Tissue Distribution
Organ Specificity
Molecular Sequence Data
Amino Acid Sequence
Cloning, Molecular
DNA, Complementary
Base Sequence
RNA, Messenger
Liver
Kidney
Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
Blotting, Northern
Metabolic Clearance Rate
Brain
Sequence Alignment
Half-Life
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
Isoenzymes
Iodine Radioisotopes
Carbon Radioisotopes
Alternative Splicing
Protein Isoforms
Testis
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Carrier Proteins
Gene Expression
Species Specificity
In Situ Hybridization
Area Under Curve
Gene Library
Rats, Inbred Strains
Immunohistochemistry
Lung
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
Organic Cation Transport Proteins
Immunoenzyme Techniques
Brain Chemistry
Viscera
Rabbits
Autoradiography
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Membrane Proteins
Adipose Tissue
Drug Carriers
DNA Primers
Gene Expression Regulation
Oncorhynchus mykiss
DNA
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
Gallium Radioisotopes
Biotransformation
Canthaxanthin
Bile
Lymphoid Tissue
Rats, Wistar
Radioactivity
Myocardium
Cattle
Fetus
Animal Structures
Gills
Blotting, Western
Intestines
Swine
Organic Cation Transporter 1
Chromosome Mapping
Digestive System
Astatine
Liposomes
Intestine, Small
Organic Anion Transporters
Radioisotopes
Thymus Gland
Transfection
Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
Substrate Specificity
Drug Delivery Systems
Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Biological Availability
Scandium
Adrenal Glands
Isotope Labeling
Antigens, Surface
COS Cells
Chickens
Cricetinae
Dogs
Body Fat Distribution
Sodium Acetate
Lysinoalanine
Injections, Intraperitoneal
Subcellular Fractions
Protein Binding
Antibody Specificity
Zinc Radioisotopes
CHO Cells
Sambucus nigra
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Mice, Inbred Strains
Biological Transport
Immunoblotting
Exons
Pharmacokinetics
Cell Membrane
Molindone
Blotting, Southern
Epithelium
Proteins
Fluorine Radioisotopes
Transcription, Genetic
Technetium
Ranunculaceae
Stomach
Urogenital System
Antibodies
Eye
Xenobiotics
Placenta
Membrane Transport Proteins
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Antiporters
Stereoisomerism
Parrots
Feces
Multigene Family
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Aldehyde Oxidase
Restriction Mapping
Antigens, Neoplasm
Macaca fascicularis
Cells, Cultured
Mice, Nude
Symporters
Radionuclide Imaging
Indium Radioisotopes
Nucleic Acid Hybridization
Skin
Oxyquinoline
Tumor Cells, Cultured
Tilapia
Neoplasms, Experimental
Sequence Homology
Genes
Drug Administration Routes
Anion Transport Proteins
Neoplasm Transplantation
Polyethylene Glycols
Introns
RNA
P-Glycoprotein
Xenopus laevis
Emulsifying Agents
Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
Oligonucleotide Probes
Vitamin K 1
Glycoproteins
Receptors, Corticotropin
Mice, Knockout
Immunosorbent Techniques
Indium
Nanoparticles
Muscle, Skeletal
Bone Marrow
Endocrine Glands
Epididymis
Separation of shoot and floral identity in Arabidopsis. (1/18708)
The overall morphology of an Arabidopsis plant depends on the behaviour of its meristems. Meristems derived from the shoot apex can develop into either shoots or flowers. The distinction between these alternative fates requires separation between the function of floral meristem identity genes and the function of an antagonistic group of genes, which includes TERMINAL FLOWER 1. We show that the activities of these genes are restricted to separate domains of the shoot apex by different mechanisms. Meristem identity genes, such as LEAFY, APETALA 1 and CAULIFLOWER, prevent TERMINAL FLOWER 1 transcription in floral meristems on the apex periphery. TERMINAL FLOWER 1, in turn, can inhibit the activity of meristem identity genes at the centre of the shoot apex in two ways; first by delaying their upregulation, and second, by preventing the meristem from responding to LEAFY or APETALA 1. We suggest that the wild-type pattern of TERMINAL FLOWER 1 and floral meristem identity gene expression depends on the relative timing of their upregulation. (+info)Novel regulation of the homeotic gene Scr associated with a crustacean leg-to-maxilliped appendage transformation. (2/18708)
Homeotic genes are known to be involved in patterning morphological structures along the antero-posterior axis of insects and vertebrates. Because of their important roles in development, changes in the function and expression patterns of homeotic genes may have played a major role in the evolution of different body plans. For example, it has been proposed that during the evolution of several crustacean lineages, changes in the expression patterns of the homeotic genes Ultrabithorax and abdominal-A have played a role in transformation of the anterior thoracic appendages into mouthparts termed maxillipeds. This homeotic-like transformation is recapitulated at the late stages of the direct embryonic development of the crustacean Porcellio scaber (Oniscidea, Isopoda). Interestingly, this morphological change is associated with apparent novelties both in the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of the Porcellio scaber ortholog of the Drosophila homeotic gene, Sex combs reduced (Scr). Specifically, we find that Scr mRNA is present in the second maxillary segment and the first pair of thoracic legs (T1) in early embryos, whereas protein accumulates only in the second maxillae. In later stages, however, high levels of SCR appear in the T1 legs, which correlates temporally with the transformation of these appendages into maxillipeds. Our observations provide further insight into the process of the homeotic leg-to-maxilliped transformation in the evolution of crustaceans and suggest a novel regulatory mechanism for this process in this group of arthropods. (+info)Transcriptional repression by the Drosophila giant protein: cis element positioning provides an alternative means of interpreting an effector gradient. (3/18708)
Early developmental patterning of the Drosophila embryo is driven by the activities of a diverse set of maternally and zygotically derived transcription factors, including repressors encoded by gap genes such as Kruppel, knirps, giant and the mesoderm-specific snail. The mechanism of repression by gap transcription factors is not well understood at a molecular level. Initial characterization of these transcription factors suggests that they act as short-range repressors, interfering with the activity of enhancer or promoter elements 50 to 100 bp away. To better understand the molecular mechanism of short-range repression, we have investigated the properties of the Giant gap protein. We tested the ability of endogenous Giant to repress when bound close to the transcriptional initiation site and found that Giant effectively represses a heterologous promoter when binding sites are located at -55 bp with respect to the start of transcription. Consistent with its role as a short-range repressor, as the binding sites are moved to more distal locations, repression is diminished. Rather than exhibiting a sharp 'step-function' drop-off in activity, however, repression is progressively restricted to areas of highest Giant concentration. Less than a two-fold difference in Giant protein concentration is sufficient to determine a change in transcriptional status of a target gene. This effect demonstrates that Giant protein gradients can be differentially interpreted by target promoters, depending on the exact location of the Giant binding sites within the gene. Thus, in addition to binding site affinity and number, cis element positioning within a promoter can affect the response of a gene to a repressor gradient. We also demonstrate that a chimeric Gal4-Giant protein lacking the basic/zipper domain can specifically repress reporter genes, suggesting that the Giant effector domain is an autonomous repression domain. (+info)A Wnt5a pathway underlies outgrowth of multiple structures in the vertebrate embryo. (4/18708)
Morphogenesis depends on the precise control of basic cellular processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation. Wnt5a may regulate these processes since it is expressed in a gradient at the caudal end of the growing embryo during gastrulation, and later in the distal-most aspect of several structures that extend from the body. A loss-of-function mutation of Wnt5a leads to an inability to extend the A-P axis due to a progressive reduction in the size of caudal structures. In the limbs, truncation of the proximal skeleton and absence of distal digits correlates with reduced proliferation of putative progenitor cells within the progress zone. However, expression of progress zone markers, and several genes implicated in distal outgrowth and patterning including Distalless, Hoxd and Fgf family members was not altered. Taken together with the outgrowth defects observed in the developing face, ears and genitals, our data indicates that Wnt5a regulates a pathway common to many structures whose development requires extension from the primary body axis. The reduced number of proliferating cells in both the progress zone and the primitive streak mesoderm suggests that one function of Wnt5a is to regulate the proliferation of progenitor cells. (+info)The homeobox gene Pitx2: mediator of asymmetric left-right signaling in vertebrate heart and gut looping. (5/18708)
Left-right asymmetry in vertebrates is controlled by activities emanating from the left lateral plate. How these signals get transmitted to the forming organs is not known. A candidate mediator in mouse, frog and zebrafish embryos is the homeobox gene Pitx2. It is asymmetrically expressed in the left lateral plate mesoderm, tubular heart and early gut tube. Localized Pitx2 expression continues when these organs undergo asymmetric looping morphogenesis. Ectopic expression of Xnr1 in the right lateral plate induces Pitx2 transcription in Xenopus. Misexpression of Pitx2 affects situs and morphology of organs. These experiments suggest a role for Pitx2 in promoting looping of the linear heart and gut. (+info)Mrj encodes a DnaJ-related co-chaperone that is essential for murine placental development. (6/18708)
We have identified a novel gene in a gene trap screen that encodes a protein related to the DnaJ co-chaperone in E. coli. The gene, named Mrj (mammalian relative of DnaJ) was expressed throughout development in both the embryo and placenta. Within the placenta, expression was particularly high in trophoblast giant cells but moderate levels were also observed in trophoblast cells of the chorion at embryonic day 8.5, and later in the labyrinth which arises from the attachment of the chorion to the allantois (a process called chorioallantoic fusion). Insertion of the ROSAbetageo gene trap vector into the Mrj gene created a null allele. Homozygous Mrj mutants died at mid-gestation due to a failure of chorioallantoic fusion at embryonic day 8.5, which precluded formation of the mature placenta. At embryonic day 8.5, the chorion in mutants was morphologically normal and expressed the cell adhesion molecule beta4 integrin that is known to be required for chorioallantoic fusion. However, expression of the chorionic trophoblast-specific transcription factor genes Err2 and Gcm1 was significantly reduced. The mutants showed no abnormal phenotypes in other trophoblast cell types or in the embryo proper. This study indicates a previously unsuspected role for chaperone proteins in placental development and represents the first genetic analysis of DnaJ-related protein function in higher eukaryotes. Based on a survey of EST databases representing different mouse tissues and embryonic stages, there are 40 or more DnaJ-related genes in mammals. In addition to Mrj, at least two of these genes are also expressed in the developing mouse placenta. The specificity of the developmental defect in Mrj mutants suggests that each of these genes may have unique tissue and cellular activities. (+info)Requirement of a novel gene, Xin, in cardiac morphogenesis. (7/18708)
A novel gene, Xin, from chick (cXin) and mouse (mXin) embryonic hearts, may be required for cardiac morphogenesis and looping. Both cloned cDNAs have a single open reading frame, encoding proteins with 2,562 and 1,677 amino acids for cXin and mXin, respectively. The derived amino acid sequences share 46% similarity. The overall domain structures of the predicted cXin and mXin proteins, including proline-rich regions, 16 amino acid repeats, DNA-binding domains, SH3-binding motifs and nuclear localization signals, are highly conserved. Northern blot analyses detect a single message of 8.9 and 5.8 kilo base (kb) from both cardiac and skeletal muscle of chick and mouse, respectively. In situ hybridization reveals that the cXin gene is specifically expressed in cardiac progenitor cells of chick embryos as early as stage 8, prior to heart tube formation. cXin continues to be expressed in the myocardium of developing hearts. By stage 15, cXin expression is also detected in the myotomes of developing somites. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals that the mXin protein is colocalized with N-cadherin and connexin-43 in the intercalated discs of adult mouse hearts. Incubation of stage 6 chick embryos with cXin antisense oligonucleotides results in abnormal cardiac morphogenesis and an alteration of cardiac looping. The myocardium of the affected hearts becomes thickened and tends to form multiple invaginations into the heart cavity. This abnormal cellular process may account in part for the abnormal looping. cXin expression can be induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) in explants of anterior medial mesoendoderm from stage 6 chick embryos, a tissue that is normally non-cardiogenic. This induction occurs following the BMP-mediated induction of two cardiac-restricted transcription factors, Nkx2.5 and MEF2C. Furthermore, either MEF2C or Nkx2.5 can transactivate a luciferase reporter driven by the mXin promoter in mouse fibroblasts. These results suggest that Xin may participate in a BMP-Nkx2.5-MEF2C pathway to control cardiac morphogenesis and looping. (+info)Regulation of body length and male tail ray pattern formation of Caenorhabditis elegans by a member of TGF-beta family. (8/18708)
We have identified a new member of the TGF-beta superfamily, CET-1, from Caenorhabditis elegans, which is expressed in the ventral nerve cord and other neurons. cet-1 null mutants have shortened bodies and male tail abnormal phenotype resembling sma mutants, suggesting cet-1, sma-2, sma-3 and sma-4 share a common pathway. Overexpression experiments demonstrated that cet-1 function requires wild-type sma genes. Interestingly, CET-1 appears to affect body length in a dose-dependent manner. Heterozygotes for cet-1 displayed body lengths ranging between null mutant and wild type, and overexpression of CET-1 in wild-type worms elongated body length close to lon mutants. In male sensory ray patterning, lack of cet-1 function results in ray fusions. Epistasis analysis revealed that mab-21 lies downstream and is negatively regulated by the cet-1/sma pathway in the male tail. Our results show that cet-1 controls diverse biological processes during C. elegans development probably through different target genes. (+info)Fluoride poisoning occurs when a person ingests, inhales, or absorbs too much fluoride, which can be toxic to the body. Fluoride is a naturally occurring compound found in water, soil, and various minerals. It is also commonly added to drinking water and some dental products due to its ability to prevent tooth decay. However, excessive exposure to fluoride can cause a range of health problems, including gastrointestinal symptoms, neurological damage, and skeletal fluorosis.
Sources of Fluoride Poisoning
There are several sources of fluoride poisoning, including:
1. Excessive consumption of fluoridated drinking water or dental products.
2. Accidental ingestion of fluoride-containing products, such as toothpaste or fluoride supplements.
3. Prolonged exposure to high levels of fluoride in the workplace or environment.
4. Inadequate ventilation or safety measures when handling fluoride-based chemicals.
Symptoms of Fluoride Poisoning
The symptoms of fluoride poisoning can vary depending on the level and duration of exposure, but may include:
1. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.
2. Neurological symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, confusion, and seizures.
3. Skeletal symptoms, such as joint pain, bone fractures, and skeletal deformities.
4. Skin symptoms, such as rash, itching, and burning sensations.
5. Eye symptoms, such as blurred vision, eye irritation, and tearing.
Treatment of Fluoride Poisoning
The treatment of fluoride poisoning depends on the severity of exposure and the symptoms present. Treatment options may include:
1. Activated charcoal to absorb fluoride and reduce absorption.
2. Water lavage to remove fluoride from the gastrointestinal tract.
3. Calcium chloride to counteract the effects of fluoride on bone metabolism.
4. Sodium thiosulfate to reverse the effects of fluoride on the nervous system.
5. Supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy, for severe cases.
Prevention of Fluoride Poisoning
To prevent fluoride poisoning, it is important to follow safety measures when handling fluoride-based chemicals, such as wearing protective clothing, gloves, and eye protection. It is also important to ensure adequate ventilation and to follow the recommended exposure limits for workers. In addition, it is important to use fluoride-based products only as directed and to keep them out of reach of children and pets.
Conclusion
Fluoride poisoning can occur due to acute or chronic exposure to high levels of fluoride ions. The symptoms can vary depending on the level and duration of exposure, but may include gastrointestinal irritation, bone pain, and neurological effects. Treatment involves supportive care, such as hydration and nutrient supplements, as well as specific medications to counteract the effects of fluoride on the body. Prevention is key, and it is important to follow safety measures when handling fluoride-based chemicals and to use these products only as directed.
Types of experimental neoplasms include:
* Xenografts: tumors that are transplanted into animals from another species, often humans.
* Transgenic tumors: tumors that are created by introducing cancer-causing genes into an animal's genome.
* Chemically-induced tumors: tumors that are caused by exposure to certain chemicals or drugs.
The use of experimental neoplasms in research has led to significant advances in our understanding of cancer biology and the development of new treatments for the disease. However, the use of animals in cancer research is a controversial topic and alternatives to animal models are being developed and implemented.
Without more information about the context in which this term is being used, it is difficult to provide a clear definition or interpretation of its meaning. However, based on the name "Walker" and the fact that it is followed by a number (256), it is possible that this term may refer to a specific type of cancer or tumor that has been identified in a patient with the last name Walker.
It's important to note that the diagnosis and treatment of cancer can be complex and highly individualized, and any medical information or terminology should only be interpreted and applied by qualified healthcare professionals who have access to the relevant clinical context and patient information.
Some common types of adrenal gland diseases include:
1. Cushing's syndrome: A hormonal disorder caused by excessive production of cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This can be caused by a tumor on one of the adrenal glands or by taking too much corticosteroid medication.
2. Addison's disease: A rare disorder caused by the destruction of the adrenal glands, typically due to an autoimmune response. This results in a deficiency of cortisol and aldosterone hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and skin changes.
3. Adrenocortical carcinoma: A rare type of cancer that affects the adrenal glands. This can cause symptoms such as weight gain, skin changes, and abdominal pain.
4. Pheochromocytoma: A rare type of tumor that develops on one of the adrenal glands, typically causing high blood pressure and other symptoms due to excessive production of hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine.
5. Adrenal insufficiency: A condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone hormones, often caused by a autoimmune response or a viral infection. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and skin changes.
6. Primary aldosteronism: A condition in which the adrenal glands produce too much aldosterone hormone, leading to high blood pressure and other symptoms.
7. Adrenal incidentalomas: Tumors that are found on the adrenal glands, but do not produce excessive hormones or cause symptoms. These tumors can be benign or malignant.
8. Adrenal metastases: Tumors that have spread to the adrenal glands from another part of the body, often causing symptoms such as high blood pressure and abdominal pain.
9. Adrenal cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that form on the adrenal glands, which can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain and weight loss.
10. Adrenal hemorrhage: Bleeding in the adrenal glands, often caused by trauma or a blood clotting disorder. This can lead to symptoms such as severe abdominal pain and shock.
It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive and there may be other rare conditions that affect the adrenal glands not included here. If you suspect you have any of these conditions, it is important to seek medical attention from a qualified healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Causes:
MPS VII is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme beta-glucuronidase, which is necessary for the breakdown of certain complex sugars in the body. Without this enzyme, the sugars accumulate in the body and cause progressive damage to the brain, spinal cord, and other organs.
Symptoms:
The symptoms of MPS VII can vary in severity and may include:
* Developmental delays and intellectual disability
* Seizures
* Vision loss and blindness
* Hearing loss
* Speech difficulties
* Poor coordination and balance
* Corneal clouding
* Joint stiffness and weakness
* Sleep apnea
* Respiratory problems
Diagnosis:
MPS VII is diagnosed through a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Enzyme assays can measure the levels of beta-glucuronidase in the body, and genetic testing can identify mutations in the GUSB gene that causes the disorder.
Treatment:
There is no cure for MPS VII, but various treatments can help manage the symptoms. These may include:
* Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT): This involves replacing the missing enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, with a synthetic version given through a vein. ERT can help reduce the amount of sugar molecules accumulated in the body and improve symptoms.
* Bone marrow transplantation: This is a procedure that involves replacing damaged bone marrow cells with healthy ones from a donor. BMT has been shown to improve cognitive function and reduce the risk of infections in some patients with MPS VII.
* Physical therapy: This can help maintain joint mobility and strength.
* Respiratory support: This may include the use of ventilators or other breathing devices to help manage respiratory problems.
* Nutritional support: A dietitian can work with the patient and family to develop a feeding plan that meets the individual's needs.
Prognosis:
The prognosis for MPS VII is generally poor, with many patients dying before the age of 10. However, with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, some patients may have a better outcome.
Lifestyle modifications:
There are no lifestyle modifications that can cure MPS VII, but they can help manage the symptoms and improve quality of life. These may include:
* Regular exercise to maintain joint mobility and strength
* Good nutrition to support growth and development
* Avoiding contact sports to reduce the risk of injury
* Getting regular check-ups with a healthcare provider to monitor progress and adjust treatment as needed.
There are several types of drug overdoses, including:
1. Opioid overdose: This is the most common type of drug overdose and is caused by taking too much of an opioid medication or street drug like heroin.
2. Stimulant overdose: This occurs when someone takes too much of a stimulant drug like cocaine or amphetamines.
3. Depressant overdose: This is caused by taking too much of a depressant drug like alcohol, benzodiazepines, or barbiturates.
4. Hallucinogenic overdose: This happens when someone takes too much of a hallucinogenic drug like LSD or psilocybin mushrooms.
The symptoms of a drug overdose can vary depending on the type of drug taken, but common signs include:
1. Confusion and disorientation
2. Slurred speech and difficulty speaking
3. Dizziness and loss of balance
4. Nausea and vomiting
5. Slow or irregular breathing
6. Seizures or convulsions
7. Cold, clammy skin
8. Blue lips and fingernails
9. Coma or unresponsiveness
10. Death
If you suspect someone has overdosed on drugs, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately. Call emergency services or bring the person to the nearest hospital.
Treatment for drug overdoses usually involves supportive care, such as oxygen therapy, fluids, and medication to manage symptoms. In severe cases, a patient may need to be placed on life support or receive other intensive treatments.
Preventing drug overdoses is crucial, and this can be achieved by avoiding the use of drugs altogether, using drugs only as directed by a medical professional, and having access to naloxone, a medication that can reverse the effects of an opioid overdose.
In conclusion, drug overdoses are a significant public health issue that can have severe consequences, including death. It is important to be aware of the signs and symptoms of drug overdoses and seek medical attention immediately if you suspect someone has overdosed. Additionally, prevention measures such as avoiding drug use and having access to naloxone can help reduce the risk of overdose.
Examples of Bird Diseases:
1. Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): A viral disease that affects birds and can be transmitted to humans, causing respiratory illness and other symptoms.
2. Psittacosis (Parrot Fever): A bacterial infection caused by Chlamydophila psittaci, which can infect a wide range of bird species and can be transmitted to humans.
3. Aspergillosis: A fungal infection that affects birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing respiratory problems and other symptoms.
4. Beak and Feather Disease: A viral disease that affects birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing feather loss and beak deformities.
5. West Nile Virus: A viral disease that can affect birds, as well as humans and other animals, causing a range of symptoms including fever, headache, and muscle weakness.
6. Chlamydophila psittaci: A bacterial infection that can infect birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing respiratory problems and other symptoms.
7. Mycobacteriosis: A bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium avium, which can affect a wide range of bird species, including parrots and other Psittacines.
8. Pacheco's Disease: A viral disease that affects birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing respiratory problems and other symptoms.
9. Polyomavirus: A viral disease that can affect birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines, causing a range of symptoms including respiratory problems and feather loss.
10. Retinoblastoma: A type of cancer that affects the eyes of birds, particularly parrots and other Psittacines.
It's important to note that many of these diseases can be prevented or treated with proper care and management, including providing a clean and spacious environment, offering a balanced diet, and ensuring access to fresh water and appropriate medical care.
Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
There are several ways to measure body weight, including:
1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.
It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.
1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.
2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.
3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.
4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.
5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.
6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.
7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.
8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.
9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.
10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.
HLA-A34
Jimmy Boyle (record producer)
Brown adipose tissue
Polyphenol
CD97
PET for bone imaging
Trace amine-associated receptor
SPOCK1
Phyllomedusa trinitatis
SORBS2
P2RX4
MYLK2
Alkaliphilus
Ralph M. Steinman
Zanvil A. Cohn
Phagocyte
Thromboxane receptor
HLA-B50
Tissue-pack marketing
HLA-A25
DHRS7B
P2RX7
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1
Dopamine
Anion exchanger family
IGSF2
HPN (gene)
CD68
Tissue-resident memory T cell
HLA A1-B8 haplotype
American cockroach
Mie scattering
Polo wraps
Campodea remyi
Norovirus
Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src
FORECAST (model)
Scarring hair loss
Abietane
Scuba set
Latua
Campodea silvicola
Metabolism
Food web
Genomic imprinting
Philinopsis speciosa
Very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Campodea catalana
Southwestern Native Aquatic Resources and Recovery Center
Timeline of plesiosaur research
Campodea pseudofragilis
Marine mammal
Zymoblot
Sodium-potassium pump
Polytrichum
Mitochondrial DNA
Conium maculatum
Exsudoporus frostii
Paleolithic
Evaluation of Near Infrared Fluorescent Labeling of Monoclonal Antibodies as a Tool for Tissue Distribution | Drug Metabolism &...
Structure, tissue distribution and estrogen regulation of splice variants of the sea bream estrogen receptor α gene | - CCMAR
Channel Distribution - Gifts en Gadgets - Tissue Box
Tissue Distribution - Explore the Science & Experts | ideXlab
Three-dimensional modeling and assessment of cardiac adipose tissue distribution. | Klingensmith | Journal of Biomedical...
Tissue distribution of residual antimony in rats treated with multiple doses of meglumine antimoniate. | Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz...
Frontiers | Modeling Tissue and Blood Gas Kinetics in Coastal and Offshore Common Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus
Tissue distribution of rat S-100α and β subunit mRNAs - Tohoku University
Front Range Biosciences to Send Hemp and Coffee Tissue Culture Samples to Space to Study Effects of Microgravity
Tissue distribution and excretion kinetics of orally administered silica nanoparticles in rats - Fingerprint - Korea...
Cadaver-assessed validity of anthropometric indicators of adipose tissue distribution<...
Details for:
WHO guidelines on tissue infectivity distribution in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
› WHO...
Alport Syndrome Differential Diagnoses
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of macimorelin in healthy adults: Results of a single-dose,...
Thermal stress distribution in laser irradiated hard dental tissue: Implications for dental applications<...
Organ Donation and Transplantation: How it works
Common Injuries as We Age
SLC12A3 ENST00000262502 Gene - Somatic Mutations in Cancer
Acute oxygen therapy | The BMJ
Molecular characterization and prospective isolation of human fetal cochlear hair cell progenitors | Nature Communications
WHO EMRO | Public health aspects of human and animal spongiform encephalopathies | Volume 2, issue 1 | EMHJ volume 2, 1996
NIOSHTIC-2 Search Results - Full View
Erowid.org: References Database
Similarity of Fibroglandular Breast Tissue Content Measured from Magnetic Resonance and Mammographic Images and by a...
Gla domain - Wikipedia
Adipose tissue distribution3
- Three-dimensional modeling and assessment of cardiac adipose tissue distribution. (sciedupress.com)
- Although the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) has emerged as the best anthropometric indicator of the body's adipose tissue distribution, it has never been directly validated. (edu.au)
- These results, especially the strong association between WHR and the ratio of intra-abdominal to lower limb adipose masses (R 2 =35.4%, P=0.002), demonstrate a clear relation between the selected anthropometric variables (hip and waist girths, and subscapular and triceps skinfolds) and adipose tissue distribution, thus validating the use of WHR as an important predictor of health risk. (edu.au)
Kinetics1
- Used for the mechanism, dynamics and kinetics of exogenous chemical and drug absorption, biotransformation, distribution, release, transport, uptake and elimination as a function of dosage, extent and rate of metabolic processes. (bvsalud.org)
Rats6
- The developed method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution research after intravenous administration of a 20 mg/kg dose of orientin to healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. (idexlab.com)
- The Tissue Distribution results showed that liver, lung and kidney were the major Distribution Tissue s of orientin in rats, and that orientin had difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier. (idexlab.com)
- Tissue distribution of residual antimony in rats treated with multiple doses of meglumine antimoniate. (bvsalud.org)
- In this study, we evaluated the Sb content of tissues from male rats 24 h and three weeks after a 21-day course of treatment with MA (300 mg SbV/kg body wt/d, subcutaneous). (bvsalud.org)
- The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the food supplements with conjugated linoleic acid on carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats and evaluation of CLA and other fatty acids distribution in their bodies. (biomedcentral.com)
- The objectives of the present study were: to monitor the influence of CLA supplementation on mammary carcinogenesis in rats, to compare the CLA distribution in tissues and to assess their influence on other fatty acids profile. (biomedcentral.com)
Lung3
- Abstract A simple HPLC-UV method was established for the determination of orientin in plasma and different Tissue s of rat (heart, liver, spleen , lung, kidney, brain, stomach and small intestine). (idexlab.com)
- Tissue hypoxia occurs within 4 minutes of failure of any of these systems because the oxygen reserves in tissue and lung are relatively small. (bmj.com)
- One disadvantage was that using ashed lung preparations may mean that information concerning the specific location of the particles in the lung tissue may be lost. (cdc.gov)
Organs11
- What organs and tissues can be transplanted? (clevelandclinic.org)
- It's a way to legally give consent for the anatomical gift of organs, tissue and eyes. (clevelandclinic.org)
- There is no cost to the donor's family or estate for the donation of organs, tissue or eyes. (clevelandclinic.org)
- The recovery of organs, tissue and eyes is a surgical procedure performed by trained medical professionals. (clevelandclinic.org)
- What organization actually manages the distribution of organs? (clevelandclinic.org)
- Open to individuals involved or interested in the banking of cells, organs, eyes, or tissues who support our objectives, policies, and ethical standards. (aatb.org)
- Although previous recommendations for preventing transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through transplantation of human tissue and organs have markedly reduced the risk for this type of transmission, a case of HIV transmission from a screened, antibody-negative donor to several recipients raised questions about the need for additional federal oversight of transplantation of organs and tissues. (cdc.gov)
- A working group formed by the Public Health Service (PHS) in 1991 to address these issues concluded that further recommendations should be made to reduce the already low risk of HIV transmission by transplantation of organs and tissues. (cdc.gov)
- In 1985, when tests for HIV antibody became available, screening prospective donors of blood, organs, and other tissues also began (2,3). (cdc.gov)
- This occurrence raised questions about the need for additional federal oversight of transplantation of organs and tissues. (cdc.gov)
- The working group concluded that, although existing recommendations are largely sufficient, revisions should be made to reduce the already low risk of HIV transmission via transplantation of organs and tissues. (cdc.gov)
Liver2
- Additionally, direct fluorescence analysis of homogenized tissues revealed several large differences in IR800-8C2 tissue uptake when compared with a previously published study using [ 125 I]8C2, most notably an over 4-fold increase in liver concentration. (aspetjournals.org)
- Under a magnification of 100X, this hematoxylin-eosin-stained (H&E) photomicrograph depicts the cytoarchitectural changes found in a liver tissue specimen extracted from a Lassa fever patient. (cdc.gov)
Pharmacokinetics1
- Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution study of orientin in rat by liquid chromatography. (idexlab.com)
Adequate2
- Delivery depends on adequate ventilation, gas exchange, and circulatory distribution. (bmj.com)
- In chronically hypoxaemic patients adequate delivery of oxygen to tissues is achieved by compensatory mechanisms, including polycythaemia, a shift in the haemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve, and increased extraction of oxygen. (bmj.com)
Bone1
- A Hologic DXA full-body scanner provides images displaying the distribution of fat, lean tissue, and bone, a critical tool in assessing obesity and osteoporosis. (cdc.gov)
Organ donor1
- Organ donation is the process of surgically removing an organ or tissue from one person (the organ donor) and placing it into another person (the recipient). (clevelandclinic.org)
Transplantation1
- Online learning and education surrounding all aspects of tissue donation, tissue banking, research, and transplantation. (aatb.org)
Organisms1
- Most of the currently available resources for Tissue - Distribution profiles are either specialized for a few particular organisms, Tissue types and disease stages or do not consider the " Tissue ontology" levels for the calculation of the Tissue - Distribution profiles. (idexlab.com)
Donation3
- Guidelines for AATB accredited establishments to use in conjunction with the Standards for Tissue Banking and the Standards for Non-Anatomical Donation. (aatb.org)
- and recall of stored tissues from donors found after donation to have been infected. (cdc.gov)
- A 1991 investigation determined that several recipients had been infected with HIV by an organ/tissue donor who had tested negative for HIV antibody at the time of donation (4). (cdc.gov)
Subcutaneous1
- Adipose tissue from the upper limbs, lower limbs, subcutaneous trunk and intra-abdominal regions was then separated by dissection and weighed. (edu.au)
Dose1
- On the basis divided into aliquots for direct use in pathotyping studies, of these mostly retrospective studies, the pathogenesis of and their titers were determined by standard plaque (sub- infl uenza-associated ARDS is widely viewed as being the type H1N1) or median tissue culture infective dose assays same whatever the infecting strain. (cdc.gov)
Estimate2
- Here we used a dynamic multi-compartment gas exchange model to estimate blood and tissue O 2 , CO 2 , and N 2 from high-resolution dive records of two different common bottlenose dolphin ecotypes inhabiting shallow (Sarasota Bay) and deep (Bermuda) habitats. (frontiersin.org)
- Neglecting heat conduction and light scattering in tissue, analytical solutions for heat and stress distribution were used to estimate the radial and circumferential stresses developed as a result of temperature rise on the surface of a tooth. (utmb.edu)
Implications3
- This database system is useful for the understanding of the Tissue -specific expression patterns of genes, which have implications for the identification of possible new therapeutic drug targets, in gene discovery, and in the design and analysis of micro-arrays. (idexlab.com)
- Motamedi, M , Rastegar, S & Anyari, B 1992, Thermal stress distribution in laser irradiated hard dental tissue: Implications for dental applications . (utmb.edu)
- Anyari, B. / Thermal stress distribution in laser irradiated hard dental tissue : Implications for dental applications . (utmb.edu)
Quantitative2
- LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) as a protein-labeling agent in preclinical work holds the potential for quantitative tissue analysis. (aspetjournals.org)
- Here, we tested the utility of the IR800 dye as a quantitative mAb tracer during pharmacokinetic analysis in both plasma and tissues using a model mouse monoclonal IgG1 (8C2) labeled with ≤1.5 molecules of IR800. (aspetjournals.org)
Cardiac2
- The layer of fat that accumulates around the heart, called cardiac adipose tissue (CAT), can influence the development of coronary disease and is indicative of cardiovascular risk. (sciedupress.com)
- However, Pao 2 and Sao 2 can be normal when tissue hypoxia is caused by low output cardiac states, anaemia, and failure of tissue to use oxygen. (bmj.com)
Differential2
- Tissue - Distribution profiles are crucial for understanding the characteristics of cells and Tissue s in terms of their differential expression of genes. (idexlab.com)
- Distribution, radiographic appearance, and differential diagnosis are discussed. (bvsalud.org)
Blood3
- 1975. The effect of atmospheric levels of pesticides on pesticide residues in rabbit adipose tissue and blood sera. (cdc.gov)
- 1981. Determination of organochlorine pesticides and metabolites in drinking water, human blood serum, and adipose tissue. (cdc.gov)
- In these circumstances mixed venous oxygen partial pressure (Pvo 2 ), which is measured in pulmonary artery blood, approximates to mean tissue Po 2 and is a better index of tissue oxygenation. (bmj.com)
Assessment1
- While volumetric assessment of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can quantify CAT, volume alone gives no information about its distribution across the myocardial surface, which may be an important factor in risk assessment. (sciedupress.com)
Indicator1
- Central cyanosis is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia. (bmj.com)
Compounds1
- 1990. Organochlorine compounds in human adipose tissue from north Texas. (cdc.gov)
Soft1
- It presents images and discusses the common and rare soft tissue pathology that may occur in the plantar soft tissues of the foot with specific MRI findings. (bvsalud.org)
Content1
- Both of them were present in tissues but the content of rumenic acid was greater. (biomedcentral.com)
Characteristics1
- However, the distribution characteristics of TILs and their significance in pancreatic cancer (PC) remain largely unexplored. (spandidos-publications.com)
Found4
- Good linearity was found between 0.250-50.0 μg/ml (r2 = 0.9966) for plasma samples and 0.050-50.0 μg/ml (r2 ≥ 0.9937) for the Tissue samples, respectively. (idexlab.com)
- It was also found that there was no long-term accumulation of orientin in rat Tissue s. (idexlab.com)
- We also found that the number of completed pregnancies, C-reactive protein, aspartate aminotransferase, and progesterone were more strongly associated with amounts of glandular tissue than adipose tissue, while fat body mass, alanine aminotransferase, and insulin like growth factor-II appear to be more associated with the amount of breast adipose tissue. (hindawi.com)
- The worms can be found in all internal tissues of the eye - except the lens - where they cause eye inflammation, bleeding and other complications. (who.int)
Organization1
- Genomic organization, tissue distribution and deletion mutation of human pyridoxine 5'-phosphate oxidase. (medlineplus.gov)
Upper1
- The following adipose tissue mass ratios (and corresponding volume ratios) were derived: trunk to sum of lower limbs, trunk to sum of upper and lower limbs, intra-abdominal to sum of lower limbs and intra-abdominal to sum of upper and lower limbs. (edu.au)
Guidelines1
- Details for: WHO guidelines on tissue infectivity distribution in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. (who.int)
Specific1
- In this particular view you'll note a region of "focal necrosis without specific topographic distribution, thereby, isolating some layers of recognizable hepatocytes. (cdc.gov)
Breast5
- Our results show that methods of breast imaging and modalities for estimating the amount of glandular tissue have no effects on the strength of these predictors of BD. (hindawi.com)
- Breast density (BD) reflects the proportion of fibroglandular tissue in the breast and is one of the strongest independent predictors of breast cancer risk [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- The full field digital mammography (FFDM) unit also routinely estimates and records percent glandular breast tissue. (hindawi.com)
- 10 ] developed compressible breast phantoms with known and varying breast composition (e.g., 0-80% glandular tissue) which were imaged together with each mammogram. (hindawi.com)
- We have shown that total volume (TV), glandular volume (GV), and adipose (fat) volume (FV) of the breast can be easily and reasonably approximated by multiplying the fat and gland tissue areas of the mammogram by the compression thickness of the breast as recorded in the mammogram DICOM header report [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Cells1
- Compared with paracancerous tissues, in PC tissues, the proportions of total T cells, CD4 + T cells and CD8 + CTLs were markedly decreased, while those of Tregs and PD‑L1 + T cells were significantly increased. (spandidos-publications.com)
Influence1
- Meetings & events designed to advance your ambitions, expand your professional network, and influence the future of tissue banking. (aatb.org)
Administration1
- Little is known about the distribution of antimony in tissues after SbV administration . (bvsalud.org)
Expression1
- Concurrently, the expression among Tissue types is used for Tissue - Distribution calculations. (idexlab.com)
Heart1
- In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) modeling technique is developed and used to quantify the distribution of the CAT across the surface of the heart. (sciedupress.com)
Human1
- The only accreditation program for tissue establishments, recognizing the highest commitment to the quality and safety of donated human tissue. (aatb.org)
Plasma1
- The relative recoveries of orientin ranged from 95.4 to 100.6% for plasma and 93.1 to 107.9% for Tissue homogenates. (idexlab.com)
Types1
- We benchmarked our database system against the Swissprot database using a set of 40 different Tissue types. (idexlab.com)