Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)
A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).
Using fine needles (finer than 22-gauge) to remove tissue or fluid specimens from the living body for examination in the pathology laboratory and for disease diagnosis.
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm but is often wrongly used as a synonym for "cancer." (From Dorland, 27th ed)
A usually benign glandular tumor composed of oxyphil cells, large cells with small irregular nuclei and dense acidophilic granules due to the presence of abundant MITOCHONDRIA. Oxyphil cells, also known as oncocytes, are found in oncocytomas of the kidney, salivary glands, and endocrine glands. In the thyroid gland, oxyphil cells are known as Hurthle cells and Askanazy cells.
A multifunctional galactin initially discovered as a macrophage antigen that binds to IMMUNOGLOBULIN E, and as 29-35-kDa lectin that binds LAMININ. It is involved in a variety of biological events including interactions with galactose-containing glycoconjugates, cell proliferation, CELL DIFFERENTIATION, and APOPTOSIS.
Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Molecular products metabolized and secreted by neoplastic tissue and characterized biochemically in cells or body fluids. They are indicators of tumor stage and grade as well as useful for monitoring responses to treatment and predicting recurrence. Many chemical groups are represented including hormones, antigens, amino and nucleic acids, enzymes, polyamines, and specific cell membrane proteins and lipids.
Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.
Blood tests used to evaluate the functioning of the thyroid gland.
Specific high affinity binding proteins for THYROID HORMONES in target cells. They are usually found in the nucleus and regulate DNA transcription. These receptors are activated by hormones that leads to transcription, cell differentiation, and growth suppression. Thyroid hormone receptors are encoded by two genes (GENES, ERBA): erbA-alpha and erbA-beta for alpha and beta thyroid hormone receptors, respectively.
A glycoprotein hormone secreted by the adenohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, ANTERIOR). Thyrotropin stimulates THYROID GLAND by increasing the iodide transport, synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE). Thyrotropin consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is common in the pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH; LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity.
A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.
The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA.
Thyroglobulin is a glycoprotein synthesized and secreted by thyroid follicular cells, serving as a precursor for the production of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, and its measurement in blood serves as a tumor marker for thyroid cancer surveillance.
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).
A hemeprotein that catalyzes the oxidation of the iodide radical to iodine with the subsequent iodination of many organic compounds, particularly proteins. EC 1.11.1.8.
High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRB gene (also known as NR1A2, THRB1, or ERBA2 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing. Mutations in the THRB gene cause THYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE SYNDROME.
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.
Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).
Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.
A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.
Neoplasms containing cyst-like formations or producing mucin or serum.
Inflammatory disease of the THYROID GLAND due to autoimmune responses leading to lymphocytic infiltration of the gland. It is characterized by the presence of circulating thyroid antigen-specific T-CELLS and thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES. The clinical signs can range from HYPOTHYROIDISM to THYROTOXICOSIS depending on the type of autoimmune thyroiditis.
High affinity receptors for THYROID HORMONES, especially TRIIODOTHYRONINE. These receptors are usually found in the nucleus where they regulate DNA transcription. They are encoded by the THRA gene (also known as NR1A1, THRA1, ERBA or ERBA1 gene) as several isoforms produced by alternative splicing.
A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).
Two or more abnormal growths of tissue occurring simultaneously and presumed to be of separate origin. The neoplasms may be histologically the same or different, and may be found in the same or different sites.
An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Unstable isotopes of iodine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. I atoms with atomic weights 117-139, except I 127, are radioactive iodine isotopes.
A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)
An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.
Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
A dangerous life-threatening hypermetabolic condition characterized by high FEVER and dysfunction of the cardiovascular, the nervous, and the gastrointestinal systems.
Materials, frequently computer applications, that combine some or all of text, sound, graphics, animation, and video into integrated packages. (Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors, 1994)
Individuals who have the formal authority to manage a hospital, including its programs and services, in accordance with the goals and objectives established by a governing body (GOVERNING BOARD).
Sharp instruments used for puncturing or suturing.
Removal and examination of tissue obtained through a transdermal needle inserted into the specific region, organ, or tissue being analyzed.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)

Over-representation of a germline RET sequence variant in patients with sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and somatic RET codon 918 mutation. (1/4130)

The aetiology of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma is unknown. About 50% harbour a somatic mutation at codon 918 of RET (M918T). To investigate whether other RET sequence variants may be associated with or predispose to the development of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma, we analysed genomic DNA from the germline and corresponding tumour from 50 patients to identify RET sequence variants. In one patient, tumour DNA showed a novel somatic 12 bp in-frame deletion in exon 15. More interestingly, we found that the rare polymorphism at codon 836 (c.2439C > T; S836S) occurred at a significantly higher frequency than that in control individuals without sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.03). Further, among the nine evaluable cases with germline c.2439C/T, eight also had the somatic M918T mutation in MTC DNA which was more frequent than in patients with the more common c.2439C/C (89% vs 40%, respectively; Fisher's exact test, P = 0.01). These findings suggest that the rare sequence variant at codon 836 may somehow play a role in the genesis of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma.  (+info)

Medullary thyroid carcinoma with multiple hepatic metastases: treatment with transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection. (2/4130)

A 54-year-old man with medullary thyroid carcinoma in the thyroid gland was unable to undergo total thyroidectomy because the tumor had invaded the mediastinum. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy were given. Seven years later, intractable diarrhea and abdominal pain appeared, and computed tomography demonstrated hypervascular tumors in the thyroid gland and in the liver. The tumors were successfully treated with percutaneous ethanol injection to a lesion in the thyroid gland and transcatheter arterial embolization followed by percutaneous ethanol injection to tumors in the liver. Transcatheter arterial embolization and percutaneous ethanol injection may be valuable in treating medullary thyroid carcinoma.  (+info)

Epithelial thyroid tumors in cows. (3/4130)

From 1964 to 1973, 370 tumors were collected from cows of unknown age. Ten (2.7%) of these were primary thyroid tumors. Three were malignant. The benign tumors were solitary encapsulated adenomas in the parenchyma with more or less defined trabeculae, tubular, and microfollicular pattern. One of the malignant tumors was a cystic papillary adenocarcinoma, and two were small cell carcinomas consisting of small, sometimes binuclear, pleomorphic cells.  (+info)

Overexpression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 in a human thyroid carcinoma cell line results in overgrowth of the confluent cultures. (4/4130)

Recent reports indicate that a gain-of-function mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR-3) inhibits cell growth in the cartilaginous growth plates. These results suggest that FGFR-3 may be the receptor transducing growth inhibitory signals. Using reverse transcription-PCR we examined seven papillary thyroid carcinomas to determine FGFR-3 expression. Six out of the seven papillary carcinomas expressed FGFR-3. To clarify the role of FGFR-3 in thyroid carcinoma, FGFR-3 was overexpressed in an established human papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line. High levels of FGFR-3 protein were identified in cells stably transfected with the vector containing FGFR-3 cDNA. The specific binding of 125I-FGF-2 of these cells was threefold higher than that of control cells. Growth rates of cells overexpressing FGFR-3 were similar to those of control cells. However, cells overexpressing FGFR-3 continued to grow beyond the density at which control cells stopped proliferating. These results suggest that FGFR-3 in thyroid carcinoma is not involved strongly in the cell proliferation mechanism but may contribute to the malignant extension of some of the carcinomas by modifying cell contact signaling.  (+info)

Psychosocial impact of genetic testing in familial medullary-thyroid carcinoma: a multicentric pilot-evaluation. (5/4130)

BACKGROUND: Many crucial problems are associated with the diagnosis of inherited cancer susceptibility. One of the most important is related to the psychosocial consequences of the knowledge by the patients and their relatives of their own genetical status. Little data are available in the literature, mainly from studies including small numbers of selected and motivated patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January till December 1997, we studied the psychometric and quality of life parameters of 77 subjects followed in two French specialized centers. These subjects had been treated for either sporadic or familial or were at risk for medullary thyroid carcinoma. All patients had previously attended genetic counselling with detection of germline Ret-mutations, were informed on their own genetic risk, had good short-term prognosis and performance status and did not receive recent cancer treatment. Each patient was invited to answer two questionnaires, the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and the subjective quality of life profile (SQLP). RESULTS: We report herein the descriptive results of this study (HADS and SQLP scores and distributions) and describe the individual clinical covariates that might explain the observed differences between subgroups of individuals. Although psychometric scores appeared similar in these subgroups, quality of life scores were lower in Ret-mutation carriers. Genetically-predisposed patients were less satisfied and expressed more expectations for favourable change in their quality of life. CONCLUSION: This finding suggests a high level of frustration and latent unsatisfaction related either to the management of the genetic information given by the clinicians and its psychosocial consequences or simply to the knowledge of the genetic risk of cancer. Further studies on the individual consequences of genetic testing, information delivery and when necessary psychotherapeutic interventions, are needed to insure the quality of presymptomatic genetic testing in this field of oncology.  (+info)

A new rapid technique for the fixation of thyroid gland surgical specimens. (6/4130)

One of the main diagnostic problems in thyroid pathology is to distinguish between follicular adenoma and follicular carcinoma. Thorough sampling of the nodule's capsule is recommended in order to identify capsular invasion. However, during the hardening of the tissue, by the usual fixatives the capsule shrinks and rolls downwards and sometimes the capsule separates from the remaining tissue. The present work evaluates the use of "Lymph Node Revealing Solution" (LNRS) for the rapid fixation (2h) of different thyroid lesions as compared to that of formalin. Fifty-one unselected consecutive cases of thyroid nodules, which included various benign and malignant lesions, were examined. Each specimen was cut in two equal parts; one was fixed in LNRS, the other in formalin. Fixation in LNRS for 2 hours gave adequate results in sectioning and staining of the tissue, and excellent immunostains. Its advantage over formalin is the conservation of the natural relationship between the capsule and the rest of the tissue, on the same plane, as well as the short time required for the final diagnosis.  (+info)

Overexpression of c-Ras in hyperplasia and adenomas of the feline thyroid gland: an immunohistochemical analysis of 34 cases. (7/4130)

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid glands from 18 cats diagnosed with hyperthyroidism were evaluated immunohistochemically for overexpression of the products of oncogenes c-ras and bcl2 and the tumor suppressor gene p53. Fourteen thyroid glands from euthyroid cats without histologically detectable thyroid lesions were examined similarly as controls. Results from these investigations showed that all cases of nodular follicular hyperplasia/adenomas stained positively for overexpression of c-Ras protein using a mouse monoclonal anti-human pan-Ras antibody. The most intensely positively staining regions were in luminal cells surrounding abortive follicles. Subjacent thyroid and parathyroid glands from euthyroid cats did not stain immunohistochemically for pan-Ras. There was no detectable staining for either Bc12 or p53 in any of the cats. These results indicated that overexpression of c-ras was highly associated with areas of nodular follicular hyperplasia/adenomas of feline thyroid glands, and mutations in this oncogene may play a role in the etiopathogenesis of hyperthyroidism in cats.  (+info)

Human thyroid cancer cells as a source of iso-genic, iso-phenotypic cell lines with or without functional p53. (8/4130)

Differentiated thyroid carcinomas (in contrast to the rarer anaplastic form) are unusual among human cancers in displaying a remarkably low frequency of p53 mutation and appear to retain wild-type (wt) p53 function as assessed by the response of derived cell lines to DNA damage. Using one such cell line, K1, we have tested the effect of experimental abrogation of p53 function by generating matched sub-clones stably expressing either a neo control gene, a dominant-negative mutant p53 (143ala) or human papilloma virus protein HPV16 E6. Loss of p53 function in the latter two groups was confirmed by abolition of p53-dependent 'stress' responses including induction of the cyclin/CDK inhibitor p21WAF1 and G1/S arrest following DNA-damage. In contrast, no change was detected in the phenotype of 'unstressed' clones, with respect to any of the following parameters: proliferation rate in monolayer, serum-dependence for proliferation or survival, tumorigenicity, cellular morphology, or tissue-specific differentiation markers. The K1 line therefore represents a 'neutral' background with respect to p53 function, permitting the derivation of functionally p53 + or - clones which are not only iso-genic but also iso-phenotypic. Such a panel should be an ideal tool with which to test the p53-dependence of cellular stress responses, particularly the sensitivity to potential therapeutic agents, free from the confounding additional phenotypic differences which usually accompany loss of p53 function. The results also further support the hypothesis that p53 mutation alone is not sufficient to drive progression of thyroid cancer to the aggressive anaplastic form.  (+info)

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Adenocarcinoma, follicular is a type of cancer that develops in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck that produces hormones responsible for regulating various bodily functions such as metabolism and growth.

Follicular adenocarcinoma arises from the follicular cells, which are responsible for producing thyroid hormones. This type of cancer is typically slow-growing and may not cause any symptoms in its early stages. However, as it progresses, it can lead to a variety of symptoms such as a lump or nodule in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, or pain in the neck or throat.

Follicular adenocarcinoma is usually treated with surgical removal of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), followed by radioactive iodine therapy to destroy any remaining cancer cells. In some cases, additional treatments such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be necessary. The prognosis for follicular adenocarcinoma is generally good, with a five-year survival rate of around 90%. However, this can vary depending on the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer at the time of diagnosis.

The thyroid gland is a major endocrine gland located in the neck, anterior to the trachea and extends from the lower third of the Adams apple to the suprasternal notch. It has two lateral lobes, connected by an isthmus, and sometimes a pyramidal lobe. This gland plays a crucial role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body through the production of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine/T3 and thyroxine/T4) and calcitonin. The thyroid hormones regulate body temperature, heart rate, and the production of protein, while calcitonin helps in controlling calcium levels in the blood. The function of the thyroid gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Carcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the cells that line the glandular structures or the lining of organs. In a papillary carcinoma, the cancerous cells grow and form small finger-like projections, called papillae, within the tumor. This type of cancer most commonly occurs in the thyroid gland, but can also be found in other organs such as the lung, breast, and kidney. Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland is usually slow-growing and has a good prognosis, especially when it is diagnosed at an early stage.

An adenoma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor that develops from glandular epithelial cells. These types of cells are responsible for producing and releasing fluids, such as hormones or digestive enzymes, into the surrounding tissues. Adenomas can occur in various organs and glands throughout the body, including the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal, and digestive systems.

Depending on their location, adenomas may cause different symptoms or remain asymptomatic. Some common examples of adenomas include:

1. Colorectal adenoma (also known as a polyp): These growths occur in the lining of the colon or rectum and can develop into colorectal cancer if left untreated. Regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, are essential for early detection and removal of these polyps.
2. Thyroid adenoma: This type of adenoma affects the thyroid gland and may result in an overproduction or underproduction of hormones, leading to conditions like hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid).
3. Pituitary adenoma: These growths occur in the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain and controls various hormonal functions. Depending on their size and location, pituitary adenomas can cause vision problems, headaches, or hormonal imbalances that affect growth, reproduction, and metabolism.
4. Liver adenoma: These rare benign tumors develop in the liver and may not cause any symptoms unless they become large enough to press on surrounding organs or structures. In some cases, liver adenomas can rupture and cause internal bleeding.
5. Adrenal adenoma: These growths occur in the adrenal glands, which are located above the kidneys and produce hormones that regulate stress responses, metabolism, and blood pressure. Most adrenal adenomas are nonfunctioning, meaning they do not secrete excess hormones. However, functioning adrenal adenomas can lead to conditions like Cushing's syndrome or Conn's syndrome, depending on the type of hormone being overproduced.

It is essential to monitor and manage benign tumors like adenomas to prevent potential complications, such as rupture, bleeding, or hormonal imbalances. Treatment options may include surveillance with imaging studies, medication to manage hormonal issues, or surgical removal of the tumor in certain cases.

A thyroid nodule is a growth or lump that forms within the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. Thyroid nodules can be solid or fluid-filled (cystic) and vary in size. Most thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous) and do not cause symptoms. However, some thyroid nodules may be cancerous or overproduce hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. The exact cause of thyroid nodules is not always known, but factors such as iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's disease, and family history can increase the risk of developing them. A healthcare professional typically diagnoses a thyroid nodule through physical examination, imaging tests like ultrasound, or fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine if further treatment is necessary.

A fine-needle biopsy (FNB) is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is used to obtain a sample of cells or tissue from a suspicious or abnormal area in the body, such as a lump or mass. The needle is typically smaller than that used in a core needle biopsy, and it is guided into place using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI.

The sample obtained during an FNB can be used to diagnose various medical conditions, including cancer, infection, or inflammation. The procedure is generally considered safe and well-tolerated, with minimal risks of complications such as bleeding, infection, or discomfort. However, the accuracy of the diagnosis depends on the skill and experience of the healthcare provider performing the biopsy, as well as the adequacy of the sample obtained.

Overall, FNB is a valuable diagnostic tool that can help healthcare providers make informed decisions about treatment options and improve patient outcomes.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops from epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the inner and outer surfaces of the body. These cells cover organs, glands, and other structures within the body. Carcinomas can occur in various parts of the body, including the skin, lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and pancreas. They are often characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells that can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Carcinomas can be further classified based on their appearance under a microscope, such as adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

An oxyphilic adenoma is a type of benign tumor that develops in the endocrine glands, specifically in the parathyroid gland. This type of adenoma is characterized by the presence of cells called oxyphils, which have an abundance of mitochondria and appear pink on histological examination due to their high oxidative enzyme activity. Oxyphilic adenomas are a common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism, a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to an imbalance of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism may include fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, and psychological disturbances. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland.

Galectin-3 is a type of protein belonging to the galectin family, which binds to carbohydrates (sugars) and plays a role in various biological processes such as inflammation, immune response, and cancer. It is also known as Mac-2 binding protein or LGALS3.

Galectin-3 is unique among galectins because it can form oligomers (complexes of multiple subunits) and has a wide range of functions in the body. It is involved in cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis (programmed cell death), and angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels).

In the context of disease, Galectin-3 has been implicated in several pathological conditions such as fibrosis, heart failure, and cancer. High levels of Galectin-3 have been associated with poor prognosis in patients with heart failure, and it is considered a potential biomarker for this condition. In addition, Galectin-3 has been shown to promote tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis, making it a target for cancer therapy.

Thyroid hormones are hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small endocrine gland located in the neck that helps regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. The two main thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which contain iodine atoms. These hormones play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, digestion, and brain development. They help regulate the rate at which your body uses energy, affects how sensitive your body is to other hormones, and plays a vital role in the development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through a feedback mechanism that helps maintain proper balance.

Thyroid diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and development.

Thyroid diseases can be classified into two main categories: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.

Other common thyroid diseases include:

1. Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorders.
2. Thyroid nodules: abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
3. Thyroid cancer: a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that requires medical treatment.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
5. Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism and can also lead to eye problems and skin changes.

Thyroid diseases are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the disease and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Thyroidectomy is a surgical procedure where all or part of the thyroid gland is removed. The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.

There are different types of thyroidectomy procedures, including:

1. Total thyroidectomy: Removal of the entire thyroid gland.
2. Partial (or subtotal) thyroidectomy: Removal of a portion of the thyroid gland.
3. Hemithyroidectomy: Removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland, often performed to treat benign solitary nodules or differentiated thyroid cancer.

Thyroidectomy may be recommended for various reasons, such as treating thyroid nodules, goiter, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or thyroid cancer. Potential risks and complications of the procedure include bleeding, infection, damage to nearby structures like the parathyroid glands and recurrent laryngeal nerve, and hypoparathyroidism or hypothyroidism due to removal of or damage to the parathyroid glands or thyroid gland, respectively. Close postoperative monitoring and management are essential to minimize these risks and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Tumor markers are substances that can be found in the body and their presence can indicate the presence of certain types of cancer or other conditions. Biological tumor markers refer to those substances that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer or certain benign (non-cancerous) conditions. These markers can be found in various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, or tissue samples.

Examples of biological tumor markers include:

1. Proteins: Some tumor markers are proteins that are produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to the presence of cancer. For example, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells and in higher amounts by prostate cancer cells.
2. Genetic material: Tumor markers can also include genetic material such as DNA, RNA, or microRNA that are shed by cancer cells into bodily fluids. For example, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is genetic material from cancer cells that can be found in the bloodstream.
3. Metabolites: Tumor markers can also include metabolic products produced by cancer cells or by other cells in response to cancer. For example, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an enzyme that is released into the bloodstream when cancer cells break down glucose for energy.

It's important to note that tumor markers are not specific to cancer and can be elevated in non-cancerous conditions as well. Therefore, they should not be used alone to diagnose cancer but rather as a tool in conjunction with other diagnostic tests and clinical evaluations.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a technique used in pathology and laboratory medicine to identify specific proteins or antigens in tissue sections. It combines the principles of immunology and histology to detect the presence and location of these target molecules within cells and tissues. This technique utilizes antibodies that are specific to the protein or antigen of interest, which are then tagged with a detection system such as a chromogen or fluorophore. The stained tissue sections can be examined under a microscope, allowing for the visualization and analysis of the distribution and expression patterns of the target molecule in the context of the tissue architecture. Immunohistochemistry is widely used in diagnostic pathology to help identify various diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and immune-mediated disorders.

Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are a group of blood tests that assess the functioning of the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the body.

TFTs typically include the following tests:

1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test: This test measures the level of TSH, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that regulates the production of thyroid hormones. High levels of TSH may indicate an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), while low levels may indicate an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism).
2. Thyroxine (T4) test: This test measures the level of T4, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T4 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
3. Triiodothyronine (T3) test: This test measures the level of T3, another hormone produced by the thyroid gland. High levels of T3 may indicate hyperthyroidism, while low levels may indicate hypothyroidism.
4. Thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) test: This test measures the level of TPOAb, an antibody that attacks the thyroid gland and can cause hypothyroidism.
5. Thyroglobulin (Tg) test: This test measures the level of Tg, a protein produced by the thyroid gland. It is used to monitor the treatment of thyroid cancer.

These tests help diagnose and manage various thyroid disorders, including hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, thyroiditis, and thyroid cancer.

Thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) are nuclear receptor proteins that bind to thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), and regulate gene transcription in target cells. These receptors play a crucial role in the development, growth, and metabolism of an organism by mediating the actions of thyroid hormones. THRs are encoded by genes THRA and THRB, which give rise to two major isoforms: TRα1 and TRβ1. Additionally, alternative splicing results in other isoforms with distinct tissue distributions and functions. THRs function as heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXRs) and bind to thyroid hormone response elements (TREs) in the regulatory regions of target genes. The binding of T3 or T4 to THRs triggers a conformational change, which leads to recruitment of coactivators or corepressors, ultimately resulting in activation or repression of gene transcription.

Thyrotropin, also known as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. Its primary function is to regulate the production and release of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones from the thyroid gland. Thyrotropin binds to receptors on the surface of thyroid follicular cells, stimulating the uptake of iodide and the synthesis and release of T4 and T3. The secretion of thyrotropin is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis: thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of thyrotropin, while T3 and T4 inhibit its release through a negative feedback mechanism.

Triiodothyronine (T3) is a thyroid hormone, specifically the active form of thyroid hormone, that plays a critical role in the regulation of metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. It is produced by the thyroid gland through the iodination and coupling of the amino acid tyrosine with three atoms of iodine. T3 is more potent than its precursor, thyroxine (T4), which has four iodine atoms, as T3 binds more strongly to thyroid hormone receptors and accelerates metabolic processes at the cellular level.

In circulation, about 80% of T3 is bound to plasma proteins, while the remaining 20% is unbound or free, allowing it to enter cells and exert its biological effects. The primary functions of T3 include increasing the rate of metabolic reactions, promoting protein synthesis, enhancing sensitivity to catecholamines (e.g., adrenaline), and supporting normal brain development during fetal growth and early infancy. Imbalances in T3 levels can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, which may require clinical intervention and management.

Thyroxine (T4) is a type of hormone produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. It is one of two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland, with the other being triiodothyronine (T3).

Thyroxine plays a crucial role in regulating various metabolic processes in the body, including growth, development, and energy expenditure. Specifically, T4 helps to control the rate at which your body burns calories for energy, regulates protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism, and influences the body's sensitivity to other hormones.

T4 is produced by combining iodine and tyrosine, an amino acid found in many foods. Once produced, T4 circulates in the bloodstream and gets converted into its active form, T3, in various tissues throughout the body. Thyroxine has a longer half-life than T3, which means it remains active in the body for a more extended period.

Abnormal levels of thyroxine can lead to various medical conditions, such as hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) or hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid). These conditions can cause a range of symptoms, including weight gain or loss, fatigue, mood changes, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure.

Hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland, which is a small butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck, does not produce enough thyroid hormones. This results in a slowing down of the body's metabolic processes, leading to various symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, muscle weakness, and depression.

The two main thyroid hormones produced by the thyroid gland are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, and energy levels. In hypothyroidism, the production of these hormones is insufficient, leading to a range of symptoms that can affect multiple organ systems.

Hypothyroidism can be caused by several factors, including autoimmune disorders (such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis), surgical removal of the thyroid gland, radiation therapy for neck cancer, certain medications, and congenital defects. Hypothyroidism is typically diagnosed through blood tests that measure levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), T3, and T4. Treatment usually involves taking synthetic thyroid hormones to replace the missing hormones and alleviate symptoms.

Thyroglobulin is a protein produced and used by the thyroid gland in the production of thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). It is composed of two subunits, an alpha and a beta or gamma unit, which bind iodine atoms necessary for the synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Thyroglobulin is exclusively produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid gland.

In clinical practice, measuring thyroglobulin levels in the blood can be useful as a tumor marker for monitoring treatment and detecting recurrence of thyroid cancer, particularly in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary or follicular) who have had their thyroid gland removed. However, it is important to note that thyroglobulin is not specific to thyroid tissue and can be produced by some non-thyroidal cells under certain conditions, which may lead to false positive results in some cases.

Pancreatic neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the pancreas that can be benign or malignant. The pancreas is a gland located behind the stomach that produces hormones and digestive enzymes. Pancreatic neoplasms can interfere with the normal functioning of the pancreas, leading to various health complications.

Benign pancreatic neoplasms are non-cancerous growths that do not spread to other parts of the body. They are usually removed through surgery to prevent any potential complications, such as blocking the bile duct or causing pain.

Malignant pancreatic neoplasms, also known as pancreatic cancer, are cancerous growths that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and organs. They can also spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the liver, lungs, or bones. Pancreatic cancer is often aggressive and difficult to treat, with a poor prognosis.

There are several types of pancreatic neoplasms, including adenocarcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, solid pseudopapillary neoplasms, and cystic neoplasms. The specific type of neoplasm is determined through various diagnostic tests, such as imaging studies, biopsies, and blood tests. Treatment options depend on the type, stage, and location of the neoplasm, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.

Iodide peroxidase, also known as iodide:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, is an enzyme that belongs to the family of oxidoreductases. Specifically, it is a peroxidase that uses iodide as its physiological reducing substrate. This enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of iodide by hydrogen peroxide to produce iodine, which plays a crucial role in thyroid hormone biosynthesis.

The systematic name for this enzyme is iodide:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase (iodinating). It is most commonly found in the thyroid gland, where it helps to produce and regulate thyroid hormones by facilitating the iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, a protein produced by the thyroid gland.

Iodide peroxidase requires a heme cofactor for its enzymatic activity, which is responsible for the oxidation-reduction reactions it catalyzes. The enzyme's ability to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin is essential for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), two critical hormones that regulate metabolism, growth, and development in mammals.

Thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) are nuclear receptor proteins that bind to thyroid hormones and mediate their effects in target cells. There are two main types of THRs, referred to as THR alpha and THR beta. THR beta is further divided into two subtypes, THR beta1 and THR beta2.

THR beta is a type of nuclear receptor that is primarily expressed in the liver, kidney, and heart, as well as in the central nervous system. It plays an important role in regulating the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, as well as in the development and function of the heart. THR beta is also involved in the regulation of body weight and energy expenditure.

THR beta1 is the predominant subtype expressed in the liver and is responsible for many of the metabolic effects of thyroid hormones in this organ. THR beta2, on the other hand, is primarily expressed in the heart and plays a role in regulating cardiac function.

Abnormalities in THR beta function can lead to various diseases, including thyroid hormone resistance, a condition in which the body's cells are unable to respond properly to thyroid hormones. This can result in symptoms such as weight gain, fatigue, and cold intolerance.

Neoplasms are abnormal growths of cells or tissues in the body that serve no physiological function. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign neoplasms are typically slow growing and do not spread to other parts of the body, while malignant neoplasms are aggressive, invasive, and can metastasize to distant sites.

Neoplasms occur when there is a dysregulation in the normal process of cell division and differentiation, leading to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of cells. This can result from genetic mutations or other factors such as viral infections, environmental exposures, or hormonal imbalances.

Neoplasms can develop in any organ or tissue of the body and can cause various symptoms depending on their size, location, and type. Treatment options for neoplasms include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy, among others.

Goiter is a medical term that refers to an enlarged thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of your neck below the larynx or voice box. It produces hormones that regulate your body's metabolism, growth, and development.

Goiter can vary in size and may be visible as a swelling at the base of the neck. It can be caused by several factors, including iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, thyroid cancer, pregnancy, or the use of certain medications. Depending on the underlying cause and the severity of the goiter, treatment options may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition characterized by an excessive production and release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland, leading to an increased metabolic rate in various body systems. The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, produces two main thyroid hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play crucial roles in regulating many bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, energy levels, and mood.

In hyperthyroidism, the elevated levels of T3 and T4 can cause a wide range of symptoms, such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, increased appetite, tremors, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. Some common causes of hyperthyroidism include Graves' disease, toxic adenoma, Plummer's disease (toxic multinodular goiter), and thyroiditis. Proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to manage the symptoms and prevent potential complications associated with this condition.

Iodine is an essential trace element that is necessary for the production of thyroid hormones in the body. These hormones play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including growth and development, metabolism, and brain development during pregnancy and infancy. Iodine can be found in various foods such as seaweed, dairy products, and iodized salt. In a medical context, iodine is also used as an antiseptic to disinfect surfaces, wounds, and skin infections due to its ability to kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Neoplasms: Neoplasms refer to abnormal growths of tissue that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They occur when the normal control mechanisms that regulate cell growth and division are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

Cystic Neoplasms: Cystic neoplasms are tumors that contain fluid-filled sacs or cysts. These tumors can be benign or malignant and can occur in various organs of the body, including the pancreas, ovary, and liver.

Mucinous Neoplasms: Mucinous neoplasms are a type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of mucin, a gel-like substance produced by certain types of cells. These tumors can occur in various organs, including the ovary, pancreas, and colon. Mucinous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and malignant forms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

Serous Neoplasms: Serous neoplasms are another type of cystic neoplasm that is characterized by the production of serous fluid, which is a thin, watery fluid. These tumors commonly occur in the ovary and can be benign or malignant. Malignant serous neoplasms are often aggressive and have a poor prognosis.

In summary, neoplasms refer to abnormal tissue growths that can be benign or malignant. Cystic neoplasms contain fluid-filled sacs and can occur in various organs of the body. Mucinous neoplasms produce a gel-like substance called mucin and can also occur in various organs, while serous neoplasms produce thin, watery fluid and commonly occur in the ovary. Both mucinous and serous neoplasms can be benign or malignant, with malignant forms often being aggressive and having a poor prognosis.

Autoimmune thyroiditis, also known as Hashimoto's disease, is a chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland caused by an autoimmune response. In this condition, the immune system produces antibodies that attack and damage the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The thyroid gland may become enlarged (goiter), and symptoms can include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, and depression. Autoimmune thyroiditis is more common in women than men and tends to run in families. It is often associated with other autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Addison's disease, and type 1 diabetes. The diagnosis is typically made through blood tests that measure levels of thyroid hormones and antibodies. Treatment usually involves thyroid hormone replacement therapy to manage the symptoms of hypothyroidism.

Thyroid hormone receptors (THRs) are nuclear receptor proteins that bind to thyroid hormones and mediate their effects in the body. There are two main types of THRs, referred to as THRα and THRβ.

THRα is a subtype of thyroid hormone receptor that is primarily expressed in tissues such as the heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. It plays an important role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development in these tissues. THRα has two subtypes, THRα1 and THRα2, which have different functions and are expressed in different tissues.

THRα1 is the predominant form of THRα and is found in many tissues, including the heart, skeletal muscle, and brown adipose tissue. It regulates genes involved in metabolism, growth, and development, and has been shown to play a role in regulating heart rate and contractility.

THRα2, on the other hand, is primarily expressed in the brain and pituitary gland, where it regulates the production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). THRα2 is unable to bind to thyroid hormones, but can form heterodimers with THRα1 or THRβ1, which allows it to modulate their activity.

Overall, THRα plays an important role in regulating various physiological processes in the body, and dysregulation of THRα function has been implicated in a number of diseases, including heart disease, muscle wasting, and neurological disorders.

Graves' disease is defined as an autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). It results when the immune system produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland, causing it to produce too much thyroid hormone. This can result in a variety of symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, weight loss, heat intolerance, and bulging eyes (Graves' ophthalmopathy). The exact cause of Graves' disease is unknown, but it is more common in women and people with a family history of the disorder. Treatment may include medications to control hyperthyroidism, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid tissue, or surgery to remove the thyroid gland.

Multiple primary neoplasms refer to the occurrence of more than one primary malignant tumor in an individual, where each tumor is unrelated to the other and originates from separate cells or organs. This differs from metastatic cancer, where a single malignancy spreads to multiple sites in the body. Multiple primary neoplasms can be synchronous (occurring at the same time) or metachronous (occurring at different times). The risk of developing multiple primary neoplasms increases with age and is associated with certain genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption.

Adenocarcinoma, papillary is a type of cancer that begins in the glandular cells and grows in a finger-like projection (called a papilla). This type of cancer can occur in various organs, including the lungs, pancreas, thyroid, and female reproductive system. The prognosis and treatment options for papillary adenocarcinoma depend on several factors, such as the location and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment plan.

Iodine radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of the element iodine, which decays and emits radiation in the form of gamma rays. Some commonly used iodine radioisotopes include I-123, I-125, I-131. These radioisotopes have various medical applications such as in diagnostic imaging, therapy for thyroid disorders, and cancer treatment.

For example, I-131 is commonly used to treat hyperthyroidism and differentiated thyroid cancer due to its ability to destroy thyroid tissue. On the other hand, I-123 is often used in nuclear medicine scans of the thyroid gland because it emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, allowing for detailed images of the gland's structure and function.

It is important to note that handling and administering radioisotopes require specialized training and safety precautions due to their radiation-emitting properties.

Papillary and follicular carcinomas are both types of differentiated thyroid cancer. They are called "differentiated" because the cells still have some features of normal thyroid cells. These cancers tend to grow slowly and usually have a good prognosis, especially if they are treated early.

Papillary carcinoma is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 80% of all cases. It tends to grow in finger-like projections called papillae, which give the tumor its name. Papillary carcinoma often spreads to nearby lymph nodes, but it is usually still treatable and curable.

Follicular carcinoma is less common than papillary carcinoma, accounting for about 10-15% of all thyroid cancers. It tends to grow in round clusters called follicles, which give the tumor its name. Follicular carcinoma is more likely to spread to distant parts of the body, such as the lungs or bones, than papillary carcinoma. However, it is still usually treatable and curable if it is caught early.

It's important to note that while these cancers are called "papillary" and "follicular," they are not the same as benign (non-cancerous) tumors called papillomas or follicular adenomas, which do not have the potential to spread or become life-threatening.

A goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of the neck. Goiters can be either diffuse (uniformly enlarged) or nodular (lumpy with distinct nodules). Nodular goiter refers to a thyroid gland that has developed one or more discrete lumps or nodules while the remaining tissue is normal or may also be diffusely enlarged.

Nodular goiters can be classified into two types: multinodular goiter and solitary thyroid nodule. Multinodular goiter consists of multiple nodules in the thyroid gland, while a solitary thyroid nodule is an isolated nodule within an otherwise normal or diffusely enlarged thyroid gland.

The majority of nodular goiters are benign and do not cause symptoms. However, some patients may experience signs and symptoms related to compression of nearby structures (such as difficulty swallowing or breathing), hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid), or hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The evaluation of a nodular goiter typically includes a physical examination, imaging studies like ultrasound, and sometimes fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine the nature of the nodules and assess the risk of malignancy. Treatment options depend on various factors, including the size and number of nodules, the presence of compressive symptoms, and the patient's thyroid function.

Skin neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the skin that can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They result from uncontrolled multiplication of skin cells, which can form various types of lesions. These growths may appear as lumps, bumps, sores, patches, or discolored areas on the skin.

Benign skin neoplasms include conditions such as moles, warts, and seborrheic keratoses, while malignant skin neoplasms are primarily classified into melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. These three types of cancerous skin growths are collectively known as non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs). Melanoma is the most aggressive and dangerous form of skin cancer, while NMSCs tend to be less invasive but more common.

It's essential to monitor any changes in existing skin lesions or the appearance of new growths and consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment if needed.

Medullary carcinoma is a type of cancer that develops in the neuroendocrine cells of the thyroid gland. These cells produce hormones that help regulate various bodily functions. Medullary carcinoma is a relatively rare form of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 5-10% of all cases.

Medullary carcinoma is characterized by the presence of certain genetic mutations that cause the overproduction of calcitonin, a hormone produced by the neuroendocrine cells. This overproduction can lead to the formation of tumors in the thyroid gland.

Medullary carcinoma can be hereditary or sporadic. Hereditary forms of the disease are caused by mutations in the RET gene and are often associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2), a genetic disorder that affects the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and parathyroid glands. Sporadic forms of medullary carcinoma, on the other hand, are not inherited and occur randomly in people with no family history of the disease.

Medullary carcinoma is typically more aggressive than other types of thyroid cancer and tends to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, lungs, and liver. Symptoms may include a lump or nodule in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and coughing. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Regular monitoring of calcitonin levels is also recommended to monitor the effectiveness of treatment and detect any recurrence of the disease.

A thyroid crisis, also known as thyrotoxic crisis or storm, is a rare but life-threatening condition characterized by an exaggerated response to the excess production of thyroid hormones (thyrotoxicosis). This condition can lead to severe hypermetabolic state, multi-organ dysfunction, and cardiovascular collapse if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

Thyroid crisis is often triggered by a stressful event, infection, or surgery in individuals with uncontrolled or poorly managed hyperthyroidism, particularly those with Graves' disease. The symptoms of thyroid crisis include high fever, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), hypertension (high blood pressure), agitation, confusion, delirium, vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes coma.

The diagnosis of thyroid crisis is based on the clinical presentation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Treatment typically involves hospitalization in an intensive care unit, administration of medications to block the production and release of thyroid hormones, control heart rate and rhythm, correct electrolyte imbalances, and provide supportive care until the patient's condition stabilizes.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "multimedia" is not a term that has a specific medical definition. Multimedia generally refers to the use of multiple forms of media, such as text, audio, video, graphics, and animation, in a single interactive presentation or platform. It is often used in various fields including education, entertainment, marketing, and some areas of healthcare for purposes like training, patient education, and therapy. However, it does not have a specific medical meaning itself.

A Chief Executive Officer (CEO) in a hospital is a top-level executive who is responsible for the overall management and operation of the hospital. The CEO reports to the hospital's board of directors and is accountable for ensuring that the hospital meets its financial, operational, and quality goals.

The CEO's responsibilities typically include developing and implementing strategic plans, overseeing hospital operations, managing budgets and finances, ensuring compliance with regulatory requirements, and building relationships with key stakeholders such as medical staff, employees, patients, and community members. The CEO may also be involved in fundraising efforts and advocating for the hospital's interests with policymakers and other external groups.

In larger healthcare systems, the CEO may oversee multiple hospitals or facilities and work closely with other executives to coordinate operations and ensure alignment with the organization's mission and values.

In the context of medicine, "needles" are thin, sharp, and typically hollow instruments used in various medical procedures to introduce or remove fluids from the body, administer medications, or perform diagnostic tests. They consist of a small-gauge metal tube with a sharp point on one end and a hub on the other, where a syringe is attached.

There are different types of needles, including:

1. Hypodermic needles: These are used for injections, such as intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), or intravenous (IV) injections, to deliver medications directly into the body. They come in various sizes and lengths depending on the type of injection and the patient's age and weight.
2. Blood collection needles: These are used for drawing blood samples for diagnostic tests. They have a special vacuum-assisted design that allows them to easily penetrate veins and collect the required amount of blood.
3. Surgical needles: These are used in surgeries for suturing (stitching) wounds or tissues together. They are typically curved and made from stainless steel, with a triangular or reverse cutting point to facilitate easy penetration through tissues.
4. Acupuncture needles: These are thin, solid needles used in traditional Chinese medicine for acupuncture therapy. They are inserted into specific points on the body to stimulate energy flow and promote healing.

It is essential to follow proper infection control procedures when handling and disposing of needles to prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases.

A needle biopsy is a medical procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is used to remove a small sample of tissue from a suspicious or abnormal area of the body. The tissue sample is then examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells or other abnormalities. Needle biopsies are often used to diagnose lumps or masses that can be felt through the skin, but they can also be guided by imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to reach areas that cannot be felt. There are several types of needle biopsy procedures, including fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and core needle biopsy. FNA uses a thin needle and gentle suction to remove fluid and cells from the area, while core needle biopsy uses a larger needle to remove a small piece of tissue. The type of needle biopsy used depends on the location and size of the abnormal area, as well as the reason for the procedure.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

... is a neoplasm or tumor of the thyroid. It can be a benign tumor such as thyroid adenoma, or it can be a ... Thyroid adenoma is a benign neoplasm of the thyroid. Thyroid nodules are very common and around 80 percent of adults will have ... Thyroid nodules are a major presentation of thyroid neoplasms, and are diagnosed by ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration ( ... Other thyroid malignancies include thyroid lymphoma, various types of thyroid sarcoma, smooth muscle tumors, teratoma, squamous ...
... (NIFTP) is an indolent thyroid tumor that was ... A noninvasive neoplasm that arises from the thyroid follicular cells (cells that normally make thyroid hormone), showing a ... Abbreviations: NIFTP: Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features EFVPTC: Encapsulated ... Definition of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): ...
Mitchell RS, Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N (2007). "Chapter 20 - Neoplasms of the Thyroid". Robbins Basic Pathology (8th ed.). ...
Erickson, Lori A. "Hurthle Cell Thyroid Neoplasms." Atlas of Endocrine Pathology. Springer New York, 2014. 63-66. Hürthle, Karl ... Hürthle cell is used only to indicate cells of thyroid follicular origin. Hürthle cell neoplasms can be separated into Hürthle ... of all differentiated thyroid cancers. Oncocytes in the thyroid are often called Hürthle cells. Although the terms oncocyte, ... formerly considered a subtype of follicular thyroid cancer). This version is a relatively rare form of differentiated thyroid ...
Hempelmann, L H (1968). "Risk of thyroid neoplasms after irradiation in childhood. Studies of populations exposed to radiation ... Children began to disproportionately develop thyroid cancer (due to exposure to radioiodines), and almost a third of those ... exposed developed neoplasms by 1974.[unreliable medical source?] James Reeves to Frank D. Peel, "Establishment of Program 4 and ...
"Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms". Endocrine Pathology. 33 (1): 27-63. doi:10.1007/s12022-022-09707 ... thyroid gland (now termed salivary gland-type carcinoma of the thyroid), or skin (now termed secretory carcinoma of the skin or ... salivary gland-type carcinomas of the thyroid, and secretory carcinoma of the skin. This translocation is the sole genetic ... "Clinicopathologic and molecular characterization of NTRK-rearranged thyroid carcinoma (NRTC)". Modern Pathology. 33 (11): 2186- ...
"Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms". Endocrine Pathology. 33 (1): 27-63. doi:10.1007/s12022-022-09707 ... In a review of 11 cases, salivary gland-type carcinomas of the thyroid were diagnosed in adult females (9 cases) and males (2 ... Chambers M, Nosé V, Sadow PM, Tafe LJ, Kerr DA (March 2021). "Salivary-Like Tumors of the Thyroid: A Comprehensive Review of ... All cases were treated by thyroidectomy (removal of the thyroid gland) plus radiotherapy in 6 cases and/or chemotherapy in 3 ...
"Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms". Endocrine Pathology. 33 (1): 27-63. doi:10.1007/s12022-022-09707 ... and radiation-induced papillary thyroid carcinoma. Because cancers associated with the expression of the ETV6-NTRK3 fusion ... salivary gland-type carcinoma of the thyroid, secretory carcinoma of the skin, congenital fibrosarcoma, congenital mesoblastic ...
"Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms". Endocrine Pathology. 33 (1): 27-63. doi:10.1007/s12022-022-09707 ... thyroid gland (termed cribriform-morular thyroid carcinoma), colon (termed cribriform colon cancer), and lung (termed ...
... papillary thyroid carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, glioma, gastric cancer, thyroid neoplasms, and rectal cancer. It is ... papillary thyroid carcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer, glioma, gastric cancer, thyroid neoplasms, and rectal cancer. Barth ... In thyroid neoplasm, TAFAZZIN allows follicular adenomas to be distinguished from follicular carcinomas, while in cervical ... TAFAZZIN overexpression has been linked to rectal cancer, prostate cancer, thyroid neoplasm, and cervical cancer. In a study of ...
2009) Information theoretical methods to deconvolute genetic regulatory networks applied to thyroid neoplasms. (2009) Análisis ... Accuracy of centinel node in papillary thyroid carcinoma (2001) Quality of life in bariatric surgery (2002) Utilidad de la ...
"Expression of N-acetyl transferase human and human Arrest defective 1 proteins in thyroid neoplasms". Thyroid. 15 (10): 1131-6 ...
... putative markers for characterization of follicular thyroid neoplasms from fine-needle aspirates". Laryngoscope. 121 (5): 983-9 ... ARG2 and FAM129A are not useful in diagnosing thyroid follicular tumors". Mod. Pathol. 25 (4): 537-47. doi:10.1038/modpathol. ...
"Expression of N-acetyl transferase human and human Arrest defective 1 proteins in thyroid neoplasms". Thyroid. 15 (10): 1131-6 ... Fluge Ø, Bruland O, Akslen LA, Varhaug JE, Lillehaug JR (2002). "NATH, a novel gene overexpressed in papillary thyroid ...
Pragnell died on 19 November 1905 at 39 Brompton Square, from a thyroid neoplasm. She bequeathed her business to Alice Stewart ...
"Detection of driver mutations in plasma cell-free nucleic acids in differentiated thyroid neoplasm". European Journal of ... On Jan 2023 IPGMER's department of endocrinology has developed a non-invasive diagnostic test that can detect if a thyroid ...
A challenging neoplasm of the thyroid". Endocrine Practice. 17 (6): e140-3. doi:10.4158/EP11138.CR. PMID 21940281. v t e ( ... Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma (or Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma) is a subtype of thyroid adenoma. Ünlütürk, U; Karaveli, G; ... Thyroid tumor, All stub articles, Medical sign stubs). ...
If fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) suggests follicular neoplasm, thyroid lobectomy should be performed to establish the ... Thyroid follicular cells are the thyroid cells responsible for the production and secretion of thyroid hormones. Approximately ... Thyroid and Parathyroid Cancers Management Guidelines for Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer The ... Follicular thyroid cancer accounts for 15% of thyroid cancer and occurs more commonly in women over 50 years of age. ...
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma is malignant neoplasm of follicular cell origin showing intermediate histopathological ... v t e (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Thyroid cancer, All stub articles, Oncology stubs) ... "Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: the Turin proposal for the use of uniform diagnostic criteria and an algorithmic ... patterns between differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid cancers. Presence of small cells with round nuclei and scant ...
Newly reclassified variant: noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features is considered an ... Stage M1 thyroid cancer Stage N1a thyroid cancer Stage N1b thyroid cancer Stage T1a thyroid cancer Stage T1b thyroid cancer ... The four main types are papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer, and anaplastic thyroid ... T2 thyroid cancer Stage T3 thyroid cancer Stage T4a thyroid cancer Stage T4b thyroid cancer Detection of differentiated thyroid ...
Increased risk for thyroid neoplasm remains elevated for at least 40 years after exposure. Potassium iodide tablets prevent ... None had thyroid cancer.[citation needed] Fukushima Medical University gives the number of children diagnosed with thyroid ... Persons exposed to releases of I-131 from any source have a higher risk for developing thyroid cancer or thyroid disease, or ... Ultrasonographic detectable thyroid nodules and cysts are extremely common and can be found at a frequency of up to 67% in ...
Other endocrine and non-endocrine neoplasms including adrenocortical and thyroid tumors, visceral and cutaneous lipomas, ... Medullary Thyroid Ca MEN IIb (1P, 2Ms) - Pheochromocytoma, Medullary Thyroid Ca, Marfanoid habitus/mucosal neuroma MEN1 gene ... of patients with MEN1 and gastrinoma FMTC = familial medullary thyroid cancer MEN 2B is sometimes known as MEN 3 and the ... described medullary (solid) thyroid carcinoma.[citation needed] In 1961 Sipple described a combination of a pheochromocytoma, ...
... (SCT), or thyroid squamous-cell carcinoma, is rare malignant neoplasm of thyroid gland ... Squamous-cell carcinoma of the thyroid is biologically aggressive malignant neoplasm which is associated with rapid growth of ... The incidence of SCT is less than 1% out of thyroid malignancies. Squamous epithelial cells are not found in normal thyroid, ... Often SCT is diagnosed in one of the thyroid lobes, but not in the pyramidal lobe. Another possible way of SCT development can ...
A challenging neoplasm of the thyroid". Endocrine Practice. 17 (6): e140-3. doi:10.4158/EP11138.CR. PMID 21940281. Carlé, Allan ... emedicine > Thyroid, Evaluation of Solitary Thyroid Nodule > Benign Thyroid Nodules By Daniel J Kelley and Arlen D Meyers. ... A thyroid adenoma is a benign tumor of the thyroid gland, that may be inactive or active (functioning autonomously) as a toxic ... A thyroid adenoma is distinguished from a multinodular goiter of the thyroid in that an adenoma is typically solitary, and is a ...
Several severe adverse health effects, such as an increased incidence of cancers, thyroid diseases, CNS neoplasms, and possibly ... and thyroid tissues as the most radiosensitive among women. For example, the FGR 13 has estimated that the ratio of thyroid ... Estimated Exposures and Thyroid Doses Received by the American People from Iodine-131 in Fallout Following Nevada Atmospheric ... The Hanford Thyroid Disease Study, an epidemiologic study of the relationship between estimated exposure doses to radioiodine ...
It can be present in: Thyroid neoplasms: It is a characteristic feature of papillary thyroid carcinoma, but has also been seen ... in other types of thyroid neoplasms, as well as in non-neoplastic thyroid lesions. Ovarian tumors including Brenner tumors, ... Breast carcinomas Vaginal, cervical and/or endometrial neoplasms Papillary neoplasms of several organs: papillary transitional ... Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Significance of Nuclear Grooves in Thyroid and Other Sites". International Journal of Surgical ...
... system lists a number of morphological subtypes and variants of malignant squamous-cell neoplasms, including: papillary thyroid ... a type of vaginal cancer squamous-cell carcinoma of the thyroid: a type of thyroid cancer Despite sharing the name "squamous- ... Primary squamous-cell carcinoma of the thyroid shows an aggressive biological phenotype resulting in poor prognosis for ... Berman JJ (November 2004). "Tumor taxonomy for the developmental lineage classification of neoplasms". BMC Cancer. 4 (1): 88. ...
... one of the Coloured Book protocols Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features - a tumour ... previously classified as papillary thyroid carcinoma This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title NIFTP. ...
"Colloid-Rich" follicular neoplasm/suspicious for follicular neoplasm thyroid fine-needle aspiration specimens: Cytologic, ... Highly accurate diagnosis of cancer in thyroid nodules with follicular neoplasm/suspicious for a follicular neoplasm cytology ... Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms cause little risk for patients Dr. Nikiforov on Reclassifying Subtype of Thyroid ... The patients still undergo surgery, in which their thyroid tumors are removed, typically with half, but not all, of the thyroid ...
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Takashi Nagai Nippon Foundation Chernobyl disaster Thyroid neoplasm Fukushima: a ... He eventually concluded the effects of radiation in the area as follows: "Apart from the dramatic increase in thyroid cancer ... Under the current levels, administering iodine pills is unnecessary." Meanwhile, as the president of the Japan Thyroid ... high radiation doses required people to take iodine pills for thyroid blockage by the standard of Japan (100mSV) and WTO (10mSV ...
Thyroid neoplasm is a neoplasm or tumor of the thyroid. It can be a benign tumor such as thyroid adenoma, or it can be a ... Thyroid adenoma is a benign neoplasm of the thyroid. Thyroid nodules are very common and around 80 percent of adults will have ... Thyroid nodules are a major presentation of thyroid neoplasms, and are diagnosed by ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration ( ... Other thyroid malignancies include thyroid lymphoma, various types of thyroid sarcoma, smooth muscle tumors, teratoma, squamous ...
Histological typing of thyroid tumours / Chr. Hedinger, in collaboration with E. D. Williams and L. H. Sobin. by Hedinger, ... Histological typing of thyroid tumours / Chr. Hedinger, in collaboration with L. H. Sobin. by Hedinger, Christoph Ernst , Sobin ... by International Thyroid Congress (9th: 1985: São Paulo, Brazil) , Medeiros-Neto, Geraldo A , Gaitan, Eduardo. ... Treatment of thyroid cancer in childhood : proceedings of a workshop held September 10-11, 1992, at the National Institutes of ...
A rare benign vascular neoplasm that arises from the thyroid gland. This category includes hemangiomas, cavernous hemangiomas, ... Benign neoplasm of neck*Benign thyroid gland neoplasm*Benign Thyroid Gland Vascular Neoplasm*Thyroid Gland Hemangioma*Thyroid ... Neoplasm*Neoplasm by Special Category*Benign neoplasm*Benign Head and Neck Neoplasm* ... Oncocytic neoplasms of the thyroid gland.. Tallini G, Carcangiu ML, Rosai J. Acta Pathol Jpn 1992 May;42(5):305-15. doi: ...
There are several thyroid cancer types with different treatments. Discover options available. ... Your thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in your neck. ... ClinicalTrials.gov: Thyroid Neoplasms (National Institutes of ... Thyroid Hormone Treatment (American Thyroid Association) Also in Spanish * Thyroid Surgery (American Thyroid Association) Also ... What is thyroid cancer?. Thyroid cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the thyroid. Your thyroid is a small, ...
Connect with our community and explore comprehensive information on Malignant Neoplasm of Thyroid Gland & Thyroglossal Duct. ... Thyroid malignancy occurs in the thyroid cells which are located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones. ... Malignant Neoplasm of Thyroid Gland & Thyroglossal Duct. by Alike Medical Team∙ Updated on June 13, 2023 ... 217 Alikes with Malignant Neoplasm of Thyroid Gland & Thyroglossal Duct. Learn from others who are experiencing Malignant ...
Malignant neoplasm of the thyroid.. * Malignant neoplasms of the blood and lymphoid tissues (including, but not limited to, ... Malignant neoplasm of the urinary bladder.. * Malignant neoplasm of the kidney.. * Malignant neoplasms of the renal pelvis; ... Malignant neoplasms of the liver and intrahepatic bile duct.. * Malignant neoplasms of the retroperitoneum and peritoneum; ... Malignant neoplasms of the trachea; bronchus and lung; heart, mediastinum and pleura; and other ill-defined sites in the ...
Thyroid 2005;15:583-7. 18. Yoon RG, Baek JH, Lee JH, Choi YJ, Hong MJ, Song DE, et al. Diagnosis of thyroid follicular neoplasm ... the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016;26:1- ... Keywords: Elastography; Shear wave; Follicular neoplasm; Thyroid nodule INTRODUCTION. Thyroid nodules are found up to 60% of ... Thyroid 2014;24:1612-7. 19. Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The 2017 Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Thyroid 2017;27: ...
Thyroid Neoplasms / complications* * Thyroid Neoplasms / surgery * Thyroidectomy / adverse effects* * Vitamin D / therapeutic ... Methods: Of 197 patients with differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma, 49 underwent total thyroidectomy alone, and 148 ... hypocalcemia with routine oral calcium and vitamin D supplements in patients with differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma ...
131)I treatment for thyroid cancer did not increase the risk of receiving cataract surgery up to 10 y after treatment. However ... Keywords: cataract; iodine radioisotopes; thyroid neoplasms. © 2016 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, ... Association Between 131I Treatment for Thyroid Cancer and Risk of Receiving Cataract Surgery: A Cohort Study from Taiwan J Nucl ... Conclusion: (131)I treatment for thyroid cancer did not increase the risk of receiving cataract surgery up to 10 y after ...
Hempelmann, L H (1968). "Risk of thyroid neoplasms after irradiation in childhood. Studies of populations exposed to radiation ... Children began to disproportionately develop thyroid cancer (due to exposure to radioiodines),[17] and almost a third of those ... exposed developed neoplasms by 1974.[9][unreliable medical source?] Notes[edit]. .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%; ...
Thyroid specimens from 64 patients met the eligibility criteria, consisting of 28 PTC, 9 FTC, and 27 benign MNG cases. The mRNA ... Given the highly significant role of NIS in thyroid cancer (TC) differentiation, this cross-sectional study aimed to ... "Thyroid Neoplasm" OR "Thyroid Carcinoma" OR "Thyroid Cancer" AND "DNA Methylations" OR "hypermethylation" OR "CpG Island" AND " ... the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines taskforce on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2009 ...
Thyroid neoplasms arising from follicular cells (adenoma, carcinoma, and follicular/papillary carcinoma) show a broad range of ... Cancer of the thyroid is the most common endocrine malignancy. ... FTC and other thyroid neoplasms arising from follicular cells ( ... The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2016 Jan ... American Thyroid Association Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Task Force ...
Categories: Thyroid Neoplasms Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 1 ...
Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like features (NIFTP), represents a distinct class of thyroid neoplasms ... Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like features (NIFTP), represents a distinct class of thyroid neoplasms ... Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like features (NIFTP), represents a distinct class of thyroid neoplasms ... Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like features (NIFTP), represents a distinct class of thyroid neoplasms ...
The Profile of Heparanase Expression Distinguishes Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma from Benign Neoplasms. PloS one 10, ... HPSE2 in thyroid carcinoma33, MYO5B in gastric cancer34. These findings suggest that ExInAtor precision may be better than ...
Thyroid neoplasms: classification and differential diagnosis between benign and malignant lesions.. Papillary carcinoma, ... Urothelial neoplasms: papilloma, papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP), urothelial carcinoma in ... Classification, cystic neoplasms, IPMN (Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm), solid pseudopapillary tumor, ductal and ... Uncommon breast neoplasms: main features.. Breast cancer in young and adolescents: general features and criteria for early ...
Thyroid Neoplasms. 10. 1. Turner Syndrome. 10. 1. Urinary Stone Disease. 10. 1. ...
Carrying mutations truncating CHEK2 protein predisposes to thyroid neoplasms preliminary report. Syrenicz Anhelli , Koziolek ... Introduction: CHEK2 mutations are associated with increased risk of having neoplasms of various organs, including thyroid, ... Coexistence of papillary thyroid cancer and malignancies of other organs in patients carrying CHEK2 gene mutations case series. ... Coexistence of thyroid and breast cancers was observed in female carriers of CHEK2 gene mutations. In polish population the ...
The molecular diagnosis and management of thyroid neoplasms. Curr Opin Oncol. 2012;24:35-41. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This ... British Thyroid Association. Royal College of Physicians. Guidelines for management of thyroid cancer. Report of the Thyroid ... Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2006;16:109-142. [PubMed] [ ... Agarwal A, Kocjan G. FNAC thyroid reporting categories: value of using the British Thyroid Association (Thy 1 to Thy 5) thyroid ...
Canine thyroid neoplasms: epidemiologic features. Hayes, H.M., Fraumeni, J.F. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. (1975) [Pubmed] ... Thyrotropin-receptor and thyroid peroxidase-specific T cell clones and their cytokine profile in autoimmune thyroid disease. ... Immunopathological studies on thyroid immunity. IX. Thyroid and renal amyloidosis in thyroglobulin immunized rabbits. ... The function of thyroiditis in the origin of thyroid cancer, as suggested by reports of thyroid carcinoma in people with ...
... in low/intermediate risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).. METHODS: This is a retrospective study in 383 ... KEY WORDS: Thyroid neoplasms; Prognosis; Thyroglobulin; Iodine. inizio pagina. Copyright © 2023 Edizioni Minerva Medica ...
Management of thyroid neoplasms. In: Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund V, et al, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery . ... Thyroid cancer Thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is a cancer that starts in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located inside ... Thyroid nodule fine needle aspirate biopsy; Biopsy - thyroid - skinny-needle; Skinny-needle thyroid biopsy; Thyroid nodule - ... A thyroid nodule is a growth (lump) in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck, just above ...
immunoperoxidase techniques parathyroid neoplasms thyroid neoplasms aspiration biopsy Acta Cytologica Immunoperoxidase Staining ... Open the PDF for Immunoperoxidase Staining in the Differential Diagnosis of Parathyroid from Thyroid Origin in Fine Needle ... View article titled, Immunoperoxidase Staining in the Differential Diagnosis of Parathyroid from Thyroid Origin in Fine Needle ... Alan Galloway; Scott Jarmer; Shamim Moinuddin parathyroid neoplasms adenoma aspiration biopsy 1996 Copyright / Drug Dosage / ...
Benign neoplasm of the thyroid glands (226). • Papillary cancer (193) is the most common form of thyroid malignancy, typically ... Sequencing of the thyroid neoplasm with the functional condition will depend on the circumstances of admission. The neoplasm ... Types of Thyroid Nodules. Thyroid nodules are classified to ICD-9-CM code 241.0, Nontoxic uninodular goiter. If a nodule is ... With benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms, coding directives instruct coders to use an additional code to identify any ...
MEN2 includes the additional subtypes MEN2A, MEN2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). ... Thyroid neoplasms - 8-25% of patients. *Pheochromocytoma - ,1% of patients. *Nonendocrine tumors *Cutaneous tumors *Collagenoma ... CAP - Thyroid College of American Pathologists (CAP). Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas ... Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (FMTC). Indications for Testing. *Family history of FMTC in multiple generations without ...
Treatment of Thyroid Neoplasms. *Hyperparathyroidism, Evaluation and Management (include management of Thyroid eye dz) ...
Neoplasms: neuroectodermal tumor, thyroid tumor, hepatoblastoma, lymphocytic leukemia. *Nervous system abnormalities: neural ... Other: Leukocytosis, thyroid disorder. Fetal/neonatal anomalies. *Abnormal bone development: skeletal malformations of the ... Neoplasms: Liver (hepatic hemangiosarcoma, liver cell adenoma, hepatocellular carcinoma); breast (fibrocystic disease, breast ... thyroid/adrenal gland problems, tumor in the brain (pituitary tumor), high levels of fats/triglycerides in the blood.Use of ...
... thyroid follicular cell carcinomas were increased in females at 100 mg/kg/day. The increased incidence of thyroid neoplasms ... In a two-year study in rats at 25 mg/kg/day, there was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of thyroid ... Thyroid follicular cell adenomas were increased in males and females at both doses; ...
All DTC cases in patients with a first-degree family history of thyroid cancer were cases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC ... Family history of thyroid cancer in first-degree relatives was associated with increased DTC risk (adjusted OR, 4.1; 95% CI, ... BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer incidence in the United States, particularly in women, has increased dramatically since the 1980s. ... "Family history of cancer and risk of sporadic differentiated thyroid carcinoma." Cancer, vol. 118, no. 5, Mar. 2012, pp. 1228- ...
  • Other thyroid malignancies include thyroid lymphoma, various types of thyroid sarcoma, smooth muscle tumors, teratoma, squamous cell thyroid carcinoma and other rare types of tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Carcinoma of the thyroid with Ewing family tumor elements (CEFTE) disclosing solid nests of small cells with regular, round nuclei, and nests of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) (a). (wikipedia.org)
  • the medullary thyroid carcinoma component stained positively for calcitonin mRNA while the PTC (follicular variant) component was negative (d). (wikipedia.org)
  • Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus-like differentiation (SETTLE) is a lobulated tumor composed of spindle cells and epithelioid cell component with glands, mucinous cysts, and/or squamous nests (f and g) Follicular patterned medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) (a). (wikipedia.org)
  • Calcitonin-negative medullary thyroid carcinoma (h) showing positivity for CGRP (i). (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms of thyroid cancer or thyroglossal duct carcinoma may include a lump in the neck, pain in the neck, voice changes, difficulty swallowing or a swollen lymph node. (alike.health)
  • Thyroid malignancies or thyroglossal duct carcinoma are diagnosed in a physical examination, blood test to measure thyroid function and hormone levels and ultrasound imaging. (alike.health)
  • FNA has served with high accuracy to diagnose papillary thyroid carcinoma which accounts for 80%-90% of all thyroid cancer because papillary thyroid carcinoma has several specific cytological nuclear features, such as optically clear elongated nuclei with nuclear grooves and intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions [ 4 - 6 ]. (sch.ac.kr)
  • Papillary thyroid carcinoma also shows several characteristic findings in US including microcalcification, non-parallel orientation (greater in the anteroposterior dimension than the transverse dimension), irregular margin, and hypoechogenicity. (sch.ac.kr)
  • Of 197 patients with differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma, 49 underwent total thyroidectomy alone, and 148 underwent total thyroidectomy plus CND. (nih.gov)
  • Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is the second most common cancer of the thyroid, after papillary carcinoma . (medscape.com)
  • FTC and other thyroid neoplasms arising from follicular cells (adenomas, papillary/follicular carcinoma, and noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features [NIFTP]) show a broad range of overlapping clinical and cytologic features. (medscape.com)
  • Papillary/follicular carcinoma must be considered a variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (mixed form). (medscape.com)
  • The molecular pathogenesis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) is thought to be initiated by point mutations that result in dysregulation of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling pathway. (medscape.com)
  • Materials and methods: Thyroid resections during an 11-year period, with histologic diagnosis of follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC), were retrospectively reviewed to identify NIFTP. (elsevierpure.com)
  • MEN2 includes the additional subtypes MEN2A, MEN2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC). (arupconsult.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Family history of cancer and risk of sporadic differentiated thyroid carcinoma. (duke.edu)
  • Although the causes of thyroid cancer in most patients remain largely unknown, evidence suggests the existence of an inherited predisposition to development of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). (duke.edu)
  • We are here for all patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (papillary and follicular carcinomas and Hürthle cell carcinoma) and patients with medullary and rare anaplastic carcinomas that require highly specialized care. (mou.cz)
  • Tracheal reconstruction and replacement is a complex and vital surgical procedure with several indications, including primary tracheal neoplasm (adenoid cystic carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma), thyroid cancer, extensive tracheoesophageal fistulas, unsuccessful previous surgery for benign tracheal diseases (re-stenosis, long-term stenosis that has been dilated or been non-surgically repaired) and, rarely, congenital tracheal stenosis. (ersjournals.com)
  • Strazisar B, Petric R, Sesek M, Zgajnar J, Hocevar M, Besic N. Predictive factors of carcinoma in 279 patients with Hürthle cell neoplasm of the thyroid gland. (medscape.com)
  • Accumulation of p27(kip1) is associated with cyclin D3 overexpression in the oxyphilic (Hurthle cell) variant of follicular thyroid carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Genomic dissection of Hurthle cell carcinoma reveals a unique class of thyroid malignancy. (medscape.com)
  • Prognostic factors of recurrence in encapsulated Hurthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a clinicopathologic study of 50 cases. (medscape.com)
  • Besic N, Schwarzbartl-Pevec A, Vidergar-Kralj B, Crnic T, Gazic B, Marolt Music M. Treatment and outcome of 32 patients with distant metastases of Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma: a single-institution experience. (medscape.com)
  • Papillary and follicular carcinoma together are called differentiated thyroid cancer because of their histologic resemblance to normal thyroid tissue and because differentiated function (eg, thyroglobulin secretion) is preserved. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Papillary carcinoma accounts for 80 to 90% of all thyroid cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The incidence of papillary thyroid carcinoma has risen over the last several decades, primarily due to the incidental discovery of small cancers in patients undergoing neck ultrasonography, MRI, CT scans, or PET scans that include the neck in the imaging field. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are two conditions that often arise from an abnormally functioning thyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • A rare benign vascular neoplasm that arises from the thyroid gland. (nih.gov)
  • Management of follicular and Hürthle cell neoplasms of the thyroid gland. (nih.gov)
  • Association between various thyroid gland diseases, TSH values and thyroid cancer: a case-control study. (nih.gov)
  • Diagnostic controversies in vascular proliferations of the thyroid gland. (nih.gov)
  • Your thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The thyroid gland produces hormones. (alike.health)
  • Thyroglossal duct cyst is a common anomaly in the development of the thyroid gland. (alike.health)
  • For this reason, a surgical procedure to remove all or a large portion of the thyroid gland may be necessary to obtain sufficient tissue for a definitive diagnosis of FTC. (medscape.com)
  • Fine needle aspiration of the thyroid gland is a procedure to remove thyroid cells for examination. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped gland located inside the front of the lower neck. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • A thyroid nodule is a growth (lump) in the thyroid gland. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • The thyroid gland is located at the front of the neck, just above where your collarbones m. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism). (stlukes-stl.com)
  • The main risk is bleeding into or around the thyroid gland. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • The thyroid is a gland located in the neck. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Thyroid nodules are abnormal growths or lumps on the butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck that produces metabolism-regulating hormones. (fortherecordmag.com)
  • These symptoms may also be caused by benign thyroid nodules, infection or inflammation of the thyroid gland, or a goiter. (fortherecordmag.com)
  • If the lymph nodes around the thyroid gland are involved, then the fifth-digit subclassification of "1" will be assigned. (fortherecordmag.com)
  • A near-total thyroidectomy may be the procedure of choice, which leaves a small rim of the thyroid tissue around the parathyroid gland to reduce the risk of parathyroid damage. (fortherecordmag.com)
  • Thyroid nodules are lumps that can unusually grow on the thyroid gland. (apollohospitals.com)
  • In some cases, these benign thyroid nodules cause the thyroid gland to produce an excess amount of the thyroxine hormone, causing the symptoms of hyperthyroidism. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Our centre focuses on all three types of malignant neoplasms that can occur in the thyroid gland. (mou.cz)
  • Overview of Thyroid Function The thyroid gland, located in the anterior neck just below the cricoid cartilage, consists of 2 lobes connected by an isthmus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Follicular cells in the gland produce the 2 main thyroid hormones. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Thyroid cancers are the most common malignancies and represent approximately 95% of all endocrine tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is probably the first of many papers that will be used to reassess the value and impact of molecular testing of thyroid tumors," said Umbricht. (cancernetwork.com)
  • Pisanu A, Sias L, Uccheddu A. Factors predicting malignancy of Hürthle cell tumors of the thyroid: influence on surgical treatment. (medscape.com)
  • Patients 55 years with small tumors confined to the thyroid have an excellent prognosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • It can be a benign tumor such as thyroid adenoma, or it can be a malignant neoplasm (thyroid cancer), such as papillary, follicular, medullary or anaplastic thyroid cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • The estimated number of new cases of thyroid cancer in the United States in 2010 is 44,670 compared to only 1,690 deaths. (wikipedia.org)
  • As thyroid cancer can take up iodine, radioactive iodine is commonly used to treat thyroid carcinomas, followed by TSH suppression by high-dose thyroxine therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thyroid cancers are mainly papillary, follicular, medullary or anaplastic thyroid cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Medullary thyroid cancer makes up about 3 percent of this cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Treatment of thyroid cancer in childhood : proceedings of a workshop held September 10-11, 1992, at the National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, Maryland / edited by Jacob Robbins. (who.int)
  • What is thyroid cancer? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Thyroid cancer is a cancer that starts in the tissues of the thyroid. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What are the different types of thyroid cancer? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Who is more likely to develop thyroid cancer? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Certain people are more likely to develop thyroid cancer. (medlineplus.gov)
  • What are the symptoms of thyroid cancer? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Thyroid cancer may not cause symptoms at first. (medlineplus.gov)
  • How is thyroid cancer diagnosed? (medlineplus.gov)
  • What are the treatments for thyroid cancer? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Treatment for thyroid cancer depends on the type of cancer you have and whether the cancer has spread. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Can Thyroid Cancer Be Found Early? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Can Thyroid Cancer Be Prevented? (medlineplus.gov)
  • Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common form which grows in the follicular cells. (alike.health)
  • Follicular thyroid cancer arises also from follicular cells and typically affects people older than 50. (alike.health)
  • Hurthle cell cancer is a rare and potentially more aggressive type of follicular thyroid cancer. (alike.health)
  • Anaplastic thyroid cancer is rare and also begins in the follicular cells. (alike.health)
  • Medullary thyroid cancer begins in the C cells- cells that produce calcitonin hormone. (alike.health)
  • Females are more likely to have thyroid cancer, as well as those who were exposed to radiation in the head and neck area and those who have certain types of genetic syndromes such as MEN and Cowden's syndrome. (alike.health)
  • Some genetic testing is also possible in the case of medullary thyroid cancer. (alike.health)
  • Thyroid nodules are found up to 60% of the population on ultrasound (US) [ 1 , 2 ] and the incidence of thyroid cancer is reported 5%-15% of the nodules [ 3 ]. (sch.ac.kr)
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between (131)I therapy for thyroid cancer and risk of receiving cataract surgery in Taiwan. (nih.gov)
  • This was a nationwide population-based cohort study of patients with thyroid cancer diagnosed during the period 1998-2008. (nih.gov)
  • 131)I treatment for thyroid cancer did not increase the risk of receiving cataract surgery up to 10 y after treatment. (nih.gov)
  • Thyroid cancer comprises several subtypes with remarkably different biological characteristics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • together they make up 95% of thyroid cancer cases. (medscape.com)
  • Patients with FTC are more likely to develop lung and bone metastases than are patients with papillary thyroid cancer. (medscape.com)
  • Current National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines recommend lobectomy plus isthmusectomy as the initial surgery for patients with follicular neoplasms, with prompt completion of thyroidectomy if invasive FTC is found on the final histologic section. (medscape.com)
  • For patient education information, see the Thyroid Cancer Directory . (medscape.com)
  • Patient education information on thyroid cancer is also available on the American Cancer Society Web site . (medscape.com)
  • Coexistence of papillary thyroid cancer and malignancies of other organs in patients carrying CHEK2 gene mutations case series. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to define prognostic value and optimal threshold of first thyroglobulin (fTg) measured after thyroidectomy and just before radio-iodine therapy (RIT), in low/intermediate risk patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). (minervamedica.it)
  • A normal result shows the thyroid tissue looks normal and the cells do not appear to be cancer under a microscope. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Papillary cancer (193) is the most common form of thyroid malignancy, typically developing in the follicle cells of one thyroid lobe. (fortherecordmag.com)
  • This type of thyroid cancer commonly metastasizes to the lymph nodes. (fortherecordmag.com)
  • According to coding directives, use additional codes to identify malignancies (such as thyroid cancer, 193) and other conditions associated with MEN Type II, along with a code from subcategory 258.0 ( AHA Coding Clinic for ICD-9-CM , 2007, fourth quarter, pages 70-72). (fortherecordmag.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Thyroid cancer incidence in the United States, particularly in women, has increased dramatically since the 1980s. (duke.edu)
  • In addition, multifocal primary tumor was more common among PTC patients with first-degree family history of thyroid cancer than among PTC patients with no first-degree family history of thyroid cancer (68.8% vs 35.5%, P = .01). (duke.edu)
  • CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests that family history of thyroid cancer in first-degree relatives, particularly in siblings, is associated with an increased risk of sporadic PTC. (duke.edu)
  • Also, thyroid ablation is not recommended for patients with follicular neoplasms or primary thyroid cancer. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Is NIFTP Truly a Non-Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis? (cancernetwork.com)
  • In this population-based, retrospective cohort study, the researchers reclassified 318 of 725 follicular variant papillary thyroid cancer (FVPTC) cases as potential NIFTP (NIFTPs were previously identified as a subset of FVPTC). (cancernetwork.com)
  • Thyroid cancer is an uncommon disease that should be managed within a centre with concentrated knowledge and high level of expertise. (mou.cz)
  • Within the Czech Republic, we develop clinical practice guidelines and protocols for thyroid cancer treatment. (mou.cz)
  • Do you have a history of thyroid cancer or MEN Multiple Endocrine Neoplasm or any type of cancer or a family history of cancer? (jotform.com)
  • Introduction: CHEK2 mutations are associated with increased risk of having neoplasms of various organs, including thyroid, breast, colon, renal and ovarian cancers. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Coexistence of thyroid and breast cancers was observed in female carriers of CHEK2 gene mutations. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Get access to trusted information related to cancers of the thyroid and head & neck. (thancfoundation.org)
  • In thyroid cancers, COM-1 has been found to be overexpressed in papillary and follicular tumours but to a much lower degree in anaplastic tumours, this is together with a change in location of COM-1 expression on immunohistochemical (IHC) staining from nuclear (found in normal tissue and follicular tumours) to cytoplasmic (in papillary and anaplastic tumours) locations ( 9 ). (iiarjournals.org)
  • Notre objectif a ete de rapporter les criteres de diagnostic d'orientation des cancers de la thyroide dans les conditions de la pratique en zone sahelienne. (bvsalud.org)
  • Most thyroid cancers manifest as asymptomatic nodules. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Rarely, lymph node, lung, or bone metastases cause the presenting symptoms of small thyroid cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most thyroid cancers are papillary or follicular carcinomas and usually are not highly malignant and are seldom fatal. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are several types of thyroid malignancies. (alike.health)
  • Some thyroid malignancies may have no symptoms at all and the patient will feel pain and swelling only when they become very large. (alike.health)
  • Most of the time, thyroid malignancies are cured with treatment. (alike.health)
  • This paper describes the pattern of occurrence of second primary malignancies in patients who were treated for malignant thyroid neoplasms in an Indian hospital. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thyroid nodules are a major presentation of thyroid neoplasms, and are diagnosed by ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (USG/FNA) or frequently by thyroidectomy (surgical removal and subsequent histological examination). (wikipedia.org)
  • After thyroidectomy the patient must take thyroid hormones for life and some will be also treated with radioactive iodine to destroy remaining thyroid tissue. (alike.health)
  • Thyroid hormone therapy is used to replace endogenous production after thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine therapy. (medscape.com)
  • 4 cm or that are diffusely spreading require total or near-total thyroidectomy with postoperative radioiodine ablation of residual thyroid tissue with appropriately large doses of iodine-131 administered when the patient is hypothyroid or after recombinant thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) injections. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These occur when the thyroid is producing too much or too little thyroid hormone respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thyroid hormone therapy. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Indeed, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) can regulate NIS protein activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other treatment methods include thyroid hormone therapy, radioactive iodine (radioiodine)-according to ICD-9-CM coding directives, if a patient is admitted for radioactive iodine therapy, the condition should be sequenced as the principal diagnosis-external beam radiation, and chemotherapy. (fortherecordmag.com)
  • the well-informed clinician keeps the diagnosis in mind, and if the initial thyroid hormone tests are not definitive, employs additional tests that are cost-effective in the individual clinical situation. (curehunter.com)
  • A prospective study to compare the efficacy of ICG dye Angiography and Parathyroid Hormone measurement in early prediction of risk of decrease in blood calcium levels after thyroid surgery. (who.int)
  • Thyroid malignancy occurs in the thyroid cells which are located in the base of the neck. (alike.health)
  • Postoperative evaluation of FTC revealed preoperative FNA was classified as benign follicular lesion (category II), atypia or follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS, category III), follicular neoplasm or suspicious for follicular neoplasm (FN/SFN, category IV), or suspicious for malignancy (SM, category V) according to the Bethesda System [ 9 , 15 ]. (sch.ac.kr)
  • And diagnostic surgery of the thyroid nodules with FNA in category III or IV revealed malignancy rate was 20%-50% [ 7 , 8 , 12 , 13 , 16 - 20 ]. (sch.ac.kr)
  • In this process, a Na+/K+-ATPase pump generates a sodium gradient, transporting two Na+ to an I− as the first step in the thyroid hormones biosynthesis [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • activates adenyl cyclase (cAMP production) in thyroid cells leading to production and release of the thyroid hormones (T4 and T3). (poisonfluoride.com)
  • Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE. (curehunter.com)
  • It should be noted that during the process, the normal thyroid tissue will remain unaffected. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Malignant struma ovarii is a rare ovarian neoplasm composed predominantly of mature thyroid tissue. (nel.edu)
  • Treatment may be repeated after 6 to 12 months to ablate any remaining thyroid tissue. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Bronner MP, Clevenger CV, Edmonds PR, Lowell DM, McFarland MM, LiVolsi VA. Flow cytometric analysis of DNA content in Hürthle cell adenomas and carcinomas of the thyroid. (medscape.com)
  • Thyroid ultrasound. (nih.gov)
  • It is often used to find out if thyroid nodules that your provider can feel or seen on an ultrasound are noncancerous or cancerous. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Doctors will use imaging techniques like an ultrasound to guide a needle into the thyroid nodule. (apollohospitals.com)
  • FTC resembles the normal microscopic pattern of the thyroid, and a clear distinction between benign and malignant disease based solely on cytological examination of a needle biopsy specimen may be difficult. (medscape.com)
  • As the biopsy needle passes into your thyroid, you may feel some pressure, but it should not be painful. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • immunoperoxidase techniques parathyroid neoplasms thyroid neoplasms aspiration biopsy Acta Cytologica Immunoperoxidase Staining. (karger.com)
  • Core needle biopsy of thyroid nodules - evaluation of diagnostic utility and pain experience. (nel.edu)
  • Stangierski A, Wolinski K, Martin K, Leitgeber O, Ruchala M. Core needle biopsy of thyroid nodules - evaluation of diagnostic utility and pain experience. (nel.edu)
  • We aimed to study the diagnostic performance of shear wave elastography (SWE) to differentiate follicular neoplasm (FN) from NH in follicular lesions of thyroid nodules. (sch.ac.kr)
  • Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is an important diagnostic tool in patients with thyroid lesions. (wjgnet.com)
  • Thyroid neoplasm is a neoplasm or tumor of the thyroid. (wikipedia.org)
  • Liver neoplasms occurred in rats following 6 months of exposure to 207ppm 2NP. (cdc.gov)
  • Nontoxic diffuse and nodular goiter and thyroid neoplasia. (stlukes-stl.com)
  • Thyroid nodules are classified to ICD-9-CM code 241.0, Nontoxic uninodular goiter. (fortherecordmag.com)
  • With benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms, coding directives instruct coders to use an additional code to identify any functional activity such as corticoadrenal insufficiency (255.41), hyperthyroidism (242.80 to 242.81), or hypopituitarism (253.2). (fortherecordmag.com)
  • 6. Previous thyroid and parathyroid surgery. (who.int)
  • While complications and risks of thyroid ablation are lesser than that of thyroid nodule surgery, some degree of risk is always there. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Radiotherapy is a mode of treatment that is often used for malign neoplasms of the head and neck and has a significant cure rate, although it is associated with various oral complications 2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • The first step in diagnosing a thyroid neoplasm is a physical exam of the neck area. (wikipedia.org)
  • At times these benign thyroid nodules can grow large enough that they can be felt, seen from the outside at the base of the neck, or even pressed on the windpipe or oesophagus. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Anyone with a thyroid nodule causing uncomfortable symptoms is generally considered a candidate for the procedure. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Common treatment approaches for thyroid nodules include thyroid hormonal therapy or surgery. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Introduction: Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like features (NIFTP), represents a distinct class of thyroid neoplasms with very low risk of adverse outcome and a set of strict histologic criteria. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Thyroid specimens from 64 patients met the eligibility criteria, consisting of 28 PTC, 9 FTC, and 27 benign MNG cases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, patients who cannot undergo local anaesthesia may need to consult with a doctor if they can have thyroid ablation. (apollohospitals.com)
  • Radiotherapy-induced thyroid disorders. (nih.gov)
  • More than 50% of diagnostic surgery in cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules revealed benign nodules of which nodular hyperplasia (NH) accounted for about half. (sch.ac.kr)
  • The most definitive treatment method for thyroid nodules includes surgery. (fortherecordmag.com)
  • Pitfalls in the diagnosis of follicular epithelial proliferations of the thyroid. (nih.gov)