Tight junctions. Medical search

Cell-cell junctions that seal adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most dissolved molecules from one side of the epithelial sheet to the other. (Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, p22)

A MARVEL domain protein that plays an important role in the formation and regulation of the TIGHT JUNCTION paracellular permeability barrier.

Proteins that take part in the formation or structure of TIGHT JUNCTIONS.

A 195-kDa zonula occludens protein that is distinguished by the presence of a ZU5 domain at the C-terminal of the molecule.

Direct contact of a cell with a neighboring cell. Most such junctions are too small to be resolved by light microscopy, but they can be visualized by conventional or freeze-fracture electron microscopy, both of which show that the interacting CELL MEMBRANE and often the underlying CYTOPLASM and the intervening EXTRACELLULAR SPACE are highly specialized in these regions. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p792)

A large family of transmembrane proteins found in TIGHT JUNCTIONS. They take part in the formation of paracellular barriers and pores that regulate paracellular permeability.

An integral membrane protein that is localized to TIGHT JUNCTIONS, where it plays a role in controlling the paracellular permeability of polarized cells. Mutations in the gene for claudin-1 are associated with Neonatal Ichthyosis-Sclerosing Cholangitis (NISCH) Syndrome.

Connections between cells which allow passage of small molecules and electric current. Gap junctions were first described anatomically as regions of close apposition between cells with a narrow (1-2 nm) gap between cell membranes. The variety in the properties of gap junctions is reflected in the number of CONNEXINS, the family of proteins which form the junctions.

Anchoring points where the CYTOSKELETON of neighboring cells are connected to each other. They are composed of specialized areas of the plasma membrane where bundles of the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON attach to the membrane through the transmembrane linkers, CADHERINS, which in turn attach through their extracellular domains to cadherins in the neighboring cell membranes. In sheets of cells, they form into adhesion belts (zonula adherens) that go all the way around a cell.

A zonula occludens protein subtype found in epithelial cell junctions. Several isoforms of zonula occludens-2 protein exist due to use of alternative promoter regions and alternative mRNA splicings.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

A ubiquitously-expressed claudin subtype that acts as a general barrier-forming protein in TIGHT JUNCTIONS. Elevated expression of claudin-3 is found in a variety of tumor cell types, suggesting its role as a therapeutic target for specific ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS.

A claudin subtype that takes part in maintaining the barrier-forming property of TIGHT JUNCTIONS. Claudin-4 is found associated with CLAUDIN-8 in the KIDNEY COLLECTING DUCT where it may play a role in paracellular chloride ion reabsorption.

A claudin subtype that is found localized to TIGHT JUNCTIONS in VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELLS. The protein was initially identified as one of several proteins which are deleted in VELOCARDIOFACIAL SYNDROME and may play an important role in maintaining the integrity of the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER.

Preparation for electron microscopy of minute replicas of exposed surfaces of the cell which have been ruptured in the frozen state. The specimen is frozen, then cleaved under high vacuum at the same temperature. The exposed surface is shadowed with carbon and platinum and coated with carbon to obtain a carbon replica.

The resistance to the flow of either alternating or direct electrical current.

The synapse between a neuron and a muscle.

Property of membranes and other structures to permit passage of light, heat, gases, liquids, metabolites, and mineral ions.

Cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body by forming cellular layers (EPITHELIUM) or masses. Epithelial cells lining the SKIN; the MOUTH; the NOSE; and the ANAL CANAL derive from ectoderm; those lining the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM and the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM derive from endoderm; others (CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and LYMPHATIC SYSTEM) derive from mesoderm. Epithelial cells can be classified mainly by cell shape and function into squamous, glandular and transitional epithelial cells.

A family of membrane glycoproteins localized to TIGHT JUNCTIONS that contain two extracellular Ig-like domains, a single transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tail of variable length.

A tight junction-associated MARVEL protein that may play a role in separating the endolymphatic and perilymphatic spaces of the ORGAN OF CORTI. Defects in the gene that codes for MARVELD2 protein are a cause of deafness autosomal recessive type 49.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

Human colonic ADENOCARCINOMA cells that are able to express differentiation features characteristic of mature intestinal cells, such as ENTEROCYTES. These cells are valuable in vitro tools for studies related to intestinal cell function and differentiation.

A family of proteins that play a role in TIGHT JUNCTION formation by binding to and anchoring proteins to the ACTIN CYTOSKELETON.

The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)

One or more layers of EPITHELIAL CELLS, supported by the basal lamina, which covers the inner or outer surfaces of the body.

Calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They are important in the formation of ADHERENS JUNCTIONS between cells. Cadherins are classified by their distinct immunological and tissue specificities, either by letters (E- for epithelial, N- for neural, and P- for placental cadherins) or by numbers (cadherin-12 or N-cadherin 2 for brain-cadherin). Cadherins promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism as in the construction of tissues and of the whole animal body.

Orientation of intracellular structures especially with respect to the apical and basolateral domains of the plasma membrane. Polarized cells must direct proteins from the Golgi apparatus to the appropriate domain since tight junctions prevent proteins from diffusing between the two domains.

A group of homologous proteins which form the intermembrane channels of GAP JUNCTIONS. The connexins are the products of an identified gene family which has both highly conserved and highly divergent regions. The variety contributes to the wide range of functional properties of gap junctions.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

A specialized barrier, in the TESTIS, between the interstitial BLOOD compartment and the adluminal compartment of the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. The barrier is formed by layers of cells from the VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM of the capillary BLOOD VESSELS, to the SEMINIFEROUS EPITHELIUM of the seminiferous tubules. TIGHT JUNCTIONS form between adjacent SERTOLI CELLS, as well as between the ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A 43-kDa peptide which is a member of the connexin family of gap junction proteins. Connexin 43 is a product of a gene in the alpha class of connexin genes (the alpha-1 gene). It was first isolated from mammalian heart, but is widespread in the body including the brain.

A claudin subtype that is associated with the formation of cation-selective channels and increased epithelial permeability. It is localized to the TIGHT JUNCTIONS of the PROXIMAL KIDNEY TUBULE and INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.

The area covering the terminal portion of ESOPHAGUS and the beginning of STOMACH at the cardiac orifice.

A specialized transport barrier, in the EYE, formed by the retinal pigment EPITHELIUM, and the ENDOTHELIUM of the BLOOD VESSELS of the RETINA. TIGHT JUNCTIONS joining adjacent cells keep the barrier between cells continuous.

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Microscopy of specimens stained with fluorescent dye (usually fluorescein isothiocyanate) or of naturally fluorescent materials, which emit light when exposed to ultraviolet or blue light. Immunofluorescence microscopy utilizes antibodies that are labeled with fluorescent dye.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Supporting cells projecting inward from the basement membrane of SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES. They surround and nourish the developing male germ cells and secrete ANDROGEN-BINDING PROTEIN and hormones such as ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE. The tight junctions of Sertoli cells with the SPERMATOGONIA and SPERMATOCYTES provide a BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER.

A light microscopic technique in which only a small spot is illuminated and observed at a time. An image is constructed through point-by-point scanning of the field in this manner. Light sources may be conventional or laser, and fluorescence or transmitted observations are possible.

A type of junction that attaches one cell to its neighbor. One of a number of differentiated regions which occur, for example, where the cytoplasmic membranes of adjacent epithelial cells are closely apposed. It consists of a circular region of each membrane together with associated intracellular microfilaments and an intercellular material which may include, for example, mucopolysaccharides. (From Glick, Glossary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1990; Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Enzymes that recognize CRUCIFORM DNA structures and introduce paired incisions that help to resolve the structure into two DNA helices.

Filamentous proteins that are the main constituent of the thin filaments of muscle fibers. The filaments (known also as filamentous or F-actin) can be dissociated into their globular subunits; each subunit is composed of a single polypeptide 375 amino acids long. This is known as globular or G-actin. In conjunction with MYOSINS, actin is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of muscle.

A starch found in the tubers and roots of many plants. Since it is hydrolyzable to FRUCTOSE, it is classified as a fructosan. It has been used in physiologic investigation for determination of the rate of glomerular function.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Lanthanum. The prototypical element in the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol La, atomic number 57, and atomic weight 138.91. Lanthanide ion is used in experimental biology as a calcium antagonist; lanthanum oxide improves the optical properties of glass.

A catenin that binds F-ACTIN and links the CYTOSKELETON with BETA CATENIN and GAMMA CATENIN.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., ATP, with a nucleoside monophosphate, e.g., UMP, to form ADP and UDP. Many nucleoside monophosphates can act as acceptor while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. EC 2.7.4.4.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

An epithelial cell line derived from a kidney of a normal adult female dog.

The property of blood capillary ENDOTHELIUM that allows for the selective exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues and through membranous barriers such as the BLOOD-AIR BARRIER; BLOOD-AQUEOUS BARRIER; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BLOOD-NERVE BARRIER; BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER; and BLOOD-TESTIS BARRIER. Small lipid-soluble molecules such as carbon dioxide and oxygen move freely by diffusion. Water and water-soluble molecules cannot pass through the endothelial walls and are dependent on microscopic pores. These pores show narrow areas (TIGHT JUNCTIONS) which may limit large molecule movement.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.

Desmoplakins are cytoskeletal linker proteins that anchor INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS to the PLASMA MEMBRANE at DESMOSOMES.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and CALMODULIN. The 20-kDa light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

The network of filaments, tubules, and interconnecting filamentous bridges which give shape, structure, and organization to the cytoplasm.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Absorptive cells in the lining of the INTESTINAL MUCOSA. They are differentiated EPITHELIAL CELLS with apical MICROVILLI facing the intestinal lumen. Enterocytes are more abundant in the SMALL INTESTINE than in the LARGE INTESTINE. Their microvilli greatly increase the luminal surface area of the cell by 14- to 40 fold.

A multi-functional catenin that participates in CELL ADHESION and nuclear signaling. Beta catenin binds CADHERINS and helps link their cytoplasmic tails to the ACTIN in the CYTOSKELETON via ALPHA CATENIN. It also serves as a transcriptional co-activator and downstream component of WNT PROTEIN-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS.

Highly specialized EPITHELIAL CELLS that line the HEART; BLOOD VESSELS; and lymph vessels, forming the ENDOTHELIUM. They are polygonal in shape and joined together by TIGHT JUNCTIONS. The tight junctions allow for variable permeability to specific macromolecules that are transported across the endothelial layer.

The epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules composed of primary male germ cells (SPERMATOGONIA) and supporting SERTOLI CELLS. As SPERMATOGENESIS proceeds, the developing germ cells migrate toward the lumen. The adluminal compartment, the inner two thirds of the tubules, contains SPERMATOCYTES and the more advanced germ cells.

Electron microscopy in which the ELECTRONS or their reaction products that pass down through the specimen are imaged below the plane of the specimen.

The section of the alimentary canal from the STOMACH to the ANAL CANAL. It includes the LARGE INTESTINE and SMALL INTESTINE.

Microscopy in which the samples are first stained immunocytochemically and then examined using an electron microscope. Immunoelectron microscopy is used extensively in diagnostic virology as part of very sensitive immunoassays.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A cross-shaped DNA structure that can be observed under the electron microscope. It is formed by the incomplete exchange of strands between two double-stranded helices or by complementary INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES that refold into hairpin loops on opposite strands across from each other.

A family of cytoskeletal proteins that play essential roles in CELL ADHESION at ADHERENS JUNCTIONS by linking CADHERINS to the ACTIN FILAMENTS of the CYTOSKELETON.

Inorganic compounds that contain osmium as an integral part of the molecule.

A group of glucose polymers made by certain bacteria. Dextrans are used therapeutically as plasma volume expanders and anticoagulants. They are also commonly used in biological experimentation and in industry for a wide variety of purposes.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

Catalyzes the ATP-dependent PHOSPHORYLATION of GMP to generate GDP and ADP.

A form of fluorescent antibody technique commonly used to detect serum antibodies and immune complexes in tissues and microorganisms in specimens from patients with infectious diseases. The technique involves formation of an antigen-antibody complex which is labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Protein interaction domains of about 70-90 amino acid residues, named after a common structure found in PSD-95, Discs Large, and Zona Occludens 1 proteins. PDZ domains are involved in the recruitment and interaction of proteins, and aid the formation of protein scaffolds and signaling networks. This is achieved by sequence-specific binding between a PDZ domain in one protein and a PDZ motif in another protein.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The barrier between capillary blood and alveolar air comprising the alveolar EPITHELIUM and capillary ENDOTHELIUM with their adherent BASEMENT MEMBRANE and EPITHELIAL CELL cytoplasm. PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE occurs across this membrane.

Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The distal and narrowest portion of the SMALL INTESTINE, between the JEJUNUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE of the LARGE INTESTINE.

The segment of LARGE INTESTINE between the CECUM and the RECTUM. It includes the ASCENDING COLON; the TRANSVERSE COLON; the DESCENDING COLON; and the SIGMOID COLON.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Monomeric subunits of primarily globular ACTIN and found in the cytoplasmic matrix of almost all cells. They are often associated with microtubules and may play a role in cytoskeletal function and/or mediate movement of the cell or the organelles within the cell.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

The passage of viable bacteria from the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT to extra-intestinal sites, such as the mesenteric lymph node complex, liver, spleen, kidney, and blood. Factors that promote bacterial translocation include overgrowth with gram-negative enteric bacilli, impaired host immune defenses, and injury to the INTESTINAL MUCOSA resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Bacterial translocation from the lung to the circulation is also possible and sometimes accompanies MECHANICAL VENTILATION.

A layer of epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, VASCULAR), lymph vessels (ENDOTHELIUM, LYMPHATIC), and the serous cavities of the body.

A variation of the PCR technique in which cDNA is made from RNA via reverse transcription. The resultant cDNA is then amplified using standard PCR protocols.

An enzyme isolated from horseradish which is able to act as an antigen. It is frequently used as a histochemical tracer for light and electron microscopy. Its antigenicity has permitted its use as a combined antigen and marker in experimental immunology.

The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.

Devices used in a technique by which cells or tissues are grown in vitro or, by implantation, in vivo within chambers permeable to diffusion of solutes across the chamber walls. The chambers are used for studies of drug effects, osmotic responses, cytogenic and immunologic phenomena, metabolism, etc., and include tissue cages.

The layer of pigment-containing epithelial cells in the RETINA; the CILIARY BODY; and the IRIS in the eye.

An Ig superfamily transmembrane protein that localizes to junctional complexes that occur between ENDOTHELIAL CELLS and EPTHELIAL CELLS. The protein may play a role in cell-cell adhesion and is the primary site for the attachment of ADENOVIRUSES during infection.

Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.

Conditions characterized by impaired transmission of impulses at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION. This may result from disorders that affect receptor function, pre- or postsynaptic membrane function, or ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE activity. The majority of diseases in this category are associated with autoimmune, toxic, or inherited conditions.

Small double-stranded, non-protein coding RNAs (21-31 nucleotides) involved in GENE SILENCING functions, especially RNA INTERFERENCE (RNAi). Endogenously, siRNAs are generated from dsRNAs (RNA, DOUBLE-STRANDED) by the same ribonuclease, Dicer, that generates miRNAs (MICRORNAS). The perfect match of the siRNAs' antisense strand to their target RNAs mediates RNAi by siRNA-guided RNA cleavage. siRNAs fall into different classes including trans-acting siRNA (tasiRNA), repeat-associated RNA (rasiRNA), small-scan RNA (scnRNA), and Piwi protein-interacting RNA (piRNA) and have different specific gene silencing functions.

The external, nonvascular layer of the skin. It is made up, from within outward, of five layers of EPITHELIUM: (1) basal layer (stratum basale epidermidis); (2) spinous layer (stratum spinosum epidermidis); (3) granular layer (stratum granulosum epidermidis); (4) clear layer (stratum lucidum epidermidis); and (5) horny layer (stratum corneum epidermidis).

Characterization of ZO-2 as a MAGUK family member associated with tight as well as adherens junctions with a binding affinity to occludin and alpha catenin. (1/1902)

ZO-2, a member of the MAGUK family, was thought to be specific for tight junctions (TJs) in contrast to ZO-1, another MAGUK family member, which is localized at TJs and adherens junctions (AJs) in epithelial and nonepithelial cells, respectively. Mouse ZO-2 cDNA was isolated, and a specific polyclonal antibody was generated using corresponding synthetic peptides as antigens. Immunofluorescence microscopy with this polyclonal antibody revealed that, similarly to ZO-1, in addition to TJs in epithelial cells, ZO-2 was also concentrated at AJs in nonepithelial cells such as fibroblasts and cardiac muscle cells lacking TJs. When NH2-terminal dlg-like and COOH-terminal non-dlg-like domains of ZO-2 (N-ZO-2 and C-ZO-2, respectively) were separately introduced into cultured cells, N-ZO-2 was colocalized with endogenous ZO-1/ZO-2, i.e. at TJs in epithelial cells and at AJs in non-epithelial cells, whereas C-ZO-2 was distributed along actin filaments. Consistently, occludin as well as alpha catenin directly bound to N-ZO-2 as well as the NH2-terminal dlg-like portion of ZO-1 (N-ZO-1) in vitro. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the second PDZ domain of ZO-2 was directly associated with N-ZO-1. These findings indicated that ZO-2 forms a complex with ZO-1/occludin or ZO-1/alpha catenin to establish TJ or AJ domains, respectively. (+info)

Comparative cytotoxicity of ionic and non-ionic radiocontrast agents on MDCK cell monolayers in vitro. (2/1902)

BACKGROUND: Intravascular radiocontrast agents may cause acute renal failure, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal insufficiency. Direct cytotoxic effects of radiocontrast agents on renal tubular cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. METHODS: We analysed the cytotoxicity of the ionic radiocontrast agents diatrizoate (monomeric) and ioxaglate (dimeric), as well as of the non-ionic radiocontrast agents iohexol (monomeric) and iodixanol (dimeric) on the renal epithelial Madin Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cell line grown on permeable supports. The toxicity assays assessed cell viability, transmonolayer resistance and inulin permeability between the apical and basal cell culture compartment. In addition, the distribution of the tight-junction-associated membrane proteins ZO-1 and occludin was analysed using immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: In all assays the high osmolal ionic compound diatrizoate had significant cytotoxic effects that included the partial redistribution of the tight-junction-associated membrane proteins into a cytoplasmic compartment. To a lesser extent this redistribution also occurred with the dimeric ionic compound ioxaglate, but not with the non-ionic radiocontrast agents. With regards to cell viability, transmonolayer resistance and inulin permeability the radiocontrast agents with reduced osmolality were significantly less toxic than diatrizoate, independent of their ionic strength. CONCLUSIONS: Physicochemical factors contribute to the cytotoxicity of radiocontrast agents in vitro. The redistribution of tight-junction-associated membrane proteins by the ionic radiocontrast agents corresponds with the loss of the barrier function of the epithelial cell monolayer, which is a major pathophysiological mechanism in acute renal failure. The radiocontrast agents with reduced osmolality are less cytotoxic than diatrizoate, independent of their ionicity. Hyperosmolality appears to be a more important determinant of the cytotoxicity of diatrizoate than ionic strength. (+info)

The isoflavone genistein inhibits internalization of enteric bacteria by cultured Caco-2 and HT-29 enterocytes. (3/1902)

The dietary isoflavone genistein is the focus of much research involving its role as a potential therapeutic agent in a variety of diseases, including cancer and heart disease. However, there is recent evidence that dietary genistein may also have an inhibitory effect on extraintestinal invasion of enteric bacteria. To study the effects of genistein on bacterial adherence and internalization by confluent enterocytes, Caco-2 and HT-29 enterocytes (cultivated for 15-18 d and 21-24 d, respectively) were pretreated for 1 h with 0, 30, 100, or 300 micromol/L genistein, followed by 1-h incubation with pure cultures of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, or Escherichia coli. Pretreatment of Caco-2 and HT-29 enterocytes with genistein inhibited bacterial internalization in a dose-dependent manner (r = 0.60-0.79). Compared to untreated enterocytes, 1-h pretreatment with 300 micromol/L genistein was generally associated with decreased bacterial internalization (P < 0. 05) without a corresponding decrease in bacterial adherence. Using Caco-2 cell cultures, decreased bacterial internalization was associated with increased integrity of enterocyte tight junctions [measured by increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER)], with alterations in the distribution of enterocyte perijunctional actin filaments (visualized by fluorescein-labeled phalloidin), and with abrogation of the decreased TEER associated with S. typhimurium and E. coli incubation with the enterocytes (P < 0.01). Thus, genistein was associated with inhibition of enterocyte internalization of enteric bacteria by a mechanism that might be related to the integrity of the enterocyte tight junctions, suggesting that genistein might function as a barrier-sustaining agent, inhibiting extraintestinal invasion of enteric bacteria. (+info)

Infectious human immunodeficiency virus can rapidly penetrate a tight human epithelial barrier by transcytosis in a process impaired by mucosal immunoglobulins. (4/1902)

Mucosal surfaces are the main natural site of entry into the body for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Herein, an alternative mechanism for virus spread is described. The mechanism, which involves transcytosis of endosome-internalized HIV-particles, was generated by contact of HIV-infected cells with the apical surface of an epithelial cell line. Transcytosed viruses rapidly (in 20-30 min) access the serosal side of the epithelial barrier without infecting the epithelium itself. In turn, transcytosed HIV could infect host submucosal mononucleated target cells, and thus the infection could spread. An investigation was done to determine whether mucosal antibodies could block HIV transcytosis. Both secretory IgA (S-IgA) and IgG that were purified from colostrum from HIV-seropositive women impaired HIV transcytosis, irrespective of the level of the recombinant HIV envelope anti-gp160-specific activities in an ELISA. However, specific S-IgAs were more efficient than IgG. Therefore, mucosal-specific S-IgA to HIV-1 could be relevant to reducing infectivity of HIV-1 in corporeal fluids. (+info)

Different behavior of l-afadin and neurabin-II during the formation and destruction of cell-cell adherens junction. (5/1902)

We have recently isolated two novel actin filament-binding proteins, l-afadin and neurabin-II and shown that they are localized at cell-cell adherens junction (AJ) in epithelial cells. We found here that l-afadin, neurabin-II, ZO-1, and E-cadherin showed similar and different behavior during the formation and destruction of cell-cell AJ in MDCK cells. In MDCK cells, the accumulation of both l-afadin and E-cadherin, but not that of ZO-1, changed in parallel depending on Rac small G protein activity. Dissociation of MDCK cells by culturing the cells at 2 microM Ca2+ caused rapid endocytosis of E-cadherin, but not that of l-afadin or ZO-1. Addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate to these dissociated cells formed a tight junction-like structure where ZO-1 and l-afadin, but not neurabin-II or E-cadherin, accumulated. We furthermore found that, in non-epithelial EL cells, which expressed E-cadherin and attached to each other, l-afadin, neurabin-II, ZO-1 and E-cadherin were all localized at AJ. In cadherin-deficient L cells, I-afadin was mainly localized at cell-cell contact sites, but ZO-1 was mainly localized at the tip area of cell processes. Neurabin-II did not accumulate at the plasma membrane area. Neither l-afadin nor neurabin-II significantly interacted with alpha-, beta-catenin, E-cadherin, ZO-1 or occludin. (+info)

Basolateral localization of fiber receptors limits adenovirus infection from the apical surface of airway epithelia. (6/1902)

Recent identification of two receptors for the adenovirus fiber protein, coxsackie B and adenovirus type 2 and 5 receptor (CAR), and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I alpha-2 domain allows the molecular basis of adenoviral infection to be investigated. Earlier work has shown that human airway epithelia are resistant to infection by adenovirus. Therefore, we examined the expression and localization of CAR and MHC Class I in an in vitro model of well differentiated, ciliated human airway epithelia. We found that airway epithelia express CAR and MHC Class I. However, neither receptor was present in the apical membrane; instead, both were polarized to the basolateral membrane. These findings explain the relative resistance to adenovirus infection from the apical surface. In contrast, when the virus was applied to the basolateral surface, gene transfer was much more efficient because of an interaction of adenovirus fiber with its receptors. In addition, when the integrity of the tight junctions was transiently disrupted, apically applied adenovirus gained access to the basolateral surface and enhanced gene transfer. These data suggest that the receptors required for efficient infection are not available on the apical surface, and interventions that allow access to the basolateral space where fiber receptors are located increase gene transfer efficiency. (+info)

Selective localization of the polytopic membrane protein prominin in microvilli of epithelial cells - a combination of apical sorting and retention in plasma membrane protrusions. (7/1902)

Prominin is a recently identified polytopic membrane protein expressed in various epithelial cells, where it is selectively associated with microvilli. When expressed in non-epithelial cells, prominin is enriched in plasma membrane protrusions. This raises the question of whether the selective association of prominin with microvilli in epithelial cells is solely due to its preference for, and stabilization in, plasma membrane protrusions, or is due to both sorting to the apical plasma membrane domain and subsequent enrichment in plasma membrane protrusions. To investigate this question, we have generated stably transfected MDCK cells expressing either full-length or C-terminally truncated forms of mouse prominin. Confocal immunofluorescence and domain-selective cell surface biotinylation experiments on transfected MDCK cells grown on permeable supports demonstrated the virtually exclusive apical localization of prominin at steady state. Pulse-chase experiments in combination with domain-selective cell surface biotinylation showed that newly synthesized prominin was directly targeted to the apical plasma membrane domain. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that prominin was confined to microvilli rather than the planar region of the apical plasma membrane. Truncation of the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of prominin impaired neither its apical cell surface expression nor its selective retention in microvilli. Both the apical-specific localization of prominin and its selective retention in microvilli were maintained when MDCK cells were cultured in low-calcium medium, i.e. in the absence of tight junctions. Taken together, our results show that: (i) prominin contains dual targeting information, for direct delivery to the apical plasma membrane domain and for the enrichment in the microvillar subdomain; and (ii) this dual targeting does not require the cytoplasmic C-terminal tail of prominin and still occurs in the absence of tight junctions. The latter observation suggests that entry into, and retention in, plasma membrane protrusions may play an important role in the establishment and maintenance of the apical-basal polarity of epithelial cells. (+info)

Ethanol modulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier. (8/1902)

Previous studies have shown that high concentrations of ethanol (>/=40%) cause functional damage of the gastrointestinal epithelial barrier by direct cytotoxic effect on the epithelial cells. The effects of lower noncytotoxic doses of ethanol on epithelial barrier function are unknown. A major function of gastrointestinal epithelial cells is to provide a barrier against the hostile substances in the gastrointestinal lumen. The apicolaterally located tight junctions (TJs) form a paracellular seal between the lateral membranes of adjacent cells and act as a paracellular barrier. In this study, we investigated the effects of lower doses of ethanol on intestinal epithelial TJ barrier function using filter-grown Caco-2 intestinal epithelial monolayers. The Caco-2 TJ barrier function was assessed by measuring epithelial resistance or paracellular permeability of the filter-grown monolayers. Ethanol (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) produced a dose-related drop in Caco-2 epithelial resistance and increase in paracellular permeability. Ethanol also produced a progressive disruption of TJ protein (ZO-1) with separation of ZO-1 proteins from the cellular junctions and formation of large gaps between the adjacent cells. Ethanol, at the doses used (+info)

... depending on the ability of the tight junctions to prevent water and solute movement: Tight epithelia have tight junctions that ... An Overview of the Tight Junction at Zonapse.Net Occludin in Focus at Zonapse.Net Tight+Junctions at the US National Library of ... They are understood to be the backbone of tight junctions and play a significant role in the tight junction's ability to seal ... Wolburg, Hartwig; Lippoldt, Andrea; Ebnet, Klaus (2006), "Tight Junctions and the Blood-Brain Barrier", Tight Junctions, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction

"Tight junction protein" may refer to: TJP1, Tight junction protein 1 (ZO-1) TJP2, Tight junction protein 2 (ZO-2) TJP3, Tight ... Tight junction protein are proteins that are involved in the formation and functioning of tight junctions; " ... junction protein 3 (ZO-3) Gap junction protein This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction_protein

The most important tight junction proteins are occludin, claudin and JAM family, that establish the backbone of tight junction ... Tight junction proteins (TJ proteins) are molecules situated at the tight junctions of epithelial, endothelial and myelinated ... So tight junction plays a key role in maintenance of osmotic balance and trans-cellular transport of tissue specific molecules ... The morphology of tight junction is formed by transmembrane strands in the inner side of plasma membrane with complementary ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction_proteins

Gap junction protein, alpha 1, KIRREL, MLLT4, Occludin, TJP3, and Tight junction protein 2. Tight junction ENSG00000104067 ... "The tight junction protein ZO-1 is homologous to the Drosophila discs-large tumor suppressor protein of septate junctions". ... "Entrez Gene: TJP1 tight junction protein 1 (zona occludens 1)". Ebnet K, Schulz CU, Meyer Zu Brickwedde MK, Pendl GG, Vestweber ... Zonula occludens-1 ZO-1, also known as Tight junction protein-1 is a 220-kD peripheral membrane protein that is encoded by the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction_protein_1

Tight junction protein ZO-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TJP2 gene. Tight junction proteins (TJPs) belong to a ... Tight junction protein 2 has been shown to interact with tight junction protein 1, band 4.1, occludin and USP53. GRCh38: ... 1996). "The tight junction protein ZO-2 contains three PDZ (PSD-95/Discs-Large/ZO-1) domains and an alternatively spliced ... "Entrez Gene: TJP2 tight junction protein 2 (zona occludens 2)". Itoh, M; Morita K; Tsukita S (February 1999). "Characterization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_junction_protein_2

Cereijido, Marcelino; Anderson, James M. (2001). Tight Junctions. Taylor & Francis. p. 20. ISBN 9780849323836. Henrikson, Ray C ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_bar_(histology)

Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ... 2004). "Distribution of the tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-4, -8, and -12 in bladder epithelium". Am. J. ... González-Mariscal L, Betanzos A, Nava P, Jaramillo BE (2003). "Tight junction proteins". Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 81 (1): 1-44 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN12

Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ... González-Mariscal L, Betanzos A, Nava P, Jaramillo BE (2003). "Tight junction proteins". Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 81 (1): 1-44 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN20

The protein is a component of tight junction strands and may play a role in internal organ development and function during pre ... 2000). "Direct binding of three tight junction-associated MAGUKs, ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3, with the COOH termini of claudins". J. ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN4

Krug SM, Günzel D, Conrad MP, Rosenthal R, Fromm A, Amasheh S, Schulzke JD, Fromm M (2012). "Claudin-17 forms tight junction ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... González-Mariscal L, Betanzos A, Nava P, Jaramillo BE (2003). "Tight junction proteins". Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 81 (1): 1-44 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN17

Tight junctions form continuous seals around cells and serve as a physical barrier to prevent solutes and water from passing ... The protein encoded by CLDN14 is an integral membrane protein and a component of tight junctions, one mode of cell-to-cell ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN14

Claudins are integral membrane proteins and components of tight junction strands. Tight junction strands serve as a physical ... Itoh M, Furuse M, Morita K, Kubota K, Saitou M, Tsukita S (1999). "Direct binding of three tight junction-associated MAGUKs, ZO ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN5

Claudins, such as CLDN7, are involved in the formation of tight junctions between epithelial cells. Tight junctions restrict ... 2003). "Tight junction-related protein expression and distribution in human corneal epithelium". Exp. Eye Res. 76 (6): 663-9. ... 2000). "Direct Binding of Three Tight Junction-Associated Maguks, Zo-1, Zo-2, and Zo-3, with the Cooh Termini of Claudins". J. ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN7

2003). "Tight junction-related protein expression and distribution in human corneal epithelium". Exp. Eye Res. 76 (6): 663-9. ... Meertens L, Bertaux C, Cukierman L, Cormier E, Lavillette D, Cosset FL, Dragic T (Mar 2008). "The tight junction proteins ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN9

Tight junctions represent one mode of cell-to-cell adhesion in epithelial or endothelial cell sheets, forming continuous seals ... Itoh M, Furuse M, Morita K, Kubota K, Saitou M, Tsukita S (1999). "Direct binding of three tight junction-associated MAGUKs, ZO ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN1

2000). "Direct Binding of Three Tight Junction-Associated Maguks, Zo-1, Zo-2, and Zo-3, with the Cooh Termini of Claudins". J. ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ... González-Mariscal L, Betanzos A, Nava P, Jaramillo BE (2003). "Tight junction proteins". Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 81 (1): 1-44 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN8

Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... González-Mariscal L, Betanzos A, Nava P, Jaramillo BE (2003). "Tight junction proteins". Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 81 (1): 1-44 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN22

The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the claudin family of tight junction associated proteins and is a major component ... Devaux J, Gow A (December 2008). "Tight junctions potentiate the insulative properties of small CNS myelinated axons". The ... González-Mariscal L, Betanzos A, Nava P, Jaramillo BE (January 2003). "Tight junction proteins". Progress in Biophysics and ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (February 2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology. 20 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN11

Claudins are integral membrane proteins and components of tight junction strands. Tight junction strands serve as a physical ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ... González-Mariscal L, Betanzos A, Nava P, Jaramillo BE (2003). "Tight junction proteins". Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 81 (1): 1-44 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN10

Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ... CLDN18 belongs to the large claudin family of proteins, which form tight junction strands in epithelial cells . [supplied by ... González-Mariscal L, Betanzos A, Nava P, Jaramillo BE (2003). "Tight junction proteins". Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 81 (1): 1-44 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN18

Claudins, such as CLDN19, are transmembrane proteins found at tight junctions. Tight junctions form barriers that control the ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ... "Entrez Gene: CLDN19 claudin 19". Naeem, M.; Hussain, S.; Akhtar, N. (2011). "Mutation in the Tight-Junction Gene Claudin 19 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN19

Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ... González-Mariscal L, Betanzos A, Nava P, Jaramillo BE (2003). "Tight junction proteins". Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 81 (1): 1-44 ... Yi X, Wang Y, Yu FS (2000). "Corneal epithelial tight junctions and their response to lipopolysaccharide challenge". Invest. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN15

2000). "Direct Binding of Three Tight Junction-Associated Maguks, Zo-1, Zo-2, and Zo-3, with the Cooh Termini of Claudins". J. ... Meertens L, Bertaux C, Cukierman L, Cormier E, Lavillette D, Cosset FL, Dragic T (Mar 2008). "The Tight Junction Proteins ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN6

Tight junctions represent one mode of cell-to-cell adhesion in epithelial or endothelial cell sheets, forming continuous seals ... Hou J, Paul DL, Goodenough DA (2005). "Paracellin-1 and the modulation of ion selectivity of tight junctions". J. Cell Sci. 118 ... Kniesel U, Wolburg H (2000). "Tight junctions of the blood-brain barrier". Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 20 (1): 57-76. doi:10.1023/A: ... Tsukita S, Furuse M, Itoh M (2001). "Multifunctional strands in tight junctions". Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2 (4): 285-93. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN16

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLDN2

... tight junctions; however, tight and septate junctions are different in many ways. Known insect homologues of tight junction ... Tight junctions Adherens junctions Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes Gap junctions Matter K, Balda MS (March 2003). "Signalling to and ... For the septate junctions in the vertebrates, they play some roles of tight junctions. Na+/K+ ATPase works for the function of ... Septate junctions are in a tight arrangement which is parallel to each other. For the septate junctions, several components are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septate_junction

Zonulin regulates intestinal lining tight junctions. HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 gene-carriers are also more prone. A paper published ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-VGKC-complex_encephalitis

... has been shown to interact with Tight junction protein 2, YES1 and Tight junction protein 1 (ZO-1). ENSG00000273814 ... Studies have shown that rather than being important in tight junction assembly, occludin is important in tight junction ... March 2002). "The tight junction-specific protein occludin is a functional target of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase itch". The ... "Tight Junction Overview". www.Zonapse.Net. Retrieved 2008-02-10. GeneTests/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Band-Like Calcification with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occludin

Liu Z, Li N, Neu J (2005). "Tight junctions, leaky intestines, and pediatric diseases". Acta Paediatr. 94 (4): 386-93. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_diet

Gap junctions Desmosomes Adherens junctions Tight junctions Gap junctions bring the adjacent cells within 2 nanometers of each ... Similar to adherens junctions, the intracellular domains of tight junctions interact with different scaffold proteins, adapter ... and the formation of other cell junction complexes. Tight junctions, also called zonula occludens, are the most important ... Tight junctions provide a narrow but modifiable seal between adjacent cells in the epithelial layer and thereby provide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_epithelium

"Incumbent Pete Gallego ousted in tight US Rep. District 23 race". KVIA. Archived from the original on July 16, 2015. Retrieved ... and north to the junction with I-90, located in Buffalo, Wyoming. US Highway 54: Officially called the Patriot Freeway, it is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas

Road studs which flash in tandem with the green man signal at traffic junctions were also installed at more locations to alert ... Quality of Service (QoS) standards have also been tightened to reduce waiting time and reduce crowding. Now, those with ... tightened from 85%. Announced in 2014, the Bus Contracting Model (BCM) which took effect on 1 September 2016, saw LTA assuming ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Transport_Authority

The NATO SS109 also tends to bend at the steel/lead junction, but with its weaker jacket, it fragments into many dozens of ... Common rifling twist rates also often have to be tightened to stabilize very long projectiles. Such commercially nonexistent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_ballistics

Highly differentiated adenocarcinomas form SRCCs via a loss of adherens and tight junctions that typically separate MUC4, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signet_ring_cell_carcinoma

It included a tight loop with a radius of 335 metres to pass by Hackenberg (hill) near Schafhausen. A loop built on a similar ... As part of the establishment of the S-Bahn, a 1 kilometre-long flying junction was built in Zuffenhausen station for the line ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Forest_Railway_(Württemberg)

... localizes at cellular tight junctions and interacts with tight junction protein 2 (TJP2). Mutations in TJP2 have also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USP53

The three-way junction in the Φ29 DNA packaging motor can help sensitize TNBC cells to chemotherapy using a siRNA drug delivery ... The small size of pRNA-derived nanoparticles also helps to deliver drugs in tight spaces like blood vessels. The main ... The pRNA in bacteriophage Φ29 can use its three-way junction in order to self-assemble into nanoparticles. One major challenge ... aligned with what was known about the structural geometry and necessary flexibility of the packaging motor's three-way junction ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_virus_phi29

It stayed at Chester until closure of Chester shed in April 1967 when 45231 was then transferred to Speke Junction and finally ... it had to be moved by road from Carnforth and the entrance to the yard at Llangollen was very tight. During the first weekend ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_Stanier_Class_5_4-6-0_5231

The Fallschirmjäger also had their first defeat in Norway, when a company was dropped on the village and railroad junction of ... limiting exposure to enemy fire and providing a tighter drop zone grouping than individually deployed rip-cord type parachutes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallschirmjäger

... gap junction delta-2 protein GJD3, gap junction delta-3 protein GJD4, gap junction delta-4 protein Tight junction protein This ... Gap junction proteins Gap junction α (GJA) proteins GJA1, gap junction alpha-1 protein GJA2, gap junction alpha-2 protein GJA3 ... gap junction beta-5 protein GJB6, gap junction beta-6 protein GJB7, gap junction beta-7 protein Gap junction γ (GJC) proteins ... gap junction alpha-3 protein GJA4, gap junction alpha-4 protein GJA5, gap junction alpha-5 protein GJA6, gap junction alpha-6 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction_protein

The road and railway ran parallel almost as far as Croesor Junction. Croesor Junction did not exist before 1901, when the ... At the top of the incline the tramway turns through a tight s-bend and immediately arrives at the foot of the Upper Parc ... Part of its route, from Croesor Junction to Porthmadog, was taken over by the Welsh Highland Railway in 1922, and upgraded to ... The section from Croesor Junction to the slate quarries will probably never re-open as the quarries have long since closed. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croesor_Tramway

Qing troops arrived on July 18, 1686, and began a tight siege and a steady cannonade. On the fifth day of the siege, Tolbuzin ... downstream from the junction of the Argun and Shilka. Thereafter it was little used as the Russians concentrated on the richer ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaxa_(state)

Closed Corsebar Junction and Potterhill Junction; Meikleriggs Junction; Potterhill; opened 1 June 1886; closed 1 January 1917.[ ... The tight timetable of the route had also posed significant challenges to the diesel trains used in the route, although these ... Corsebar Junction; for Potterhill branch; Potterhill Junction; for Potterhill branch; Elderslie Canal Junction; with Gilmour ... Corsebar and Potterhill Junctions with the Barrhead Branch of the Glasgow and South Western Railway Canal Junction (Elderslie) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_Canal_line

This compound is reported to be one of the tightest non-aminoglycoside TAR ligands reported to date. Connelly, Colleen M; Moon ... Barros, Stephanie A; Chenoweth, David M (2014). "Recognition of Nucleic Acid Junctions Using Triptycene-Based Molecules". ... Chenowith and colleagues reported a cationic triptycene scaffold that targets RNA and DNA three-way junctions. Subsequent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA-targeting_small_molecule_drugs

... deficiency of rough endoplasmic reticulum and desmosomes with tight junction which fixes tuft cells to their neighbours. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuft_cell

It runs 14.25 miles (22.93 km) in a general east-west direction from US 90 in Avondale to a junction with Interstate 10 (I-10) ... After a short distance, the first in a series of tight diamond interchanges, exit 4A, connects with Ames Boulevard. As it is ... The first portion of the exit is a tight half-diamond interchange consisting of an eastbound exit and westbound entrance that ... The remainder of the route through downtown New Orleans maintained at least 100,000 vehicles to the junction with I-10. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90_Business_(New_Orleans,_Louisiana)

From 1846, there was a junction to Blackpool just north of the station, with tight connecting curves facing either way. In 1893 ... The line is still extant (albeit overgrown and disused), but the junction with the Blackpool line west of the station was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poulton-le-Fylde_railway_station

Leaky gut is the term used when tight junctions of the intestines are disrupted and bacteria can exit the intestines. Leaky gut ... Probiotics also help strengthen tight junctions, multiprotein complexes lining the intestines (as well as other organs and ... pouch at the junction of the small and large intestine)/ascending colon, 84% when inserted into the distal colon. Upon ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriotherapy

"In Sheldon Adelson's Newsroom, Looser Purse Strings and a Tighter Leash". May 22, 2016. Smilowitz, Elliot (May 14, 2016). " ... "Step aside, Donald". Grand Junction Daily Sentinel. October 9, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2016. "Elect Mitt Romney as president ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_newspaper_endorsements_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election

Drilling for tight oil in the Canol shale play near Norman Wells by Husky Energy and others. Extensive drilling was done in the ... Delta Junction through the coastal mountain range to Valdez - was not deemed economically feasible by rail; an alternative, ... The current takeaway capacity in Western Canada is tight, as oil producers are beginning to outpace the movement of their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada

The A82 begins in the St George's Cross area of central Glasgow, at a junction with the M8 and the A804. From here, it heads in ... which have to negotiate tight bends and the narrow carriageway width. At Pulpit rock, the road was single-track, with traffic ... There is a junction with the A86, which runs eastwards towards Newtonmore and the Cairngorms. The Commando Memorial, a 5.2- ... It approaches a freeflow junction with the A898 from Erskine Bridge and becomes a high quality dual carriageway route through ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A82_road

Big Stone Gap is at the junction of U.S. Route 23 and U.S. Route 58 Alternate. Big Stone Gap is closer to the state capitals of ... Big Stone Gap.org: Coal Museum Washingtonpost.com - At Va.'s Toughest Prison, Tight Controls SWVAmuseum.org - Southwest ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Stone_Gap,_Virginia

... to the junctions of the circuits or coils. U.S. Patent 455,068 - Electrical Meter - 1891 June 30 - Method of computing the ... terminal operated in a similar manner by a rotating body of conducting fluid may be enclosed within a gas-tight receptacle"; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nikola_Tesla_patents

... leaves one of the junctions off the map and does not label the other junction. On the same map the A1151 to the west is ... Fitting additional trains to this very tight network would not be possible without disrupting the entire network, as the length ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rackheath_Eco-town

It was a very tight, tough, and spiteful match, particularly in the last quarter where many players completely lost control of ... in the first round match at the Junction Oval on 6 May 1922. In his first season, he played in twelve of the sixteen senior ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Corrigan

Small dimensions of the carriageway, narrow bridges and tight junctions are signs of outdated design. It is also remarkable ... The motorway ends a few kilometers south of Leiden in Wassenaar at an at-grade junction with traffic lights. The route ... Wikipedia articles needing a junction list from November 2021, All pages needing cleanup, Commons category link is on Wikidata ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A44_motorway_(Netherlands)

He took the island as the point of junction of his double line of longitudes setting out his survey. He was given considerable ... However, the timing is very tight: Easter landed on April 11, 1501, while the estimated departure date of the Third Armada from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronha

The Bode swings in a tight loop around the spur at a height of 273.7 m above NN at the bridge on the L 94 just southwest of the ... north-northwest of the junction of the Landesstraße 94 (Altenbrak-Treseburg) and the L 93 (Allrode-Treseburg-Wienrode) in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmsblick

A team of 120 men descended on Hyde Park at the junction of the Neponset and Mother Brook with 1,200 sandbags to prevent ... "Dedham's Policy is to "Sit Tight"". The Boston Globe. April 2, 1909. p. 11. Retrieved March 17, 2015. "Water at Hyde Park ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Brook

Additionally, interferon gamma secreted by these cells seems to be important in downregulating tight junctions in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity

... J Allergy Clin ... Epithelial tight junctions (TJs) have been shown to be involved in different chronic disorders, including bronchial asthma, ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22840853/?dopt=Abstract

VEGF-induced effects on proliferation, migration and tight junctions are restored by ranibizumab (Lucentis) in microvascular ... VEGF-induced effects on proliferation, migration and tight junctions are restored by ranibizumab (Lucentis) in microvascular ...

https://bjo.bmj.com/content/92/6/839.alerts

Sears, C. L. (2000). Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. V. Assault of the tight junction by enteric ... Sears, Cynthia L. / Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. V. Assault of the tight junction by enteric ... Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. V. Assault of the tight junction by enteric pathogens. / Sears, ... Sears, CL 2000, Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. V. Assault of the tight junction by enteric ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/molecular-physiology-and-pathophysiology-of-tight-junctions-v-ass-6

Effect of human rhinovirus infection on airway epithelium tight junction protein disassembly and transepithelial permeability. ...

https://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/effect-of-human-rhinovirus-infection-on-airway-epithelium-tight-j/projects/

title = "ZOning out Tight Junctions",. abstract = "The tight junction is an intricate seal between adjoining epithelial cells ... ZOning out Tight Junctions. / Shin, Kunyoo; Margolis, Ben.. In: Cell, Vol. 126, No. 4, 25.08.2006, p. 647-649.. Research output ... N2 - The tight junction is an intricate seal between adjoining epithelial cells that also separates the apical and basolateral ... AB - The tight junction is an intricate seal between adjoining epithelial cells that also separates the apical and basolateral ...

https://ohsu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/zoning-out-tight-junctions-2

ZO1 phase separation is required for tight junction formation in cell culture. Without phase separating, ZO1 disperses in the ... Both ZO1 and ZO2 localize to tight junctions between cultured epithelial cells, although ZO1 is more abundant. ... ZO1 selectively phase separates with tight junction proteins (including afadin, cingulin, and claudin-1), and FRAP experiments ... Apically located, tight junctions consist of adhesion receptors, such as claudins, and a dense plaque of cytoplasmic proteins ...

https://prelights.biologists.com/highlights/phase-separation-of-zonula-occludens-proteins-drives-formation-of-tight-junctions/

ZO-1 is a tight junction-associated adaptor protein that regulates gene expression, junction assembly and epithelial ... Regulation of tight junction assembly and epithelial morphogenesis by the heat shock protein Apg-2. BMC CELL BIOL , 8 , Article ... Regulation of tight junction assembly and epithelial morphogenesis by the heat shock protein Apg-2 ... Background: Tight junctions are required for epithelial barrier formation and participate in the regulation of signalling ...

https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/5274/

The mechanobiology of tight junctions. Citi, Sandra. Afiliação *Citi S; Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, ... Tight junctions (TJ) play a central role in the homeostasis of epithelial and endothelial tissues, by providing a semipermeable ... TJ are spatially and functionally connected to adherens junctions (AJ), which are essential for the maintenance of tissue ... and the crosstalk with the cytoskeleton is fundamental for junction biogenesis and physiology. ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/brasil/resource/pt/mdl-31586306

... Authors:. Shashikanth, N., France, M. M., Xiao, R., Haest, X., ... Tight junctions form selectively permeable seals across the paracellular space. Both barrier function and selective ... Claudin-4 knockout or overexpression has minimal effects on tight junction permeability in the absence of pore-forming claudins ...

https://abberior.rocks/expertise/publications/tight-junction-channel-regulation-by-interclaudin-interference/

Tight junctions (TJs) are intercellular junctions critical for building the epithelial barrier and maintaining epithelial ...

https://www.cell.com/trends/cell-biology/issue?pii=S0962-8924

The expression levels of MUC2 and tight junctions (TJs) were determined by RT-qPCR. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were ... The expression levels of MUC2 and tight junctions (TJs) were determined by RT-qPCR. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were ... Intestinal mucosal barrier mainly consists of tight junctions (TJs), gap junctions and adherens junctions. Among these, TJs are ... CM-AcMSC enhanced the mRNA expression levels of tight junctions (Claudin, Occludin and ZO-1) and MUC2 in colon tissues, n = 6. ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2021.694908/full

Effect of disruption of tight junctions on the accumulation of CDFDA in bile canaliculi. There are two different protocols for ... The cells were incubated for 10 min in a maintenance medium supplemented with CDFDA to maintain tight junctions. After that, ... Therefore, the effect of tight junction disruption on the accumulation of 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2′,7′-dichloro-fluorescein ... Observation of the effect of disruption of tight junctions on substrate accumulation in canaliculi. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-19469-x?error=cookies_not_supported&code=b66e969b-c65c-4fd0-b170-09b1cb3351fb

The paracellular permeability for solutes and water in epithelia and endothelia is regulated by the tight junction (TJ). Hence ... Molekulare Organisation Claudin-basierter Tight Junction-Stränge und deren Modulation. Title: Molekulare Organisation Claudin- ... Die parazelluläre Permeabilität für Solute und Wasser in Epithelien und Endothelien wird durch die Tight Junction (TJ) ...

https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/handle/fub188/9093

... tight junctions; asterisks - nucleolar precursor bodies, black arrows - secretory vesicles; white arrows - mitochondria. ... tight junctions; asterisks - nucleolar precursor bodies, black arrows - secretory vesicles; white arrows - mitochondria. ... tight junctions; asterisks - nucleolar precursor bodies, black arrows - secretory vesicles; white arrows - mitochondria. ... tight junctions, black arrows - secretory vesicles; white arrows - lipid droplets. ...

https://www.scielo.br/j/abmvz/a/vqFtLfvJWPSJmL8RFSPbgGJ/?lang=en

The zinc sensing receptor, ZnR/GPR39, controls proliferation and differentiation of colonocytes and thereby tight junction ... controls proliferation and differentiation of colonocytes and thereby tight junction formation in the colon. Together they ...

https://cris.bgu.ac.il/en/publications/the-zinc-sensing-receptor-znrgpr39-controls-proliferation-and-dif/fingerprints/

T1 - Enterohemorrhagic E. coli alters murine intestinal epithelial tight junction protein expression and barrier function in a ... Enterohemorrhagic E. coli alters murine intestinal epithelial tight junction protein expression and barrier function in a Shiga ... Enterohemorrhagic E. coli alters murine intestinal epithelial tight junction protein expression and barrier function in a Shiga ... Enterohemorrhagic E. coli alters murine intestinal epithelial tight junction protein expression and barrier function in a Shiga ...

https://yonsei.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/enterohemorrhagic-e-coli-alters-murine-intestinal-epithelial-tigh

Some allergenic proteins are toxic to respiratory epithelium and can actually disrupt tight junctions. Others have been shown ... The 2 switch regions are then ligated to form an Sμ/Sε junction with deletion of the intervening DNA. This rearrangement brings ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/8205/version/1

Restore tight junction integrity.. Move Well - Solution. Exercise has a multitude of benefits like strengthen muscle, improve ... Wang B, Wu Z, Ji Y, Sun K, Dai Z, Wu G. L-glutamine enhances tight junction integrity by activating CaMK kinase 2-AMP-activated ... A rat study looked at the influence on the tight junctions in the ileum following endurance exercise. For the rat, the exercise ... Glutamine enhances tight junction protein expression and modulates corticotropin-releasing factor signaling in the jejunum of ...

https://robbwolf.com/2016/11/10/could-leaky-gut-be-the-hidden-cause-of-your-health-problems-4-causes-and-4-solutions/

Tight junction regulation. II. Double-blind RCT: larazotide 0.5, 1, 2 mg TID vs placebo. 20 weeks. 1. CD symptoms;. 2. safety/ ... tight junction regulators, anti-transglutaminase 2 therapies, immune tolerizing agents, advanced biologics and small molecules ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/973664

... Click here to find answers ... and decreased tight junction protein expression as compared to control nanoparticles. Alterations of tight junction protein ... rats were infused with nano-alumina at the dose of 29 mg/kg and the brains were stained for expression of tight junction ...

https://www.akaqa.com/question/q19195114-Do_Aluminum_Oxide_Nanoparticles_Decrease_Expression_Of_Tight_Junction_Proteins_In_Brain_Vasculature

Adherens junction. 10.39. map04530. Tight junction. 7.30. map04010. MAPK signaling pathway. 3.65. map04664. Fc epsilon RI ...

https://smart.embl.de/smart/do_annotation.pl?DOMAIN=CH&START=18&END=120&E_VALUE=2.38e-26&TYPE=SMART&BLAST=QQNTFTRWCNEHLKCVNKRIGNLQTDLSDGLRLIALLEVLSQKRMHHKYHQRPTFRQMKLENVSVALEFLDHESIKLVSIDSKAIVDGNLKLILGLVWTLILH

But what if MCA lead generation is expensive? Or what if you are starting with a tight budget to bootstrap your business? You ... Here at Lead Junction, we use a solid strategy to generate merchant cash advance leads for you. ... 2007-2022 Leads Junction. All Rights Reserved.. Terms of Service & Privacy Policy ... How to Run an MCA Lead Generation Campaign on a Tight Budget. *Home ...

https://leads-junction.com/how-to-run-an-mca-lead-generation-campaign-on-a-tight-budget/

Restoring Tight Intercellular Junctions. Correction of the factors that cause Tight Junction disruption and eating a gluten- ... Tight junctions (TJ) refer to the regulated spaces between enterocytes (cells forming the surface lining of our small intestine ... Liu Z, Li N, and New J. Tight Junctions, leaky intestines, and pediatric diseases. Acta Pediatrica, 2005;94:386-393. ... The major defense of the barrier system against permeation by harmful substances is comprised of tight intercellular junctions ...

https://glutenfreeworks.com/blog/2010/05/31/gluten-sensitivity/

This is explained by loss of tricellulin from tricellular tight junctions (tTJs) after C. concisus infection. As an underlying ... Concomitantly, we observed a reduction in the expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and tricellulin. We also ... Campylobacter concisus; HT-29/B6-GR/MR cells; THP-1 cells; leaky gut model; tricellular tight junction; tricellulin; occludin; ... Staehlin, L.A. Further observations on the fine structure of freeze-cleaved tight junctions. J. Cell Sci. 1973, 13, 763-786. [ ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/4/2043

Wogonin inhibits HRV-induced tight junction disruption.Feb 01, 2022. Click here to read the entire abstract. ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/disease/common-cold

Extracellular Ca2+ triggers assembly and sealing of tight junctions (TJs) in MDCK cells. These events are modulated by G- ... Assembly of the tight junction: the role of diacylglycerol. M S Balda, M S Balda ... M S Balda, L Gonzalez-Mariscal, K Matter, M Cereijido, J M Anderson; Assembly of the tight junction: the role of diacylglycerol ... Direct Binding of Three Tight Junction-Associated Maguks, Zo-1, Zo-2, and Zo-3, with the Cooh Termini of Claudins ...

https://rup.silverchair.com/jcb/article/123/2/293/14780/Assembly-of-the-tight-junction-the-role-of?searchresult=1

Ethanol-induced activation of myosin light chain kinase leads to dysfunction of tight junctions and blood-brain barrier ... Ethanol-induced activation of myosin light chain kinase leads to dysfunction of tight junctions and blood-brain barrier ...

https://experts.unthsc.edu/en/publications/ethanol-induced-activation-of-myosin-light-chain-kinase-leads-to-/fingerprints/

Dive into the research topics of TRAF4 is a novel phosphoinositide-binding protein modulating tight junctions and favoring ... TRAF4 is a novel phosphoinositide-binding protein modulating tight junctions and favoring cell migration. ...

https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/publications/traf4-is-a-novel-phosphoinositide-binding-protein-modulating-tigh/fingerprints/

Intra-transcriptome interactions between interleukins and tight junctions, reveals widespread barrier dysregulation in atopic ...

https://push-zb.helmholtz-muenchen.de/frontdoor.php?source_opus=51936&la=en

Studies of the impact of enteric pathogens and their virulence factors on the proteins comprising the tight junction and zonula adherens offer a novel approach to dissection of tight junctional complex regulation. (elsevier.com)
2006) demonstrates that loss of the ZO scaffolding proteins prevents the formation of tight junctions but surprisingly does not perturb apico-basal polarity. (elsevier.com)
Zonula occludens proteins concentrate tight junction machinery by forming non-membrane enclosed compartments. (biologists.com)
Apically located, tight junctions consist of adhesion receptors, such as claudins, and a dense plaque of cytoplasmic proteins that interact with the cytoskeleton. (biologists.com)
ZO1 selectively phase separates with tight junction proteins (including afadin, cingulin, and claudin-1), and FRAP experiments suggest that this is a dynamic and ongoing process. (biologists.com)
To further understand how phase separation of ZO proteins organizes tight junctions, it is important to next understand how interactions with transmembrane adherens receptors and the cytoskeleton influence the condensation dynamics of ZO proteins. (biologists.com)
In other words, how does phase separation physically influence other tight junction proteins, and how are ZO protein dynamics regulated? (biologists.com)
Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that EHEC infection resulted in redistribution of the tight junction (TJ) proteins occludin and claudin-3 and increased the expression of claudin-2, whereas ZO-1 localization remained unaltered. (elsevier.com)
In the second series of experiments, rats were infused with nano-alumina at the dose of 29 mg/kg and the brains were stained for expression of tight junction proteins. (akaqa.com)
Rat primary serous-acinar cells express both alpha-amylase and aquaporin-5 proteins and develop significant tight junctions at postconfluence - a feature necessary for chemical transport studies in vitro. (cdc.gov)
The vascular endothelium is formed by a sheet of endothelial cells tethered together by junctional proteins such as tight and adherens junctions. (bvsalud.org)

Claudin-4 knockout or overexpression has minimal effects on tight junction permeability in the absence of pore-forming claudins. (abberior.rocks)
The paracellular permeability for solutes and water in epithelia and endothelia is regulated by the tight junction (TJ). (fu-berlin.de)
Currently this is still poorly understood and given the complexity of tight junction composition controlling blood brain barrier permeability this is unsurprising. (findaphd.com)
The molecular changes include increased reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory changes: advanced glycation end products, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, Complement 5-9 deposition and cytokines, which result in increased paracellular permeability, tight junction disruption, and increased transcellular permeability. (medscape.com)
The molecular changes include increased reactive oxygen species, pro-inflammatory changes: advanced glycation end products, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), Complement 5-9 (C5-9) deposition, cytokines, which result in increased paracellular permeability-small molecules and water: tight junction (TJ) disruption-and increased transcellular permeability-large molecules and water: caveolar transport, aquaporins, plasmalemmal vesicle-associated protein. (medscape.com)
This likely contributes to diarrhea during norovirus infection by a leak flux mechanism (ie, ions and water leak from subepithelial capillaries into the intestinal lumen by paracellular diffusion due to increased permeability of tight junctions). (medscape.com)

Background: Tight junctions are required for epithelial barrier formation and participate in the regulation of signalling mechanisms that control proliferation and differentiation. (ucl.ac.uk)
Tight junctions (TJ) play a central role in the homeostasis of epithelial and endothelial tissues , by providing a semipermeable barrier to ions and solutes, by contributing to the maintenance of cell polarity , and by functioning as signaling platforms. (bvsalud.org)
The major defense of the barrier system against permeation by harmful substances is comprised of tight intercellular junctions. (glutenfreeworks.com)
Publication Server of Helmholtz Zentrum München: Intra-transcriptome interactions between interleukins and tight junctions, reveals widespread barrier dysregulation in atopic dermatitis lesions. (helmholtz-muenchen.de)
The apically located inter-cellular tight junctions (TJ) within the intestinal epithelium act as a paracellular barrier and prevent permeation of noxious luminal antigens. (autophagy.center)
The tight junctions (TJ) present between intestinal epithelial cells act as a paracellular barrier and serve as a first line of defense against permeation of noxious antigens present in the intestinal lumen. (autophagy.center)
Defective intestinal tight junction (TJ) barrier allows penetration of harmful luminal antigens in the gut which in turn leads to intestinal inflammation. (autophagy.center)
The purpose of this grant application is to elucidate the mechanisms involved in autophagy-mediated enhancement of the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier. (autophagy.center)
Tight junctions are the intercellular barrier between two neighboring endothelial and epithelial. (biologyonline.com)
We have considerable expertise in the area of tight junction and blood brain barrier research and have previously collaborated with an industrial partner in the development of a drug that is successfully able to penetrate the blood brain barrier and treat HER2+ breast cancer metastatic disease. (findaphd.com)
These junctions control the amount of molecules being delivered between the cells: if there is an increased expression of gap junctions, more molecules can be delivered across the cell barrier, while tight junctions restrict the extracellular movement of molecules. (innovationtoronto.com)
BBR has been shown to stop leak gut that causes food sensitivities by closing intestinal barrier known as tight junctions. (mara-labs.com)
In one study, electrophysiological analyses of duodenal biopsies from patients with norovirus infected showed increased epithelial apoptosis and a reduction in tight junctional protein expression, leading to epithelial barrier dysfunction. (medscape.com)
This is a rather complex process since there is a constant flux of cells from the basal to the superficial part of the epidermis for renewing and repairing the tissue, but at the same time there must be a tight cohesion between cells to make the epidermis a resistant barrier. (uvigo.es)

If cultured in three dimensional extracellular matrix gels, Apg-2 depleted cells, as previously shown for ZO-1 depleted cells, did not form hollow polarised cysts but poorly organised, irregular structures.Conclusion: Our data indicate that Apg-2 regulates junction assembly and is required for normal epithelial morphogenesis in a three-dimensional culture system, suggesting that Apg-2 is an important regulator of epithelial differentiation. (ucl.ac.uk)
Extracellular Ca2+ triggers assembly and sealing of tight junctions (TJs) in MDCK cells. (silverchair.com)
Extracellular antibodies to E-cadherin block junction formation normally induced by adding Ca2+. (silverchair.com)
Definition noun, plural: tight junctions A type of cell junction that is attached to components of the extracellular. (biologyonline.com)
A family of membrane glycoproteins localized to TIGHT JUNCTIONS that contain two extracellular Ig-like domains, a single transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tail of variable length. (bvsalud.org)

Factors Other Than Gluten That Disrupt Tight Intercellular Junctions? (glutenfreeworks.com)

Tight junctions are cell-cell adhesion complexes that prevent passage between epithelial or endothelial cells. (biologists.com)

The tight junction is an intricate seal between adjoining epithelial cells that also separates the apical and basolateral membranes within these cells. (elsevier.com)
Both ZO1 and ZO2 localize to tight junctions between cultured epithelial cells, although ZO1 is more abundant. (biologists.com)
If this occurs, ZO1 does not localize well to the tight junctions between cultured epithelial cells and junctional integrity is lost. (biologists.com)
Here, we addressed the question whether Apg-2 is also important for junction formation and epithelial morphogenesis.Results: We demonstrate that depletion of Apg-2 by RNAi in MDCK cells did not prevent formation of functional tight junctions. (ucl.ac.uk)
In between the epithelial cells are tight junctions held together by the junctional complex. (robbwolf.com)
Tight junctions (TJ) refer to the regulated spaces between enterocytes (cells forming the surface lining of our small intestine), causing these cells to closely adhere to each other, side-by-side. (glutenfreeworks.com)
Caco-2 cells labeled for tight junction molecule cingulin (green), actin (red), vinculin (pink) and DNA (blue). (weizmann.ac.il)
Definition noun, plural: cell junctions Intercellular connections between adjacent cells, resulting in varying degrees of. (biologyonline.com)
Definition noun, plural: hemidesmosomes A type of anchoring junction between neighboring cells forming a rivet-like links. (biologyonline.com)
Definition noun A type of anchoring junction between neighboring cells forming a plaquelike site on the cell. (biologyonline.com)
For exposures of 119 dB or greater, there appeared to be direct mechanical damage, including large clefts between the third row of outer hair cells and Deiters' cells and fracture of tight cell junctions at the reticular lamina. (cdc.gov)
Cell-cell junctions that seal adjacent epithelial cells together, preventing the passage of most dissolved molecules from one side of the epithelial sheet to the other. (bvsalud.org)
Electrical excitation (generated by the pacemaker cells) is spread cell-cell via gap junctions. (wordpress.com)
In the Granular Layer, there is a Tight Junction(⑥), an important structure that glues between cells. (kbeautyforarabs.com)
Under these circumstances, epithelial cells fail to form tight junctions, and substances that are usually restricted are free to enter into the systemic environment (4). (myvalleyschools.org)

According to our results (FAPESP process Number 2017/04347-6), during the chronic phase of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), IL-1alpha is induced in the gut and promotes intestinal mucosal integrity through the induction of tight junctions to avoid microbiota translocation. (fapesp.br)

It is known that the intracellular scaffolds zonula occludens 1 and 2 (ZO1 and ZO2, respectively) are required for tight junction formation, but how they organize these structures on a mechanistic level is unknown. (biologists.com)

We evaluate the evidence supporting existing and future drug targets, including trials of peptidases, gluten sequestrants, tight junction regulators, anti-transglutaminase 2 therapies, immune tolerizing agents, advanced biologics and small molecules, and microbiome-targeted strategies. (medscape.com)

Formation of functional junctions, as monitored by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance, and recruitment of tight and adherens junction markers were retarded. (ucl.ac.uk)

Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. (elsevier.com)
Dive into the research topics of 'Molecular physiology and pathophysiology of tight junctions. (elsevier.com)

Definition noun, plural: desmosomes A type of cell junction made up of desmosome-intermediate filament complexes, which in. (biologyonline.com)
Kerantinocytes form this layer making cross-linked scaffolds by means of cellular junctions, like desmosomes. (uvigo.es)

The study will evaluate the research question - Can modification of chemotherapeutics can improve efficacy across the BBB in patients with metastatic cancer and can provide an insight into the mechanisms underpinning tumour-originated changes in brain endothelial Tight Junctions? (findaphd.com)
[1] The (2001) [20] showed that down regulation of tight pathological mechanisms of DHF are still poorly junction components such as occluding by TNF understood. (who.int)

It was concluded that structural and functional abnormalities of tight junctions in poorly differentiated carcinomas results in loss of polarity with progressive invasion of the cell surface by antigenic glycoprotein and resultant homogeneous individual cell antigenic expression in poorly differentiated carcinomas. (who.int)

ZO-1 is a tight junction-associated adaptor protein that regulates gene expression, junction assembly and epithelial morphogenesis. (ucl.ac.uk)
The Na+, K+-ATPase β1 subunit regulates epithelial tight junctions via MRCKα. (cdc.gov)

Tight junctions form selectively permeable seals across the paracellular space. (abberior.rocks)

Most studies to date provide only tantalizing clues that select pathogens may indeed assault the tight junctional complex. (elsevier.com)

Treatment with nano-alumina markedly reduced HBMEC viability, altered mitochondrial potential, increased cellular oxidation, and decreased tight junction protein expression as compared to control nanoparticles. (akaqa.com)

Alterations of tight junction protein levels were prevented by cellular enrichment with glutathione. (akaqa.com)
Tight junctions are one mode of cell-cell adhesion in epithelial and endothelial cellular sheets. (semanticscholar.org)

Imaging of intestinal tissues of mice infected with bioluminescent EHEC further confirmed tight association of the bacteria with the cecum and colon. (elsevier.com)

Tight junctions are essential for maintaining this functional polarization. (who.int)

TJ are spatially and functionally connected to adherens junctions (AJ), which are essential for the maintenance of tissue integrity. (bvsalud.org)

They are engineered to form reliable tight junctions with high tolerance and may require slight hammering to fully connect. (pvcpipesupplies.com)
Use solvent welding methods to form uniquely tight and strong connections. (pvcpipesupplies.com)

Molecules that pass through these loose junctions immediately face the GALT - which as discussed above, is the host of 80% of the body's total immune system response. (myvalleyschools.org)

TJ are associated with the actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons , and the crosstalk with the cytoskeleton is fundamental for junction biogenesis and physiology . (bvsalud.org)

Anatomy32

Organisms4

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs43

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment15

Phenomena and Processes22

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Information Science3

Characterization of ZO-2 as a MAGUK family member associated with tight as well as adherens junctions with a binding affinity to occludin and alpha catenin. (1/1902)

Comparative cytotoxicity of ionic and non-ionic radiocontrast agents on MDCK cell monolayers in vitro. (2/1902)

The isoflavone genistein inhibits internalization of enteric bacteria by cultured Caco-2 and HT-29 enterocytes. (3/1902)

Infectious human immunodeficiency virus can rapidly penetrate a tight human epithelial barrier by transcytosis in a process impaired by mucosal immunoglobulins. (4/1902)

Different behavior of l-afadin and neurabin-II during the formation and destruction of cell-cell adherens junction. (5/1902)

Basolateral localization of fiber receptors limits adenovirus infection from the apical surface of airway epithelia. (6/1902)

Selective localization of the polytopic membrane protein prominin in microvilli of epithelial cells - a combination of apical sorting and retention in plasma membrane protrusions. (7/1902)

Ethanol modulation of intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier. (8/1902)

Tight Junctions

Occludin

Tight Junction Proteins

Zonula Occludens-1 Protein

Intercellular Junctions

Claudins

Claudin-1

Gap Junctions

Adherens Junctions

Zonula Occludens-2 Protein

Membrane Proteins

Claudin-3

Claudin-4

Claudin-5

Freeze Fracturing

Electric Impedance

Neuromuscular Junction

Permeability

Epithelial Cells

Junctional Adhesion Molecules

MARVEL Domain Containing 2 Protein

Cell Membrane Permeability

Phosphoproteins

Caco-2 Cells

Zonula Occludens Proteins

Dogs

Epithelium

Cadherins

Cell Polarity

Connexins

Blood-Brain Barrier

Blood-Testis Barrier

Microscopy, Electron

Connexin 43

Claudin-2

Intestinal Mucosa

Cell Line

Cell Communication

Mannitol

Esophagogastric Junction

Blood-Retinal Barrier

Cell Adhesion Molecules

Microscopy, Fluorescence

Cells, Cultured

Sertoli Cells

Microscopy, Confocal

Desmosomes

Holliday Junction Resolvases

Actins

Inulin

Fluorescent Antibody Technique

Lanthanum

alpha Catenin

Molecular Sequence Data

Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase

Cell Adhesion

Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells

Capillary Permeability

Cell Membrane

Cytoskeletal Proteins

Desmoplakins

Immunohistochemistry

Myosin-Light-Chain Kinase

Cytoskeleton

Models, Biological

Enterocytes

beta Catenin

Endothelial Cells

Seminiferous Epithelium

Microscopy, Electron, Transmission

Intestines

Microscopy, Immunoelectron

Protein Transport

Kidney

Base Sequence

Signal Transduction

Blotting, Western

Phosphorylation

Amino Acid Sequence

DNA, Cruciform