alcohol, drugs, tobacco, and gambling. (volunteermatch.org)
Industry8
- Andrew Matibiri, general manager of Tobacco Industry and Marketing Board said unusually heavy rainfall in December had hampered production. (yahoo.com)
- The Asia Pacific Tobacco Research Conference (APTRC) was probably the last of the WhiteCoat organisations to be created by the tobacco industry. (sourcewatch.org)
- However, these and other effective measures are often undermined or made difficult to implement due to the massive financial and political weight of the tobacco industry, which spends an estimated USD 23 Million per day on marketing and actively spreads misinformation . (uicc.org)
- Four other states reached individual settlements with the tobacco industry. (stateline.org)
- Nevertheless, Angola's tobacco industry remains important to the national economy because it generates significant revenues for the government of Angola as well as employing numerous Angolans, both directly and indirectly. (euromonitor.com)
- Understand the latest market trends and future growth opportunities for the Tobacco industry in Angola with research from Euromonitor International's team of in-country analysts - experts by industry and geographic specialisation. (euromonitor.com)
- The tobacco industry interferes with attempts to substitute tobacco growing, contributing to the global food crisis. (bvsalud.org)
- Most tobacco-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, which are often targets of intensive tobacco industry interference and marketing. (who.int)
Health8
- But much has changed in the landscape of tobacco product regulation and FDA's ability to address this public health crisis. (fda.gov)
- Yes, there's been progress since the landmark 1964 Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health, including significant reductions in adult and youth tobacco use. (fda.gov)
- QuitLogix® is a turnkey evidence-based tobacco cessation program for health plans, wellness companies and employer groups. (nationaljewish.org)
- Tobacco goes far beyond an issue of #health - it places a tremendous burden on countries least equipped to respond to tobacco-related illness and death. (uicc.org)
- BRiDGES to Prevent Tobacco is a public health policy advocacy program aimed at preventing the many deadly diseases caused by tobacco. (volunteermatch.org)
- Egypt, the aim being to determine the rate consumer product that causes ill health and of tobacco cessation in a representative premature death when used exactly as the sample of the population, the motives for manufacturer intends [ 1,2 ]. (who.int)
- 72.5 70.6 74.0 development on tobacco-use prevention to those who teach health age 60 education. (cdc.gov)
- Health policies in this area work to prevent and reduce its tobacco use, warning about the risk that the referred population becomes exposed to when using tobacco. (bvsalud.org)
Chewing4
- The new coronavirus spreads through droplets from the mouth and nose, so the spitting that often accompanies chewing tobacco may also pose a risk for spreading the new coronavirus. (harvard.edu)
- Chewing tobacco is not a safer alternative. (harvard.edu)
- Chewing tobacco is not a safer alternative to smoking. (harvard.edu)
- Because the new coronavirus spreads from person to person through droplets from the mouth, nose, and possibly eyes, it is best to refrain from the use of chewing tobacco especially when spitting. (harvard.edu)
Dependence1
- Tobacco dependence is classified as a disease by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), but, medical and dental professionals have neither seriously taken this fact nor made any serious attempt to tackle this disease. (bvsalud.org)
Crop1
- HARARE (Reuters) - Zimbabwe's tobacco crop will fall to 190 million kilograms this year, down from 216 million kilograms in 2014, an official said on Wednesday, as late planting and heavy rains hit production of the country's biggest exporter earner. (yahoo.com)
People6
- Many people who chew tobacco or dip snuff think it's safer than smoking . (medlineplus.gov)
- Every year, more than 8 million people die from tobacco use. (who.int)
- Each year, 660,000 people in the US are diagnosed with and 343,000 people die from a cancer related to tobacco use. (cdc.gov)
- Make tobacco cessation treatments more available to people who want to quit. (cdc.gov)
- People are still dying from cancers caused by tobacco use. (cdc.gov)
- Getting screened for cancer can lead to fewer people getting or dying from some tobacco-related cancers (cervix, colorectal, and lung). (cdc.gov)
Crops1
- Support for farmers to switch from tobacco growing to alternative crops. (who.int)
Cancer5
- As a physician who cared for hospitalized cancer patients, and as a cancer survivor myself, I saw first-hand the impact of tobacco. (fda.gov)
- And as a doctor I can tell you that tobacco-caused diseases -- especially cancer and lung disease -- are extremely painful. (fda.gov)
- Tobacco smoking is the most common cause of lung #cancer , contributing to roughly 1.2 million deaths per year. (uicc.org)
- Tobacco use causes at least 12 types of cancer. (cdc.gov)
- Tobacco smoke has at least 70 chemicals that cause cancer, also known as carcinogens. (cdc.gov)
World No2
Healthcare2
- Tobacco use burdens the global economy with an estimated US$ 1.4 trillion in #healthcare costs and lost productivity each year. (uicc.org)
- The report divides the .1 billion of appropriated tobacco money into nine categories: healthcare services, tobacco prevention, long-term care, research, education, child and adolescent programs, tobacco growers, budget reserves and other. (stateline.org)
Respondents1
- Approximately 87.0% of the respondents were contract farmers with different tobacco companies. (bvsalud.org)
Sampling methods1
- It is now ther details of the sampling methods and reasonable to claim that tobacco use repre- questionnaire have been reported in earlier sents the most extensively documented papers [ 7,8 ]. (who.int)
Cancers2
Taxation1
- Tobacco taxation policy reforms applying WHO Tax Simulation Model (WHO TaxSiM). (who.int)
Advocacy program1
- 37.8% of middle schools and high schools had or participated in a youth empowerment or advocacy program related to tobacco-use prevention. (cdc.gov)
Disease1
- Tobacco Use Disorder: A Family Disease. (umassmed.edu)
Practices1
- Promote optimal dietary diversity strategies that support nutrition knowledge and practices of tobacco farming households. (who.int)
