Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Traumatic injuries to the RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE that may result in vocal cord dysfunction.
Endoscopic surgical procedures performed with visualization via video transmission. When real-time video is combined interactively with prior CT scans or MRI images, this is called image-guided surgery (see SURGERY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED).
Congenital or acquired paralysis of one or both VOCAL CORDS. This condition is caused by defects in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, the VAGUS NERVE and branches of LARYNGEAL NERVES. Common symptoms are VOICE DISORDERS including HOARSENESS or APHONIA.
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
Traumatic injuries to the LARYNGEAL NERVE.
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)
Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.
An enlarged THYROID GLAND with at least 50% of the gland situated behind the STERNUM. It is an unusual presentation of an intrathoracic goiter. Substernal goiters frequently cause compression on the TRACHEA leading to deviation, narrowing, and respiratory symptoms.
Thyroglobulin is a glycoprotein synthesized and secreted by thyroid follicular cells, serving as a precursor for the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and its measurement in blood serves as a tumor marker for thyroid cancer surveillance.
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).
Branches of the vagus (tenth cranial) nerve. The recurrent laryngeal nerves originate more caudally than the superior laryngeal nerves and follow different paths on the right and left sides. They carry efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid and carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.
The use of HIGH-ENERGY SHOCK WAVES, in the frequency range of 20-60 kHz, to cut through or remove tissue. The tissue fragmentation by ultrasonic surgical instruments is caused by mechanical effects not heat as with HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND ABLATION.
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.
A form of multiple endocrine neoplasia characterized by the presence of medullary carcinoma (CARCINOMA, MEDULLARY) of the THYROID GLAND, and usually with the co-occurrence of PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA, producing CALCITONIN and ADRENALINE, respectively. Less frequently, it can occur with hyperplasia or adenoma of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. This disease is due to gain-of-function mutations of the MEN2 gene on CHROMOSOME 10 (Locus: 10q11.2), also known as the RET proto-oncogene that encodes a RECEPTOR PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. It is an autosomal dominant inherited disease.
Dissection in the neck to remove all disease tissues including cervical LYMPH NODES and to leave an adequate margin of normal tissue. This type of surgery is usually used in tumors or cervical metastases in the head and neck. The prototype of neck dissection is the radical neck dissection described by Crile in 1906.
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
Agents that are used to treat hyperthyroidism by reducing the excessive production of thyroid hormones.
Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.
Procedures of applying ENDOSCOPES for disease diagnosis and treatment. Endoscopy involves passing an optical instrument through a small incision in the skin i.e., percutaneous; or through a natural orifice and along natural body pathways such as the digestive tract; and/or through an incision in the wall of a tubular structure or organ, i.e. transluminal, to examine or perform surgery on the interior parts of the body.
The calcium salt of gluconic acid. The compound has a variety of uses, including its use as a calcium replenisher in hypocalcemic states.
Using fine needles (finer than 22-gauge) to remove tissue or fluid specimens from the living body for examination in the pathology laboratory and for disease diagnosis.
A peptide hormone that lowers calcium concentration in the blood. In humans, it is released by thyroid cells and acts to decrease the formation and absorptive activity of osteoclasts. Its role in regulating plasma calcium is much greater in children and in certain diseases than in normal adults.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Tumor-like sterile accumulation of serum in a tissue, organ, or cavity. It results from a tissue insult and is the product of tissue inflammation. It most commonly occurs following MASTECTOMY.
Two pairs of small oval-shaped glands located in the front and the base of the NECK and adjacent to the two lobes of THYROID GLAND. They secrete PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.
Receptor protein-tyrosine kinases involved in the signaling of GLIAL CELL-LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR ligands. They contain an extracellular cadherin domain and form a receptor complexes with GDNF RECEPTORS. Mutations in ret protein are responsible for HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE and MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 2.
The duration of a surgical procedure in hours and minutes.
Blood tests used to evaluate the functioning of the thyroid gland.
Presence of air or gas in the subcutaneous tissues of the body.
Branches of the VAGUS NERVE. The superior laryngeal nerves originate near the nodose ganglion and separate into external branches, which supply motor fibers to the cricothyroid muscles, and internal branches, which carry sensory fibers. The RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE originates more caudally and carries efferents to all muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid. The laryngeal nerves and their various branches also carry sensory and autonomic fibers to the laryngeal, pharyngeal, tracheal, and cardiac regions.
The period following a surgical operation.
A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.
A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Procedure in which an individual is induced into a trance-like state to relieve pain. This procedure is frequently performed with local but not general ANESTHESIA.
Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands.
A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534)
Similar to MEN2A, it is also caused by mutations of the MEN2 gene, also known as the RET proto-oncogene. Its clinical symptoms include medullary carcinoma (CARCINOMA, MEDULLARY) of THYROID GLAND and PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA of ADRENAL MEDULLA (50%). Unlike MEN2a, MEN2b does not involve PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It can be distinguished from MEN2A by its neural abnormalities such as mucosal NEUROMAS on EYELIDS; LIP; and TONGUE, and ganglioneuromatosis of GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT leading to MEGACOLON. It is an autosomal dominant inherited disease.
Removal of tissue by vaporization, abrasion, or destruction. Methods used include heating tissue by hot liquids or microwave thermal heating, freezing (CRYOABLATION), chemical ablation, and photoablation with LASERS.
Control of bleeding during or after surgery.
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Pathological processes that affect voice production, usually involving VOCAL CORDS and the LARYNGEAL MUCOSA. Voice disorders can be caused by organic (anatomical), or functional (emotional or psychological) factors leading to DYSPHONIA; APHONIA; and defects in VOICE QUALITY, loudness, and pitch.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Difficulty and/or pain in PHONATION or speaking.
Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.
Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.
Autoantibodies that bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (RECEPTORS, THYROTROPIN) on thyroid epithelial cells. The autoantibodies mimic TSH causing an unregulated production of thyroid hormones characteristic of GRAVES DISEASE.
A cyst in the neck caused by persistence of portions of, or by lack of closure of, the primitive thyroglossal duct. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Transfer of a neoplasm from its primary site to lymph nodes or to distant parts of the body by way of the lymphatic system.
A polypeptide hormone (84 amino acid residues) secreted by the PARATHYROID GLANDS which performs the essential role of maintaining intracellular CALCIUM levels in the body. Parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium by promoting the release of CALCIUM from BONE, increases the intestinal absorption of calcium, increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium, and increases the renal excretion of phosphates.

Postoperative tetany in Graves disease: important role of vitamin D metabolites. (1/1289)

OBJECTIVE: To test the authors' hypothesis of the causal mechanism(s) of postoperative tetany in patients with Graves disease. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Previous studies by the authors suggested that postoperative tetany in patients with Graves disease occurs during the period of bone restoration and resulted from continuation of a calcium flux into bone concomitant with transient hypoparathyroidism induced by surgery. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective study was carried out to investigate sequential changes in serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), calcium and other electrolytes, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and bone metabolic markers in 109 consecutive patients with Graves disease who underwent subtotal thyroidectomy. RESULTS: Preoperative serum iPTH levels negatively correlated with ionized calcium levels and positively correlated with 1,25(OH)2D or 1,25(OH)2D/25OHD. After the operation, there was a significant decline in levels of ionized calcium, magnesium, and iPTH. Serum iPTH was not detected in 15 patients after surgery. Four of these 15 patients, and 1 patient whose iPTH level was below normal, developed tetany. Preoperative serum ionized calcium levels were significantly lower, and iPTH levels were higher, in the 5 patients with tetany than in the 11 patients who did not develop tetany despite undetectable iPTH levels. The tetany group had significantly lower serum 25OHD levels and higher 1,25(OH)2D levels, and had increased 1,25(OH)2D/25OHD as an index of the renal 25OHD-1-hydroxylase activity than those in the nontetany group. These results suggest that patients with a high serum level of iPTH as a result of low serum calcium levels (secondary hyperparathyroidism) are susceptible to tetany under conditions of hypoparathyroid function after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative tetany occurs in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by a relative deficiency in calcium and vitamin D because of their increased demand for bone restoration after preoperative medical therapy concomitant with transient hypoparathyroidism after surgery. Calcium and vitamin D supplements may be recommended before and/or after surgery for patients in whom postoperative tetany is expected to develop.  (+info)

A new rapid technique for the fixation of thyroid gland surgical specimens. (2/1289)

One of the main diagnostic problems in thyroid pathology is to distinguish between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma. Thorough sampling of the nodule's capsule is recommended in order to identify capsular invasion. However, during the hardening of the tissue, by the usual fixatives the capsule shrinks and rolls downwards and sometimes the capsule separates from the remaining tissue. The present work evaluates the use of "Lymph Node Revealing Solution" (LNRS) for the rapid fixation (2h) of different thyroid lesions as compared to that of formalin. Fifty-one unselected consecutive cases of thyroid nodules, which included various benign and malignant lesions, were examined. Each specimen was cut in two equal parts; one was fixed in LNRS, the other in formalin. Fixation in LNRS for 2 hours gave adequate results in sectioning and staining of the tissue, and excellent immunostains. Its advantage over formalin is the conservation of the natural relationship between the capsule and the rest of the tissue, on the same plane, as well as the short time required for the final diagnosis.  (+info)

Large goitre causing difficult intubation and failure to intubate using the intubating laryngeal mask airway: lessons for next time. (3/1289)

A 63-yr-old woman was anaesthetized for sub-total thyroidectomy. The thyroid gland was large, deviating the trachea to the right and causing 30% tracheal narrowing at the level of the suprasternal notch. Mask ventilation was easy but laryngoscopy was Cormack and Lehane grade 3. Despite being able to see the tip of the epiglottis, tracheal intubation was impossible. An intubating laryngeal mask was inserted and although the airway was clear and ventilation easy, it was not possible to intubate the trachea either blindly or with the fibreoptic bronchoscope. Tracheal intubation was eventually achieved using a 6.5-mm cuffed oral tracheal tube via a size 4 laryngeal mask under fibreoptic control. We describe the case in detail and discuss the use of the intubating laryngeal mask, its potential limitations and how to optimize its use in similar circumstances.  (+info)

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A with the identical somatic mutation in medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma without germline mutation at the corresponding site in the RET proto-oncogene. (4/1289)

A germline mutation either in exon 10 or 11 of the RET proto-oncogene is found in the majority of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A). A 41-year-old female patient was referred for further evaluation of incidentally discovered right adrenal tumor. She had bilateral adrenal pheochromocytomas and medullary thyroid carcinomas detected by endocrinological and radiological examination, and diagnosed as MEN 2A. Molecular genetic testing of the RET exons 10 and 11 exhibited the identical somatic missense mutation at codon 634 in both tumors but did not confirm germline mutations in the corresponding sites. Possible mechanisms for tumorigenesis in this patient are discussed.  (+info)

Management of differentiated thyroid cancer diagnosed during pregnancy. (5/1289)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of thyroid cancer diagnosed during pregnancy. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed between 1949 and 1997 with thyroid cancer presenting during pregnancy. RESULTS: Nine women with a median age of 28 years were identified. A thyroid nodule was discovered by the clinician during routine antenatal examination in four cases, the remainder had noted a lump in the neck. In all patients, the nodule was reported to almost double in size during the pregnancy. One patient underwent subtotal thyroidectomy during the second trimester; eight were operated on within 3 to 10 months from delivery. Total thyroidectomy was performed in five and subtotal thyroidectomy in four. All tumours were well differentiated and ranged in size from 1 to 6 cm. OUTCOME: The median follow-up was 14 years (5-31 years). One patient relapsed locally requiring further surgery. One patient developed bone metastases dying 7 years after presentation; her planned treatment had been delayed because of an intervening pregnancy. Eight of the original cohort of patients are currently disease free. CONCLUSIONS: Differentiated thyroid cancer presenting in pregnancy generally has an excellent prognosis. When the disease is discovered early in pregnancy, surgery should be considered in the second trimester but radioiodine scans and treatment can be safely delayed until after delivery. In all cases, treatment should not be delayed for more than a year.  (+info)

Thyroid hormone suppresses hepatic sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) activity and messenger ribonucleic acid in rat liver: failure to define known thyroid hormone response elements in the gene. (6/1289)

Sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase (CYP 8B1) is a microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme involved in bile acid synthesis that is of critical importance for the composition of bile acids formed in the liver. Thyroidectomy of rats caused a more than twofold increase of CYP8B1 and an almost fourfold increase of the corresponding mRNA levels compared to sham-operated rats. Treatment of intact rats with thyroxine caused a 60% reduction of enzyme activity and a 50% reduction of mRNA levels compared to rats injected with saline only. To investigate whether the promoter of the gene contains thyroid hormone response elements, the complete structure of the rat gene was defined. In similarity with the corresponding gene in mouse, rabbit and man, the rat gene was found to lack introns. It had an open reading frame containing 1500 bp corresponding to a protein of 499 amino acid residues. Although thyroid hormone decreased CYP8B1 activity and mRNA in vivo, no hitherto described thyroid hormone response elements were identified 1883 bases upstream of the transcription start site. It is concluded that rat CYP8B1 is regulated by thyroid hormone at the mRNA level. The results are discussed in relation to the structure of the gene coding for the enzyme.  (+info)

Intestinal ganglioneuromatosis and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B: implications for treatment. (7/1289)

Three infants, who presented with intestinal obstruction due to diffuse transmural intestinal ganglioneuromatosis, are described. Mutation analysis of exon 16 of the RET proto-oncogene revealed germline M918T and thus, a molecular diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN 2B). Two infants developed medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. The third had a prophylactic thyroidectomy despite no obvious thyroid masses and normal calcitonin concentrations, but microscopic multifocal medullary carcinoma was found on histological examination. Early recognition of intestinal ganglioneuromatosis with germline RET M918T mutation in pseudo-Hirschsprung's disease is an indication for prophylactic thyroidectomy.  (+info)

Calcitonin is a major regulator for the expression of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase gene in normocalcemic rats. (8/1289)

Regulation of vitamin D metabolism has long been examined by using vitamin D-deficient hypocalcemic animals. We previously reported that, in a rat model of chronic hyperparathyroidism, expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) mRNA was markedly increased in renal proximal convoluted tubules. It is believed that the major regulator for the expression of renal CYP27B1 is parathyroid hormone (PTH). However, in the normocalcemic state, the mechanism to regulate the renal CYP27B1 gene could be different, since plasma levels of PTH are very low. In the present study, the effect of PTH and calcitonin (CT) on the expression of renal CYP27B1 mRNA was investigated in normocalcemic sham-operated rats and normocalcemic thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) rats generated by either PTH or CaCl2 infusion. A single injection of CT dose-dependently decreased the expression of vitamin D receptor mRNA in the kidney of normocalcemic sham-TPTX rats. Concomitantly, CT greatly increased the expression of CYP27B1 mRNA in the kidney of normocalcemic sham-TPTX rats. CT also increased the expression of CYP27B1 mRNA in the kidney of normocalcemic TPTX rats. Conversion of serum [3H]1alpha,25(OH)2D3 from 25-hydroxy[3H]vitamin D3 in vivo was also greatly increased by the injection of CT into sham-TPTX rats and normocalcemic TPTX rats, but not into hypocalcemic TPTX rats. In contrast, administration of PTH did not induce the expression of CYP27B1 mRNA in the kidney of vitamin D-replete sham-TPTX rats and hypocalcemic TPTX rats. PTH increased the expression of renal CYP27B1 mRNA only in vitamin D-deficient hypocalcemic TPTX rats. These results suggest that CT plays an important role in the maintenance of serum 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 under normocalcemic physiological conditions, at least in rats.  (+info)

Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure where all or part of the thyroid gland is removed. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

There are different types of thyroidectomy procedures, including:

1. Total thyroidectomy: Removal of the entire thyroid gland.
2. Partial (or subtotal) thyroidectomy: Removal of a portion of the thyroid gland.
3. Hemithyroidectomy: Removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat benign solitary nodules or differentiated thyroid cancer.

Thyroidectomy may be recommended for various reasons, such as treating thyroid nodules, goiter, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or thyroid cancer. Potential risks and complications of the procedure include bleeding, infection, damage to nearby structures like the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve, and hypoparathyroidism or hypothyroidism due to removal of or damage to the parathyroid glands or thyroid gland, respectively. Close postoperative monitoring and management are essential to minimize these risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Hypocalcemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood. Calcium is a vital mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and bone formation. Normal calcium levels in the blood usually range from 8.5 to 10.2 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). Hypocalcemia is typically defined as a serum calcium level below 8.5 mg/dL or, when adjusted for albumin (a protein that binds to calcium), below 8.4 mg/dL (ionized calcium).

Hypocalcemia can result from several factors, such as vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism (underactive parathyroid glands), kidney dysfunction, certain medications, and severe magnesium deficiency. Symptoms of hypocalcemia may include numbness or tingling in the fingers, toes, or lips; muscle cramps or spasms; seizures; and, in severe cases, cognitive impairment or cardiac arrhythmias. Treatment typically involves correcting the underlying cause and administering calcium and vitamin D supplements to restore normal calcium levels in the blood.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries refer to damages or trauma inflicted on the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is a branch of the vagus nerve that supplies motor function to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle. This nerve plays a crucial role in controlling vocal fold movement and swallowing.

Injuries to this nerve can result in voice changes, hoarseness, or even complete loss of voice, depending on the severity and location of the injury. Additionally, it may also lead to breathing difficulties, coughing, and choking while swallowing due to impaired laryngeal function.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as surgical complications (particularly during thyroid or neck surgeries), tumors, infections, inflammation, or direct trauma to the neck region. In some cases, these injuries may be temporary and resolve on their own or through appropriate treatment; however, severe or prolonged injuries might require medical intervention, including possible surgical repair.

Video-assisted surgery, also known as video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), is a type of minimally invasive surgical procedure that uses a video camera and specialized instruments to perform the operation. A small incision is made in the body, and the surgeon inserts a thin tube with a camera on the end, known as a thoracoscope, into the chest cavity. The camera transmits images of the internal organs onto a video monitor, allowing the surgeon to visualize and perform the surgery. This type of surgery often results in smaller incisions, less pain, and faster recovery times compared to traditional open surgery. It is commonly used for procedures such as lung biopsies, lobectomies, and esophageal surgeries.

Vocal cord paralysis is a medical condition characterized by the inability of one or both vocal cords to move or function properly due to nerve damage or disruption. The vocal cords are two bands of muscle located in the larynx (voice box) that vibrate to produce sound during speech, singing, and breathing. When the nerves that control the vocal cord movements are damaged or not functioning correctly, the vocal cords may become paralyzed or weakened, leading to voice changes, breathing difficulties, and other symptoms.

The causes of vocal cord paralysis can vary, including neurological disorders, trauma, tumors, surgery, or infections. The diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, including a laryngoscopy, to assess the movement and function of the vocal cords. Treatment options may include voice therapy, surgical procedures, or other interventions to improve voice quality and breathing functions.

Thyroid diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and development.

Thyroid diseases can be classified into two main categories: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.

Other common thyroid diseases include:

1. Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorders.
2. Thyroid nodules: abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
3. Thyroid cancer: a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that requires medical treatment.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
5. Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism and can also lead to eye problems and skin changes.

Thyroid diseases are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the disease and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Hypoparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by decreased levels or insufficient function of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is produced and released by the parathyroid glands. These glands are located in the neck, near the thyroid gland, and play a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body.

In hypoparathyroidism, low PTH levels result in decreased absorption of calcium from the gut, increased excretion of calcium through the kidneys, and impaired regulation of bone metabolism. This leads to low serum calcium levels (hypocalcemia) and high serum phosphorus levels (hyperphosphatemia).

Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism can include muscle cramps, spasms, or tetany (involuntary muscle contractions), numbness or tingling sensations in the fingers, toes, and around the mouth, fatigue, weakness, anxiety, cognitive impairment, and in severe cases, seizures. Hypoparathyroidism can be caused by various factors, including surgical removal or damage to the parathyroid glands, autoimmune disorders, radiation therapy, genetic defects, or low magnesium levels. Treatment typically involves calcium and vitamin D supplementation to maintain normal serum calcium levels and alleviate symptoms. In some cases, recombinant PTH (Natpara) may be prescribed as well.

Carcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the cells that line the glandular structures or the lining of organs. In a papillary carcinoma, the cancerous cells grow and form small finger-like projections, called papillae, within the tumor. This type of cancer most commonly occurs in the thyroid gland, but can also be found in other organs such as the lung, breast, and kidney. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland is usually slow-growing and has a good prognosis, especially when it is diagnosed at an early stage.

A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. Goiters can be either diffuse (uniformly enlarged) or nodular (lumpy with distinct nodules). Nodular goiter refers to a thyroid gland that has developed one or more discrete lumps or nodules while the remaining tissue is normal or may also be diffusely enlarged.

Nodular goiters can be classified into two types: multinodular goiter and solitary thyroid nodule. Multinodular goiter consists of multiple nodules in the thyroid gland, while a solitary thyroid nodule is an isolated nodule within an otherwise normal or diffusely enlarged thyroid gland.

The majority of nodular goiters are benign and do not cause symptoms. However, some patients may experience signs and symptoms related to compression of nearby structures (such as difficulty swallowing or breathing), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The evaluation of a nodular goiter typically includes a physical examination, imaging studies like ultrasound, and sometimes fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine the nature of the nodules and assess the risk of malignancy. Treatment options depend on various factors, including the size and number of nodules, the presence of compressive symptoms, and the patient's thyroid function.

The thyroid gland is a major endocrine gland located in the neck, anterior to the trachea and extends from the lower third of the Adams apple to the suprasternal notch. It has two lateral lobes, connected by an isthmus, and sometimes a pyramidal lobe. This gland plays a crucial role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body through the production of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine/T3 and thyroxine/T4) and calcitonin. The thyroid hormones regulate body temperature, heart rate, and the production of protein, while calcitonin helps in controlling calcium levels in the blood. The function of the thyroid gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Laryngeal nerve injuries refer to damages or injuries to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and/or the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), which are the primary nerves that supply the larynx, or voice box. These nerves play crucial roles in controlling the vocal cord movements and protecting the airway during swallowing.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor function to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve. The RLN also carries sensory fibers from a small area of the mucous membrane below the vocal folds.

Injuries to these nerves can result in voice changes, breathing difficulties, and swallowing problems. Depending on the severity and location of the injury, patients may experience hoarseness, weak voice, breathy voice, coughing while swallowing, or even complete airway obstruction in severe cases. Laryngeal nerve injuries can occur due to various reasons, such as surgical complications (e.g., thyroid, esophageal, and cardiovascular surgeries), neck trauma, tumors, infections, or iatrogenic causes.

Goiter is a medical term that refers to an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck below the larynx or voice box. It produces hormones that regulate your body's metabolism, growth, and development.

Goiter can vary in size and may be visible as a swelling at the base of the neck. It can be caused by several factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, thyroid cancer, pregnancy, or the use of certain medications. Depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the goiter, treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Adenocarcinoma, follicular is a type of cancer that develops in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck that produces hormones responsible for regulating various bodily functions such as metabolism and growth.

Follicular adenocarcinoma arises from the follicular cells, which are responsible for producing thyroid hormones. This type of cancer is typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in its early stages. However, as it progresses, it can lead to a variety of symptoms such as a lump or nodule in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or pain in the neck or throat.

Follicular adenocarcinoma is usually treated with surgical removal of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), followed by radioactive iodine therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, additional treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be necessary. The prognosis for follicular adenocarcinoma is generally good, with a five-year survival rate of around 90%. However, this can vary depending on the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

Medullary carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in the neuroendocrine cells of the thyroid gland. These cells produce hormones that help regulate various bodily functions. Medullary carcinoma is a relatively rare form of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 5-10% of all cases.

Medullary carcinoma is characterized by the presence of certain genetic mutations that cause the overproduction of calcitonin, a hormone produced by the neuroendocrine cells. This overproduction can lead to the formation of tumors in the thyroid gland.

Medullary carcinoma can be hereditary or sporadic. Hereditary forms of the disease are caused by mutations in the RET gene and are often associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), a genetic disorder that affects the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and parathyroid glands. Sporadic forms of medullary carcinoma, on the other hand, are not inherited and occur randomly in people with no family history of the disease.

Medullary carcinoma is typically more aggressive than other types of thyroid cancer and tends to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. Symptoms may include a lump or nodule in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and coughing. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Regular monitoring of calcitonin levels is also recommended to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and detect any recurrence of the disease.

Graves' disease is defined as an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It results when the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. This can result in a variety of symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, and bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The exact cause of Graves' disease is unknown, but it is more common in women and people with a family history of the disorder. Treatment may include medications to control hyperthyroidism, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid tissue, or surgery to remove the thyroid gland.

Thyroxine (T4) is a type of hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. It is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland, with the other being triiodothyronine (T3).

Thyroxine plays a crucial role in regulating various metabolic processes in the body, including growth, development, and energy expenditure. Specifically, T4 helps to control the rate at which your body burns calories for energy, regulates protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, and influences the body's sensitivity to other hormones.

T4 is produced by combining iodine and tyrosine, an amino acid found in many foods. Once produced, T4 circulates in the bloodstream and gets converted into its active form, T3, in various tissues throughout the body. Thyroxine has a longer half-life than T3, which means it remains active in the body for a more extended period.

Abnormal levels of thyroxine can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including weight gain or loss, fatigue, mood changes, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure.

Papillary and follicular carcinomas are both types of differentiated thyroid cancer. They are called "differentiated" because the cells still have some features of normal thyroid cells. These cancers tend to grow slowly and usually have a good prognosis, especially if they are treated early.

Papillary carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 80% of all cases. It tends to grow in finger-like projections called papillae, which give the tumor its name. Papillary carcinoma often spreads to nearby lymph nodes, but it is usually still treatable and curable.

Follicular carcinoma is less common than papillary carcinoma, accounting for about 10-15% of all thyroid cancers. It tends to grow in round clusters called follicles, which give the tumor its name. Follicular carcinoma is more likely to spread to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs or bones, than papillary carcinoma. However, it is still usually treatable and curable if it is caught early.

It's important to note that while these cancers are called "papillary" and "follicular," they are not the same as benign (non-cancerous) tumors called papillomas or follicular adenomas, which do not have the potential to spread or become life-threatening.

Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element iodine, which decays and emits radiation in the form of gamma rays. Some commonly used iodine radioisotopes include I-123, I-125, I-131. These radioisotopes have various medical applications such as in diagnostic imaging, therapy for thyroid disorders, and cancer treatment.

For example, I-131 is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer due to its ability to destroy thyroid tissue. On the other hand, I-123 is often used in nuclear medicine scans of the thyroid gland because it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing for detailed images of the gland's structure and function.

It is important to note that handling and administering radioisotopes require specialized training and safety precautions due to their radiation-emitting properties.

Substernal goiter refers to an enlarged thyroid gland that extends below the sternum or breastbone. It is also known as a retrosternal goiter. This condition can cause compression of surrounding structures such as the trachea and esophagus, leading to symptoms like difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, and cough. Substernal goiters may be asymptomatic or may require treatment, including surgery, to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

Thyroglobulin is a protein produced and used by the thyroid gland in the production of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). It is composed of two subunits, an alpha and a beta or gamma unit, which bind iodine atoms necessary for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Thyroglobulin is exclusively produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

In clinical practice, measuring thyroglobulin levels in the blood can be useful as a tumor marker for monitoring treatment and detecting recurrence of thyroid cancer, particularly in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary or follicular) who have had their thyroid gland removed. However, it is important to note that thyroglobulin is not specific to thyroid tissue and can be produced by some non-thyroidal cells under certain conditions, which may lead to false positive results in some cases.

A thyroid nodule is a growth or lump that forms within the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. Thyroid nodules can be solid or fluid-filled (cystic) and vary in size. Most thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous) and do not cause symptoms. However, some thyroid nodules may be cancerous or overproduce hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. The exact cause of thyroid nodules is not always known, but factors such as iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's disease, and family history can increase the risk of developing them. A healthcare professional typically diagnoses a thyroid nodule through physical examination, imaging tests like ultrasound, or fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine if further treatment is necessary.

The Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) is a branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X), which is a mixed sensory, motor, and autonomic nerve. The RLN has important functions in providing motor innervation to the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, which is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all the muscles that are responsible for adduction (bringing together) of the vocal cords, including the vocalis muscle, lateral cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid, and interarytenoid muscles. These muscles play a crucial role in voice production, coughing, and swallowing.

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course than the left one. It loops around the subclavian artery in the chest before ascending to the larynx, while the left RLN hooks around the arch of the aorta. This anatomical course makes them vulnerable to injury during various surgical procedures, such as thyroidectomy and neck dissection, leading to potential voice impairment or vocal cord paralysis.

Hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck, does not produce enough thyroid hormones. This results in a slowing down of the body's metabolic processes, leading to various symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and depression.

The two main thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels. In hypothyroidism, the production of these hormones is insufficient, leading to a range of symptoms that can affect multiple organ systems.

Hypothyroidism can be caused by several factors, including autoimmune disorders (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis), surgical removal of the thyroid gland, radiation therapy for neck cancer, certain medications, and congenital defects. Hypothyroidism is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), T3, and T4. Treatment usually involves taking synthetic thyroid hormones to replace the missing hormones and alleviate symptoms.

Ultrasonic surgical procedures, also known as ultrasonic surgery or ultrasonically activated device (USD) surgery, refer to the use of high-frequency sound waves in surgical applications. These procedures typically involve the use of specialized tools called ultrasonic dissectors or harmonic scalpels that cut and coagulate tissue using ultrasonic vibrations.

The ultrasonic dissector consists of a handpiece with a thin, vibrating blade that moves at a frequency of approximately 55,000 Hz. This rapid motion generates friction and heat, which allows the blade to cut through tissue while simultaneously sealing blood vessels up to 3-4 mm in diameter. The harmonic scalpel works on a similar principle but uses a different mechanism for coagulation. It produces a high-frequency vibration that causes the tissue to vibrate, leading to cavitation and the generation of heat. This heat is responsible for sealing blood vessels and cutting through tissues.

Ultrasonic surgical procedures offer several advantages over traditional surgical methods, including reduced blood loss, less thermal damage to surrounding tissues, and potentially shorter recovery times. They are commonly used in various surgical fields, such as general surgery, gynecology, urology, and orthopedics.

Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition characterized by an excessive production and release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland, leading to an increased metabolic rate in various body systems. The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, produces two main thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating many bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, energy levels, and mood.

In hyperthyroidism, the elevated levels of T3 and T4 can cause a wide range of symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, increased appetite, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Some common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease (toxic multinodular goiter), and thyroiditis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage the symptoms and prevent potential complications associated with this condition.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a (MEN 2A) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of tumors in various endocrine glands. It is caused by a mutation in the RET gene. The condition typically involves the following three endocrine glands:

1. Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC): Almost all patients with MEN 2A develop this type of thyroid cancer, which arises from the parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid gland.

2. Pheochromocytomas: These are tumors that develop in the adrenal glands, usually in the chromaffin cells. They can cause the release of excessive amounts of catecholamines, leading to hypertension and other symptoms. Approximately 50% of MEN 2A patients will develop pheochromocytomas.

3. Primary Parathyroid Hyperplasia or Adenomas: Overactivity of the parathyroid glands can lead to hyperparathyroidism, which results in increased calcium levels in the blood (hypercalcemia). This occurs in about 20% of MEN 2A patients.

MEN 2A is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that if one parent has the condition, there is a 50% chance their offspring will inherit the mutated gene and develop the disease. Early detection and treatment of the associated tumors can significantly improve patient outcomes.

Neck dissection is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of lymph nodes and other tissues from the neck. It is typically performed as part of cancer treatment, particularly in cases of head and neck cancer, to help determine the stage of the cancer, prevent the spread of cancer, or treat existing metastases. There are several types of neck dissections, including radical, modified radical, and selective neck dissection, which vary based on the extent of tissue removal. The specific type of neck dissection performed depends on the location and extent of the cancer.

Triiodothyronine (T3) is a thyroid hormone, specifically the active form of thyroid hormone, that plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. It is produced by the thyroid gland through the iodination and coupling of the amino acid tyrosine with three atoms of iodine. T3 is more potent than its precursor, thyroxine (T4), which has four iodine atoms, as T3 binds more strongly to thyroid hormone receptors and accelerates metabolic processes at the cellular level.

In circulation, about 80% of T3 is bound to plasma proteins, while the remaining 20% is unbound or free, allowing it to enter cells and exert its biological effects. The primary functions of T3 include increasing the rate of metabolic reactions, promoting protein synthesis, enhancing sensitivity to catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline), and supporting normal brain development during fetal growth and early infancy. Imbalances in T3 levels can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, which may require clinical intervention and management.

Thyrotropin, also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to regulate the production and release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones from the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin binds to receptors on the surface of thyroid follicular cells, stimulating the uptake of iodide and the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. The secretion of thyrotropin is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of thyrotropin, while T3 and T4 inhibit its release through a negative feedback mechanism.

In medical terms, the "neck" is defined as the portion of the body that extends from the skull/head to the thorax or chest region. It contains 7 cervical vertebrae, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands (such as the thyroid gland). The neck is responsible for supporting the head, allowing its movement in various directions, and housing vital structures that enable functions like respiration and circulation.

Antithyroid agents are a class of medications that are used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. These medications work by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. There are several types of antithyroid agents available, including:

1. Propylthiouracil (PTU): This medication works by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. It also reduces the conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3), another thyroid hormone, in peripheral tissues.
2. Methimazole: This medication works similarly to propylthiouracil by blocking the enzyme that is needed to produce thyroid hormones. However, it does not affect the conversion of T4 to T3 in peripheral tissues.
3. Carbimazole: This medication is converted to methimazole in the body and works similarly to block the production of thyroid hormones.

Antithyroid agents are usually taken orally, and their effects on thyroid hormone production begin within a few hours after ingestion. However, it may take several weeks for patients to notice an improvement in their symptoms. These medications can have side effects, including rash, hives, and joint pain. In rare cases, they can cause liver damage or agranulocytosis, a condition in which the body does not produce enough white blood cells.

It is important to note that antithyroid agents do not cure hyperthyroidism; they only treat the symptoms by reducing thyroid hormone production. Therefore, patients may need to take these medications for several months or even years, depending on their individual circumstances. In some cases, surgery or radioactive iodine therapy may be recommended as alternative treatments for hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid hormones are hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small endocrine gland located in the neck that helps regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. The two main thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which contain iodine atoms. These hormones play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, digestion, and brain development. They help regulate the rate at which your body uses energy, affects how sensitive your body is to other hormones, and plays a vital role in the development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through a feedback mechanism that helps maintain proper balance.

Endoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the use of an endoscope, which is a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, to examine the interior of a body cavity or organ. The endoscope is inserted through a natural opening in the body, such as the mouth or anus, or through a small incision. The images captured by the camera are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the physician to visualize the internal structures and detect any abnormalities, such as inflammation, ulcers, or tumors. Endoscopy can also be used for diagnostic purposes, such as taking tissue samples for biopsy, or for therapeutic purposes, such as removing polyps or performing minimally invasive surgeries.

Calcium gluconate is a medical compound that is used primarily as a medication to treat conditions related to low calcium levels in the body (hypocalcemia) or to prevent calcium deficiency. It is also used as an antidote for treating poisoning from certain chemicals, such as beta-blockers and fluoride.

Calcium gluconate is a form of calcium salt, which is combined with gluconic acid, a natural organic acid found in various fruits and honey. This compound has a high concentration of calcium, making it an effective supplement for increasing calcium levels in the body.

In medical settings, calcium gluconate can be administered orally as a tablet or liquid solution, or it can be given intravenously (directly into a vein) by a healthcare professional. The intravenous route is typically used in emergency situations to quickly raise calcium levels and treat symptoms of hypocalcemia, such as muscle cramps, spasms, or seizures.

It's important to note that while calcium gluconate can be beneficial for treating low calcium levels, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider, as improper use or overdose can lead to serious side effects, including kidney damage and heart problems.

A fine-needle biopsy (FNB) is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is used to obtain a sample of cells or tissue from a suspicious or abnormal area in the body, such as a lump or mass. The needle is typically smaller than that used in a core needle biopsy, and it is guided into place using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI.

The sample obtained during an FNB can be used to diagnose various medical conditions, including cancer, infection, or inflammation. The procedure is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, with minimal risks of complications such as bleeding, infection, or discomfort. However, the accuracy of the diagnosis depends on the skill and experience of the healthcare provider performing the biopsy, as well as the adequacy of the sample obtained.

Overall, FNB is a valuable diagnostic tool that can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about treatment options and improve patient outcomes.

Calcitonin is a hormone that is produced and released by the parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid gland. It plays a crucial role in regulating calcium homeostasis in the body. Specifically, it helps to lower elevated levels of calcium in the blood by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, which are bone cells that break down bone tissue and release calcium into the bloodstream. Calcitonin also promotes the uptake of calcium in the bones and increases the excretion of calcium in the urine.

Calcitonin is typically released in response to high levels of calcium in the blood, and its effects help to bring calcium levels back into balance. In addition to its role in calcium regulation, calcitonin may also have other functions in the body, such as modulating immune function and reducing inflammation.

Clinically, synthetic forms of calcitonin are sometimes used as a medication to treat conditions related to abnormal calcium levels, such as hypercalcemia (high blood calcium) or osteoporosis. Calcitonin can be administered as an injection, nasal spray, or oral tablet, depending on the specific formulation and intended use.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

A seroma is an accumulation of sterile clear fluid, specifically serous fluid, that forms in a closed surgical space or dead space within the body after trauma, injury, or surgery. It is a common post-surgical complication and can occur following various types of surgeries, including but not limited to breast augmentation, mastectomy, lumpectomy, gynecologic procedures, and orthopedic surgeries.

Seromas form due to the disruption of lymphatic vessels during surgery, which results in the leakage of fluid into the surgical site. The body's natural response is to produce more fluid to fill the space, leading to the formation of a seroma. In some cases, seromas may resolve independently as the body reabsorbs the fluid over time. However, larger or persistent seromas might require medical intervention, such as aspiration (drainage) with a needle or surgical drain placement to facilitate healing and prevent complications like infection or delayed recovery.

The parathyroid glands are four small endocrine glands located in the neck, usually near or behind the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a critical role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones. PTH helps maintain the balance of these minerals by increasing the absorption of calcium from food in the intestines, promoting reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and stimulating the release of calcium from bones when needed. Additionally, PTH decreases the excretion of calcium through urine and reduces phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased phosphate excretion. Disorders of the parathyroid glands can result in conditions such as hyperparathyroidism (overactive glands) or hypoparathyroidism (underactive glands), which can have significant impacts on calcium and phosphate homeostasis and overall health.

Hashimoto's disease, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the thyroid gland. The resulting inflammation often leads to an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism). It primarily affects middle-aged women but can also occur in men and women of any age and in children.

The exact cause of Hashimoto's disease is unclear, but it appears to involve interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The disorder tends to run in families, and having a family member with Hashimoto's disease or another autoimmune disorder increases the risk.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism include fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, joint and muscle pain, dry skin, thinning hair, irregular menstrual periods, and depression. However, some people with Hashimoto's disease may have no symptoms for many years.

Diagnosis is typically based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination findings, and laboratory test results. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy, which can help manage symptoms and prevent complications of hypothyroidism. Regular monitoring of thyroid function is necessary to adjust the dosage of medication as needed.

Proto-oncogene proteins c-RET are a group of gene products that play crucial roles in the development and functioning of the nervous system, as well as in other tissues. The c-RET proto-oncogene encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is a type of enzyme that helps transmit signals from the outside to the inside of cells. This receptor is activated by binding to its ligands, leading to the activation of various signaling pathways that regulate cell growth, differentiation, and survival.

Mutations in the c-RET proto-oncogene can lead to its overactivation, resulting in the conversion of this gene into an oncogene. Oncogenes are genes that have the potential to cause cancer when they are mutated or abnormally expressed. Activating mutations in c-RET have been implicated in several types of human cancers, including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2), papillary thyroid carcinoma, and certain types of lung and kidney cancers. These mutations can lead to the constitutive activation of c-RET, resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation.

Operative time, in medical terms, refers to the duration from when an incision is made in the surgical procedure until the closure of the incision. This period includes any additional time needed for re-exploration or reopening during the same operation. It does not include any time spent performing other procedures that may be necessary but are carried out at a later stage. Operative time is an essential metric used in surgery to assess efficiency, plan resources, and determine costs.

Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are a group of blood tests that assess the functioning of the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body.

TFTs typically include the following tests:

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test: This test measures the level of TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones. High levels of TSH may indicate an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), while low levels may indicate an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).
2. Thyroxine (T4) test: This test measures the level of T4, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T4 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
3. Triiodothyronine (T3) test: This test measures the level of T3, another hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T3 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
4. Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) test: This test measures the level of TPOAb, an antibody that attacks the thyroid gland and can cause hypothyroidism.
5. Thyroglobulin (Tg) test: This test measures the level of Tg, a protein produced by the thyroid gland. It is used to monitor the treatment of thyroid cancer.

These tests help diagnose and manage various thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer.

Subcutaneous emphysema is a medical condition where air or gas collects in the subcutaneous tissue, which lies beneath the skin and above the muscle layer. This tissue covers the entire body, but the collection of air usually occurs in the chest wall, neck, or face. The accumulation of air can cause swelling, crepitus (a crackling or crunching sound when touched), and tightness in the affected area. Subcutaneous emphysema is often associated with underlying conditions such as trauma, pulmonary disease, or certain medical procedures that result in air leaks from the lungs or other structures into the subcutaneous tissue. It can be a serious condition if left untreated, as it may lead to complications like mediastinal emphysema or tension pneumothorax. Immediate medical attention is necessary for proper diagnosis and treatment.

The laryngeal nerves are a pair of nerves that originate from the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) and provide motor and sensory innervation to the larynx. There are two branches of the laryngeal nerves: the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The superior laryngeal nerve has two branches: the external branch, which provides motor innervation to the cricothyroid muscle and sensation to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal vestibule; and the internal branch, which provides sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the laryngeal vestibule.

The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, except for the cricothyroid muscle, and sensation to the mucous membrane below the vocal folds. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve has a longer course than the left one, as it hooks around the subclavian artery before ascending to the larynx.

Damage to the laryngeal nerves can result in voice changes, difficulty swallowing, and respiratory distress.

The postoperative period is the time following a surgical procedure during which the patient's response to the surgery and anesthesia is monitored, and any complications or adverse effects are managed. This period can vary in length depending on the type of surgery and the individual patient's needs, but it typically includes the immediate recovery phase in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) or recovery room, as well as any additional time spent in the hospital for monitoring and management of pain, wound healing, and other aspects of postoperative care.

The goals of postoperative care are to ensure the patient's safety and comfort, promote optimal healing and rehabilitation, and minimize the risk of complications such as infection, bleeding, or other postoperative issues. The specific interventions and treatments provided during this period will depend on a variety of factors, including the type and extent of surgery performed, the patient's overall health and medical history, and any individualized care plans developed in consultation with the patient and their healthcare team.

Thyrotoxicosis is a medical condition that results from an excess of thyroid hormones in the body, leading to an overactive metabolic state. It can be caused by various factors such as Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease, or excessive intake of thyroid hormone medication. Symptoms may include rapid heart rate, weight loss, heat intolerance, tremors, and increased sweating, among others. Thyrotoxicosis is not a diagnosis itself but a manifestation of various underlying thyroid disorders. Proper diagnosis and management are crucial to prevent complications and improve quality of life.

Methimazole is an anti-thyroid medication that is primarily used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. It works by inhibiting the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which is essential for the production of thyroid hormones. By blocking this enzyme, methimazole reduces the amount of thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland, helping to restore normal thyroid function.

Methimazole is available in oral tablet form and is typically taken two to three times a day. Common side effects of methimazole include nausea, vomiting, skin rashes, and joint pain. In rare cases, it can cause more serious side effects such as liver damage or agranulocytosis (a severe decrease in white blood cell count).

It is important to note that methimazole should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as regular monitoring of thyroid function and potential side effects is necessary. Additionally, it may take several weeks or months of treatment with methimazole before thyroid function returns to normal.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

I believe there may be a slight confusion in your question as hypnosis and anesthesia are two different concepts in the field of medicine. Here are separate definitions for each:

1. Hypnosis: This is a state of highly focused attention or concentration, often associated with relaxation, and heightened suggestibility. During hypnosis, a person may become more open to suggestions and their perception of reality may change. It's important to note that hypnosis is not a form of unconsciousness or sleep, and the person can usually hear and remember what happens during the session. Hypnosis is sometimes used in medical and psychological settings to help manage pain, anxiety, or symptoms of various conditions.

2. Anesthetic: An anesthetic is a drug that's used to block sensation in certain areas of the body or to induce sleep and reduce pain during surgical procedures. There are two main types of anesthetics: local and general. Local anesthetics numb a specific area of the body, while general anesthetics cause a state of unconsciousness and amnesia, so the person is unaware of the procedure taking place. Anesthetics work by depressing the function of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord.

I hope this clarifies any confusion! If you have any further questions or need more information, please don't hesitate to ask.

Parathyroidectomy is a surgical procedure for the removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands. These glands are located in the neck and are responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Parathyroidectomy is typically performed to treat conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, where one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and produce too much PTH. This can lead to high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, bone pain, kidney stones, and mental confusion.

There are different types of parathyroidectomy procedures, including:

* Partial parathyroidectomy: removal of one or more, but not all, of the parathyroid glands.
* Total parathyroidectomy: removal of all four parathyroid glands.
* Subtotal parathyroidectomy: removal of three and a half of the four parathyroid glands, leaving a small portion of one gland to prevent hypoparathyroidism (a condition where the body produces too little PTH).

The choice of procedure depends on the underlying condition and its severity. After the surgery, patients may need to have their calcium levels monitored and may require calcium and vitamin D supplements to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood.

Propylthiouracil is a medication that is primarily used to treat hyperthyroidism, a condition characterized by an overactive thyroid gland that produces too much thyroid hormone. The medication works by inhibiting the production of thyroid hormones in the body. It belongs to a class of drugs called antithyroid agents or thionamides.

In medical terms, propylthiouracil is defined as an antithyroid medication used to manage hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease or toxic adenoma. It acts by inhibiting the synthesis of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), in the thyroid gland. Propylthiouracil also reduces the peripheral conversion of T4 to T3. The medication is available as a tablet for oral administration and is typically prescribed at a starting dose of 100-150 mg three times daily, with adjustments made based on the patient's response and thyroid function tests.

It's important to note that propylthiouracil should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider due to potential side effects and risks associated with its use. Regular monitoring of thyroid function tests is necessary during treatment, and patients should promptly report any signs or symptoms of adverse reactions to their healthcare provider.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b (MEN 2b) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by the development of tumors in various endocrine glands. It is caused by a mutation in the RET gene. The condition is typically diagnosed in childhood or early adulthood and is often marked by the presence of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytomas, and multiple mucosal neuromas.

MTC is a cancer of the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland, which can cause overproduction of calcitonin. Pheochromocytomas are tumors that develop in the adrenal glands and can lead to excessive production of catecholamines, resulting in hypertension and other symptoms. Mucosal neuromas are benign growths that occur on the mucous membranes, such as those lining the mouth, tongue, and eyelids.

Individuals with MEN 2b may also develop other features, such as Marfanoid habitus (tall and thin build, long limbs, and flexible joints), gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction, and megacolon. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that a child has a 50% chance of inheriting the mutated gene from an affected parent.

Ablation techniques are medical procedures that involve the removal or destruction of body tissue or cells. This can be done through various methods, including:

1. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA): This technique uses heat generated by radio waves to destroy targeted tissue. A thin probe is inserted into the body, and the tip of the probe emits high-frequency electrical currents that heat up and destroy the surrounding tissue.
2. Cryoablation: Also known as cryosurgery, this technique uses extreme cold to destroy abnormal tissue. A probe is inserted into the body, and a gas is passed through it to create a ball of ice that freezes and destroys the targeted tissue.
3. Microwave ablation: This technique uses microwaves to heat up and destroy targeted tissue. A probe is inserted into the body, and microwaves are emitted from the tip of the probe to heat up and destroy the surrounding tissue.
4. Laser ablation: This technique uses laser energy to vaporize and destroy targeted tissue. A laser fiber is inserted into the body, and the laser energy is directed at the targeted tissue to destroy it.
5. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU): This technique uses high-frequency sound waves to heat up and destroy targeted tissue. The sound waves are focused on a specific area of the body, and the heat generated by the sound waves destroys the targeted tissue.

Ablation techniques are used in various medical fields, including cardiology, oncology, and neurology, to treat a range of conditions such as arrhythmias, cancer, and chronic pain.

Surgical hemostasis refers to the methods and techniques used during surgical procedures to stop bleeding or prevent hemorrhage. This can be achieved through various means, including the use of surgical instruments such as clamps, ligatures, or staples to physically compress blood vessels and stop the flow of blood. Electrosurgical tools like cautery may also be used to coagulate and seal off bleeding vessels using heat. Additionally, topical hemostatic agents can be applied to promote clotting and control bleeding in wounded tissues. Effective surgical hemostasis is crucial for ensuring a successful surgical outcome and minimizing the risk of complications such as excessive blood loss, infection, or delayed healing.

Adenocarcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells and grows in a finger-like projection (called a papilla). This type of cancer can occur in various organs, including the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, and female reproductive system. The prognosis and treatment options for papillary adenocarcinoma depend on several factors, such as the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

Voice disorders are conditions that affect the quality, pitch, or volume of a person's voice. These disorders can result from damage to or abnormalities in the vocal cords, which are the small bands of muscle located in the larynx (voice box) that vibrate to produce sound.

There are several types of voice disorders, including:

1. Vocal cord dysfunction: This occurs when the vocal cords do not open and close properly, resulting in a weak or breathy voice.
2. Vocal cord nodules: These are small growths that form on the vocal cords as a result of excessive use or misuse of the voice, such as from shouting or singing too loudly.
3. Vocal cord polyps: These are similar to nodules but are usually larger and can cause more significant changes in the voice.
4. Laryngitis: This is an inflammation of the vocal cords that can result from a viral infection, overuse, or exposure to irritants such as smoke.
5. Muscle tension dysphonia: This occurs when the muscles around the larynx become tense and constricted, leading to voice changes.
6. Paradoxical vocal fold movement: This is a condition in which the vocal cords close when they should be open, causing breathing difficulties and a weak or breathy voice.
7. Spasmodic dysphonia: This is a neurological disorder that causes involuntary spasms of the vocal cords, resulting in voice breaks and difficulty speaking.

Voice disorders can cause significant impairment in communication, social interactions, and quality of life. Treatment may include voice therapy, medication, or surgery, depending on the underlying cause of the disorder.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Dysphonia is a medical term that refers to difficulty or discomfort in producing sounds or speaking, often characterized by hoarseness, roughness, breathiness, strain, or weakness in the voice. It can be caused by various conditions such as vocal fold nodules, polyps, inflammation, neurological disorders, or injuries to the vocal cords. Dysphonia can affect people of all ages and may impact their ability to communicate effectively, causing social, professional, and emotional challenges. Treatment for dysphonia depends on the underlying cause and may include voice therapy, medication, surgery, or lifestyle modifications.

Thiouracil is not typically used as a medical treatment in current clinical practice. It is an anti-thyroid medication that was historically used to manage hyperthyroidism, particularly in cases of Graves' disease. However, due to its adverse effect profile and the availability of safer and more effective treatment options, thiouracil has largely been replaced by other medications such as methimazole and propylthiouracil.

Thiouracil works by inhibiting the enzyme thyroperoxidase, which is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones in the body. By blocking this enzyme, thiouracil reduces the amount of thyroid hormones produced and can help to control symptoms of hyperthyroidism such as rapid heart rate, tremors, and weight loss.

While thiouracil is still available for use in some cases, its use is generally reserved for patients who cannot tolerate or have failed other treatments. The medication can cause serious side effects, including liver damage, bone marrow suppression, and allergic reactions, and requires careful monitoring during treatment.

Thyroiditis is a general term that refers to inflammation of the thyroid gland. It can be caused by various factors such as infections, autoimmune disorders, or medications. Depending on the cause and severity, thyroiditis may lead to overproduction (hyperthyroidism) or underproduction (hypothyroidism) of thyroid hormones, or it can result in a temporary or permanent loss of thyroid function.

There are several types of thyroiditis, including:

1. Hashimoto's thyroiditis - an autoimmune disorder where the body attacks and damages the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
2. Subacute granulomatous thyroiditis (De Quervain's thyroiditis) - often follows a viral infection and results in painful inflammation of the thyroid gland, causing hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism.
3. Silent thyroiditis - an autoimmune disorder similar to Hashimoto's thyroiditis but without symptoms like pain or tenderness; it can cause temporary hyperthyroidism and later hypothyroidism.
4. Postpartum thyroiditis - occurs in women after childbirth, causing inflammation of the thyroid gland leading to hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism.
5. Acute suppurative thyroiditis - a rare bacterial infection that causes painful swelling and redness of the thyroid gland, usually requiring antibiotics for treatment.

Symptoms of thyroiditis depend on whether it leads to hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism symptoms include rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety, and tremors. Hypothyroidism symptoms include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. Treatment varies depending on the type of thyroiditis and its severity.

Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating (TSI), are autoantibodies that bind to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) on the surface of thyroid cells. These antibodies mimic the action of TSH and stimulate the growth and function of the thyroid gland, leading to excessive production of thyroid hormones. This results in a condition known as Graves' disease, which is characterized by hyperthyroidism, goiter, and sometimes ophthalmopathy (eye problems). The presence and titer of TSIs are used in the diagnosis of Graves' disease.

A Thyroglossal cyst is defined as a congenital abnormality, specifically a developmental anomaly of the thyroid gland. It is a cystic mass that forms along the path of the thyroglossal duct, which is a tube-like structure that extends from the tongue to the developing thyroid gland in the neck during embryonic development.

The thyroglossal duct typically disappears before birth, but if it persists, it can result in the formation of a cyst. Thyroglossal cysts are usually midline and located either at or above the level of the hyoid bone in the neck. They may become symptomatic if they become infected or inflamed, leading to pain, swelling, and difficulty swallowing.

Treatment for thyroglossal cyst typically involves surgical removal through a procedure called a Sistrunk operation, which involves removing the cyst as well as a portion of the hyoid bone and the central part of the thyroglossal duct to reduce the risk of recurrence.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Lymphatic metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant lymph nodes through the lymphatic system. It occurs when malignant cells break away from the original tumor, enter the lymphatic vessels, and travel to nearby or remote lymph nodes. Once there, these cancer cells can multiply and form new tumors, leading to further progression of the disease. Lymphatic metastasis is a common way for many types of cancer to spread and can have significant implications for prognosis and treatment strategies.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a polypeptide hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body. It is produced and secreted by the parathyroid glands, which are four small endocrine glands located on the back surface of the thyroid gland.

The primary function of PTH is to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood by increasing calcium absorption from the gut, mobilizing calcium from bones, and decreasing calcium excretion by the kidneys. PTH also increases phosphate excretion by the kidneys, which helps to lower serum phosphate levels.

In addition to its role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, PTH has been shown to have anabolic effects on bone tissue, stimulating bone formation and preventing bone loss. However, chronic elevations in PTH levels can lead to excessive bone resorption and osteoporosis.

Overall, Parathyroid Hormone is a critical hormone that helps maintain mineral homeostasis and supports healthy bone metabolism.

Near total thyroidectomy - Both lobes are removed except for a small amount of thyroid tissue (on one or both sides) in the ... A thyroidectomy is an operation that involves the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. In general surgery, ... Subtotal thyroidectomy - Removal of majority of both lobes leaving behind 4-5 grams (equivalent to the size of a normal thyroid ... Partial thyroidectomy -Removal of gland in front of trachea after mobilization. Done in nontoxic MNG. Its role is controversial ...
Robotic thyroidectomy Robot-assisted transaxillary thyroid surgery (RATS), also called robotic thyroidectomy (RT), is a ... "Robotic Thyroidectomy". EndocrineWeb. Retrieved 3 April 2017. "About 4DX". Cinema City. Retrieved 31 March 2017. "ScreenX Comes ...
Parathyroid transplant is recommended if the parathyroid glands are removed accidentally during a thyroidectomy. They are ... Olson, JA; Debenedetti, MK (1996). "Parathyroid autotransplantation during thyroidectomy. Results of long-term follow-up". Ann ...
Mittra, I. (April 1974). "Mammotropic effect of prolactin enhanced by thyroidectomy". Nature. 248 (5448): 525-526. doi:10.1038/ ...
Surgery (thyroidectomy to remove the whole thyroid or a part of it) is not extensively used because most common forms of ... 2012). "Total thyroidectomy for Graves' disease treatment". La Clinica Terapeutica. 164 (3): 193-196. doi:10.7417/CT.2013.1548 ...
At the time, thyroidectomies were seldom performed, partly because the mortality rate for surgery performed for exophthalmic ... Dunhill went on to perform thyroidectomies on patients who were suffering from cardiac failure as a result of a hyperactive ... Dunhill, T.P. (1912). "A Discussion on Partial Thyroidectomy under Local Anaesthesia, with Special Reference to Exophthalmic ... Dunhill, T. P. (20 November 1907). "Exophthalmic goitre-partial thyroidectomy under local anaesthesia Intercolonial". ...
It can be injured in surgery involving the removal of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy). Understanding the most common anatomic ... The external branch is susceptible to damage during thyroidectomy or cricothyrotomy, as it lies immediately deep to the ... Friedman M, LoSavio P, Ibrahim H (2002). "Superior laryngeal nerve identification and preservation in thyroidectomy". Arch. ...
Sometimes a partial or complete thyroidectomy is required. Goitre is more common among women, but this includes the many types ...
This way total thyroidectomy is not carried out unnecessarily. Thyroidectomy is invariably followed by radioiodine treatment at ... Minimally invasive thyroidectomy has been used in recent years in cases where the nodules are small. Some studies have shown ... 2007). "Minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy for small follicular thyroid nodules". World J Surg. 31 (9): 1743-50. ... Like follicular carcinoma, unilateral hemithyroidectomy is performed for non-invasive disease, and total thyroidectomy for ...
A large majority of the thyroid may be removed (subtotal thyroidectomy) to treat the hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease, or to ... Consequently, individuals who have undergone a total thyroidectomy are typically placed on thyroid hormone replacement (e.g. ... Atasayar S, Guler Demir S (June 2019). "Determination of the Problems Experienced by Patients Post-Thyroidectomy". Clinical ... remove a goiter that is unsightly or impinges on vital structures.[citation needed] A complete thyroidectomy of the entire ...
German surgeon Ludwig Rehn performed the first thyroidectomy. 1882. William Stewart Halsted of Johns Hopkins Hospital performed ...
... such as thyroidectomy. The arytenoid muscle is found in many animals, including dogs. The cartilages of the larynx. Posterior ... "Modified arytenoid muscle electrode recording method for neuromonitoring during thyroidectomy". Gland Surgery. 8 (5): 469-476. ...
While there in 1880, he carried out the first thyroidectomy. He became a general practitioner and moved on to open a small ...
Surgery (thyroidectomy) may be indicated in the following instances: Reaccumulation of the nodule despite 3-4 repeated FNACs ... thyroidectomy), radioiodine therapy, or both may be used. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thyroid nodules. Thyroid ...
He is credited with the performance of the first thyroidectomy. Al-Zahrawi pioneered techniques of neurosurgery and ...
He is credited with the performance of the first thyroidectomy. He wrote three textbooks on surgery, including Manual of Medial ...
In 2010, Enver Ozer performed the first robotic thyroidectomy in central Ohio. In 2017 and 2018, it was revealed that three ... "The James Performs First Robotic Thyroidectomy In Central Ohio", Media Newswire. July 7, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010. " ...
On December 10, 1943, a thyroidectomy was performed on petitioner's wife. A histological examination disclosed a papillary ...
Nart A, Uslu A, Aykas A, Yuzbasioglu F, Dogan M, Demirtas O, Simsek C (July 2008). "Total thyroidectomy for the treatment of ... There is some evidence that a total or sub-total thyroidectomy may assist in reducing levels of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAbs ... April 2012). "Time course of Graves' ophthalmopathy after total thyroidectomy alone or followed by radioiodine therapy: a 2- ... Disease After Total Thyroidectomy: a Prospective Study of a Surgical Series". The Indian Journal of Surgery. 79 (6): 521-526. ...
Thyroidectomy and neck dissection show good results in early stages of SCT. However, due to highly aggressive phenotype, ...
Thyroidectomy is the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. Tonsillectomy is the removal of the tonsils. Trabeculectomy ...
... and thyroidectomy (surgical excision of the gland). As operating on a hyperthyroid patient is dangerous, prior to thyroidectomy ... Both bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy and the Hartley-Dunhill procedure (hemithyroidectomy on one side and partial lobectomy on ... Indications for thyroidectomy can be separated into absolute indications or relative indications. These indications aid in ... Biopsy to obtain histiological testing is not normally required, but may be obtained if thyroidectomy is performed. The goiter ...
... thyroidectomy), parathyroid surgery (parathyroidectomy) or other surgical interventions in the central part of the neck (such ... or recombinant parathyroid hormone in the management of both temporary and long-term hypoparathyroidism following thyroidectomy ... vitamin D or recombinant parathyroid hormone for managing post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism". The Cochrane Database of ...
"The Development of Illness Anxiety Disorder in a Patient After Partial Thyroidectomy". Cureus. 14 (5): e25416. doi:10.7759/ ...
Following thyroidectomy, it may take many weeks before thyroglobulin levels become undetectable. Thyroglobulin levels may be ... After thyroglobulin levels become undetectable (following thyroidectomy), levels can be serially monitored in follow-up of ...
This artery must be ligated at the thyroid when conducting a thyroidectomy. If the artery is severed, but not ligated, it will ...
... a minimum volume threshold of thyroidectomies to optimize outcomes (Ann Surg 2016); survival benefit afforded by adjuvant RAI ... "The importance of surgeon experience for clinical and economic outcomes from thyroidectomy". Annals of Surgery. 228 (3): 320- ... a strong association between a higher surgeon or hospital case volume and improved patient outcomes following thyroidectomy and ...
Type 1 AIT is usually treated with anti-thyroid drugs or thyroidectomy. Type 2 AIT is caused by a destructive thyroiditis due ...
8. A 48-year-old male patient post total thyroidectomy with PTC recurrence. a Transverse greyscale ultrasound of the neck ... 7. A 51-year-old female patient post total thyroidectomy for PTC with elevated thyroglobulin measurement. an Axial non-enhanced ... a symptomatic goiter may require surgical treatment with total thyroidectomy, and in this case CT plays an additional role in ...
Udelsman R, Shaha AR (July 2005). "Is total thyroidectomy the best possible surgical management for well-differentiated thyroid ...
Near total thyroidectomy - Both lobes are removed except for a small amount of thyroid tissue (on one or both sides) in the ... A thyroidectomy is an operation that involves the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. In general surgery, ... Subtotal thyroidectomy - Removal of majority of both lobes leaving behind 4-5 grams (equivalent to the size of a normal thyroid ... Partial thyroidectomy -Removal of gland in front of trachea after mobilization. Done in nontoxic MNG. Its role is controversial ...
Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia remains a major complication in patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy, and early ... "We found that when we measure PTH as early as 1 hour after total thyroidectomy, while patients are still in recovery, PTH was ... So far, "we have had no readmissions for thyroidectomy patients since we started to follow this protocol at our institution," ... "I strongly recommend high thyroidectomy volume institutions apply the same protocol and publish their data about that, so we ...
encoded search term (Thyrotoxic Storm Following Thyroidectomy) and Thyrotoxic Storm Following Thyroidectomy What to Read Next ... Thyrotoxic Storm Following Thyroidectomy. Updated: Aug 06, 2020 * Author: Peter F Czako, MD, FACS; Chief Editor: Arlen D Meyers ... Thyroidectomy then and now: a 50-year Australian perspective. World J Surg. 2019 Apr. 43(4):1022-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... Failure of esmolol to control tachycardia associated with thyroid storm after subtotal thyroidectomy. Br J Anaesth. 2012 Sep. ...
Partial substernal thyroidectomy ICD-9-CM Vol 3 Code 06.51. Subscribe to Codify by AAPC and get the code details in a flash.. ...
A thyroidectomy is surgery to take out your thyroid gland. This gland is shaped like a butterfly. It lies across the windpipe ( ... What is a thyroidectomy?. A thyroidectomy is surgery to take out your thyroid gland. This gland is shaped like a butterfly. It ...
"Is there value in intraoperative frozen section during thyroidectomy for thyroid nodules" Journal of The American College of ... Is there value in intraoperative frozen section during thyroidectomy for thyroid nodules ...
Most cN1a patients were in an intermediate risk group for recurrence and required total thyroidectomy. However, lobectomy with ... This study investigates whether total thyroidectomy and therapeutic bilateral CND are necessary for all PTC patients with cN1a ... This study retrospectively reviewed 899 PTC patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with bilateral CND from January 2012 to ... we often observed that patients who underwent total thyroidectomy due to clinically involved nodal disease (cN1a) actually had ...
... World J Clin Cases 2023 ... The patient had undergone thyroidectomy 2 mo ago. Computed tomography revealed AARS with bilateral locked facets. Following the ... Iatrogenic atlantoaxial rotatory subluxation after thyroidectomy in a pediatric patient: A case report ...
Outcome and Evaluation of the Patient Thyroidectomy with Hyperthyroidism: A Case-Control Study Authors. * Md Harun Ur Rashid ... Hyperthyroidism, Thyroidectomy, Thyroid, Pediatric, Child, Adult. Abstract. Introduction: According to reports, pediatric ... Materials and Methods: A retrospective case-control study of all (n=100) complete thyroidectomies was performed on 32 pediatric ... Specifically, this Studys aimed to evaluate how complete thyroidectomy is in youth (18 years) and adults. ...
Advantages of thyroidectomy using transaxillary robotic surgery (TARS) are cosmetic, a high-definition view of structures, and ... Filed Under: Departments, Head and Neck, How I Do It, Laryngology Tagged With: thyroidectomy, treatmentIssue: November 2021 ... Thyroidectomy using transaxillary robotic surgery (TARS) was first developed in 2007 using the da Vinci robot. It is used as a ... In this article, we wish to help reduce the learning curve of the transaxillary approach for robotic thyroidectomy by providing ...
Feedback, Female, Humans, Postoperative Care, Thyroid Gland/drug effects, Thyroidectomy, Thyrotropin/metabolism, Thyroxine/ ... Importance of thyroxine in suppressing secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone after thyroidectomy. *Mark ... Thyroidectomy; Thyrotropin/metabolism; Thyroxine/pharmacology; Triiodothyronine/pharmacology}}, language = {{eng}}, month = {{ ... Importance of thyroxine in suppressing secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone after thyroidectomy}}, url = {{http://dx.doi. ...
Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation versus Thyroidectomy for the Treatment of Benign Thyroid Nodules in Elderly Patients ... Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation versus Thyroidectomy for the Treatment of Benign Thyroid Nodules in Elderly Patients ... Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation versus Thyroidectomy for the Treatment of Benign Thyroid Nodules in Elderly Patients ... Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation versus Thyroidectomy for the Treatment of Benign Thyroid Nodules in Elderly Patients ...
Abstract:Thyroidectomy has been performed on an inpatient basis because of concerns regarding postoperative complications. ... There is a body of evidence that suggests that ambulatory thyroidectomy in the hands of experienced operating teams within an ... There is a paucity of data relating to anesthetic techniques associated with ambulatory thyroidectomy. Cost comparison between ... Cost difference ranged from $676 to $2474 with a mean saving of $1301 with ambulatory thyroidectomy. ...
Preoperative vitamin D levels do not relate with the risk of hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy. A cohort study - ... Preoperative vitamin D levels do not relate with the risk of hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy. A cohort study. Alexis ... Aim of our study is to evaluate the association of preoperative vitamin D values and hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy ... Preoperative vitamin D levels do not relate with the risk of hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy. A cohort study. ...
Thyroidectomy: analysis of 184 cases in a single centre. Gema López Gallardo , Francisco Javier Gómez Alfonso , Julia Silva ... Malignant thyroidectomy is not associated with more surgical complications or postoperative hospital stay. ... Materials and methods: 184 correlatives cases of thyroidectomy during the period from October 2011 to October 2013 are analysed ... tumour characteristics and surgical complications between malignant and benign thyroidectomy. ...
Making wise decisions for completion thyroidectomies. Gland surgery. 2022;11(11):1741-1743 ... would add to the argument for completion thyroidectomy, did not change the treatment strategy at the authors clinic. This ... Making wise decisions for completion thyroidectomies. Permanent lenke. https://hdl.handle.net/10037/28841 ...
She is scheduled to undergo a thyroidectomy on April 4th at Nazareth Hospital. Surgeons will remove all or part of her thyroid ... Patients in need of a thyroidectomy often present with a small thyroid growth (nodule or cyst), a thyroid gland that is so ... Mary is a loving wife, mother, and entrepreneur from Kenya who needs $657 to fund a thyroidectomy. ...
Thyroidectomy Definition. A thyroidectomy is removing part or all of the thyroid. This is a gland in the neck that makes ... Thyroidectomy. Cedars-Sinai website. Available at: https://www.cedars-sinai.org/programs/cancer/we-treat/head-and-neck/ ... treatments/thyroidectomy.html. *Thyroidectomy. Cleveland Clinic website. Available at: http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/ ... Q & A: Thyroidectomy. American Thyroid Association website. Available at: http://www.thyroid.org/patient-thyroid-information/ ...
... We have found the following website results that are related to "Thyroidectomy Steps". ... Thyroidectomy Steps results from around the web. ...
Outcomes of total thyroidectomy with therapeutic central and lateral neck dissection with a single dose of radioiodine in the ... "Thyroidectomy" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Total Thyroidectomy vs Thyroid Lobectomy for Localized Papillary Thyroid Cancer in Children: A Propensity-Matched Survival ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Thyroidectomy" by people in this website by year, and whether ...
... After your surgery, follow your healthcare providers instructions exactly. Take your ...
Thyroidectomy. Thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid lobes. Overactive thyroid hormone production ... During a thyroidectomy, all of the abnormal tissue is removed and the overactive thyroid is completely cured. It is important ...
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... there will be a tendency to ascribe symptoms that predated the thyroidectomy to a consequence of said thyroidectomy. Think that ... Usually thyroidectomy is considered in cases of cancer or if someone is having trouble breathing due to pressure from goiter. ... Pity that, as the findings would have been more impactful if the thyroidectomy group still did better than the sham group. ... It is definitely both common and possible for people to live normal, happy lives post thyroidectomy. But of course, there is a ...
Thyroidectomy March 4, 2020. Blog. 0 Comments Thyroidectomy is the removal of all or part of your thyroid gland. Your thyroid ... A thyroidectomy may be recommended for conditions such as:. *Thyroid cancer. Cancer is the most common reason for thyroidectomy ... Thyroidectomy is generally a safe procedure. But as with any surgery, thyroidectomy carries a risk of complications. ... There are several approaches to thyroidectomy, including:. *Conventional thyroidectomy.This approach involves making an ...
Total thyroidectomy is an operation to remove the whole thyroid gland to treat these conditions.. ...
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Microsoft word - thyroidectomy_info.doc. Thyroidectomy - an operation to remove all or part of the thyroid gland Information ... Thyroidectomy A total thyroidectomy is an operation to remove all of the thyroid gland. A thyroid lobectomy is an operation to ... Thyroidectomy is a major operation and, on returning home, you should rest for 2-3 days. You will normally be well enough to ... The day after your total thyroidectomy we will test your blood and you may be started on thyroid medication. If all the thyroid ...
Home » Thyroidectomy (Partial). Thyroidectomy (Partial). A partial thyroidectomy is a procedure in which a portion of the ... A partial thyroidectomy takes approximately 30 minutes, with patients ready to leave 3 hours after arrival. ...
  • Thyroidectomy is a common surgical procedure that has several potential complications or sequelae including: temporary or permanent change in voice, temporary or permanently low calcium, need for lifelong thyroid hormone replacement, bleeding, infection, and the remote possibility of airway obstruction due to bilateral vocal cord paralysis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this article, we wish to help reduce the learning curve of the transaxillary approach for robotic thyroidectomy by providing a step-by- step description of the procedure, highlighting tips and pitfalls. (enttoday.org)
  • Even though I applaud the authors for conducting this much-needed randomized trial, we can all agree that the subjects who underwent thyroidectomy were highly invested in the success of that procedure. (hormonesdemystified.com)
  • Thyroidectomy is generally a safe procedure. (drivorfunnell.com)
  • Surgeons typically perform thyroidectomy during general anesthesia, so you won't be conscious during the procedure. (drivorfunnell.com)
  • A partial thyroidectomy is a procedure in which a portion of the thyroid gland is removed. (nwentsurgerycenter.com)
  • Most thyroidectomies are performed under general anesthesia, meaning you are asleep and pain-free during the procedure. (elispot.biz)
  • A total thyroidectomy is a procedure to remove the entire thyroid. (elispot.biz)
  • If you're having an endoscopic or robotic thyroidectomy, the surgeon will use small instruments and a video camera to perform the procedure through tiny incisions. (elispot.biz)
  • One such novel surgical procedure is Robotic-assisted breast-axillo insufflation thyroidectomy (RABIT). (macsforcancer.com)
  • Robotic thyroidectomy has been used since 2007, but RABIT is a more refined and advanced procedure which is considered the best and most versatile technique. (macsforcancer.com)
  • As opposed to RABIT, the conventional open thyroidectomy procedure leaves behind an unsightly scar7-10 centimetre-long in the neck region, which usually affects the patient's confidence and causes a lot of distress. (macsforcancer.com)
  • Total thyroidectomy is the recommended procedure for a large proportion of thyroid malignancies and benign thyroid pathologies such as Graves' disease and multinodular goiter. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thyroidectomy, a surgical procedure commonly performed worldwide, is used to treat a variety of conditions such as thyroid cancer, suspicious thyroid nodules, hyperthyroidism, and goiter. (e-ceo.org)
  • Whether you have had some or all of your thyroid removed in a thyroidectomy procedure, you are likely to experience the impact of a diminished thyroid gland, and you may be wondering how long the thyroid hormone stays in your body. (healthgains.com)
  • If you have undergone a thyroidectomy, it would seemingly be the most likely cause of your underactive thyroid, and you may wonder how long thyroid hormone stays in the body after this procedure. (healthgains.com)
  • Undergoing a thyroidectomy is a major medical procedure that can affect a person's health considerably. (childhoodcancer2012.org.uk)
  • A thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure used to remove all or part of the thyroid gland. (childhoodcancer2012.org.uk)
  • Once a patient and health care professional have decided on a thyroidectomy, pre-operative tests such as blood work and imaging will be ordered to prepare for the procedure. (childhoodcancer2012.org.uk)
  • Depending on the complexity of the procedure, a thyroidectomy can be completed in one to five hours. (childhoodcancer2012.org.uk)
  • Undergoing a thyroidectomy may seem daunting, but a proper understanding of the procedure and potential complications can help patients properly prepare. (childhoodcancer2012.org.uk)
  • As the procedure becomes more common, a step-by-step guide to thyroidectomy procedure and health is essential for a successful outcome. (childhoodcancer2012.org.uk)
  • The considerable number of publications regarding total thyroidectomy for the relief of cardiac disease have thus far largely been concerned with the basic physiologic reasoning which indicates the desirability of the procedure, the historical background which has steadily linked together thyroid function and cardiac action, the technic of the surgical operation and the clinical benefit to patients on whom the procedure has been carried out. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Postoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) showed 100% sensitivity in predicting post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia, according to the results of a prospective study of 60 patients. (medscape.com)
  • The utility of postoperative PTH for predicting symptomatic hypocalcemia is beneficial for guiding postoperative management of patients following total thyroidectomy," said Larissa Sweeny, MD, of the University of Miami, Florida, who served as a moderator for the session in which the study was presented. (medscape.com)
  • For clinical practice, the current study "reinforces the utility of postoperative PTH lab values for guiding medication administration following total thyroidectomy," said Sweeny. (medscape.com)
  • I have been using postoperative PTH lab values following total thyroidectomy to guide my postoperative management of these patients for over 6 years. (medscape.com)
  • Thyroidectomy has been performed on an inpatient basis because of concerns regarding postoperative complications. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • Malignant thyroidectomy is not associated with more surgical complications or postoperative hospital stay. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • To evaluate the association of preoperative vitamin D levels with postoperative hypocalcaemia after total thyroidectomy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 10 ng/mL), is an independent predictive factor of postoperative hypocalcaemia after total thyroidectomy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The present study aims to evaluate the potential for using preoperative serum vitamin D concentrations to predict postoperative hypocalcaemia after total thyroidectomy in a homogenous group of patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aims of the present study are to analyze the rate of postoperative hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy, performed for cancer by a single first operator, without any technological aid, and to compare the data to those obtained adopting the most recent technological adjuncts developed to reduce the postoperative hypoparathyroidism. (unifi.it)
  • Furthermore, a literature research from PubMed® has been performed, considering the most available tools to better identify parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy, in order to reduce the postoperative hypoparathyroidism. (unifi.it)
  • Hypoparathyroidism-related health care utilization and expenditure during the first postoperative year after total thyroidectomy for cancer: a comprehensive national cohort study. (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this study was to assess the economic burden of postoperative hypoparathyroidism after total thyroidectomy for cancer in France . (bvsalud.org)
  • Our study found a significant additional cost in respect of health expenditures for patients who had hypoparathyroidism after thyroidectomy for cancer , over the first postoperative year. (bvsalud.org)
  • 4 cm or that are diffusely spreading require total or near-total thyroidectomy with postoperative radioiodine ablation of residual thyroid tissue with appropriately large doses of iodine-131 administered when the patient is hypothyroid or after recombinant thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) injections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Endoscopic thyroidectomy , which uses smaller incisions in the neck. (gleneagles.com.sg)
  • More recently, minimally invasive and "scarless" approaches such as transoral thyroidectomy have become popular in some parts of the world. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transoral thyroidectomy. (drivorfunnell.com)
  • Transoral thyroidectomy , which avoids a neck incision by using an incision inside the mouth. (gleneagles.com.sg)
  • Printing a Three-Dimensional Patient-Specific Safety Device for Reducing the Potential Risk of Mental Nerve Injury During Transoral Thyroidectomy) Yeh and Chen et al. (3dheals.com)
  • Endoscopic thyroidectomy. (drivorfunnell.com)
  • The presenters from last year , Dr. Yi-Ting Yeh and Dr.Rui-Yu Chen published a study about the clinical outcome of the application of a 3D-printed protector for Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy. (3dheals.com)
  • Transoral Endoscopic Approach for Thyroidectomy is a cosmetic appealing surgical technique for treating thyroid cancer. (3dheals.com)
  • According to the article, from March 2017 to March 2019, none of the 66 cases received thyroidectomy transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) suffered from mental nerve injury. (3dheals.com)
  • Through the ongoing close collaboration between the surgical and design team, 3D printed patient-specific safety device is a sustainable and valuable service for patients receiving transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy. (3dheals.com)
  • Partial thyroidectomy -Removal of gland in front of trachea after mobilization. (wikipedia.org)
  • If only a portion is removed (partial thyroidectomy), your thyroid may be able to function normally after surgery. (drivorfunnell.com)
  • A partial thyroidectomy takes approximately 30 minutes, with patients ready to leave 3 hours after arrival. (nwentsurgerycenter.com)
  • A partial thyroidectomy means that just a portion of the gland is taken out. (elispot.biz)
  • Thyroidectomies can be total or partial. (gleneagles.com.sg)
  • A thyroidectomy is the partial or complete removal of the thyroid gland. (healthgains.com)
  • Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia remains a major complication in patients who have undergone total thyroidectomy, and early identification can reduce disease burden and improve outcomes, according to Ahmed Sobhy Youssef, MD, of the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, and colleagues. (medscape.com)
  • In a presentation at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Youssef presented results of the study which looked at early post-operative parathyroid hormone as a predictor of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia. (medscape.com)
  • We found that when we measure PTH as early as 1 hour after total thyroidectomy, while patients are still in recovery, PTH was very sensitive to predict hypocalcemia. (medscape.com)
  • However, the results suggest that early measurement of PTH at 1 hour after surgery is an accurate predictor of hypocalcemia in total thyroidectomy patients. (medscape.com)
  • Preoperative vitamin D levels do not relate with the risk of hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy. (minervamedica.it)
  • BACKGROUND: Hypocalcemia is the most common complication following total thyroidectomy. (minervamedica.it)
  • Aim of our study is to evaluate the association of preoperative vitamin D values and hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy. (minervamedica.it)
  • CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of patients, preoperative vitamin D levels were not associated with a higher risk of hypocalcemia following total thyroidectomy. (minervamedica.it)
  • Comparison of Indocyanine Green Angiography vs Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone measurement in early prediction of risk of post thyroidectomy hypocalcemia : a prospective cohort study. (who.int)
  • However, improvements in anesthetic drugs and equipment have allowed surgeons to perform thyroidectomy exclusively under general anesthesia. (ekja.org)
  • A thyroidectomy is an operation that involves the surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general surgery, endocrine or head and neck surgeons often perform a thyroidectomy when a patient has thyroid cancer or some other condition of the thyroid gland (such as hyperthyroidism) or goiter. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thyroidectomy is used in the treatment of: Thyroid cancer Toxic thyroid nodule (produces too much thyroid hormone) Multinodular goiter (enlarged thyroid gland with many nodules), especially if there is compression of nearby structures Graves' disease, especially if there is exophthalmos (bulging eyes) Thyroid nodule, if fine needle aspirate (FNA) results are unclear Hemithyroidectomy - Entire isthmus is removed along with 1 lobe. (wikipedia.org)
  • Subtotal thyroidectomy - Removal of majority of both lobes leaving behind 4-5 grams (equivalent to the size of a normal thyroid gland) of thyroid tissue on one or both sides-this used to be the most common operation for multinodular goitre. (wikipedia.org)
  • Near total thyroidectomy - Both lobes are removed except for a small amount of thyroid tissue (on one or both sides) in the vicinity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve entry point and the superior parathyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Total thyroidectomy - Entire gland is removed. (wikipedia.org)
  • A thyroidectomy is surgery to take out your thyroid gland. (kaiserpermanente.org)
  • Patients in need of a thyroidectomy often present with a small thyroid growth (nodule or cyst), a thyroid gland that is so overactive it is dangerous (thyrotoxicosis), cancer of the thyroid, noncancerous (benign) tumors of the thyroid that are causing symptoms, or thyroid swelling (nontoxic goiter) that makes it hard to breathe or swallow. (watsi.org)
  • How much of your thyroid gland is removed during thyroidectomy depends on the reason for surgery. (drivorfunnell.com)
  • Total thyroidectomy is an operation to remove the whole thyroid gland to treat these conditions. (chiltonchong.com.au)
  • Thyroidectomy is surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland, which is located in the front of the neck. (elispot.biz)
  • A thyroidectomy may be appropriate for people who have a thyroid tumor, thyroid nodules or hyperthyroidism, which occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. (elispot.biz)
  • What is a thyroidectomy (thyroid gland removal)? (gleneagles.com.sg)
  • Conventional, open thyroidectomy , which removes half or the whole thyroid gland through a cut in the lower mid neck. (gleneagles.com.sg)
  • Robotic thyroidectomy completely removes the thyroid gland through a point of entry in the armpit instead of the neck, therefore leaving no visible neck scar. (gleneagles.com.sg)
  • Thyroidectomy refers to the surgical removal of some or all parts of the thyroid gland. (cvithyroidcenter.com)
  • In thyroidectomy, the doctor removes all or part of the patient\'s thyroid gland (an endocrine gland important for hormonal regulation). (lyfboat.com)
  • Is total thyroidectomy with bilateral central neck dissection the only surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with clinically involved central nodes? (springer.com)
  • In clinical practice, we often observed that patients who underwent total thyroidectomy due to clinically involved nodal disease (cN1a) actually had less extensive CLNM on final pathology. (springer.com)
  • This study investigates whether total thyroidectomy and therapeutic bilateral CND are necessary for all PTC patients with cN1a. (springer.com)
  • This study retrospectively reviewed 899 PTC patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with bilateral CND from January 2012 to June 2017. (springer.com)
  • Most cN1a patients were in an intermediate risk group for recurrence and required total thyroidectomy. (springer.com)
  • According to the 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines, total thyroidectomy with therapeutic central-compartment neck dissection (CND) is recommended for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients with suspicious central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) on preoperative imaging [ 1 ]. (springer.com)
  • Total thyroidectomy can be also considered when more than five metastatic central lymph node are present or the maximal dimension of a metastatic lymph node is greater than 2 mm, as these pathologic features indicate an intermediate risk of disease recurrence [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • From January 2012 to June 2017, a total of 1859 patients diagnosed with PTC underwent total thyroidectomy with CND at the Thyroid Cancer Center of the Samsung Medical Center, which is a tertiary referral center in Korea. (springer.com)
  • Total thyroidectomy and therapeutic CND is typically performed after CLNM is detected during preoperative US. (springer.com)
  • METHODS: A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing total thyroidectomy in our department of endocrine surgery between November 2012 and November 2015 was performed. (minervamedica.it)
  • This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Thyroidectomy" by people in this website by year, and whether "Thyroidectomy" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (rush.edu)
  • Total Thyroidectomy vs Thyroid Lobectomy for Localized Papillary Thyroid Cancer in Children: A Propensity-Matched Survival Analysis. (rush.edu)
  • Outcomes of total thyroidectomy with therapeutic central and lateral neck dissection with a single dose of radioiodine in the treatment of regionally advanced papillary thyroid cancer and effects on serum thyroglobulin. (rush.edu)
  • If your entire thyroid is removed (total thyroidectomy), you need daily treatment with thyroid hormone to replace your thyroid's natural function. (drivorfunnell.com)
  • The medical records of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy between May 2020 and January 2022 and who had a documented preoperative serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration were retrospectively reviewed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A meta-analysis of risk factors for hypocalcaemia after total thyroidectomy pooling the results of eight studies indicated that the incidence of hypocalcaemia was significantly increased in patients with vitamin D deficiency [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The inclusion criteria were the performance of total thyroidectomy on adult patients (≥ 18 years) and a documented 25-OHD concentration obtained within one week of the date of surgery. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lobectomy was performed in 17 patients, isthmectomy in 2 patients, and total thyroidectomy in 2 patients. (e-ceo.org)
  • The percentage of hypoparathyroidism, temporary or permanent, was recorded both in the first period (Group A) and in the second, most recent period (Group B). Total thyroidectomies were compared either with those with central compartment dissection and lobectomies. (unifi.it)
  • in total thyroidectomy, all of it removed. (lyfboat.com)
  • A total of 20 patients (age, 20-80 years), who were scheduled for thyroidectomy under local anesthesia with MAC between December 2015 and February 2016, were retrospectively reviewed. (ekja.org)
  • Hypoparathyroidism is the most common complication of total thyroidectomy for cancer , and requires calcium and/or vitamin D supplementation for an unpredictable period of time . (bvsalud.org)
  • if these tumors arise from a microenvironment characterized by high inflammation and immune depression, and have a higher mutational burden and/or mutations known to be associated with poor prognostic outcomes, then it may be that more aggressive treatments such as total thyroidectomy are most appropriate. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients who are going to undergo total thyroidectomy, with or without cervical lymph node dissection for both benign and malignant conditions. (who.int)
  • Serum iPTH levels will be measured 20 min after total thyroidectomy. (who.int)
  • Should Total Thyroidectomy Be Recommended for Patients with Familial Non-medullary Thyroid Cancer? (cdc.gov)
  • She is scheduled to undergo a thyroidectomy on April 4th at Nazareth Hospital. (watsi.org)
  • Available at: http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments_and_procedures/hic_Parathyroid_Surgery/hic-thyroidectomy. (ebscohealthlibrary.com)
  • Materials and methods: 184 correlatives cases of thyroidectomy during the period from October 2011 to October 2013 are analysed. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Here, we retrospectively reviewed 18 cases of thyroidectomy performed under local anesthesia with MAC in a single center. (ekja.org)
  • ATA guidelines also recommend that patients undergoing thyroidectomy be rendered euthyroid with methimazole preoperatively and that potassium iodide (KI) be given in the immediate preoperative period. (medscape.com)
  • Thyroidectomy using transaxillary robotic surgery (TARS) was first developed in 2007 using the da Vinci robot. (enttoday.org)
  • Robotic thyroidectomy , which is an advanced robotic surgery. (gleneagles.com.sg)
  • Less extreme variants of thyroidectomy include: Hemithyroidectomy (or unilateral lobectomy): removing only half of the thyroid Isthmectomy: removing the band of tissue (or isthmus) connecting the two lobes of the thyroid A thyroidectomy should not be confused with a thyroidotomy (thyrotomy), which is a cutting into (‑otomy) the thyroid, not a removal (‑ectomy, literally "out-cutting") of it. (wikipedia.org)
  • Removal or devascularization of the parathyroids Al-Zahrawi, a tenth century Arab physician, sometimes referred to as the "Father of surgery", is credited with the performance of the first thyroidectomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • A retrospective case-control study of all (n=100) complete thyroidectomies was performed on 32 pediatric and 68 adult patients who were consecutive from were compared at the Department of ENT, Head & Neck Surgery, Islami Bank Medical College and multicentral base hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, from July 2018 to June 2021. (banglajol.info)
  • But as with any surgery, thyroidectomy carries a risk of complications. (drivorfunnell.com)
  • A thyroidectomy is surgery to remove part or all of a person's thyroid. (elispot.biz)
  • A thyroidectomy can take up to four hours, depending on the type of surgery you're having. (elispot.biz)
  • A thyroidectomy usually takes between 1 - 2 hours or more, depending on the extent of your surgery. (gleneagles.com.sg)
  • Thyroidectomy recovery depends on your type of surgery. (gleneagles.com.sg)
  • If you are on a limited budget and need a thyroidectomy, travel to Cancun and get the surgery you need at an affordable price, in the hands of a medical tourism certified doctor. (medicaltourismex.com)
  • View the times for thyroidectomy surgery. (medicaltourismex.com)
  • On thyroidectomy, out of town patients are cleared to fly after 5 - 7 days of surgery, and follow-ups can be scheduled with the ENT surgeon after 5 - 7 days of the thyroidectomy. (medicaltourismex.com)
  • Because the current trend favors minimally invasive surgery for thyroid disease, increasing interest has developed for thyroidectomy under local anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care (MAC). (ekja.org)
  • The study population included 60 adults who underwent thyroidectomy for benign or malignant disease at a single center between January 2022 and January 2023. (medscape.com)
  • The bottom line is that the subjects who underwent thyroidectomy felt significantly better - all the way through the end of the 18-month study - than the subjects who simply attempted to further optimize the medical management of their autoimmune hypothyroidism. (hormonesdemystified.com)
  • Surgical thyroidectomy has traditionally been used to treat benign thyroid nodules. (cvithyroidcenter.com)
  • Is there value in intraoperative frozen section during thyroidectomy for thyroid nodules" Journal of The American College of Surgeons Vol. 221 Iss. (bepress.com)
  • Thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid lobes. (leonardo-sites.com)
  • For those who have undergone a thyroidectomy, the cause of the hypothyroidism is likely to be the removal of some or all of the thyroid, and they should receive a doctor's advice on how to counteract these effects. (healthgains.com)
  • This study comprised a retrospective review of all thyroidectomy operations performed at our hospital between May 2020 and January 2022. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If you have problems with anti-thyroid drugs and don't want radioactive iodine therapy, thyroidectomy may be an option. (drivorfunnell.com)
  • During a thyroidectomy, all of the abnormal tissue is removed and the overactive thyroid is completely cured. (leonardo-sites.com)
  • Thyroidectomy is used to treat thyroid disorders, such as cancer, noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid (goiter) and overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism). (drivorfunnell.com)
  • Conventional thyroidectomy. (drivorfunnell.com)
  • If you're having a conventional thyroidectomy, the surgeon will remove part or all of your thyroid through the incision in your neck. (elispot.biz)
  • Memeh K, Ruhle B, Vaghaiwalla T, Kaplan E, Keutgen X, Angelos P. Thyroidectomy for euthyroid patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and persisting symptoms: A cost-effectiveness analysis. (rush.edu)
  • Thyroidectomy Versus Medical Management for Euthyroid Patients With Hashimoto Disease and Persisting Symptoms: A Randomized Trial. (hormonesdemystified.com)
  • Therefore, I ask you again: should we be offering thyroidectomy to Hashimoto's sufferers who are euthyroid (adequately replaced with thyroid hormone) on paper, but still feel like crap? (hormonesdemystified.com)
  • Aim: To evaluate whether differences exist in terms of patient, radiological, tumour characteristics and surgical complications between malignant and benign thyroidectomy. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • After the thyroidectomy is completed, the patient will be monitored in the hospital for at least a day. (childhoodcancer2012.org.uk)
  • However, no official reports of thyroidectomy under local/regional anesthesia with monitored anesthesia care (MAC) have been published in Korea. (ekja.org)
  • Failure of esmolol to control tachycardia associated with thyroid storm after subtotal thyroidectomy. (medscape.com)
  • Numerous minimally invasive thyroidectomy techniques have been developed and are actively utilized in hospitals around the globe. (e-ceo.org)
  • Herein, we describe a recently developed minimally invasive thyroidectomy technique that employs the da Vinci SP, and we present the preliminary clinical outcomes of single-port robotic areolar thyroidectomy (SPRA). (e-ceo.org)
  • All consecutive transaxillary approaches for robotic thyroidectomy between 2010 and 2018, performed by the same head and neck surgeon, were retrospectively analyzed (duration and complications), for the analysis of the learning curve. (enttoday.org)
  • Available at: https://www.cedars-sinai.org/programs/cancer/we-treat/head-and-neck/treatments/thyroidectomy.html. (ebscohealthlibrary.com)
  • Thyroidectomy can be performed through an incision at the front of the neck, or through the mouth (scarless thyroidectomy). (elispot.biz)
  • Traditional thyroid surgeries or thyroidectomy procedures result in visible scars across the patient's neck, which look unappealing. (macsforcancer.com)
  • After a thyroidectomy, some people may experience neck pain and a hoarse or weak voice in the short-term. (gleneagles.com.sg)
  • Traditional thyroidectomy is performed through a two to three-inch transverse incision over the low anterior neck. (3dheals.com)
  • List of surgeries by type Sun GH, DeMonner S, Davis MM. Epidemiological and economic trends ininpatient and outpatient thyroidectomy in the United States, 1996 - 2006.Thyroid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cost comparison between outpatient and inpatient thyroidectomy was reported in three papers. (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • Some of the complications that might result from surgical thyroidectomy include hoarseness of voice, damage to surrounding nerves, and bleeding. (cvithyroidcenter.com)
  • How can it help specifically with thyroid disorders or post thyroidectomy? (drswarren.com)
  • Individuals planning to undergo a thyroidectomy should consult with their health care professional to determine if any health conditions or lifestyle habits may put them at risk for complications. (childhoodcancer2012.org.uk)
  • The fourth case was used to discuss new guidance on how to prepare patients undergoing a thyroidectomy, which is the third treatment option for patients with hyperthyroidism. (medscape.com)
  • During his fellowship in Oklahoma in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, Youssef observed a wide variation in follow-up for calcium levels after thyroidectomy. (medscape.com)
  • I strongly recommend high thyroidectomy volume institutions apply the same protocol and publish their data about that, so we can come up with a consensus/guideline for management of calcium following thyroidectomy," Youssef said. (medscape.com)
  • Procedures took place in either an adult or a pediatric tertiary center, and a da Vinci robot was used for the subsequent thyroidectomy. (enttoday.org)
  • Here is the list of best Pediatric Endocrinologist for Thyroidectomy in Peshawar. (marham.pk)
  • You will typically be given general anaesthesia for your thyroidectomy. (gleneagles.com.sg)