The largest cartilage of the larynx consisting of two laminae fusing anteriorly at an acute angle in the midline of the neck. The point of fusion forms a subcutaneous projection known as the Adam's apple.
The nine cartilages of the larynx, including the cricoid, thyroid and epiglottic, and two each of arytenoid, corniculate and cuneiform.
An unnaturally deep or rough quality of voice.
A tubular organ of VOICE production. It is located in the anterior neck, superior to the TRACHEA and inferior to the tongue and HYOID BONE.
A mobile U-shaped bone that lies in the anterior part of the neck at the level of the third CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. The hyoid bone is suspended from the processes of the TEMPORAL BONES by ligaments, and is firmly bound to the THYROID CARTILAGE by muscles.
A non-vascular form of connective tissue composed of CHONDROCYTES embedded in a matrix that includes CHONDROITIN SULFATE and various types of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are three major types: HYALINE CARTILAGE; FIBROCARTILAGE; and ELASTIC CARTILAGE.
A protective layer of firm, flexible cartilage over the articulating ends of bones. It provides a smooth surface for joint movement, protecting the ends of long bones from wear at points of contact.
The striated muscle groups which move the LARYNX as a whole or its parts, such as altering tension of the VOCAL CORDS, or size of the slit (RIMA GLOTTIDIS).
Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.
A highly vascularized endocrine gland consisting of two lobes joined by a thin band of tissue with one lobe on each side of the TRACHEA. It secretes THYROID HORMONES from the follicular cells and CALCITONIN from the parafollicular cells thereby regulating METABOLISM and CALCIUM level in blood, respectively.
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.
Natural hormones secreted by the THYROID GLAND, such as THYROXINE, and their synthetic analogs.
Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.
Pathological processes involving the chondral tissue (CARTILAGE).
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A small circumscribed mass in the THYROID GLAND that can be of neoplastic growth or non-neoplastic abnormality. It lacks a well-defined capsule or glandular architecture. Thyroid nodules are often benign but can be malignant. The growth of nodules can lead to a multinodular goiter (GOITER, NODULAR).
The part of a human or animal body connecting the HEAD to the rest of the body.
Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.
An accumulation of purulent material in the area between the PALATINE TONSIL and its capsule.
Paired but separate cavity within the THORACIC CAVITY. It consists of the space between the parietal and visceral PLEURA and normally contains a capillary layer of serous fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces.
An accumulation of purulent material in the space between the PHARYNX and the CERVICAL VERTEBRAE. This usually results from SUPPURATION of retropharyngeal LYMPH NODES in patients with UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS, perforation of the pharynx, or head and neck injuries.
Severe cellulitis of the submaxillary space with secondary involvement of the sublingual and submental space. It usually results from infection in the lower molar area or from a penetrating injury to the mouth floor. (From Dorland, 27th ed)
Acute inflammatory disease of the THYROID GLAND due to infections by BACTERIA; FUNGI; or other microorganisms. Symptoms include tender swelling, FEVER, and often with LEUKOCYTOSIS.
Severe gender dysphoria, coupled with a persistent desire for the physical characteristics and social roles that connote the opposite biological sex. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)
Persons having a sense of persistent identification with, and expression of, gender-coded behaviors not typically associated with one's anatomical sex at birth, and with or without a desire to undergo SEX REASSIGNMENT PROCEDURES.
An illusion of vision usually affecting spatial relations.
Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.
Surgical insertion of cylindric hydraulic devices for the treatment of organic ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.
Coordination of nursing services by various nursing care personnel under the leadership of a professional nurse. The team may consist of a professional nurse, nurses' aides, and the practical nurse.
The term "United States" in a medical context often refers to the country where a patient or study participant resides, and is not a medical term per se, but relevant for epidemiological studies, healthcare policies, and understanding differences in disease prevalence, treatment patterns, and health outcomes across various geographic locations.

Comparison of conventional surgical versus Seldinger technique emergency cricothyrotomy performed by inexperienced clinicians. (1/37)

BACKGROUND: Cricothyrotomy is the ultimate option for a patient with a life-threatening airway problem. METHODS: The authors compared the first-time performance of surgical (group 1) versus Seldinger technique (group 2) cricothyrotomy in cadavers. Intensive care unit physicians (n = 20) performed each procedure on two adult human cadavers. Methods were compared with regard to ease of use and anatomy of the neck of the cadaver. Times to location of the cricothyroid membrane, to tracheal puncture, and to the first ventilation were recorded. Each participant was allowed only one attempt per procedure. A pathologist dissected the neck of each patient and assessed correctness of position of the tube and any injury inflicted. Subjective assessment of technique and cadaver on a visual analog scale from 1 (easiest) to 5 (worst) was conducted by the performer. RESULTS: Age, height, and weight of the cadavers were not different. Subjective assessment of both methods (2.2 in group 1 vs. 2.4 in group 2) and anatomy of the cadavers (2.2 in group 1 vs. 2.4 in group 2) showed no statistically significant difference between both groups. Tracheal placement of the tube was achieved in 70% (n = 14) in group 1 versus 60% (n = 12) in group 2 (P value not significant). Five attempts in group 2 had to be aborted because of kinking of the guide wire. Time intervals (mean +/- SD) were from start to location of the cricothyroid membrane 7 +/- 9 s (group 1) versus 8 +/- 7s (group 2), to tracheal puncture 46 +/- 37s (group 1) versus 30 +/- 28s (group 2), and to first ventilation 102 +/- 42s (group 1) versus 100 +/- 46s (group 2) (P value not significant). CONCLUSIONS: The two methods showed equally poor performance.  (+info)

A series of thyroplasty cases under general anaesthesia. (2/37)

Thyroplasty is an operation on the upper airway to improve voice quality in patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis. It requires access to an uninstrumented larynx and a functional assessment of vocal cord medialization. It is a difficult anaesthetic procedure that requires sharing the airway with the surgeon. We describe an anaesthetic technique to give good operating conditions and a safe airway, using total intravenous anaesthesia, a laryngeal mask airway and intraoperative fibreoptic endoscopic assessment of the larynx, and present a series of 13 patients. Other anaesthetic techniques for thyroplasty are described and discussed.  (+info)

Giant cell tumor of the larynx: a clinicopathologic series of eight cases and a review of the literature. (3/37)

True giant cell tumors of the larynx (GCTL) are quite rare, and only individual case reports are documented in the literature. Eight cases of GCTL were identified in the Otorhinolaryngic Pathology Tumor Registry between 1966 and 2000. There were 2 women and 6 men, ages 26 to 62 years (mean, 44.5 yrs). Patients presented with a palpable neck mass (n = 5), airway obstruction (n = 3), hoarseness (n = 3), and dysphagia (n = 2). All tumors involved the thyroid cartilage, a few with local extension. The mean tumor size was 4.1 cm. Histologically, the tumors showed no connection to the surface epithelium and arose in sites of ossification. The tumors had an expansile, infiltrative growth and consisted of numerous multinucleated osteoclast-like giant cells within a cellular stroma composed of plump, oval mononuclear cells. Of interest was that the nuclei of the giant cells were similar to the nuclei of the stromal cells. Treatment included biopsy only with adjuvant therapy (n = 2), local resection (n = 3), and total laryngectomy (n = 3). Follow-up showed 5 patients were alive without evidence of disease (mean follow-up, 6.9 yrs); 2 died of unrelated causes (mean survival, 22.2 yrs). No patients developed recurrences. GCTL are rare tumors that can cause significant airway obstruction. Complete surgical resection yields an excellent outcome without adjuvant therapy.  (+info)

Cricothyroidotomy for elective airway management in critically ill trauma patients with technically challenging neck anatomy. (4/37)

INTRODUCTION: To assess the value of elective cricothyroidotomy for airway management in critically ill trauma patients with technically challenging neck anatomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of patients admitted to the Trauma Service at a Level I Trauma Center who underwent cricothyroidotomy for elective airway management over a 40-month period from January 1997 to April 2000. Comparison was made with a cohort of Trauma Service patients who received a tracheostomy. RESULTS: Eighteen patients met study criteria, and an unpaired t test revealed significance (P < 0.05) for age only. There was no difference with Injury Severity Score, number of days in the intensive care unit, number of days requiring ventilation post procedure or number of days intubated prior to procedure. The major difference was the more technically challenging neck anatomy in the patients undergoing cricothyroidotomy. Five out of 18 patients undergoing cricothyroidotomy died prior to discharge and two out of 18 died after discharge from complications unrelated to their airway. Two out of 18 patients undergoing tracheostomy died prior to discharge from complications unrelated to their airway. For a period of 1 week-15 months (average, 5.5 months), notes in subsequent clinic appointments were reviewed for subjective assessment of wound healing, breathing and swallowing difficulties, and voice changes. One patient with a cricothyroidotomy required silver nitrate to treat some granulation tissue. Otherwise, no complications were identified. Telephone interviews were conducted with eight of the 11 surviving cricothyroidotomy patients and nine of the 16 surviving tracheostomy patients. One tracheostomy patient required surgical closure 3 months after discharge; otherwise, the only noted change was minor voice changes in three patients in each group. All six of these patients denied that this compromised them in any way. CONCLUSION: Elective cricothyroidotomy has a low complication rate and is a reasonable, technically less demanding option in critically ill patients with challenging neck anatomy requiring a surgical airway.  (+info)

Relative contribution of various airway protective mechanisms to prevention of aspiration during swallowing. (5/37)

Deglutitive airway protective mechanisms include glottal closure, epiglottal descent, and anterosuperior displacement of the larynx. Aspiration of swallowed material may occur during the pre-, intra-, or postpharyngeal phase of swallowing. Our objectives were to determine the relative contribution of the airway protective mechanisms during each phase of swallow in 14 decerebrated cats before and after suprahyoid myotomy, epiglottectomy, and unilateral cordectomy. After myotomy, superior excursions of the hyoid, thyroid, and cricoid cartilages and anteroposterior diameter of maximum upper esophageal spincter (UES) opening were significantly diminished, but the incidence of pharyngeal residue significantly increased (P < 0.05). No aspiration was observed in the predeglutitive period. After myotomy, the incidence of aspiration significantly increased in both intra- and postdeglutitive periods. Epiglottectomy did not alter aspiration incidence, but unilateral cordectomy resulted in a 100% incidence of intra- and postdeglutitive aspiration. In conclusion, glottal closure constitutes the primary mechanism for prevention of intra- and postdeglutitive aspiration, but laryngeal elevation may assist this function. Bolus pulsion without laryngeal distraction can open the UES, but at risk of aspiration due to decreased pharyngeal clearance. The epiglottis provides no apparent airway protection during any phase of swallowing.  (+info)

Fluoroscope-aided retrograde placement of guide wire for tracheal intubation in patients with limited mouth opening. (6/37)

Passing a retrograde catheter/wire into the pharynx through a cricothyroid puncture can facilitate tracheal intubation in difficult situations where either a flexible fibre-optic bronchoscope or an expert user of such a device is not available. Some mouth opening is essential for the oral and/or nasal retrieval of the catheter/wire from the pharynx. Two patients with temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) ankylosis and extremely limited mouth opening required gap arthroplasty of the TMJ under general anaesthesia. Because we did not have a flexible fibre-optic bronchoscope, we performed fluoroscopy-assisted nasal retrieval of the guide wire passed up through a cricothyroid puncture and subsequently accomplished wire-guided naso-tracheal intubation. In the absence of a flexible fibre-optic bronchoscope, this technique is a very useful aid to intubation in patients with limited mouth opening.  (+info)

Gender-specific distribution of glycosaminoglycans during cartilage mineralization of human thyroid cartilage. (7/37)

The role of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the process of cartilage mineralization, especially in the hypertrophic zone of growth plates, is not yet fully understood. Human thyroid cartilage can serve as a model to observe matrix changes associated with cartilage mineralization because the processes follow a distinct route, progress very slowly and show sexual differences. Histochemical staining for low sulphated GAG (chondroitin-4- and -6-sulphates) was decreased in the interterritorial matrix of thyroid cartilage starting at the beginning of the fifth decade, but not in the pericellular or territorial matrix of chondrocytes. Because cartilage mineralization progressed in the interterritorial matrix it seems likely that a decreasing content of chondroitin-4- and -6-sulphates is involved in the mineralization process. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that immunostaining for chondroitin-4- and -6-sulphates was weaker in mineralized cartilage areas than in unmineralized areas, whereas there was no difference in staining for keratan sulphate. In all life decades, female thyroid cartilages contained more chondrocytes with a territorial rim of chondroitin-4- and -6-sulphates probably preventing cartilage mineralization compared with age-matched male specimens. Taken together, the characteristic distribution pattern of chondroitin-4- and -6-sulphates being more concentrated in female than in male thyroid cartilages provided evidence that these macromolecules decrease in cartilage mineralization.  (+info)

Anatomical study of meandering and functions of human intralaryngeal artery. (8/37)

In recent years, partial laryngectomy and partial reconstruction are increasingly intended for conservation of functions of phonation and swallowing. In partial reconstruction, it is important to comprehend morphological characteristics of the blood vessels distributed in the larynx, but there have been only few reports discussing detailed information about them. Previous reports on laryngeal blood vessels have shown that branches of some arteries show remarkable "meandering". In the present study, we devised a method for objectively determining the morphological nature, "meandering" and assessed functions of the arteries. Intralaryngeal arteries were excised from the larynx of cadavers prepared for practice in anatomy, and images of the "meandering" artery were analyzed with NIH Image. The extent of "meandering" was expressed mainly as the ratio of the total length of the blood vessel to the distance between the starting point and the end point of meandering. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the extent of meandering between superior posterior and medial posterior branches of superior laryngeal artery. These arteries, which were distributed in the arytenoid region, were found to be of primary importance in partial laryngectomy and partial reconstruction of the larynx.  (+info)

Thyroid cartilage is the largest and most superior of the laryngeal cartilages, forming the front and greater part of the larynx, also known as the "Adam's apple" in humans. It serves to protect the vocal cords and provides attachment for various muscles involved in voice production. The thyroid cartilage consists of two laminae that join in front at an angle, creating a noticeable prominence in the anterior neck. This structure is crucial in speech formation and swallowing functions.

Laryngeal cartilages refer to the various pieces of cartilage that make up the structure of the larynx, also known as the voice box. The larynx is a crucial part of the respiratory system, located in the neck between the pharynx and the trachea. It plays a vital role in protecting the lower airways from food or drink entering the windpipe, as well as producing sound during speech.

There are several laryngeal cartilages, including:

1. Thyroid cartilage: This is the largest and most superior of the laryngeal cartilages. It forms the Adam's apple in men and has a prominent notch in the front called the thyroid notch. The thyroid cartilage protects the larynx and provides attachment for various muscles and ligaments.
2. Cricoid cartilage: This is the only complete ring of cartilage in the airway and lies inferior to the thyroid cartilage. It has a broad, flat superior portion called the cricoid lamina and a narrower, more curved inferior portion called the cricoid arch. The cricoid cartilage serves as an attachment site for several muscles and ligaments involved in breathing and swallowing.
3. Arytenoid cartilages: These are paired, pyramid-shaped structures that sit on top of the cricoid cartilage. They help form the posterior portion of the laryngeal inlet and provide attachment for the vocal cords (vocal folds). The arytenoid cartilages play a crucial role in voice production and respiration.
4. Corniculate cartilages: These are small, conical-shaped structures that project from the superior aspect of each arytenoid cartilage. They help form the most posterior portion of the laryngeal inlet.
5. Cuneiform cartilages: These are tiny, flat, crescent-shaped structures located near the corniculate cartilages. They also contribute to forming the posterior aspect of the laryngeal inlet.

These laryngeal cartilages work together to protect the airway, facilitate breathing, and enable voice production.

Hoarseness is a condition characterized by an abnormal change in the quality of voice, making it sound rough, breathy, strained, or weak. Medically, it's described as a disorder of phonation, which is the process of producing sound by vibrating the vocal cords in the larynx (voice box). Hoarseness can be caused by various factors, such as inflammation, irritation, or injury to the vocal cords, and may result in symptoms like altered voice pitch, volume, and clarity. It's essential to consult a healthcare professional if hoarseness persists for more than two weeks, especially if it's accompanied by other concerning symptoms like difficulty swallowing or breathing.

The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a complex structure in the neck that plays a crucial role in protection of the lower respiratory tract and in phonation. It is composed of cartilaginous, muscular, and soft tissue structures. The primary functions of the larynx include:

1. Airway protection: During swallowing, the larynx moves upward and forward to close the opening of the trachea (the glottis) and prevent food or liquids from entering the lungs. This action is known as the swallowing reflex.
2. Phonation: The vocal cords within the larynx vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound that forms the basis of human speech and voice production.
3. Respiration: The larynx serves as a conduit for airflow between the upper and lower respiratory tracts during breathing.

The larynx is located at the level of the C3-C6 vertebrae in the neck, just above the trachea. It consists of several important structures:

1. Cartilages: The laryngeal cartilages include the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages, as well as the corniculate and cuneiform cartilages. These form a framework for the larynx and provide attachment points for various muscles.
2. Vocal cords: The vocal cords are thin bands of mucous membrane that stretch across the glottis (the opening between the arytenoid cartilages). They vibrate when air passes through them, producing sound.
3. Muscles: There are several intrinsic and extrinsic muscles associated with the larynx. The intrinsic muscles control the tension and position of the vocal cords, while the extrinsic muscles adjust the position and movement of the larynx within the neck.
4. Nerves: The larynx is innervated by both sensory and motor nerves. The recurrent laryngeal nerve provides motor innervation to all intrinsic laryngeal muscles, except for one muscle called the cricothyroid, which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve. Sensory innervation is provided by the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve.

The larynx plays a crucial role in several essential functions, including breathing, speaking, and protecting the airway during swallowing. Dysfunction or damage to the larynx can result in various symptoms, such as hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, or stridor (a high-pitched sound heard during inspiration).

The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the anterior neck, superior to the thyroid cartilage. It does not articulate with any other bones and serves as an attachment point for various muscles, including those involved in swallowing, breathing, and speaking. The unique structure of the hyoid bone allows it to support the tongue and contribute to the stability of the airway.

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is found throughout the body in various forms. It is made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes, which are embedded in a firm, flexible matrix composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. This unique structure gives cartilage its characteristic properties of being both strong and flexible.

There are three main types of cartilage in the human body: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage.

1. Hyaline cartilage is the most common type and is found in areas such as the articular surfaces of bones (where they meet to form joints), the nose, trachea, and larynx. It has a smooth, glassy appearance and provides a smooth, lubricated surface for joint movement.
2. Elastic cartilage contains more elastin fibers than hyaline cartilage, which gives it greater flexibility and resilience. It is found in structures such as the external ear and parts of the larynx and epiglottis.
3. Fibrocartilage has a higher proportion of collagen fibers and fewer chondrocytes than hyaline or elastic cartilage. It is found in areas that require high tensile strength, such as the intervertebral discs, menisci (found in joints like the knee), and the pubic symphysis.

Cartilage plays a crucial role in supporting and protecting various structures within the body, allowing for smooth movement and providing a cushion between bones to absorb shock and prevent wear and tear. However, cartilage has limited capacity for self-repair and regeneration, making damage or degeneration of cartilage tissue a significant concern in conditions such as osteoarthritis.

Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints. It provides a cushion between bones and allows for smooth movement by reducing friction. Articular cartilage also absorbs shock and distributes loads evenly across the joint, protecting the bones from damage. It is avascular, meaning it does not have its own blood supply, and relies on the surrounding synovial fluid for nutrients. Over time, articular cartilage can wear down or become damaged due to injury or disease, leading to conditions such as osteoarthritis.

The laryngeal muscles are a group of skeletal muscles located in the larynx, also known as the voice box. These muscles play a crucial role in breathing, swallowing, and producing sounds for speech. They include:

1. Cricothyroid muscle: This muscle helps to tense the vocal cords and adjust their pitch during phonation (voice production). It is the only laryngeal muscle that is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Instead, it is supplied by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.
2. Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle: This muscle is primarily responsible for abducting (opening) the vocal cords during breathing and speaking. It is the only muscle that can abduct the vocal cords.
3. Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle: This muscle adducts (closes) the vocal cords during phonation, swallowing, and coughing.
4. Transverse arytenoid muscle: This muscle also contributes to adduction of the vocal cords, working together with the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle. It also helps to relax and lengthen the vocal cords during quiet breathing.
5. Oblique arytenoid muscle: This muscle is involved in adducting, rotating, and shortening the vocal cords. It works together with the transverse arytenoid muscle to provide fine adjustments for voice production.
6. Thyroarytenoid muscle (Vocalis): This muscle forms the main body of the vocal cord and is responsible for its vibration during phonation. The vocalis portion of the muscle helps control pitch and tension in the vocal cords.

These muscles work together to enable various functions of the larynx, such as breathing, swallowing, and speaking.

Laryngeal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the larynx, also known as the voice box. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Laryngeal neoplasms can affect any part of the larynx, including the vocal cords, epiglottis, and the area around the vocal cords called the ventricle.

Benign laryngeal neoplasms may include papillomas, hemangiomas, or polyps. Malignant laryngeal neoplasms are typically squamous cell carcinomas, which account for more than 95% of all malignant laryngeal tumors. Other types of malignant laryngeal neoplasms include adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma.

Risk factors for developing laryngeal neoplasms include smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to industrial chemicals, and a history of acid reflux. Symptoms may include hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, sore throat, ear pain, or a lump in the neck. Treatment options depend on the type, size, location, and stage of the neoplasm but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

The thyroid gland is a major endocrine gland located in the neck, anterior to the trachea and extends from the lower third of the Adams apple to the suprasternal notch. It has two lateral lobes, connected by an isthmus, and sometimes a pyramidal lobe. This gland plays a crucial role in the metabolism, growth, and development of the human body through the production of thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine/T3 and thyroxine/T4) and calcitonin. The thyroid hormones regulate body temperature, heart rate, and the production of protein, while calcitonin helps in controlling calcium levels in the blood. The function of the thyroid gland is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Thyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the thyroid gland, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). These growths can vary in size and may cause a noticeable lump or nodule in the neck. Thyroid neoplasms can also affect the function of the thyroid gland, leading to hormonal imbalances and related symptoms. The exact causes of thyroid neoplasms are not fully understood, but risk factors include radiation exposure, family history, and certain genetic conditions. It is important to note that most thyroid nodules are benign, but a proper medical evaluation is necessary to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Thyroid hormones are hormones produced and released by the thyroid gland, a small endocrine gland located in the neck that helps regulate metabolism, growth, and development in the human body. The two main thyroid hormones are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which contain iodine atoms. These hormones play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including heart rate, body temperature, digestion, and brain development. They help regulate the rate at which your body uses energy, affects how sensitive your body is to other hormones, and plays a vital role in the development and differentiation of all cells of the human body. Thyroid hormone levels are regulated by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland through a feedback mechanism that helps maintain proper balance.

Thyroid diseases are a group of conditions that affect the function and structure of the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the base of the neck. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate many vital functions in the body, including metabolism, growth, and development.

Thyroid diseases can be classified into two main categories: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, and depression. Hyperthyroidism, on the other hand, occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, heat intolerance, rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety.

Other common thyroid diseases include:

1. Goiter: an enlargement of the thyroid gland that can be caused by iodine deficiency or autoimmune disorders.
2. Thyroid nodules: abnormal growths on the thyroid gland that can be benign or malignant.
3. Thyroid cancer: a malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that requires medical treatment.
4. Hashimoto's disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to hypothyroidism.
5. Graves' disease: an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism and can also lead to eye problems and skin changes.

Thyroid diseases are diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, blood tests, and imaging studies such as ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment options depend on the specific type and severity of the disease and may include medication, surgery, or radioactive iodine therapy.

Cartilage diseases refer to conditions that affect the cartilaginous tissues in the body. Cartilage is a firm, flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the body, including the joints, ribcage, ears, and nose. It provides structure and support, allows for smooth movement between bones, and protects the ends of bones from friction.

There are several types of cartilage diseases, including:

1. Osteoarthritis (OA): This is a degenerative joint disease that occurs when the protective cartilage that cushions the ends of your bones wears down over time. It can cause pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility in the affected joints.
2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): This is an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation in the lining of the joints, leading to cartilage damage and bone erosion.
3. Traumatic arthritis: This occurs when a joint is injured, causing damage to the cartilage and resulting in pain, stiffness, and loss of mobility.
4. Infectious arthritis: This occurs when a joint becomes infected, leading to inflammation and potential damage to the cartilage.
5. Chondromalacia patellae: This is a condition that affects the cartilage on the back of the kneecap, causing pain and stiffness in the knee.
6. Costochondritis: This is an inflammation of the cartilage in the ribcage, causing chest pain and discomfort.
7. Nasal septal deviation: This is a condition where the cartilage that separates the nostrils is crooked or off-center, causing difficulty breathing through the nose.
8. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD): This is a joint condition that occurs when a piece of cartilage and bone in a joint becomes detached, causing pain and stiffness.
9. Synovial chondromatosis: This is a rare condition where nodules made up of cartilage form in the lining of a joint, causing pain, swelling, and limited mobility.

Treatment for cartilage diseases varies depending on the specific condition and severity, but may include medication, physical therapy, surgery, or a combination of these.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

A thyroid nodule is a growth or lump that forms within the thyroid gland, a small butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the front of your neck. Thyroid nodules can be solid or fluid-filled (cystic) and vary in size. Most thyroid nodules are benign (noncancerous) and do not cause symptoms. However, some thyroid nodules may be cancerous or overproduce hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. The exact cause of thyroid nodules is not always known, but factors such as iodine deficiency, Hashimoto's disease, and family history can increase the risk of developing them. A healthcare professional typically diagnoses a thyroid nodule through physical examination, imaging tests like ultrasound, or fine-needle aspiration biopsy to determine if further treatment is necessary.

In medical terms, the "neck" is defined as the portion of the body that extends from the skull/head to the thorax or chest region. It contains 7 cervical vertebrae, muscles, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and glands (such as the thyroid gland). The neck is responsible for supporting the head, allowing its movement in various directions, and housing vital structures that enable functions like respiration and circulation.

An abscess is a localized collection of pus caused by an infection. It is typically characterized by inflammation, redness, warmth, pain, and swelling in the affected area. Abscesses can form in various parts of the body, including the skin, teeth, lungs, brain, and abdominal organs. They are usually treated with antibiotics to eliminate the infection and may require drainage if they are large or located in a critical area. If left untreated, an abscess can lead to serious complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

A Peritonsillar Abscess (also known as a Quinsy) is a localized collection of pus in the peritonsillar space, which is the potential space between the tonsillar capsule and the pharyngeal constrictor muscle. It is a serious complication of tonsillitis or pharyngitis, often caused by bacterial infection. The abscess can cause severe pain, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swelling of the neck and face. If left untreated, it can lead to more severe complications such as airway obstruction or the spread of infection. Treatment typically involves drainage of the abscess, antibiotics, and supportive care.

The pleural cavity is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura, which are the two membranes that surround the lungs. The visceral pleura covers the outside of the lungs, while the parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest wall. Under normal conditions, these two layers are in contact with each other, and the space between them is virtually nonexistent. However, when air, fluid or inflammation accumulates within this space, it results in the formation of a pleural effusion, which can cause discomfort and difficulty breathing.

A retropharyngeal abscess is a deep neck infection involving the potential space between the buccopharyngeal fascia and the alar fascia, primarily located in the retropharyngeal space. This space extends from the base of the skull to the mediastinum and contains loose connective tissue, fat, and lymph nodes. The infection usually originates from an upper respiratory tract infection or a penetrating injury to the posterior pharyngeal wall.

The abscess can cause swelling and compression of surrounding structures, leading to potentially serious complications such as airway obstruction, mediastinitis, or sepsis if left untreated. Symptoms may include neck pain, difficulty swallowing, fever, drooling, and decreased appetite. Diagnosis is typically made through a combination of clinical examination, imaging studies (such as CT or MRI scans), and laboratory tests. Treatment usually involves surgical drainage of the abscess and antibiotic therapy to manage the infection.

Ludwig's angina is a severe cellulitis (a bacterial infection of the connective tissues) of the floor of the mouth, below the tongue, and around the neck area. It's named after Wilhelm Friedrich von Ludwig, who first described it in 1836. The condition can lead to airway obstruction and significant swelling in the neck, making swallowing difficult or impossible. If not treated promptly with antibiotics and sometimes surgical drainage, it can be life-threatening due to the potential for spread of infection to the brain or other critical areas. It's typically caused by mixed oral flora, often including Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, and anaerobes.

Suppurative thyroiditis is a rare type of thyroid gland inflammation that is caused by a bacterial infection. It is characterized by the formation of pus (suppuration) within the thyroid tissue. The infection can result from a direct spread of bacteria from adjacent structures, such as the upper respiratory tract or neck, or through the bloodstream due to an underlying infection elsewhere in the body.

Suppurative thyroiditis primarily affects people with pre-existing conditions that weaken the immune system, making them more susceptible to bacterial infections. These conditions may include diabetes, HIV/AIDS, or alcoholism. Additionally, it can occur in individuals who have recently undergone surgical procedures on the thyroid gland or after a traumatic injury to the area.

Symptoms of suppurative thyroiditis include fever, chills, painful swallowing, neck pain and swelling, difficulty breathing, hoarseness, and symptoms related to bacteremia (bacterial infection in the blood) if the infection spreads. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging studies like ultrasound or CT scan, and laboratory tests to identify the causative organism. Treatment usually consists of antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection and possible surgical drainage of the infected thyroid tissue in severe cases.

Transsexualism is not considered a medical condition in itself, but rather a symptom or a part of a larger gender dysphoria diagnosis. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, gender dysphoria refers to the distress that may accompany the incongruence between one's experienced or expressed gender and one's assigned gender.

Transsexualism is an outdated term that was previously used to describe individuals who strongly identify with a gender different from the one they were assigned at birth and wish to permanently transition to their identified gender through medical and social means, including hormone therapy and gender confirmation surgery. The current preferred terminology is to use the term "transgender" as an umbrella term that includes all people whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.

It's important to note that being transgender is not a mental illness, but rather a part of human diversity. The distress that some transgender individuals experience is primarily due to societal stigma and discrimination, rather than their gender identity itself.

Transgender is a term used to describe people whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth. It's important to note that being transgender is not a mental illness; it's a part of human diversity.

According to the American Psychiatric Association, a transgender person may be diagnosed with gender dysphoria if they experience significant distress or impairment in their daily life due to this incongruence between their experienced/expressed gender and their assigned sex. However, many transgender people do not experience such distress and therefore do not have a mental disorder.

It's also crucial to respect each individual's self-identified gender and use the appropriate pronouns they prefer. Discrimination and stigma against transgender individuals can lead to serious health disparities, including higher rates of mental health issues, substance abuse, and suicide.

Optical illusions are visual phenomena that occur when the brain perceives an image or scene differently from the actual physical properties of that image or scene. They often result from the brain's attempt to interpret and make sense of ambiguous, contradictory, or incomplete information provided by the eyes. This can lead to visually perceived images that are different from the objective reality. Optical illusions can be categorized into different types such as literal illusions, physiological illusions, and cognitive illusions, based on the nature of the illusion and the underlying cause.

"History, 19th Century" is not a medical term or concept. It refers to the historical events, developments, and figures related to the 1800s in various fields, including politics, culture, science, and technology. However, if you are looking for medical advancements during the 19th century, here's a brief overview:

The 19th century was a period of significant progress in medicine, with numerous discoveries and innovations that shaped modern medical practices. Some notable developments include:

1. Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine (1796): Although not strictly within the 19th century, Jenner's discovery laid the foundation for vaccination as a preventive measure against infectious diseases.
2. Germ theory of disease: The work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, and others established that many diseases were caused by microorganisms, leading to the development of antiseptic practices and vaccines.
3. Anesthesia: In 1842, Crawford Long first used ether as an anesthetic during surgery, followed by the introduction of chloroform in 1847 by James Simpson.
4. Antisepsis and asepsis: Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic practices in surgery, significantly reducing postoperative infections. Later, the concept of asepsis (sterilization) was developed to prevent contamination during surgical procedures.
5. Microbiology: The development of techniques for culturing and staining bacteria allowed for better understanding and identification of pathogens.
6. Physiology: Claude Bernard's work on the regulation of internal body functions, or homeostasis, contributed significantly to our understanding of human physiology.
7. Neurology: Jean-Martin Charcot made significant contributions to the study of neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease.
8. Psychiatry: Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis, a new approach to understanding mental illnesses.
9. Public health: The 19th century saw the establishment of public health organizations and initiatives aimed at improving sanitation, water quality, and vaccination programs.
10. Medical education reforms: The Flexner Report in 1910 led to significant improvements in medical education standards and practices.

Penile implantation, also known as a prosthetic penis or penile prosthesis, is a surgical procedure to place devices into the penis to help a person with erectile dysfunction (ED) achieve an erection. The two main types of penile implants are inflatable and semi-rigid rods.

The inflatable implant consists of a fluid-filled reservoir, a pump, and two or three inflatable cylinders in the penis. The semi-rigid rod implant is a pair of flexible rods that are bent into an erect position for sexual intercourse and can be straightened when not in use.

Penile implantation is typically considered as a last resort treatment option for ED, when other treatments such as medications, vacuum constriction devices, or penile injections have failed or are not suitable. The procedure is typically performed by a urologist under general or spinal anesthesia and requires a hospital stay of one to two days.

It's important to note that like any surgical procedure, penile implantation also has risks such as infection, bleeding, mechanical failure, and device malfunction. It is essential for patients to discuss the potential benefits and risks with their healthcare provider before making a decision about this treatment option.

"Nursing, Team" in a medical context refers to a group of healthcare professionals, including but not limited to registered nurses, nurse practitioners, licensed practical nurses, nursing assistants, and other support staff, who work collaboratively to provide comprehensive nursing care to patients. The team members bring their unique skills, knowledge, and expertise to the table to achieve optimal patient outcomes through coordinated efforts, open communication, and evidence-based practice. The goal of a nursing team is to ensure continuity of care, promote patient safety, and enhance the overall quality of care by working together in a cohesive and interdisciplinary manner.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "United States" is a geopolitical entity, specifically the name of the country consisting of 50 states, and it is not a medical term or concept. Therefore, I can't provide a medical definition for it. If you have any questions related to health, medicine, or biology, I would be happy to try to help answer those!

The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and ... The thyroid cartilage may contain a variant foramen, known as thyroid foramen, in up to 39% of individuals. The thyroid ... The thyroid cartilage is a hyaline cartilage structure that sits in front of the larynx and above the thyroid gland. The ... The thyroid cartilage is found between the levels of the C4 to C5 vertebrae. The oblique line is a line on the thyroid ...
The cartilages of the larynx. Posterior view. Muscles of larynx. Side view. Right lamina of thyroid cartilage removed. ...
Right lamina of thyroid cartilage removed. Corniculate cartilages This article incorporates text in the public domain from page ... The corniculate cartilages (cartilages of Santorini) are two small conical nodules consisting of elastic cartilage, which ... The projections of Corniculate cartilage look like "horns" hence the name. The cartilages of the larynx. Posterior view. ... and are sometimes fused with the arytenoid cartilages. It is named by Giovanni Domenico Santorini. The word "Corniculate" has a ...
Usually they do not extend to the thyroid cartilage. They may be present congenitally or may develop eventually due to ... Burgess, LP; Yim, DW (December 1985). "Laryngeal cyst of the thyroid cartilage". Archives of Otolaryngology. 111 (12): 826. doi ...
Right lamina of thyroid cartilage removed. Cross sectional cut of vocalis muscle This article incorporates text in the public ... It arises in front from the lower half of the angle of the thyroid cartilage, and from the middle cricothyroid ligament. Its ... Its main use is to draw the arytenoid cartilages forward toward the thyroid, thus relaxing and shortening the vocal folds. But ... A few fibers extend along the wall of the ventricle from the lateral wall of the arytenoid cartilage to the side of the ...
... the superior cornu abrading against the thyroid lamina, surgically trimming the offending thyroid-cartilage provides immediate ... Lin D, Fischbein N, Eisele DW (2005). "Odynophagia secondary to variant thyroid cartilage anatomy". Dysphagia. 20 (3): 232-34. ... "Foreign body sensation in the throat due to displacement of the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage: two cases and a ... may be due to thyroid-cartilage rubbing against anomalous asymmetrical laryngeal anatomy e.g. ...
They ascend posterior to the thyroid cartilage. They are surrounded by loose areolar connective tissue. This may contain ...
It connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage. It prevents these cartilages from moving too far apart. It is cut ... They extend from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages to the angle of the thyroid cartilage about midway between its ... The cricothyroid ligament is named after the two structures it connects: the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. It is ... The cricothyroid ligament prevents the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage from moving too far apart. The cricothyroid ...
An incision is made at midline of the thyroid cartilage. A silicon wedge is used to fix the incised thyroid cartilage in the ... Earlier, the piece of the thyroid cartilage was kept along with implant and the stitches were taken, but nowadays, the piece of ... Thyroplasty is a phonosurgical technique designed to improve the voice by altering the thyroid cartilage of the larynx (the ... Nowadays, instead of one titanium bridge, two titanium bridges are used for permanent fixation of the thyroid cartilage. The ...
... which the thyroid cartilage partially envelops, increases in size in male subjects during adolescence, moving the thyroid ... In females, the laryngeal protuberance sits on the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage, and the larynx tends to be smaller in ... The Adam's apple, in relation with the thyroid cartilage which forms it, helps protect the walls and the frontal part of the ... During adolescence, the thyroid cartilage grows together with the larynx. Consequently, the laryngeal prominence grows in size ...
Unpaired cartilages: Thyroid cartilage: This forms the Adam's apple (also called the laryngeal prominence). It is usually ... Paired cartilages: Arytenoid cartilages: Of the paired cartilages, the arytenoid cartilages are the most important because they ... Vocal cord length and tension can be controlled by rocking the thyroid cartilage forward and backward on the cricoid cartilage ... The median cricothyroid ligament connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage. Epiglottis: A large, spoon-shaped ...
... is a surgical procedure in which the thyroid cartilage is reduced in size by shaving down the cartilage through an incision in ... "Esthetic reduction of the thyroid cartilage: A systematic review of chondrolaryngoplasty". JPRAS Open. 22: 27-32. doi:10.1016/j ... Particular care must be taken by the surgeon to not remove too much cartilage, as doing so can reduce the structure of the ... The muscles in the throat are then held apart with forceps, and the protruding cartilage is shaved down with a scalpel, thus ...
Above, it attaches onto the greater cornu of the hyoid bone; below, it attaches onto the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage ... Its inferior attachment is the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage (alongside the sternothyroid muscle).: 538 The thyrohyoid ... The muscle is provided with arterial blood by branches of the superior thyroid artery, and of the lingual artery. The ... The veins of the thyroid gland. Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches. The right brachial plexus with its ...
... and the posterior margin of the first costal cartilage. It inserts onto the oblique line of the lamina of thyroid cartilage. ... is prevented by the attachment of the sternothyroid to the thyroid cartilage. A goitre can therefore only grow to the front, ... The fascia and middle thyroid veins. Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches. Side view of the larynx, showing ... The upward extension of a thyroid swelling (goitre) ...
It articulates superiorly[citation needed] with the thyroid cartilage, and the paired arytenoid cartilage. Inferiorly, the ... It is anatomically related to the thyroid gland; although the thyroid isthmus is inferior to it, the two lobes of the thyroid ... extend superiorly on each side of the cricoid as far as the thyroid cartilage above.[citation needed] The thyroid cartilage and ... The cricoid cartilage is the only laryngeal cartilage to form a complete circle around the airway. It is smaller yet thicker ...
The thyrohyoid membrane is attached below to the upper border of the thyroid cartilage and to the front of its superior cornu, ... The thyrohyoid membrane refers to the two structures it connects: the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. It may also be ... It connects the upper border of the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone. ... It is also pierced the superior thyroid artery, where there is a thickening of the membrane. The thyrohyoid membrane needs to ...
It arises from the sides of the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. It is supplied by the vagus nerve (CN X). It is ... and the second part arises from the cricoid cartilage (cricopharyngeal part). On the thyroid cartilage, it arises from the ... The first part (and more superior) arises from the thyroid cartilage (thyropharyngeal part), ... from the surface behind this nearly as far as the posterior border and from the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage. From ...
Sternothyoideus: originates on the first coastal cartilage and inserts on the thyroid cartilage. Its function is also to move ...
... thyroid cartilage, and thyroid membrane. Any thyroid residual along the descent course may lead to the development of ectopic ... The thyroid apex is located superiorly at the level of the mid-thyroid cartilage. The inferior margin of the gland is at the ... Intra-thyroid parathyroid adenomas mimic thyroid nodules in CT scans and may even show uptake on a thyroid iodine scan. ... Thyroid ultrasonography is the modality of choice for thyroid evaluation. Yet, focal and diffuse thyroid abnormalities are ...
A horizontal skin incision is made at the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage. A window is cut in the thyroid cartilage ... This is accomplished by passing a suture between the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. ... A tunnel is made in the thyroid cartilage and one end of the suture is passed through it. The suture is tied and secured to the ... These muscles act on the arytenoid cartilages at the posterior ends of the vocal cords and are innervated by the left and right ...
The experts found that Stachowiak had broken thyroid cartilage and bruises in the trachea. This autopsy also failed to ...
The thyroid is near the front of the neck, lying against and around the front of the larynx and trachea. The thyroid cartilage ... This causes the thyroid to move up and down with the movement of these cartilages when swallowing occurs. The thyroid is ... thyroid inflammation (thyroiditis), thyroid enlargement (goitre), thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Hyperthyroidism is ... The superior thyroid artery splits into anterior and posterior branches supplying the thyroid, and the inferior thyroid artery ...
The large cartilage ring (thyroid cartilage) is located at the upper part of the larynx. The large cartilage is composed of two ... The cricoid cartilage is located below the cartilage and it is attached to the trachea. Six thinner cartilages form part of the ... The arytenoid cartilages are vital for sound production as the arytenoid cartilages anchor the vocal cords. The muscles in the ... The cartilages in the larynx adjust the shape, position and tension of the vocal cords. Speech enhancers are used to improve ...
At last, eight holes are drilled on the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone for the placement of sutures and screws, securing and ... By elevating the thyrohyoid muscle, the distance between the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone can be decreased. This may be ... This allows a strip of the anterior thyroid cartilage to be removed using electrocautery to effectively reduce the contour of ... They together discovered the inverse linear relationship between the vocal pitch and the distance between the thyroid cartilage ...
The straight part travels posterosuperiorly and inserts onto the inferior margin of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage. The ... Cricothyroid ligament Larynx Vocal fold Thyroid cartilage Vocology - science and practice of voice habilitation Adam's apple ... The oblique part travels posterolaterally and inserts onto the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. ... They draw up the arch of the cricoid cartilage and tilt back the upper border of the cricoid cartilage lamina. The distance ...
The ligaments are attached chiefly to the cricoid cartilage, and may extend to the thyroid cartilage. The thyroid gland and all ... thyroid swelling move with the swallowing/deglutition because the thyroid is attached to the cartilage of the larynx by the ... Both the trachea and the thyroid are surrounded by a thin layer of fascia, which is separate from the thyroid capsule. ... The suspensory ligament of the thyroid gland, or Berry's ligament, is a suspensory ligament that passes from the thyroid gland ...
This procedure attempts to raise vocal pitch by surgically modifying the cricoid and thyroid cartilage structures. The intent ...
The cricothyroid joint (or articulation) is a joint connecting the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. It plays a key ...
Pharyngeal spasms, a more common source of a globus feeling, cause tension on the thyroid cartilage. They move up and down, ... The symptoms can be mimicked by pushing on the cartilage in the neck, just below the Adam's apple There are two sphincters in ... They cause muscle tension on the cricoid cartilage, leading to a globus feeling. ...
The stalk originates from the back surface of the thyroid cartilage, connected by a thyroepiglottic ligament. At the sides, the ... It can be seen as a distinct structure later than the other cartilage of the pharynx, visible around the fifth month of ... The epiglottis is made of elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It projects ... The body of the epiglottis consists of elastic cartilage. The epiglottis arises from the fourth pharyngeal arch. ...
The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and ... The thyroid cartilage may contain a variant foramen, known as thyroid foramen, in up to 39% of individuals. The thyroid ... The thyroid cartilage is a hyaline cartilage structure that sits in front of the larynx and above the thyroid gland. The ... The thyroid cartilage is found between the levels of the C4 to C5 vertebrae. The oblique line is a line on the thyroid ...
Involvement of the thyroid cartilage attracts a high T rating in all systems of classification for carcinoma of the larynx. ... Significance and means by which laryngeal cancer invades thyroid cartilage.. D F Harrison. Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and ... specimen was serially sectioned and studied to determine the means by which ossified and nonossified thyroid cartilage is ... with laryngeal cancer treated by total laryngectomy emphasizes the difficulties of preoperatively determining cartilage ...
... traveling anteriorly and inferiorly to the cricothyroid muscle and thyroid cartilage. A lateral cervical cyst with an internal ... The median thyroid anlage comes in contact with the aortic sac of the heart. As the sac descends, it pulls the median thyroid ... Thyroid gland. The thyroid gland begins developing during the first and second week of intrauterine life and is completed by ... Ectopic thyroid. Ectopic thyroid tissue can arise from either the median anlage or lateral anlage (far less common). The tissue ...
From Human Cartilage to Rodent Thyroids: Russian Cosmonaut Is First to Bioprint in Space. ... The company is already renowned for their work in bioprinting, due to the fabrication of a mouse thyroid gland in 2015. This ... Using a 3D printer which has been created for the space environment, Kononenko was able to produce both human cartilage tissue ... along with a rodent thyroid gland. Both 3D Bioprinting Solutions and Roscosmos created the hardware responsible for making ...
Shape of Thyroid Cartilage Influences Outcome of Montgomery Medialization Thyroplasty: A Gender Issue.. In: The Journal of ... Accuracy of Thyroid Cartilage Fenestration During Montgomery Medialization Thyroplasty. In: Journal of Voice, Vol. 34, no. 4, p ... Estimating the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and thyroid disorders using medication data in Flanders, Belgium. In: European ...
It extends from the thyroid cartilage to the superior mediastinum.. *. Infections here are most commonly caused by perforation ... The middle layer also envelops the larynx, trachea, and thyroid gland. It attaches to the base of the skull superiorly and ...
Thyroid cartilage. *Cricoid cartilage. *Hyoid bone. *Trachea. *Tongue. *Epiglottis. *Vocal cords. *Nasopharynx ...
The chords are also attached to a bit of horse-shoe shaped cartilage called thyroid cartilage. ... The vocal chords are attached to a bit of horse-shoe shaped cartilage called thyroid cartilage. ... If you cut a little bit of cartilage out and drop it back, this shortens, stiffens the chords and the voice will become deeper ... If you cut a little bit of cartilage out and drop it back, this shortens, stiffens the chords and the voice will become deeper ...
Thyroid cartilage 10 . Anterior palatine nerve 11 . Lingual nerve 12 . Buccopharyngeal fascia ... Superior thyroid artery 21 . Upper pointer: Cut end of stylohyoid muscle Lower pointer: Piriform recess (outer surface of ...
Tenderness to palpation may occur over the anterior trachea or thyroid cartilage ... The ear cartilage softens and collapses forward. The external auditory canal can collapse after one or more episodes. See the ... Mouth and genital ulcers with inflamed cartilage (MAGIC syndrome): a case report and literature review. Am J Med Sci. 1997 Nov ... Ebringer R, Rook G, Swana GT, Bottazzo GF, Doniach D. Autoantibodies to cartilage and type II collagen in relapsing ...
... thyroid cartilage), into the airway. The needle passes through the skin then between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid ... a small cut may be made in the skin and the membrane between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. ... cartilage.. *In a hospital, before inserting the needle, ... Injury to the voice box (larynx), thyroid gland, or esophagus. ...
Pediatric primary anterior laryngotracheoplasty: Thyroid ala vs costal cartilage grafts.. 20157064 Archives of otolaryngology-- ... Otolaryngology, Thyroid Program, Aerodigestive Program, Cranial Base, Airway and Esophageal Center On staff since February 2011 ... He also participates in the multi-disciplinary surgical care of patients with head, neck, thyroid, and anterior skull base ... Endoscopic posterior cricoid split with costal cartilage graft: A fifteen-year experience.. 27470697 The Laryngoscope, 2017 Jan ...
... and thyroid cartilage (Fig 1) still led to impaired visualization (score 1-3) of the vertebral arteries in 46%/48% (examiner 1/ ...
thyroid cartilage 748.3. *. trachea 748.3. *. tympanic membrane 744.29. *. causing impairment of hearing 744.03. ...
Thyroid with right and left lobes. * connected by an isthmus. *. Cartilage in mandibular arch ...
The thyroid cartilage can then be stabilized and the CTM location sought inferiorly. While potentially helpful, this technique ... and lateral boundaries of the signet ring shape of the cricoid cartilage and the inferior horns of the thyroid cartilage. This ... 15 the concept espouses use of the non-dominant hand to palpate and move the hyoid bone and the thyroid and cricoid cartilage ... there is a trend towards worse results in females and obese subjects given their less distinct thyroid cartilage anatomy. These ...
Tracheal shave/tracheal chondroplasty: Reduces the prominence of the "Adams Apple" by removing thyroid cartilage ... Tracheal augmentation: Creation of an "Adams Apple," using an implant constructed from existing cartilage ...
Around the level of the thyroid cartilage, the common carotid artery branches into external and internal branches. The external ...
Papillary Carcinoma and the following structures Features Larynx Thyroid membrane Thyroid cartilage Cricoid Cartilage Trac ... average size Thyroids And Larynx. Life-Like detailed model shows: * Normal Thyroid, * Hashimotos Thyroiditis (Lymphocytic ... This Thyroid Disease Model Set of four, average size Thyroids And Larynx. Life-Like detailed model shows: * Normal Thyroid, * ... This Thyroid Disease Model Set of four, ... Dental X-Ray Apron Protection Thyroid Eye Ware * Dental ...
Mercados hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage, two structures in the throat, were fractured. Asked if those fractures would result ...
The paired arytenoid cartilages in the rear are horizontally attached to the thyroid cartilage in the front by folds of mucous ... The cricoid cartilage, the paired cuneiform cartilages, and the paired corniculate cartilages are the remaining cartilages ... The thyroid cartilage protects the front of the larynx. A forward projection of this cartilage appears as the Adams apple ( ... Hyaline cartilage forms 16 to 20 C‐shaped rings that wrap around the submucosa. The rigid rings prevent the trachea from ...
... thyroid cartilage), into the airway. The needle passes through the skin then between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid ... The procedure involves inserting a hollow needle into the throat just below the thyroid cartilage and should only be performed ... The thyroid and cricoid cartilage form the narrowest section of this airway. ... a small cut may be made in the skin and the membrane between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. ...
Study Muscles of Head, Neck, Trunk flashcards from Kevin Avelino's Indiana University class online, or in Brainscape's iPhone or Android app. ✓ Learn faster with spaced repetition.
... the thyroid cartilage was, perhaps, slightly flattened, but not broken; none of the bloodvessels [sic] or muscles were injured ...
The superior component is attached to the thyroid cartilage by some oblique fibers. The inferior component is attached to the ... The pharynx extends all the way from the base of the human skull to the lower end of the cartilage known as the cricoid. ... It is located between the cricoid cartilage and the epiglottis, and connecting to the esophagus and the larynx. ... and the salpingopharyngeus that goes from the inferior cartilage of the Eustachian tube. ...
Model also displays hyoid bone, cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage, thyroid, and parathyroid glands. ... Model contains representations of pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and parathyroid glands. Also includes a testis and dissected ... Model includes moveable epiglottis, vocal cords, and arytenoid cartilage. ...
You can feel part of this process happen if you lightly press on the top of your thyroid cartilage.. When you breathe you dont ... It has cartilage around it and it makes sense that it has cartilage. You dont want-- you can imagine a hose-- if it bent a lot ... So thats why it needs to have some rigidity-- so thats why it has cartilage around it. And then it splits into two tubes-- ... The larynx starts with the hyoid bone and continues to the cricoid cartilage. From there the airway is called the trachea until ...
Most of the tissue had the appearance of dysgerminoma, but more mature elements (skin, thyroid, cartilage, etc.) were also ... More immature elements (cartilage, squamous epithelium, calcified degenerative material) in same placental teratoma. ...
The levator muscle originates from the lower limit of the thyroid cartilage and enters the edge of the thyroid gland. The upper ... On the right side, they found a double omohyoid muscle, while on the left side a levator muscle was found in the thyroid gland ... Kim et al.22 were the first to observe and report the combined variation of omohyoid and levator muscles in the thyroid gland. ... In the aggregate, the plethora of variations of omohyoid muscle and the Levator muscle of the thyroid gland -which are in great ...
4), the mucosal pouches interposed between the thyroarytenoid muscle and the thyroid cartilage. The saccules open into the ... The mineralisation presumably alters the properties of the cartilage, resulting in the observed increase in cartilage ring ... In one case there was also mineralisation of the tracheal cartilage rings. All cases occurred in aged animals (mean age 33 ... Histopathology has revealed mineralisation and osseous metaplasia of the cartilage in the rings. This is likely to be an age ...
  • The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. (wikipedia.org)
  • The two halves of the cartilage that make out the outer surfaces extend obliquely to cover the sides of the trachea. (wikipedia.org)
  • The larynx and trachea are partially covered by the thyroid gland. (indiahospitaltour.com)
  • The larynx extends from the epiglottis to the cricoid cartilage and includes the vocal folds, which can rapidly adduct when the laryngeal mucosa is stimulated to prevent aspiration of food and other contents into the trachea. (medscape.com)
  • The CCA is close to many vital structures in the neck, including the trachea, oesophagus, inferior thyroid and vertebral arteries, and recurrent la- ryngeal nerves. (who.int)
  • The thyroid cartilage is a hyaline cartilage structure that sits in front of the larynx and above the thyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • It marks the upper lateral borders of the thyroid gland. (wikipedia.org)
  • Using a 3D printer which has been created for the space environment, Kononenko was able to produce both human cartilage tissue, along with a rodent thyroid gland. (3dprint.com)
  • The company is already renowned for their work in bioprinting, due to the fabrication of a mouse thyroid gland in 2015. (3dprint.com)
  • A member of the infrahyoid group of muscles, the thyrohyoid muscle elevates the thyroid gland while depressing the hyoid bone. (healthline.com)
  • The thyroid gland is located in the center of the neck, just above the collarbone. (healthline.com)
  • The hyoid helps protect the thyroid gland and other anatomical components located in the upper throat. (healthline.com)
  • Usually, 4 parathyroid glands are situated posterior to the thyroid gland. (medscape.com)
  • The cartilage is composed of two halves, which meet in the middle at a peak called the laryngeal prominence, also called the Adam's apple. (wikipedia.org)
  • A hollow needle or tube can be inserted into the throat, just below the Adam's apple (thyroid cartilage), into the airway. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A forward projection of this cartilage appears as the Adam's apple (anatomically known as the laryngeal prominence). (cliffsnotes.com)
  • The cricoid cartilage (Adam's apple) is the portion of the throat used to insert a hollow needle to assist in breathing when other attempts have failed. (mountsinai.org)
  • Adam's apple is made of cartilage which is called thyroid cartilage. (oxfordpets.com)
  • It originates in the thyroid cartilage (the Adam's apple), and it inserts into the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, which is the hyoid's back-most area. (healthline.com)
  • Finally, the thyroid cartilage can be reduced to feminize the appearance of the "Adam's apple" and voice procedures can be used to increased vocal pitch. (plasticsurgery.ca)
  • The largest cartilage (thyroid cartilage) of the larynx can be felt in the neck as the Adam's apple. (indiahospitaltour.com)
  • Significance and means by which laryngeal cancer invades thyroid cartilage. (qxmd.com)
  • Evaluation of 145 patients with laryngeal cancer treated by total laryngectomy emphasizes the difficulties of preoperatively determining cartilage invasion. (qxmd.com)
  • The larynx is supported by a semi-rigid framework of cartilages (see laryngeal anatomy ). (vesalius.com)
  • Laryngeal surgery is directed at removing or repositioning laryngeal cartilages that obstruct the rima glottidis. (vin.com)
  • The disarticulated arytenoid cartilage is only attached to the vocal cord, aryepiglottic fold and laryngeal mucosa. (vin.com)
  • An assistant should be available to observe per os the size of the laryngeal opening achieved to ensure that adequate abduction of the laryngeal cartilages has been obtained. (vin.com)
  • Breaking of the suture or fragmentation of the cartilage induce recurrence of the clinical signs of laryngeal paralysis. (vin.com)
  • Axial view on CT scan of an advanced right laryngeal tumor invading through the thyroid cartilage. (medscape.com)
  • The anterior boundary of the hypopharynx consists largely of the laryngeal inlet, which includes the epiglottis and the paired aryepiglottic folds and arytenoid cartilages. (medscape.com)
  • When the angle of the thyroid cartilage changes relative to the cricoid cartilage, this changes the pitch of voice. (wikipedia.org)
  • These ligaments may therefore be regarded as the free borders of the lateral portions of the conus elasticus, and extend from the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages to the angle of the thyroid cartilage about midway between its upper and lower borders. (wikidoc.org)
  • The entire superior edge of the thyroid cartilage is attached to the hyoid bone by the thyrohyoid membrane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The larynx is rotated to expose the thyropharyngeal muscle, which is transected at the dorsocaudal edge of the thyroid cartilage. (vin.com)
  • Mercado's hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage, two structures in the throat, were fractured. (gaycitynews.com)
  • 15%) at the tip of the greater horn of ogy Clinic and was then referred to Discussion the hyoid bone (C2), and four (6%) at the Radiology Department for further the body of the thyroid cartilage (C5). (who.int)
  • The posterior edge of each half articulates with the cricoid cartilage inferiorly at a joint called the cricothyroid joint. (wikipedia.org)
  • The epiglottis, the first piece of cartilage of the larynx, is a flexible flap that covers the glottis, the upper region of the larynx, during swallowing to prevent the entrance of food. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • It is located between the cricoid cartilage and the epiglottis, and connecting to the esophagus and the larynx. (databasefootball.com)
  • The narrow inferior ligamentous stalk of the epiglottis attaches to the posterior surface of the thyroid cartilage. (vesalius.com)
  • It can be vertically subdivided into a supraglottis (from the epiglottis to the vocal folds), glottis (at the level of the vocal folds), and subglottis (from the vocal folds to the level of the cricoid cartilage). (medscape.com)
  • outline in this issue of the Journal, just north of the cricoid cartilage and sorely needed for expeditious emergency surgical airway (ESA), it seems that the cricothyroid membrane (CTM) is also keeping its exact location a closely guarded secret. (springer.com)
  • The thyroid and cricoid cartilage form the narrowest section of this airway. (mountsinai.org)
  • In addition to its role in airway protection, the larynx contains a number of cartilages and muscles that serve in voice production. (medscape.com)
  • regular for tumoral involvement of the anterior commissure and arytenoid cartilage. (scielo.br)
  • Arytenoid cartilage lateralization is currently the most common surgical treatment. (vin.com)
  • The arytenoid cartilage is sutured to the caudo-dorsal part of the cricoid cartilage. (vin.com)
  • One 2-0 non-absorbable suture is placed in a simple interrupted suture pattern from the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage to the caudo-dorsal edge of the cricoid cartilage and tightened to maintain the arytenoid in position. (vin.com)
  • The arytenoid cartilage does not need to be displaced caudally. (vin.com)
  • It is the author's impression that the arytenoid cartilage needs only to be maintained in position and stabilized at inspiration. (vin.com)
  • and fragmentation of the arytenoid cartilage. (vin.com)
  • The median cricothyroid ligament is a flat band of white tissue joining the cricoid and thyroid cartilages, while the lateral cricothyroid ligament is also known as the cricothyroid membrane (also called conus elasticus ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Hyaline cartilage forms 16 to 20 C‐shaped rings that wrap around the submucosa. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • The wing of the thyroid cartilage is retracted laterally, and the cricothyroid junction may be incised. (vin.com)
  • Lateral to the arytenoid cartilages, the hypopharynx consists of the paired piriform sinuses, which are bounded laterally by the thyroid cartilage. (medscape.com)
  • Pressure applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage. (freezingblue.com)
  • Anterior nasal cartilages are palpable  Maxilla 1. (slideshare.net)
  • In a hospital, before inserting the needle, a small cut may be made in the skin and the membrane between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Incapables de localiser la membrane cricothyroïdienne par palpation: si nous n'y parvenons pas et les chirurgiens non plus, que faire alors en cas de voies aériennes chirurgicales d'urgence? (springer.com)
  • Involvement of the thyroid cartilage attracts a high T rating in all systems of classification for carcinoma of the larynx. (qxmd.com)
  • The operative specimen was serially sectioned and studied to determine the means by which ossified and nonossified thyroid cartilage is invaded by carcinoma. (qxmd.com)
  • In some cases, especially with cases of fibrosis, either radiation or tumor induced, the thyroid may be biopsied during laryngectomy to assess for occult carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • Prognosis of thyroid carcinoma patients with osseous metastases: an SEER-based study with machine learning. (cdc.gov)
  • The pharynx extends all the way from the base of the human skull to the lower end of the cartilage known as the cricoid. (databasefootball.com)
  • They are the stylopharyngeus that extends from the styloid process to the pharynx, the palatopharyngeus that extends from the hard palate in the oral cavity, and the salpingopharyngeus that goes from the inferior cartilage of the Eustachian tube. (databasefootball.com)
  • A counterpart notch at the bottom of the cartilage is called the inferior thyroid notch. (wikipedia.org)
  • The posterior surface of the arytenoid cartilages and the posterior plate of the cricoid cartilage complete the anteroinferior border of the hypopharynx. (medscape.com)
  • When you encounter large cartilage in the neck, just stop there. (oxfordpets.com)
  • The causes of dysphagia are numerous and can include neurological disorders, head and neck cancers, structural damage to the tissues or cartilage and cognitive disorders, such as dementia. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
  • Ultrasonography may reveal thyroid pathology that was previously not recognized and that should be dealt with at the time of neck exploration. (medscape.com)
  • The sternohyoid muscle is retracted ventrally to expose the lateral aspect of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. (vin.com)
  • The cricoid cartilage, the paired cuneiform cartilages, and the paired corniculate cartilages are the remaining cartilages supporting the larynx. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • Not surprisingly, there is a trend towards worse results in females and obese subjects given their less distinct thyroid cartilage anatomy. (springer.com)
  • The oblique line is a line on the thyroid cartilage. (wikipedia.org)
  • The superior component is attached to the thyroid cartilage by some oblique fibers. (databasefootball.com)
  • Thyroid hormone actions on cartilage and bone: interactions with other hormones at the epiphyseal plate and effects on linear growth. (bvsalud.org)
  • 36 with the thyroid hormone system: Mechanisms and possible consequences for animal and human health. (cdc.gov)
  • The cartilage also serves as an attachment for several muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • They may also show invasion though the thyrohyoid-ligament and cartilage invasion. (medscape.com)
  • In the midline above the prominence is the superior thyroid notch. (wikipedia.org)
  • they extend from the superior border of the cricoid cartilage to the inferior margin of the vocal ligaments, with which they are continuous. (wikidoc.org)
  • The procedure involves inserting a hollow needle into the throat just below the thyroid cartilage and should only be performed by a medical professional. (mountsinai.org)
  • Movement of the cartilage at this joint produces a change in tension at the vocal folds, which in turn produces variation in voice. (wikipedia.org)
  • The paired arytenoid cartilages in the rear are horizontally attached to the thyroid cartilage in the front by folds of mucous membranes. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • Fractures, especially thyroid cartilage fractures, were successfully diagnosed by CT. (bvsalud.org)
  • Several surgical procedures can be utilized including endoscopic approaches such as the Wendler glottoplasty, open framework procedures like cricothyroid approximation, and thyroid cartilage shaves. (emoryhealthcare.org)
  • This narrative review describes the main applications of de la ultrasonografía en ultrasound in anesthesia, ultrasound-guided techniques, and current trends in the perioperative anesthetic management of anestesia the surgical patient. (bvsalud.org)
  • The inferior cornua of the thyroid cartilage articulate with the posterolateral surfaces of the cricoid cartilages. (vesalius.com)
  • He explained how the procedure works: 'The vocal chords are attached to a bit of horse-shoe shaped cartilage called thyroid cartilage. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • The needle passes through the skin then between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Unites with temporal bone to form zygomatic arch  Nasal bones and cartilages 1. (slideshare.net)
  • The thyroid cartilage forms the bulk of the front wall of the larynx. (wikipedia.org)
  • The thyroid cartilage protects the front of the larynx. (cliffsnotes.com)
  • Also, it is a cartilage that grows in front of the larynx. (oxfordpets.com)
  • It connects together the front parts of the contiguous margins of the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. (wikidoc.org)
  • If you cut a little bit of cartilage out and drop it back, this shortens, stiffens the chords and the voice will become deeper. (dailymail.co.uk)
  • Many studies also support that this cartilage helps to deepen anyone's voice. (oxfordpets.com)