AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment
Thymus GlandThymus HyperplasiaThymectomyThymus NeoplasmsMyasthenia GravisSalivary GlandsMammary Glands, AnimalExocrine GlandsSubmandibular GlandParotid GlandSweat GlandsSebaceous GlandsSublingual GlandAdrenal GlandsHarderian GlandThymus PlantSalivary Gland NeoplasmsThymus ExtractsThymus HormonesParathyroid Glands
Thymus Gland
A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.
Thymus Hyperplasia
Enlargement of the thymus. A condition described in the late 1940's and 1950's as pathological thymic hypertrophy was status thymolymphaticus and was treated with radiotherapy. Unnecessary removal of the thymus was also practiced. It later became apparent that the thymus undergoes normal physiological hypertrophy, reaching a maximum at puberty and involuting thereafter. The concept of status thymolymphaticus has been abandoned. Thymus hyperplasia is present in two thirds of all patients with myasthenia gravis. (From Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992; Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1486)
Thymectomy
Surgical removal of the thymus gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Thymus Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.
Myasthenia Gravis
A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles. Autoantibodies directed against acetylcholine receptors damage the motor endplate portion of the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION, impairing the transmission of impulses to skeletal muscles. Clinical manifestations may include diplopia, ptosis, and weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles. THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1459)
Salivary Glands
Glands that secrete SALIVA in the MOUTH. There are three pairs of salivary glands (PAROTID GLAND; SUBLINGUAL GLAND; SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND).
Mammary Glands, Animal
MAMMARY GLANDS in the non-human MAMMALS.
Exocrine Glands
Glands of external secretion that release its secretions to the body's cavities, organs, or surface, through a duct.
Submandibular Gland
One of two salivary glands in the neck, located in the space bound by the two bellies of the digastric muscle and the angle of the mandible. It discharges through the submandibular duct. The secretory units are predominantly serous although a few mucous alveoli, some with serous demilunes, occur. (Stedman, 25th ed)
Parotid Gland
The largest of the three pairs of SALIVARY GLANDS. They lie on the sides of the FACE immediately below and in front of the EAR.
Sweat Glands
Sweat-producing structures that are embedded in the DERMIS. Each gland consists of a single tube, a coiled body, and a superficial duct.
Sebaceous Glands
Small, sacculated organs found within the DERMIS. Each gland has a single duct that emerges from a cluster of oval alveoli. Each alveolus consists of a transparent BASEMENT MEMBRANE enclosing epithelial cells. The ducts from most sebaceous glands open into a HAIR FOLLICLE, but some open on the general surface of the SKIN. Sebaceous glands secrete SEBUM.
Sublingual Gland
A salivary gland on each side of the mouth below the TONGUE.
Adrenal Glands
A pair of glands located at the cranial pole of each of the two KIDNEYS. Each adrenal gland is composed of two distinct endocrine tissues with separate embryonic origins, the ADRENAL CORTEX producing STEROIDS and the ADRENAL MEDULLA producing NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
Harderian Gland
A sebaceous gland that, in some animals, acts as an accessory to the lacrimal gland. The harderian gland excretes fluid that facilitates movement of the third eyelid.
Thymus Plant
A plant genus of the family LAMIACEAE best known for the thyme spice added to foods.
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.
Thymus Extracts
Extracts of the thymus that contain specific, but uncharacterized factors or proteins with specific activities; three distinct substances are already known: thymotoxin, thymin and thymosin.
Thymus Hormones
Humoral factors secreted by the thymus gland. They participate in the development of the lymphoid system and the maturation of the cellular immune response.
Parathyroid Glands
Two pairs of small oval-shaped glands located in the front and the base of the NECK and adjacent to the two lobes of THYROID GLAND. They secrete PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.

Analysis of the adult thymus in reconstitution of T lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. (1/8961)

A key question in understanding the status of the immune system in HIV-1 infection is whether the adult thymus contributes to reconstitution of peripheral T lymphocytes. We analyzed the thymus in adult patients who died of HIV-1 infection. In addition, we studied the clinical course of HIV-1 infection in three patients thymectomized for myasthenia gravis and determined the effect of antiretroviral therapy on CD4(+) T cells. We found that five of seven patients had thymus tissue at autopsy and that all thymuses identified had inflammatory infiltrates surrounding lymphodepleted thymic epithelium. Two of seven patients also had areas of thymopoiesis; one of these patients had peripheral blood CD4(+) T-cell levels of <50/mm3 for 51 months prior to death. Of three thymectomized patients, one rapidly progressed to AIDS, one progressed to AIDS over seven years (normal progressor), whereas the third remains asymptomatic at least seven years after seroconversion. Both latter patients had rises in peripheral blood CD4(+) T cells after antiretroviral therapy. Most patients who died of complications of HIV-1 infection did not have functional thymus tissue, and when present, thymopoiesis did not prevent prolonged lymphopenia. Thymectomy before HIV-1 infection did not preclude either peripheral CD4(+) T-cell rises or clinical responses after antiretroviral therapy.  (+info)

The mouse Aire gene: comparative genomic sequencing, gene organization, and expression. (2/8961)

Mutations in the human AIRE gene (hAIRE) result in the development of an autoimmune disease named APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy; OMIM 240300). Previously, we have cloned hAIRE and shown that it codes for a putative transcription-associated factor. Here we report the cloning and characterization of Aire, the murine ortholog of hAIRE. Comparative genomic sequencing revealed that the structure of the AIRE gene is highly conserved between human and mouse. The conceptual proteins share 73% homology and feature the same typical functional domains in both species. RT-PCR analysis detected three splice variant isoforms in various mouse tissues, and interestingly one isoform was conserved in human, suggesting potential biological relevance of this product. In situ hybridization on mouse and human histological sections showed that AIRE expression pattern was mainly restricted to a few cells in the thymus, calling for a tissue-specific function of the gene product.  (+info)

Diverse developing mouse lineages exhibit high-level c-Myb expression in immature cells and loss of expression upon differentiation. (3/8961)

The c-myb gene encodes a sequence specific transactivator that is required for fetal hematopoiesis, but its potential role in other tissues is less clear because of the early fetal demise of mice with targeted deletions of the c-myb gene and incomplete of knowledge about c-myb's expression pattern. In the hematopoietic system, c-Myb protein acts on target genes whose expression is restricted to individual lineages, despite Myb's presence and role in multiple immature lineages. This suggests that c-Myb actions within different cell type-specific contexts are strongly affected by combinatorial interactions. To consider the possibility of similar c-Myb actions could extend into non-hematopoietic systems in other cell and tissue compartments, we characterized c-myb expression in developing and adult mice using in situ hybridization and correlated this with stage-specific differentiation and mitotic activity. Diverse tissues exhibited strong c-myb expression during development, notably tooth buds, the thyroid primordium, developing trachea and proximal branching airway epithelium, hair follicles, hematopoietic cells, and gastrointestinal crypt epithelial cells. The latter three of these all maintained high expression into adulthood, but with characteristic restriction to immature cell lineages prior to their terminal differentiation. In all sites, during fetal and adult stages, loss of c-Myb expression correlated strikingly with the initiation of terminal differentiation, but not the loss of mitotic activity. Based on these data, we hypothesize that c-Myb's function during cellular differentiation is both an activator of immature gene expression and a suppressor of terminal differentiation in diverse lineages.  (+info)

Thymic selection by a single MHC/peptide ligand: autoreactive T cells are low-affinity cells. (4/8961)

In H2-M- mice, the presence of a single peptide, CLIP, bound to MHC class II molecules generates a diverse repertoire of CD4+ cells. In these mice, typical self-peptides are not bound to class II molecules, with the result that a very high proportion of H2-M- CD4+ cells are responsive to the various peptides displayed on normal MHC-compatible APC. We show here, however, that such "self" reactivity is controlled by low-affinity CD4+ cells. These cells give spectacularly high proliferative responses but are virtually unreactive in certain other assays, e.g., skin graft rejection; responses to MHC alloantigens, by contrast, are intense in all assays. Possible explanations for why thymic selection directed to a single peptide curtails self specificity without affecting alloreactivity are discussed.  (+info)

Partial purification and properties of porcine thymus lactosylceramide beta-galactosidase. (5/8961)

Porcine thymus lactosylceramide beta-galactosidase was purified by a simple procedure. In the final step of isoelectric focusing the enzyme was separated into two peaks of pI 6.3 (peak I) and 7.0 (peak II), which showed 3,600- and 4,000-fold enhancement of lactosylceramide-hydrolysing activity, respectively. The two peaks had identical mobility on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The apparent molecular weight was 34,000. Neither monosialoganglioside (GM1) nor galactosylceramide was hydrolysed by the purified enzyme fractions. The optimal pH was at 4.6, and sodium taurocholate was essential for the reaction. The apparent Km was 2.3 x 10-5 M. The reaction was stimulated by sodium chloride and linoleic acid, while it was strongly inhibited by Triton X-100 and bovine serum albumin. Galactosylceramide, p-nitrophenyl beta-galactoside, and p-nitrophenol were weak inhibitors. No effects of GM1 and galactose were observed on the hydrolysis of lactosylceramide.  (+info)

The effects of a t-allele (tAE5) in the mouse on the lymphoid system and reproduction. (6/8961)

Mice homozygous for tAE5, a recessive allele at the complex T-locus, are characterized by their unique short-tailed phenotype as well as by runting and low fertility. Histological and histochemical studies of the lymphoid and reproductive systems disclosed structural changes in the mutant spleen resembling those found in autoimmune conditions. Involution of the mutant thymus was greatly accelerated compared to normal. Necrotic changes occurred during spermiogenesis whereas ovarian structure was normal in mutants. The possible mechanisms of the mutant effects are discussed in the framework of other similar syndromes and the mode of action of alleles at the complex T-locus.  (+info)

Identification of a subpopulation of lymphocytes in human peripheral blood cytotoxic to autologous fibroblasts. (7/8961)

A naturally occurring subpopulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes is cytotoxic to autologous and/or allogeneic fibroblasts. The autocytotoxic lymphocytes have a receptor for the third component of complement and for aggregated gamma globulin, do not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells, and are not removed by passage through nylon. The autocytotoxic subpopulation is not present in the thymus and tonsils of normal children or in the peripheral blood of individuals with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Fibroblast absorption experiments demonstrate that the autocytotoxic cells are "sensitized" to antigens expressed on allogeneic fibroblasts in addition to the antigens expressed on autologous cells. Some normal individuals have a second subpopulation of lymphocytes that may "regulate" the autocytotoxic cells. The relevance of these observations to the murine autocytotoxic cells is discussed.  (+info)

Antitumor agents. I. Effect of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide on liver microsomes and thymus of rat. (8/8961)

Effects of antitumor agents on rat liver microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme activities and thymus lymphocytes were studied in male Wistar rats. High doses of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cyclophosphamide (CP) given parenterally for 6 days caused a partial decrease in whole body weight and the microsomal enzyme content such as cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5. Aniline p-hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase activities also decreased in rats dosed for 5 days decreased compared with the control. Both compounds in the high concentrations produced spectral change of "modified type II". However, the magnitude of the spectral changes observed was independent of the the concentration of substrate added. The addition of NADPH to the microsomes-substrate mixture modified the spectral change. Both drugs caused a considerable decrease in thymus weight and the number of thymus lymphocytes, while the alkaline phosphatase activity was enhanced in 5-FU groups, indicating that the agents cause a significant involution of the thymus. Decrease in the total number of the lymphocytes was greater than that in the blood leucocytes.  (+info)

Thymus size in children with moderate malnutrition - Forskning - Rigshospitalet
BACKGROUND: Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) affects millions of children, increasing their risk of dying from infections. Thymus atrophy may be a marker of malnutrition-associated immunodeficiency, but factors associated with thymus size in children with MAM are unknown, as is the effect of nutritional interventions on thymus size.. METHODS: Thymus size was measured by ultrasound in 279 children in Burkina Faso with MAM, diagnosed by low mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and/or low weight-for-length z-score (WLZ), who received 12 weeks treatment with different food supplements as part of a randomized trial. Correlates of thymus size and of changes in thymus size after treatment, and after another 12 weeks of follow-up were identified.. RESULTS: Thymus size correlated positively with age, anthropometry and blood haemoglobin, and was smaller in children with malaria. Children with malnutrition diagnosed using MUAC had a smaller thymus than children diagnosed based on WLZ. Thymus size increased ...
https://research.regionh.dk/rigshospitalet/da/publications/thymus-size-in-children-with-moderate-malnutrition
The thymus gland and its physiology - Med Notes
does not cause any significant changes in the body.. Numerous attempts to isolate the hormone of the thymus are still unsuccessful.True, Bomskov and Sladovic received from the thymus gland lipoid extract containing allegedly hormone that causes a decrease in glycogen in the liver and the heart of the experimental animal and the rise in blood sugar.. These data were confirmed and further developed by many scientists.They found that the lipoid thymus extract contains at least four fractions having different chemical composition and having unequal effect on the metabolism.The fraction containing mainly sterols, reduce glycogen content in the liver, while the fraction consisting essentially of fosfotidov increases its contents.. After partial resection of the thymus gland in animals its remnants, according to many researchers, are not subject to compensatory hyperplasia.Therefore, it should be recognized that the thymus gland does not meet the classical criteria of an endocrine organ.. However, ...
http://mednotess.com/en/pages/1424100
Different Roles of a Rat Cortical Thymic Epithelial Cell Line In Vitro on Thymocytes and Thymocyte Hybridoma Cells:...Different Roles of a Rat Cortical Thymic Epithelial Cell Line In Vitro on Thymocytes and Thymocyte Hybridoma Cells:...
In this work, the interaction between a rat cortical thymic epithelial cell (TEC) line (R-TNC.1) with nursing activity and thymocytes as well as BWRT 8 thymocyte hybridoma (TH) cells has been studied. The R-TNC.1 cell line significantly bound thymocytes and TH. Binding was stronger during the first 30 min of cell incubation and was followed by a progressive deadhesion. Among adherent thymocytes the proportion of apoptotic cells increased with culture time which was a consequence of higher capacity of the line for binding of apoptotic than viable cells and induction of apoptosis in a subset of adherent thymocytes. Emperiopolesis activity of this thymic nurse cell (TNC) line was manifested by engulfment of thymocytes as well as TH cells. A subset of viable intra-TNC thymocytes has been triggered to die by apoptosis, whereas other internalized thymocytes have been stimulated to proliferate, as measured by an increase in the percentage of cells in mitosis and higher incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jir/2002/309096/
Seven Glands for Seven Spirits, Part 4: Purification and the Thymus Gland | Health Light Newsletter
I am the Spirit of Purification I protect the life and this temple from harm I bring heaven and earth together as one I give assurance to my world that all is well THE ANGELIC GLAND OF THE THYMUS This graphic by artist David Stefaniak depicts the young thymus gland inside the upper chest cavity.…
https://liftingtones.com/2012/09/30/seven-glands-for-seven-spirits-part-4-purification-and-the-thymus-gland/
Canonical Notch signaling controls the early thymic epithelial progenitor cell state and emergence of the medullary epithelial...Canonical Notch signaling controls the early thymic epithelial progenitor cell state and emergence of the medullary epithelial...
Thymus function depends on the epithelial compartment of the thymic stroma. Cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) regulate T cell lineage commitment and positive selection, while medullary (m) TECs impose central tolerance on the T cell repertoire. During thymus organogenesis, these functionally distinct sub-lineages are thought to arise from a common thymic epithelial progenitor cell (TEPC). The mechanisms controlling cTEC and mTEC production from the common TEPC are not however understood. Here, we show that emergence of the earliest mTEC lineage-restricted progenitors requires active NOTCH signaling in progenitor TEC and that, once specified, further mTEC development is NOTCH-independent. In addition, we demonstrate that persistent NOTCH activity favors maintenance of undifferentiated TEPC at the expense of cTEC differentiation. Finally, we uncover a cross-regulatory relationship between NOTCH and FOXN1, a master regulator of TEC differentiation. These data establish NOTCH as a potent ...
https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/publications/canonical-notch-signaling-controls-the-early-thymic-epithelial-progenitor-cell-state-and-emergence-of-the-medullary-epithelial-lineage-in-fetal-thymus-development
Thymus gland tissue, light micrograph - Stock Image C011/8386 - Science Photo LibraryThymus gland tissue, light micrograph - Stock Image C011/8386 - Science Photo Library
Thymus gland tissue. Light micrograph of a transverse section through tissue from the thymus gland, part of the lymphoid system. The black areas are the thymic cortex, which produces lots of lymphocytes. The grey areas, the thymic medulla, produce less lymphocytes. In-between are blood vessels (pink). This gland is located in the throat. Its role is to produce and mature T-lymphocytes (a specialised form of white blood cell), as well as other, more basic lymphocytes. It also controls the development of lymph nodes and the spleen. Magnification: x2 when printed 10 centimetres wide. - Stock Image C011/8386
http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/441743/view
Thymus video: Thymus Gland
This video describes about thymus gland. The thymus gland is a lobular structure located on the dorsal side of the heart and the aorta. The thymus plays a major role in the development of the ...
http://thymus.purzuit.com/video/vZpFsOvIe_U.html
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF LYMPHOPOIESIS AND LYMPHOCYTE MIGRATION IN MICE BEARING MULTIPLE THYMUS GRAFTS | JEMAUTORADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF LYMPHOPOIESIS AND LYMPHOCYTE MIGRATION IN MICE BEARING MULTIPLE THYMUS GRAFTS | JEM
Lymphopoiesis was studied in 3-month-old normal C57Bl mice and in 3-month-old C57Bl mice carrying from 12 to 48 C57Bl thymus grafts using tritiated thymidine labeling.. Thymus graft lymphopoiesis was found to be identical with that of normal thymus tissue and the presence of thymus grafts was found to have no influence on host thymus lymphopoiesis.. No evidence was found that the massive amounts of thymus graft tissue in the mice affected any parameter of host lymph node lymphopoiesis nor was any evidence detected for the migration of thymic lymphocytes from these massive deposits of thymus graft tissue either to host lymph nodes and blood or to other organs in the host animal.. It is concluded that the majority of small lymphocytes produced in the thymus and thymus graft tissue do not migrate from these tissues but die locally at the end of their intrathymic life span of 3 to 4 days.. ...
http://jem.rupress.org/content/123/3/559
Stabilized beta-catenin in thymic epithelial cells blocks thymus development and function. - Department of Paediatrics
Thymic T cell development is dependent on a specialized epithelial microenvironment mainly composed of cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells (TECs). The molecular programs governing the differentiation and maintenance of TECs remain largely unknown. Wnt signaling is central to the development and maintenance of several organ systems but a specific role of this pathway for thymus organogenesis has not yet been ascertained. In this report, we demonstrate that activation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by a stabilizing mutation of beta-catenin targeted exclusively to TECs changes the initial commitment of endodermal epithelia to a thymic cell fate. Consequently, the formation of a correctly composed and organized thymic microenvironment is prevented, thymic immigration of hematopoietic precursors is restricted, and intrathymic T cell differentiation is arrested at a very early developmental stage causing severe immunodeficiency. These results suggest that a precise regulation of canonical
https://www.paediatrics.ox.ac.uk/publications/309041
Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto: Thymic crosstalk restrains the pool of cortical thymic epithelial cells with...Repositório Aberto da Universidade do Porto: Thymic crosstalk restrains the pool of cortical thymic epithelial cells with...
Cortical (cTEC) and medullary (mTEC) thymic epithelial cells establish key microenvironments for T-cell differentiation and arise from thymic epithelial cell progenitors (TEP). However, the nature of TEPs and the mechanism controlling their stemness in the postnatal thymus remain poorly defined. Using TEC clonogenic assays as a surrogate to survey TEP activity, we found that a fraction of cTECs generates specialized clonal-derived colonies, which contain cells with sustained colony-forming capacity (ClonoTECs). These ClonoTECs are EpCAM+MHCII-Foxn1lo cells that lack traits of mature cTECs or mTECs but co-express stem-cell markers, including CD24 and Sca-1. Supportive of their progenitor identity, ClonoTECs reintegrate within native thymic microenvironments and generate cTECs or mTECs in vivo. Strikingly, the frequency of cTECs with the potential to generate ClonoTECs wanes between the postnatal and young adult immunocompetent thymus, but it is sustained in alymphoid Rag2-/-Il2rg-/- counterparts. ...
https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/111812?mode=full
Alternative NF-κB signaling regulates mTEC differentiation from podoplanin-expressing presursors in the cortico-medullary...Alternative NF-κB signaling regulates mTEC differentiation from podoplanin-expressing presursors in the cortico-medullary...
The thymic epithelium forms specialized niches to enable thymocyte differentiation. While the common epithelial progenitor of medullary and cortical thymic epithelial cells (mTECs and cTECs) is well defined, early stages of mTEC lineage specification have remained elusive. Here, we utilized in vivo targeting of mTECs to resolve their differentiation pathways and to determine whether mTEC progenitors participate in thymocyte education. We found that mTECs descend from a lineage committed, podoplanin (PDPN)-expressing progenitor located at the cortico-medullary junction. PDPN(+) junctional TECs (jTECs) represent a distinct TEC population that builds the thymic medulla, but only partially supports negative selection and thymocyte differentiation. Moreover, conditional gene targeting revealed that abrogation of alternative NF-κB pathway signaling in the jTEC stage completely blocked mTEC development. Taken together, this study identifies jTECs as lineage-committed mTEC progenitors and shows that ...
http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/115657/
Precursors of CD3+CD4+CD8+ cells in the human thymus are defined by expression of CD34. Delineation of early events in human...Precursors of CD3+CD4+CD8+ cells in the human thymus are defined by expression of CD34. Delineation of early events in human...
Studies of the most immature T cell progenitors in the human thymus have been hampered by the lack of markers and assays that define these cells. In this report we used a novel human fetal thymic organ culture system to determine the potential of T cell precursors isolated from human postnatal thymus, to differentiate into CD3+ thymocytes, and to investigate early stages of human T cell development. It was found that thymocytes that lack the markers CD3, CD4, and CD8 (triple negative [TN]) can differentiate in an allogeneic organotypic thymic culture. The capacity of TN thymocytes to differentiate was exclusively confined to the CD34+ population. CD34- TN thymocytes failed to differentiate in this system. In contrast, cloned lines of CD3- thymocytes could only be established from CD34- TN thymocytes. Five subsets of CD3- thymocytes were found with the following phenotype: CD1-TN, CD1+TN, CD1+CD4+CD8-, CD1+CD4+CD8 alpha+ beta-, and CD1+CD4+CD8 alpha beta+. These subpopulations expressed ...
http://jem.rupress.org/content/178/2/391
Fine structural evidence for hormone secretion by the human thymus | Journal of Clinical PathologyFine structural evidence for hormone secretion by the human thymus | Journal of Clinical Pathology
The epithelial cells of the Hassalls corpuscles in 11 human thymus glands (nine cases of myasthenia gravis and two glands from patients undergoing surgical correction of congenital heart disease) have been examined by electron microscopy. In every instance the epithelial cells have the cytoplasmic organelle complex necessary for `export-type secretory activity and in addition contain large numbers of membrane-limited small spheroidal secretion granules.. Hassalls corpuscles are avascular anatomical units and a pericorpuscular zone, at least 50 μm broad, is also without blood vessels.. It is therefore suggested that the secretory product(s) of the corpuscular epithelial cells has a purely intrathymic function.. ...
http://jcp.bmj.com/content/26/3/194
Determination of thymic function direct from peripheral blood: A validated modification to an established method<...Determination of thymic function direct from peripheral blood: A validated modification to an established method<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Determination of thymic function direct from peripheral blood. T2 - A validated modification to an established method. AU - Lorenzi, A. R.. AU - Patterson, Angela Margaret. AU - Pratt, A.. AU - Jefferson, M.. AU - Chapman, C. E.. AU - Ponchel, F.. AU - Isaacs, J. D.. PY - 2008/12/31. Y1 - 2008/12/31. N2 - The thymus contributes naive, self MHC reactive, self tolerant T cells to the peripheral immune system throughout life, albeit with a log-linear decline with age. Quantification of thymic function is clinically relevant in the setting of lymphoablation, but a phenotypic marker distinguishing recent thymic emigrants from long lived naive T cells remains elusive. T cell receptor excision circles (TREC) are present in thymocytes exiting the thymus and quantification of the most frequent of these, the delta rec-Psi J alpha rearrangement has been widely used as a measure of recent thymic function. However, interpretation of results presented as TREC per cell has been criticised on ...
https://abdn.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/determination-of-thymic-function-direct-from-peripheral-blood-a-v
Phenotypically diverse mouse thymic stromal cell lines which induce p by S J. Faas, J L. Rothstein et al.Phenotypically diverse mouse thymic stromal cell lines which induce p by S J. Faas, J L. Rothstein et al.
The heterogeneity of the thymic stroma has made careful characterization of particular thymic stromal cell types difficult. To this end, we have derived a panel of cloned thymic stromal cell lines from simian virus 40 T antigen (SV40-T antigen) transgenic mice. Based on their analysis with monoclonal antibodies that distinguish among subsets of thymic stroma cells, and on the morphology and ultrastructural features of the different clones, we suggest that our panel includes representatives of the thymic subcapsular cortex or thymic nurse cells (427.1), the deep cortex or cortical reticular cells (1308.1) and the medulla including medullary interdigitating (IDC)-like cells (6.1.1) and medullary epithelial cells (6.1.7). A fifth cell type of undesignated but apparent medullary origin (6.1.11) was also isolated. All of the cell lines constitutively express the SV40 T antigen transgene and the class I antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), and they can be induced to express MHC
https://mouseion.jax.org/stfb1990_1999/399/
Thymoma (thymus tumor) | Surgical removal of the thymus gland. Thoracic surgery: Treatment in Germany, Bonn hospitals on...Thymoma (thymus tumor) | Surgical removal of the thymus gland. Thoracic surgery: Treatment in Germany, Bonn hospitals on...
Thymoma (thymus tumor) | Surgical removal of the thymus gland. Thoracic surgery: Treatment in Bonn, Germany ✈. Prices on BookingHealth.com - booking treatment online!
https://bookinghealth.com/programs/treatment/thoracic-surgery/thymoma-thymus-tumor-surgical-removal-of-the-thymus-gland/germany/bonn
Thymoma (thymus tumor) | Surgical removal of the thymus gland. Surgery: Treatment in Germany, Wiesbaden hospitals on...Thymoma (thymus tumor) | Surgical removal of the thymus gland. Surgery: Treatment in Germany, Wiesbaden hospitals on...
Thymoma (thymus tumor) | Surgical removal of the thymus gland. Surgery: Treatment in Wiesbaden, Germany ✈. Prices on BookingHealth.com - booking treatment online!
https://bookinghealth.com/programs/treatment/surgery/thymoma-thymus-tumor-surgical-removal-of-the-thymus-gland/germany/wiesbaden
Francis A. Flomerfelt, Ph.D. | Center for Cancer ResearchFrancis A. Flomerfelt, Ph.D. | Center for Cancer Research
The thymus is the major site for the production of T cells in vertebrates. The cellular components of the thymus can be divided into two broad groups. Lymphoid cells are derived from bone marrow stem cells. This group of cells includes thymocytes, which are the major cellular component of the thymus. The other group, collectively known as stromal cells, develops mostly from epithelial cells derived from endoderm of the third pharyngeal pouch, ectoderm of the corresponding brachial clefts, and mesoderm from the pharyngeal arch. Cellular interaction between lymphoid cells and stromal cell-derived signals is required to support T cell development.. A major lab interest is in the identification of modulators of thymus function and T cell development. Because of the interdependence between lymphoid and stromal cells, both cell types are involved in the control of thymus function. However, until recently, it was not appreciated that stromal cells appear to play a major role in regulation of thymus ...
https://ccr.cancer.gov/Experimental-Transplantation-and-Immunology-Branch/francis-a-flomerfelt
For happiness is not necessary to go far - everything is already in you! The phenomenon of the thymus gland.
Do you know that on the body, every person has a point of happiness? And to search for it for a long time it is not necessary, it is a thymus, or thymus gland. It is located at the base of the sternum, two fingers below the clavicle
http://www.amazingajmer.com/756-tochka-schastya.html
TGF-beta signaling in thymic epithelial cells regulates thymic involution and postirradiation reconstitution. - Department of...
The thymus constitutes the primary lymphoid organ responsible for the generation of naive T cells. Its stromal compartment is largely composed of a scaffold of different subsets of epithelial cells that provide soluble and membrane-bound molecules essential for thymocyte maturation and selection. With senescence, a steady decline in the thymic output of T cells has been observed. Numeric and qualitative changes in the stromal compartment of the thymus resulting in reduced thymopoietic capacity have been suggested to account for this physiologic process. The precise cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying thymic senescence are, however, only incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that TGF-beta signaling in thymic epithelial cells exerts a direct influence on the cells capacity to support thymopoiesis in the aged mouse as the physiologic process of thymic senescence is mitigated in mice deficient for the expression of TGF-beta RII on thymic epithelial cells. Moreover, TGF-beta signaling in
https://www.paediatrics.ox.ac.uk/publications/309033
Intact ThymusIntact Thymus
Intact Thymus capsules provide a freeze-dried form of bovine thymus to support immune health. The thymus is a small, irregular-shaped gland in the top part of the chest, just under the breastbone and between the lungs. It is located in an area of the body called the mediastinum. The thymus is part of both the lymphatic system and the endocrine system. The thymus makes T cells (T lymphocytes) that travel throughout the body to help fight infection, disease and foreign substances. The thymus also makes hormones to help T cells develop and keep the immune system working properly. Lymphocytes travel from the bone marrow to the thymus, where they mature into T cells. Once T cells mature, they are able to leave the thymus and enter the blood so they can boost the immune system.* Directions: ...
https://www.baar.com/intact-thymus
Induction of mouse thymic cortex by prothymocytes is restricted in neonatal stage - MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular...
T cell development is under tight control of the thymic microenvironment. In turn, the integrity of the thymic microenvironment depends on the physical presence of developing T lymphocytes, a phenomenon designated thymic crosstalk. We previously reported, using a novel mouse strain which has defects in both the thymic medina and cortex, that the induction of thymic cortex by bone marrow (BM) or fetal liver-derived T cell progenitors could be achieved on day 16 or 17 of gestation, but could not be induced in adulthood. Here, we further define the time window for this induction by prothymocytes. We first show that the induction of thymic cortex can be achieved during the neonatal stage. In 2 to 4 day post-partal neonates, BM injection could fully reconstituted the thymic structure and T cell compartments. Mice more than 4 days old showed decreased susceptibility to reconstitution. After 8 days, the susceptibility diminished. Next, we tested whether the induction could be obtained by prothymocytes
https://www.imm.ox.ac.uk/publications/991394
Peripheral Immune System Adaptations and Motivation for Alcohol in Non-Dependent Problem Drinkers<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Peripheral Immune System Adaptations and Motivation for Alcohol in Non-Dependent Problem Drinkers. AU - Milivojevic,Verica. AU - Ansell,Emily. AU - Simpson,Christine. AU - Siedlarz,Kristen M.. AU - Sinha,Rajita. AU - Fox,Helen C.. PY - 2017. Y1 - 2017. N2 - Background: Increasing evidence suggests that levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines are dysfunctional in alcohol dependence. Moreover, some initial findings demonstrate that these adaptations in peripheral inflammation may contribute to motivation for alcohol and problem drinking via possible direct effects or the indirect effects of stress responsivity. Importantly, the role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the progression from healthy to problem drinking is not well understood. The aim of this study was to assess whether alcohol-related peripheral immune system changes affect stress and alcohol cue-induced craving and anxiety and behavioral alcohol motivation and intake in the ...
https://experts.syr.edu/en/publications/peripheral-immune-system-adaptations-and-motivation-for-alcohol-i
The thymus gland - Macmillan Cancer SupportThe thymus gland - Macmillan Cancer Support
The thymus gland is in the chest between the lungs. It makes white blood cells (T lymphocytes) which are part of the immune system and help fight infection.
https://www.macmillan.org.uk/cancer-information-and-support/thymus-cancer/the-thymus-gland
Functions and Disorders of Thymus Gland | New Health AdvisorFunctions and Disorders of Thymus Gland | New Health Advisor
Functions of thymus gland include producing and processing T-cells which find and attack foreign bodies. Also learn the disorders when it cant function properly.
http://www.newhealthadvisor.com/Thymus-Gland-Function.html
Decline of FOXN1 gene expression in human thymus correlates with age: possible epigenetic regulation | Immunity & Ageing | Full...Decline of FOXN1 gene expression in human thymus correlates with age: possible epigenetic regulation | Immunity & Ageing | Full...
Thymic involution is thought to be an important factor of age related immunodeficiency. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of human thymic senescence may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches aimed at the reestablishment of central and peripheral T cell repertoire. As an initial approach, here we report that the decline of human thymic FOXN1 transcription correlates with age, while other genes, DLL1, DLL4 and WNT4, essential for thymopoiesis, are constitutively transcribed. Using a human thymic epithelial cell line (hTEC), we show that FOXN1 expression is refractory to signals that induce FOXN1 transcription in primary 3D culture conditions and by stimulation of the canonical WNT signaling pathway. Blockage of FOXN1 induceability in the hTEC line may be mediated by an epigenetic mechanism, the CpG methylation of the FOXN1 gene. We showed a suppression of FOXN1 transcription both in cultured human thymic epithelial cells and in the aging thymus. We hypothesize that the underlying
https://immunityageing.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12979-015-0045-9/tables/1
Thymus - WikipediaThymus - Wikipedia
The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, T cells mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders. The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum. Histologically, each lobe of the thymus can be divided into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is surrounded by an outer capsule. The cortex and medulla play different roles in the development of T cells. Cells in the thymus can be divided into thymic stromal cells and cells of hematopoietic origin (derived from bone marrow resident hematopoietic stem cells). Developing T cells are referred to as thymocytes and are of hematopoietic origin. Stromal cells include epithelial cells of the thymic cortex and medulla, and dendritic cells. The thymus provides an inductive environment for development of T cells from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus
T cell development in CD8-/- mice. Thymic positive selection is biased toward the helper phenotype. | The Journal of ImmunologyT cell development in CD8-/- mice. Thymic positive selection is biased toward the helper phenotype. | The Journal of Immunology
The CD4 and CD8 molecules are involved in T cell differentiation and activation. Nevertheless, efficient thymic maturation of helper T cells has been shown in the absence of the CD4 molecule. These CD4-deficient helper T cells expressed alpha beta-TCR and were able to control Leishmania infections and to mediate Ab class switch. Using mice deficient for the CD8 alpha-chain, we investigated whether a similar cytotoxic T cell population was generated in the absence of the CD8 coreceptor. A CD8-deficient cytotoxic T cell population corresponding to the described CD4-deficient helper T cell population was virtually absent both functionally and physically. These results support the idea that thymic maturation is asymmetrical and strongly biased toward the helper phenotype. ...
https://www.jimmunol.org/content/155/8/3727
Rat Thymus Endothelial Cells | Creative BioarrayRat Thymus Endothelial Cells | Creative Bioarray
Rat Thymus Endothelial Cells from Creative Bioarray are isolated from thymus tissue of 6-8 week old laboratory Sprague-Dawley rat. Rat Thymus Endothelial Cells are grown in T75 tissue culture flasks pre-coated with gelatin-based coating solution for 2 min and incubated in Creative Bioarray Culture Complete Growth Medium generally for 3-7 days. Cultures are then expanded. Prior to shipping, cells at passage 3 are detached from flasks and immediately cryo-preserved in vials. Each vial contains at least 1x10^6 cells per ml and is delivered frozen. The method we use to isolate endothelial cells was developed based on a combination of established and our proprietary methods. These cells are pre-coated with PECAM-1 (CD31) antibody, following the application of magnetic beads pre-coated with secondary antibody ...
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/Rat-Thymus-Endothelial-Cells-CSC-C8710W-item-41399.htm
Frontiers | Dynamics of Recent Thymic Emigrants in Young Adult Mice | ImmunologyFrontiers | Dynamics of Recent Thymic Emigrants in Young Adult Mice | Immunology
The peripheral naive T-cell pool is generally thought to consist of a subpopulation of recent thymic emigrants (RTE) and a subpopulation of mature naive (MN) T cells with different dynamics. Thymus transplantation and adoptive transfer studies in mice have provided contradicting results, with some studies suggesting that RTE are relatively short-lived cells, while another study suggested that RTE have a survival advantage. We here estimate the death rates of RTE and MN T cells by performing both thymus transplantations and deuterium labeling experiments in mice of at least 12 weeks old, an age at which the size of the T-cell pool has stabilized. For CD4+ T cells, we found the total loss rate from the RTE compartment (by death and maturation) to be 4-fold faster than that of MN T cells. We estimate the death rate of CD4+ RTE to be 0.046 per day, which is 3-fold faster than the total loss rate from the MN T-cell compartment. For CD8+ T cells, we found no evidence for kinetic differences between RTE and MN
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00933/full
Liver Cells, Insulin-Producing Cells, Thymus Tissue Can Be Grown in Lymph Nodes | NextBigFuture.comLiver Cells, Insulin-Producing Cells, Thymus Tissue Can Be Grown in Lymph Nodes | NextBigFuture.com
However, the scarcity of donor organs means many people will not survive the wait for transplantation, said Dr. Lagasse, whose lab is at the McGowan Institute. Cell therapies are being explored, but introducing cells into tissue already ravaged by disease decreases the likelihood of successful engraftment and restoration of function.. In the study, his team tested the possibility of using lymph nodes, which are abundant throughout the body and have a rich blood supply, as a new home for cells from other organs in what is called an ectopic transplant.. They injected healthy liver cells from a genetically-identical donor animal into lymph nodes of mice at various locations. The result was an enlarged, liver-like node that functioned akin to the liver; in fact, a single hepatized lymph node rescued mice that were in danger of dying from a lethal metabolic liver disease. Likewise, thymus tissue transplanted into the lymph node of mice that lacked the organ generated functional immune systems, ...
https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2012/10/liver-cells-insulin-producing-cells.html
EphB-ephrin-B2 interactions are required for thymus migration during organogenesis. - Immunology
Thymus organogenesis requires coordinated interactions of multiple cell types, including neural crest (NC) cells, to orchestrate the formation, separation, and subsequent migration of the developing thymus from the third pharyngeal pouch to the thoracic cavity. The molecular mechanisms driving these processes are unclear; however, NC-derived mesenchyme has been shown to play an important role. Here, we show that, in the absence of ephrin-B2 expression on thymic NC-derived mesenchyme, the thymus remains in the cervical area instead of migrating into the thoracic cavity. Analysis of individual NC-derived thymic mesenchymal cells shows that, in the absence of ephrin-B2, their motility is impaired as a result of defective EphB receptor signaling. This implies a NC-derived cell-specific role of EphB-ephrin-B2 interactions in the collective migration of the thymic rudiment during organogenesis.
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/249105
Thorax, Mediastinum, Heart, and Great Vessels: Thymus Size from 0 to 2 Years of Age | Radiology Key
10.1055/b-0034-87953 Thorax, Mediastinum, Heart, and Great Vessels: Thymus Size from 0 to 2 Years of Age Material and Methods Mediastinal ultrasonography was performed in 151 infants (79 boys and 72 girls; Table 6.2 ). All children were healthy and had no stress factors affecting their thymic size. The maximum transverse diameter, right lobe AP, and…
https://radiologykey.com/thorax-mediastinum-heart-and-great-vessels-thymus-size-from-0-to-2-years-of-age/
Food Based Anti-Oxidants Are Real Life Savers | WorthyHealth
NaturalNews) Biologists know that the thymus gland shrinks rapidly after puberty, but they have been unable to explain why this important gland turns to fat so quickly as people age. New research suggests that most peoples thymuses are missing some very important food-based antioxidants. If given the right amount of antioxidants, including Vitamin C and the enzyme catalase, the thymus can age more gracefully, keeping the immune system young and strong.. Exercising the thymus and giving it the right nutritional components gives it the capability to fight off pathogens into old age. Instead of retraining the immune system using synthetic vaccine chemicals and lab-grown viruses, healthy people can exercise their internal organs against all pathogens. They can let their intelligent natural defenses within their own thymus gland go to work. Research shows that if the thymus is given the right food-based antioxidants, it can thrive, keeping peoples immune systems young and strong as they age.. ...
http://worthyhealth.com/food-based-anti-oxidants-are-real-life-savers/
The lack of NF-kappa B transactivation and PKC epsilon expression in CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes correlates with negative selection...
Deletion of autoreactive thymocytes at the DP stage is the basis for tolerance to thymus-expressed self antigens. In this study we investigated whether distinct signalling pathways are induced in DP thymocytes as compared to mature T cells upon stimulation with antigen. Using triple transgenic mice expressing a TCR transgene, dominant negative ras/Mek proteins and a reporter gene construct with AP-1 or NF-kappa B binding sites, we showed a complete lack of transcriptional activity of NF-kappa B but not AP-1 in DP thymocytes, whereas both were transcriptionally active in mature T cells after antigenic stimulation. Lack of NF-kappa B induction correlated with increased death in response to antigen. AP-1 induction was dependent on the integrity of the ras/Mek pathway indicating that this pathway was activated in the DP thymocytes. In contrast, we found a complete lack of constitutive expression of the epsilon isoform of Protein Kinase C (PKC) in DP thymocytes, although it was present in mature thymocytes
https://www.ndorms.ox.ac.uk/publications/2783
Thymic epithelial cells control let-7 up-regulation in thymic B progenitors during the neonatal to adult transition | The...Thymic epithelial cells control let-7 up-regulation in thymic B progenitors during the neonatal to adult transition | The...
The postnatal thymus is an efficient microenvironment for T cell specification and differentiation. B cells are also present in the thymus, and have been recently implicated in the central tolerance. In Foxn1lacZmutant mice, which undergo premature thymic involution beginning 1 week after birth, T committed progenitors were progressively reduced, however, thymic B cells started to increase at 1 week and transiently formed a peak at 3-4 weeks. These increased B cells were developed from neonatal derived BM progenitors possessing a high B potential, were originally generated in the thymus. Most of them showed CD19loB220loCD24hiCD43+/−IgM−progenitor phenotype with increased expression of Ly51 but decrease of CD25 accumulating at pre-B-II stage. These B progenitors showed a delayed down-regulation of Lin28b, an impaired up-regulation of Let-7 with an increased expression of Arid3a. However the treatment of these progenitor B cells with Vitamin D3 might up-regulate Let-7 and down-regulate Arid3 ...
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/196/1_Supplement/122.13
Specific regulation of Fos family transcription factors in thymocytes at two developmental checkpoints - CaltechAUTHORSSpecific regulation of Fos family transcription factors in thymocytes at two developmental checkpoints - CaltechAUTHORS
A central question in T cell development is what makes cortical thymocytes respond to stimulation in a qualitatively different way than any other thymocyte subset. Part of the answer is that AP-1 function changes drastically at two stages of T cell development. It undergoes striking down-regulation as thymocytes differentiate from immature, CD4^-CD8^- double-negative (DN) TCR^- thymocytes to CD4^+CD8^+ double-positive (DP) TCR^(lo) cortical cells, and then returns in the cells that mature to TCR^(high), CD4^+CD8^- or CD4^-CD8^+ single-positive (SP) thymocytes. At all three stages, the jun family mRNAs can be induced similarly. However, we demonstrate that DP cortical thymocytes are specifically impaired in c-fos and fosB mRNA induction, even when stimuli are used that optimize survival of the cells and a form of in vitro maturation. fra-2 expression is induction independent but much lower in DP cells than in the other subsets. Overall Fos family protein induction accordingly is severely ...
https://authors.library.caltech.edu/28726/
PDF] Autonomous role of medullary thymic epithelial cells in central CD4+ T cell tolerance | Semantic ScholarPDF] Autonomous role of medullary thymic epithelial cells in central CD4+ T cell tolerance | Semantic Scholar
Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) serve an essential function in central tolerance by expressing peripheral-tissue antigens. These antigens may be transferred to and presented by dendritic cells (DCs). Therefore, it is unclear whether mTECs, in addition to being an antigen reservoir, also serve a mandatory function as antigen-presenting cells. Here we diminished major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on mTECs through transgenic expression of a designer microRNA specific for the MHC class II transactivator CIITA (called C2TA here). This resulted in an enlarged polyclonal CD4+ single-positive compartment and, among thymocytes specific for model antigens expressed in mTECs, enhanced selection of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) at the expense of deletion. Our data document an autonomous contribution of mTECs to both dominant and recessive mechanisms of CD4+ T cell tolerance and support an avidity model of Treg cell development versus deletion.
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Autonomous-role-of-medullary-thymic-epithelial-in-T-Hinterberger-Aichinger/a100ec28caab35207bcc2174baac1cd60c542e0c
Investigation of transcriptional partners and genes downstream of Foxn1Investigation of transcriptional partners and genes downstream of Foxn1
The thymus is the second fundamental organ of the immune system after the bone marrow; it is the essential for T cell maturation and repertoire selection. The function of the thymus critically depends on the thymic epithelium, which is structured in two distinct regions: The cortex and the medulla. The knowledge about molecular mechanisms involved in thymus development is limited. However, some evidences suggest that the Hox, Pax, Six, Eya, Gcm2, FGFs and Foxn1 are key players in thymus organogenesis. Foxn1 is essential for thymic epithelial cell development but its exact role is still unknown. The null mutation in the transcription factor Foxn1 generates the nude phenotype of athymia and hairlessness. The aim of our laboratory is to better understand thymus development and specially focuses on the Foxn1 function. The aim of this project is then to investigate target genes and transcription partners of Foxn1 as a transcriptional factor. As a transcription factor, Foxn1 protein should be able to ...
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/144036
Potential applications of growth hormone in promoting immune reconstitution<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Potential applications of growth hormone in promoting immune reconstitution. AU - Welniak, Lisbeth. AU - Sun, Rui. AU - Murphy, William J. PY - 2002. Y1 - 2002. N2 - With the increasing use of bone marrow transplantation, (BMT) in cancer and in the advent of AIDS, it has been realized that successful reconstitution of the immune system of the adult is of paramount concern. Naive T cell production in the host requires T cell development in the thymus of the adult. Due to the impairment of thymus function with age, there has been renewed interest in utilizing neuroendocrine hormones (i.e. growth hormone or GH) to restore thymopoietic function. GH has been previously demonstrated to improve T cell function and affect thymopoiesis in mice. Recent studies indicate that GH is not an obligate growth factor for thymopoiesis but instead acts to counteract the effects of stress on the thymus. Thus, GH may be of potential use to enhance thymus function and T cell repopulation, particularly ...
https://ucdavis.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/potential-applications-of-growth-hormone-in-promoting-immune-reco
Thymus video: Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology
This video describes about thymus gland. The thymus gland is a lobular structure located on the dorsal side of the heart and the aorta. The thymus plays a major role in the development of the ...
http://thymus.purzuit.com/video/LJglqBKgADk.html
Progesterone receptors in rat thymus. - MyScienceWorkProgesterone receptors in rat thymus. - MyScienceWork
Progesterone receptors in rat thymus.: Tritiated promegestone ([3H]R5020) is bound with high affinity in cytosol prepared from the thymus gland of both male and
https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/progesterone-receptors-rat-thymus-1a18a358
Thymic Development and Selection of T Lymphocytes :: E-book Collection
The thymus is an evolutionarily ancient primary lymphoid organ common to all vertebrates in which T cell development takes place. Failing thymus function is associated with immunodeficiency and/or autoimmunity. In this volume, leading experts provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in thymopoiesis research. The chapters cover the development of the thymic epithelial microenvironment, address the formation of a diverse and self-tolerant repertoire of T cell receptors as the basis for cellular immunity, discuss the mechanisms by which progenitor cells colonize the thymus and detail the molecular basis for T lineage decisions. The reviews illustrate the important role of the multifaceted process of thymopoiesis for adaptive immunity ...
http://beyond.library.tu.ac.th/cdm/ref/collection/ebook/id/10384/
Ageing, autoimmunity and arthritis: An introduction | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full TextAgeing, autoimmunity and arthritis: An introduction | Arthritis Research & Therapy | Full Text
Data suggest that while antigen presenting function is relatively well preserved during the ageing process [5], lymphocyte function is perturbed, characterised by depression of both cellular and humoral immunity. Accordingly, to begin to address how ageing influences immunity, a focus on lymphocyte biology seems a good starting point. For example, over the decades numerous studies have reported altered production of T cell progenitors, reductions in the generation of naïve T cells, ageing of resting and clonally expanding cells, and in particular disrupted intracellular signalling leading to perturbations in cytoskeleton reorganisation and cell migration (reviewed in [6]). In this issue, Goronzy and Weyand begin by exploring how the dynamics of T cell repertoire diversity promote the expansion of effector cells [7]. Through an analysis of the expression of T cell receptor excision circles as surrogate markers of recent thymic emigrants, together with assays of telomerase activity, they have ...
https://arthritis-research.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/ar992
Rabbit Thymus Endothelial Cells | Creative BioarrayRabbit Thymus Endothelial Cells | Creative Bioarray
Rabbit Thymus Endothelial Cells from Creative Bioarray are isolated from thymus tissue of New Zealand White Rabbit. Rabbit Thymus Endothelial Cells are grown in T25 tissue culture flasks pre-coated with gelatin-based coating solution for 2 min and incubated in Creative Bioarray Culture Complete Growth Medium generally for 3-7 days. Cultures are then expanded. Prior to shipping, cells are detached from flasks and immediately cryo-preserved in vials. Each vial contains at least 1x10^6 cells per ml and are delivered frozen. The method we use to isolate endothelial cells was developed based on a combination of established and our proprietary methods. These cells are pre-coated with PECAM-1 antibody, following the application of magnetic pre-coated with secondary antibody ...
https://www.creative-bioarray.com/Rabbit-Thymus-Endothelial-Cells-CSC-C8675W-item-41372.htm
Thymus Transplantation Safety-Efficacy - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govThymus Transplantation Safety-Efficacy - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Complete DiGeorge anomaly (cDGA) is a congenital disorder characterized by athymia. Without successful treatment, children remain immunodeficient and usually die by age 2 years. In complete DiGeorge subjects, thymus transplantation with and without immunosuppression has resulted in diverse T cell development and good T cell function. The purpose of this Phase I/II study is to continue thymus transplantation safety and efficacy research for the treatment of complete DiGeorge anomaly. Until thymus transplantation is FDA approved as standard care for DiGeorge anomaly, research study participation is the only means by which a patient may have access to this potentially life-saving procedure.. This protocol includes 4 groups: one for subjects who do not require immunosuppression; and 3 immunosuppression groups for subjects with different T cell function levels to be suppressed adequately.. Eligible subjects undergo thymus transplantation and an allograft biopsy. Protocol specified studies continue ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01220531?recr=Open&cond=%22Congenital+Abnormalities%22&rank=2
MicroRNAs Regulate Thymic Epithelium in Age-Related Thymic Involution via Down-or Upregulation of Transcription Factors<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - MicroRNAs Regulate Thymic Epithelium in Age-Related Thymic Involution via Down-or Upregulation of Transcription Factors. AU - Xu, Minwen. AU - Zhang, Xiaoli. AU - Hong, Ruiyun. AU - Su, Dong Ming. AU - Wang, Liefeng. N1 - Funding Information: This work was partially supported by grants from the Higher Education Foundation of Jiangxi Provincial (KJLD2090), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province (20132BAB205032), and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31260279 and 31660256) to Liefeng Wang. Publisher Copyright: © 2017 Minwen Xu et al.. PY - 2017. Y1 - 2017. N2 - Age-related thymic involution is primarily induced by defects in nonhematopoietic thymic epithelial cells (TECs). It is characterized by dysfunction of multiple transcription factors (TFs), such as p63 and FoxN1, and also involves other TEC-associated regulators, such as Aire. These TFs and regulators are controlled by complicated regulatory networks, in which microRNAs (miRNAs) act as a key ...
https://experts.unthsc.edu/en/publications/micrornas-regulate-thymic-epithelium-in-age-related-thymic-involu
Phase I/II Thymus Transplantation With Immunosuppression #950 - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.govPhase I/II Thymus Transplantation With Immunosuppression #950 - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
Complete DiGeorge anomaly is a congenital disorder characterized by athymia. Without successful treatment, children remain immunodeficient and usually die by age 2 years. In infants with complete DiGeorge anomaly and no T cells, thymus transplantation without immunosuppression resulted in diverse T cell development and good T cell function. Some infants with no thymus have some T cells that presumably developed extrathymically; these T cells can reject a thymus graft. The purpose of this study is to design better immunosuppression use for complete DiGeorge anomaly subjects who have some T cells and different T cell function levels. This protocol includes 3 immunosuppression regimens to allow subjects with different T cell function levels to be suppressed adequately.. DiGeorge infants who have successful thymus transplants but remain with hypoparathyroidism must go to the clinic for frequent calcium levels and to the hospital for calcium infusions; these infants are at risk for seizures from low ...
https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00579527?cond=%2222q11.2+deletion+syndrome%22&rank=5
T-cell receptor excision circle levels after allogeneic stem c...T-cell receptor excision circle levels after allogeneic stem c...
T-cell receptor excision circle levels after allogeneic stem cell transplantation are predictive of relapse in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodys
https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/t-cell-receptor-excision-circle-levels-after-allogeneic-stem-cell-transplantation-predictive-relapse-patients-acute-mye-f7dfdf41
SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE OF YOUR THYMUS GLAND / HEART CHAKRASPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE OF YOUR THYMUS GLAND / HEART CHAKRA
SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE OF YOUR THYMUS GLAND / HEART CHAKRA - a lymphoid organ situated in the neck of vertebrates which produces T-lymphocytes for the immune system. The human thymus becomes much smaller at the approach of puberty.
https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/spiritual-significance-of-your-thymus-gland-heart-chakra
Cell surface marker analysis of mouse thymic dendritic cells - Ardavin - 1992 - European Journal of Immunology - Wiley Online...Cell surface marker analysis of mouse thymic dendritic cells - Ardavin - 1992 - European Journal of Immunology - Wiley Online...
Cell surface markers of mouse thymic dendritic cells have been studied by flow cytometry after isolation by collagenase digestion, separation of the low-density cell fraction and differential adherence. The dendritic cell preparation had a purity of , 90%, the contaminating population being essentially composed of thymocytes, macrophages constituting ,1%. Dendritic cells displayed high forward and low-intermediate side angle scatter, and expressed high levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules, the heat-stable antigen (HSA), the adhesion molecules Pgp-1 (CD44), LFA-1, ICAM-1 and low levels of Mac-1 and the leukocyte common antigen CD45. Thymic dendritic cells are negative for the stem cell antigen-2 (Sca-2), the B cell-specific form of CD45 (B220), the mouse macrophage markers Fc receptor and F4/80, and the granulocyte marker Gr-1. However, although they do not express the T cell markers Thy-1, CD2, CD3, CD4 and CD5, 20%-30% of dendritic cells are positive ...
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.1830220334/abstract
Thymus Gland Anatomy and Physiology Lecture :: Museum of Osteopathic Medicine
Lecture (ca. 1907?) on the anatomy, physiology, diseases, and conditions of the thymus gland. The lecture is part of a set on the thorax and its component structures (see list at 2009.10.357). The lectures were part of the curriculum of the American School of Osteopathy in Kirksville, Missouri, and may have been compiled for a planned but unpublished book. The series author(s) drew heavily from standard medical textbooks of the era, to an extent that would be unacceptable today; possible source books that have been identified include James M. Anders, A Text-Book of the Practice of Medicine; Robley Dunglison, A Dictionary of Medical Science; Arthur R. Edwards, A Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Medicine; William Pepper, A Text-Book of the Theory and Practice of Medicine; and A.A. Stevens, A Manual of the Practice of Medicine. Such reliance on medical authors stands in stark contrast with the pains usually taken by early osteopathic writers to distance osteopathic practice from ...
http://cdm.sos.mo.gov/cdm/ref/collection/atsu/id/2051/
Scavenger Receptor BI and High-Density Lipoprotein Regulate Thymocyte Apoptosis in Sepsis | Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and...Scavenger Receptor BI and High-Density Lipoprotein Regulate Thymocyte Apoptosis in Sepsis | Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and...
Approach and Results-Septic stress induces glucocorticoids production which triggers thymocyte apoptosis. Here, we used scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI)-null mice, which are completely deficient in inducible glucocorticoids in sepsis, to investigate the regulation of thymocyte apoptosis in sepsis. Cecal ligation and puncture induced profound thymocyte apoptosis in SR-BI+/+ mice, but no thymocyte apoptosis in SR-BI−/− mice because of lack of inducible glucocorticoids. Unexpectedly, supplementation of glucocorticoids only partly restored thymocyte apoptosis in SR-BI−/− mice. We demonstrated that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a critical modulator for thymocyte apoptosis. SR-BI+/+ HDL significantly enhanced glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis, but SR-BI−/− HDL had no such activity. Further study revealed that SR-BI+/+ HDL modulates glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis via promoting glucocorticoid receptor translocation, but SR-BI−/− HDL loses such regulatory activity. ...
http://atvb.ahajournals.org/content/early/2014/03/06/ATVBAHA.113.302484
The serum factor from patients with ulcerative colitis that induces T cell proliferation in the mouse thymus is interleukin-7<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The serum factor from patients with ulcerative colitis that induces T cell proliferation in the mouse thymus is interleukin-7. AU - Watanabe, Mamoru. AU - Watanabe, Noriaki. AU - Iwao, Yasushi. AU - Ogata, Haruhiko. AU - Kanai, Takanori. AU - Ueno, Yoshitaka. AU - Tsuchiya, Masaharu. AU - Ishii, Hiromasa. AU - Aiso, Sadakazu. AU - Habu, Sonoko. AU - Hibi, Toshifumi. PY - 1997/9/4. Y1 - 1997/9/4. N2 - The disturbance of immune regulatory T cells is related to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis. Here we demonstrated and characterized the serum factor from ulcerative colitis patients that induced proliferation of intrathymic T cells. The factor isolated from the patient sera by a combination of gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography induced proliferation of CD4+CD8- intrathymic T cells in the organ-cultured embryonic mouse thymus. Purification and amino acid sequence analysis of the serum factor demonstrated that the N-terminal 12 sequence was homologous to that of ...
https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-serum-factor-from-patients-with-ulcerative-colitis-that-induc
OPUS Würzburg | SearchOPUS Würzburg | Search
Background Homeostatic mechanisms to maintain the T cell compartment diversity indicate an ongoing process of thymic activity and peripheral T cell renewal during human life. These processes are expected to be accelerated after childhood thymectomy and by the influence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) inducing a prematurely aged immune system. The study aimed to investigate proportional changes and replicative history of CD8+ T cells, of recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) and CD103+ T cells (mostly gut-experienced) and the role of Interleukin-(IL)-7 and IL-7 receptor (CD127)-expressing T cells in thymectomized patients compared to young and old healthy controls. Results Decreased proportions of naive and CD31 + CD8+ T cells were demonstrated after thymectomy, with higher proliferative activity of CD127-expressing T cells and significantly shorter relative telomere lengths (RTLs) and lower T cell receptor excision circles (TRECs). Increased circulating CD103+ T cells and a skewed T cell receptor (TCR) ...
https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/solrsearch/index/search/searchtype/all/rows/10/languagefq/eng/start/0/facetNumber_subject/all/subjectfq/telomeres/institutefq/Kinderklinik+und+Poliklinik
A novel role for transcription factor Lmo4 in thymus development through genetic interaction with Cited2. - Radcliffe...A novel role for transcription factor Lmo4 in thymus development through genetic interaction with Cited2. - Radcliffe...
Deletion of the transcriptional modulator Cited2 in the mouse results in embryonic lethality, cardiovascular malformations, adrenal agenesis, cranial ganglia fusion, exencephaly, and left-right patterning defects, all seen with a varying degree of penetrance. The phenotypic heterogeneity, observed on different genetic backgrounds, indicates the existence of both genetic and environmental modifiers. Mice lacking the LIM domain-containing protein Lmo4 share specific phenotypes with Cited2 null embryos, such as embryonic lethality, cranial ganglia fusion, and exencephaly. These shared phenotypes suggested that Lmo4 may be a potential genetic modifier of the Cited2 phenotype. Examination of Lmo4-deficient embryos revealed partially penetrant cardiovascular malformations and hypoplastic thymus. Examination of Lmo4;Cited2 compound mutants indicated that there is a genetic interaction between Cited2 and Lmo4 in control of thymus development. Our data suggest that this may occur, in part, through control of
https://www.rdm.ox.ac.uk/publications/105267
Peptide-induced negative selection of thymocytes activates transcription of an NF-kappa B inhibitor - E-Prints ComplutensePeptide-induced negative selection of thymocytes activates transcription of an NF-kappa B inhibitor - E-Prints Complutense
Negative selection eliminates thymocytes bearing autoreactive T cell receptors (TCR) via an apoptotic mechanism. We have cloned an inhibitor of NF-kappa B, I kappa BNS, which is rapidly expressed upon TCR-triggered but not dexamethasone- or gamma irradiation-stimulated thymocyte death. The predicted protein contains seven ankyrin repeats and is homologous to I kappa B family members. In class I and class II MHC-restricted TCR transgenic mice, transcription of I kappa BNS is stimulated by peptides that trigger negative selection but not by those inducing positive selection (i.e., survival) or nonselecting peptides. I kappa BNS blocks transcription from NF-kappa B reporters, alters NF-kappa B electrophoretic mobility shifts, and interacts with NF-kappa B proteins in thymic nuclear lysates following TCR stimulation. Retroviral transduction of I kappa BNS in fetal thymic organ culture enhances TCR-triggered cell death consistent with its function in selection.. ...
https://eprints.ucm.es/id/eprint/9342/
Contribution of neural crest-derived cells in the embryonic and adult thymus. - Immunology
Neural crest (NC)-derived mesenchyme has previously been shown to play an important role in the development of fetal thymus. Using Wnt1-Cre and Sox10-Cre mice crossed to Rosa26(eYfp) reporter mice, we have revealed NC-derived mesenchymal cells in the adult murine thymus. We report that NC-derived cells infiltrate the thymus before day 13.5 of embryonic development (E13.5) and differentiate into cells with characteristics of smooth muscle cells associated with large vessels, and pericytes associated with capillaries. In the adult organ at 3 mo of age, these NC-derived perivascular cells continue to be associated with the vasculature, providing structural support to the blood vessels and possibly regulating endothelial cell function.
https://www.immunology.ox.ac.uk/publications/248692
Browse In Developmental abnormalities, Clinical Overview, Publication Details, Thyroid nodule, Diagnosis and Treatment, White,...Browse In Developmental abnormalities, Clinical Overview, Publication Details, Thyroid nodule, Diagnosis and Treatment, White,...
During embryogenesis, the thymus and inferior parathyroid glands develop from the third pharyngeal pouch and migrate to their definite position. During this process, several anatomic variations may arise, with the thyroid being one of the most common sites of ectopic implantation for both organs. Here, we report the case of a young female patient, who underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The patients history was remarkable for disorders of the genitourinary system. Histologic examination revealed the presence of well-differentiated intrathyroidal thymic tissue, containing an inferior parathyroid gland. While each individual entity has been well documented, this is one of the few reports in which concurrent presentation is reported. Given the fact that both the thymus and the inferior parathyroid are derivatives of the same embryonic structure (i.e. the third pharyngeal pouch), it is speculated that the present condition resulted from a failure in separation and ...
https://edm.bioscientifica.com/browse?pageSize=10&sort=datedescending&t=condition_71&t_0=clinical-overview&t_2=publication&t_3=condition_364&t_4=diagnosis-treatment&t_5=ethnicity_20&t_6=country-of-treatment_83&t_7=investigation_117
Browse In Clinical Overview, Female, Publication Details, Thyroid nodule, Diagnosis and Treatment, White, Greece, CT scan | EDM...Browse In Clinical Overview, Female, Publication Details, Thyroid nodule, Diagnosis and Treatment, White, Greece, CT scan | EDM...
During embryogenesis, the thymus and inferior parathyroid glands develop from the third pharyngeal pouch and migrate to their definite position. During this process, several anatomic variations may arise, with the thyroid being one of the most common sites of ectopic implantation for both organs. Here, we report the case of a young female patient, who underwent total thyroidectomy for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid. The patients history was remarkable for disorders of the genitourinary system. Histologic examination revealed the presence of well-differentiated intrathyroidal thymic tissue, containing an inferior parathyroid gland. While each individual entity has been well documented, this is one of the few reports in which concurrent presentation is reported. Given the fact that both the thymus and the inferior parathyroid are derivatives of the same embryonic structure (i.e. the third pharyngeal pouch), it is speculated that the present condition resulted from a failure in separation and ...
https://edm.bioscientifica.com/browse?t_0=clinical-overview&t_1=gender_0&t_2=publication&t_3=condition_364&t_4=diagnosis-treatment&t_5=ethnicity_20&t_6=country-of-treatment_83&t_7=investigation_117
Recent thymic emigrants and prognosis in T- and B-cell childhood hematopoietic malignanciesRecent thymic emigrants and prognosis in T- and B-cell childhood hematopoietic malignancies
The concentration of T-cell receptor rearrangement excision DNA circles (TRECs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is currently known to be a marker of recent thymic emigrants. We evaluated the hypothesis that TREC values would be lower in childhood T-cell hematopoietic malignancies than …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12209591/
Characterisation of epithelial progenitor cells for human and mouse thymus
The thymus is a complex cellular structure made up of several interdependent cell types and is the primary site for T cell development. A population of fetal thymic epithelial cells (TEC), marked by MTS20 and MTS24, when grafted in vivo can generate a functional thymus containing all thymic epithelial cells and is capab,e of supporting T cell differentiation. Further analysis using in vivo grafting experiments have determined the endoderm as the sole origin for all major thymic epithelial subsets. These findings suggest the possibility that a bipotent thmic epithelial progenitor cell (TEPC) gives rise to both cortical and medullary epithelial compartments. The first ai of this study was to address whether bipotent mouse TEPC give rise to both medullary and cortical epithelial cell populations and to begin to establish a model of TEC differentiation through ontogeny. Its second aim was to start to define condidtions for maintaining functionally undifferentiated RTEPC in vitro. Finally, as little ...
https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/3870?show=full
Primary Renal Cortical Epithelial Cells; Normal, Human (HRCE) ATCC &rePrimary Renal Cortical Epithelial Cells; Normal, Human (HRCE) ATCC &re
ATCC ® Normal Human Primary Renal Cortical Epithelial Cells, when grown in Renal Epithelial Cell Basal Media supplemented with Renal Epithelial Cell Growth Kit components, provide an ideal cell system to propagate renal epithelial cells in low serum (0.5% FBS) conditions. The cells are cryopreserved in the first passage to ensure the highest viability and plating efficiency. ATCC ® Primary Cell Solutions™ cells, media, supplements and reagents are quality tested together to guarantee optimum performance and reliability.
https://www.atcc.org/products/all/PCS-400-011.aspx
NHS website
Myasthenia gravis is caused by a problem with the signals sent between the nerves and the muscles.. Its an autoimmune condition, which means its the result of the immune system (the bodys natural defence against infection) mistakenly attacking a healthy part of the body.. In myasthenia gravis, the immune system damages the communication system between the nerves and muscles, making the muscles weak and easily tired.. Its not clear why this happens, but its been linked to issues with the thymus gland (a gland in the chest thats part of the immune system).. Many people with myasthenia gravis have a thymus gland thats larger than normal. Around 1 in 10 people have an abnormal growth of the thymus called a thymoma. ...
https://api-bridge.azurewebsites.net/conditions/index.php?uid=c3VwcG9ydEBzaXRla2l0Lm5ldA%3D%3D&category=B&p=myasthenia-gravis&tabname=&index=1
Mouse Thymus Tissue Lysate (14 days old) | Cell SciencesMouse Thymus Tissue Lysate (14 days old) | Cell Sciences
Prices are in US dollars.. These products are for laboratory research purposes only, not for any human or animal diagnostic or therapeutic use.. All site content © 2017 Cell Sciences, Inc.. ...
http://www.cellsciences.com/mouse-thymus-tissue-lysate-14-days-old-1
Thymic function in the regulation of T cells, and molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of cytokines and stress...Thymic function in the regulation of T cells, and molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of cytokines and stress...
More than 50 years ago, Miller (107) conducted seminal studies on the immunological function of the thymus using neonatally thymectomized mice. The importance of this primary lymphoid organ was quickly established, as the thymus provides a unique microenvironment in which T cells or T lymphocytes undergo development, differentiation and clonal expansion during the physiological development of the immune system. In recent years, there has been a marked interest in the association between the immune system and the thymus, generating results that confirmed that the thymus was endowed with an immune function. The immune system has evolved to mount an effective defense against pathogens and to minimize deleterious immune-mediated inflammation caused by commensal microorganisms, immune responses against self and environmental antigens, and metabolic inflammatory disorders. It appears that Treg cell-mediated suppression serves as a vital mechanism in the negative regulation of immune-mediated ...
https://www.spandidos-publications.com/10.3892/mmr.2017.7525
Upregulation of RCAN1 causes Down syndrome-like immune dysfunction | Journal of Medical GeneticsUpregulation of RCAN1 causes Down syndrome-like immune dysfunction | Journal of Medical Genetics
Results RCAN1-TG mice display T cell developmental defects in the thymus and peripheral immune tissues. Thymic cellularity is reduced by substantial losses of mature CD4 and CD8 thymocytes and medullary epithelium. In peripheral immune organs T lymphocytes are reduced in number and exhibit reduced proliferative capacity and aberrant cytokine production. These T cell defects are stem cell intrinsic in that transfer of wild type bone marrow into RCAN1-TG recipients restored medullary thymic epithelium and T cell numbers in the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes. However, bone marrow transplantation failed to improve T cell function, suggesting an additional role for RCAN1 in the non-haemopoietic compartment.. ...
http://jmg.bmj.com/content/50/7/444?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&andorexacttitle=and&andorexacttitleabs=and&fulltext=gatelogic+flowlogic&andorexactfulltext=or&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&tdate=8%2F31%2F2014&resourcetype=HWCIT
Reduced T-Cell Thymic Export Reflected by sj-TREC in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease.
Immunologic dysfunction was recently found to be one of the most important mechanisms underlying the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Thymus involution can contribute to immune disturbance and disequilibrium of T-cell subsets. This study aimed to explore whether recent thymic emigration (RTE) is impaired in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)....
http://www.telomerescience.com/reduced-tcell-thymic-export-reflected-by-sjtrec-in-patients-with-coronary-artery-disease-26754173.html
INFLUENCE OF THE THYMUS ON ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERACTIVITY IN<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - INFLUENCE OF THE THYMUS ON ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERACTIVITY IN. AU - FACHET, J.. AU - VALLENT, K.. AU - Palkóvits, M.. AU - ACS, Z.. PY - 1964. Y1 - 1964. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=78651150870&partnerID=8YFLogxK. UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=78651150870&partnerID=8YFLogxK. M3 - Article. C2 - 14239404. AN - SCOPUS:78651150870. VL - 20. SP - 281. EP - 287. JO - Acta Medica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. JF - Acta Medica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. SN - 0001-5989. ER - ...
https://hungary.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/influence-of-the-thymus-on-adrenocortical-hyperactivity-in
Page de r sum pour ULgetd-01252011-133418
The objective of this thesis was to investigate the effects of the somatotrope GH/IGF-1 axis upon the thymus. This work included two parts: 1. Translational research study: Thymus function in adult GH deficiency (AGHD) with and without GH treatment Background: Despite age-related adipose involution, T cell generation in the thymus (thymopoiesis) is maintained beyond puberty in adults. In rodents, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and GH secretagogues reverse agerelated changes in thymus cytoarchitecture and increase thymopoiesis. GH administration also enhances thymic mass and function in HIV-infected patients. Until now, thymic function has not been investigated in adult GH deficiency (AGHD). The objective of this clinical study was to evaluate thymic function in AGHD, as well as the repercussion upon thymopoiesis of GH treatment for restoration of GH/IGF-1 physiological levels. Methodology/Principal Findings: Twenty-two patients with documented AGHD were enrolled in ...
http://bictel.ulg.ac.be/ETD-db/collection/available/ULgetd-01252011-133418/
Thymic generation and regeneration. - MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
The thymus is a complex epithelial organ in which thymocyte development is dependent upon the sequential contribution of morphologically and phenotypically distinct stromal cell compartments. It is these microenvironments that provide the unique combination of cellular interactions, cytokines, and chemokines to induce thymocyte precursors to undergo a differentiation program that leads to the generation of functional T cells. Despite the indispensable role of thymic epithelium in the generation of T cells, the mediators of this process and the differentiation pathway undertaken by the primordial thymic epithelial cells are not well defined. There is a lack of lineage-specific cell-surface-associated markers, which are needed to characterize putative thymic epithelial stem cell populations. This review explores the role of thymic stromal cells in T-cell development and thymic organogenesis, as well as the molecular signals that contribute to the growth and expansion of primordial thymic epithelial cells.
https://www.imm.ox.ac.uk/publications/991407
Perbedaan Gambaran Histologi kelenjar Timus Kelinci Muda dan Kelinci Tua Setelah Pemberian Suntikan Prostaglandin (PGF 2A) -...
Oleh : Nurjaman. Thymus gland is the important organ in immunity, especially in producing lymphocyte T cells. Prostaglandin is an antigenic substance that functions as a mitogen.. The aim of this to determine the influence of Prostaglandin as mitogen on the thymus gland of aged male rabbits and young male rabbits.. Forty male rabbits were divided into two groups, the firs group consists of twenty aged male rabbits and the second group consists of twenty young rabbits . The twenty aged rabbits were divided randomly into two groups (group I = 10 rabbits, group II = 10 rabbits). The twenty young rabbits were divided randomly into two groups (group I = 10 rabbits, group II = 10 rabbits). Before the experiment began, all rabbits were observed for one week for adaptation. After adaptation all rabbits were injected with prostaglandin intra musculary, 1.5 mg for each aged rabbit and 0.75 mg for each young rabbit. One week after injection all rabbits of group I (aged and young rabbits) were killed and ...
http://mediamedika.net/archives/277
Vitamin C and B12 |IYTHEALTH.comVitamin C and B12 |IYTHEALTH.com
When your body is experiencing stress, it depletes stores of vitamins B and C quickly. Multivitamins, particularly stress formulas, include B vitamins in combination with vitamin C to assist the body with stress-coping mechanisms.. Vitamin B complex is necessary for anxiety and stress relief. These include vitamin B5, required by the thymus gland; B12, needed for the appropriate functioning of the nerve system; niacin for the production of serotonin that promotes a steady state of mind; and pantothenic acid for keeping stress hormones.. Vitamin C helps the adrenal glands react to stress by launching corticoids, which are hormones that trigger the battle or flight reaction. Scientists at the University of Alabama in Huntsville put lab rats under stress and discovered vitamin C decreased the levels of physical and psychological stress, including weight loss, enhancement of adrenal glands and size decrease of the thymus gland and the spleen.. ...
https://iythealth.com/vitamin-c-b12/
Lck regulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of the T cell receptor subunits and ZAP-70 in murine thymocytes. | Journal of...Lck regulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of the T cell receptor subunits and ZAP-70 in murine thymocytes. | Journal of...
The Src-family and Syk/ZAP-70 family of protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) are required for T cell receptor (TCR) functions. We provide evidence that the Src-family PTK Lck is responsible for regulating the constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of the TCR zeta subunit in murine thymocytes. Moreover, ligation of the TCR expressed on thymocytes from Lck-deficient mice largely failed to induce the phosphorylation of TCR-zeta, CD3 epsilon, or ZAP-70. In contrast, we find that the TCR-zeta subunit is weakly constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated in peripheral T cells isolated from Lck-null mice. These data suggest that Lck has a functional role in regulation of TCR signal transduction in thymocytes. In peripheral T cells, other Src-family PTKs such as Fyn may partially compensate for the absence of Lck. ...
https://rupress.org/jem/article/183/3/1053/47839/Lck-regulates-the-tyrosine-phosphorylation-of-the
Analysis of Notch1 function by in vitro T cell differentiation of Pax5 mutant lymphoid progenitorsAnalysis of Notch1 function by in vitro T cell differentiation of Pax5 mutant lymphoid progenitors
Signaling through the Notch1 receptor is essential for T cell development in the thymus. Stromal OP9 cells ectopically expressing the Notch ligand Delta-like1 mimic the thymic environment by inducing hemopoietic stem cells to undergo in vitro T cell development. Notch1 is also expressed on Pax5-/- pro-B cells, which are clonable lymphoid progenitors with a latent myeloid potential. In this study, we demonstrate that Pax5-/- progenitors efficiently differentiate in vitro into CD4+CD8+ alphabeta and gammadelta T cells upon coculture with OP9-Delta-like1 cells. In vitro T cell development of Pax5-/- progenitors strictly depends on Notch1 function and progresses through normal developmental stages by expressing T cell markers and rearranging TCRbeta, gamma, and delta loci in the correct temporal sequence. Notch-stimulated Pax5-/- progenitors efficiently down-regulate the expression of B cell-specific genes, consistent with a role of Notch1 in preventing B lymphopoiesis in the thymus. At the same ...
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/97249
Hypergravity provokes a temporary reduction in CD4+CD8+thymocyte number and a persistent decrease in medullary thymic...Hypergravity provokes a temporary reduction in CD4+CD8+thymocyte number and a persistent decrease in medullary thymic...
Hypergravity provokes a temporary reduction in CD4+CD8+thymocyte number and a persistent decrease in medullary thymic epithelial cell frequency in mice ...
https://vivo.scripps.edu/display/e2n154687
EAPSI: Characterization of micro RNAs involved in medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) development - Pavithra RamakrishnanEAPSI: Characterization of micro RNAs involved in medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) development - Pavithra Ramakrishnan
Project ReportCharacterization of micro RNAs (mir 146a, 10a and 34a) involved in the thymic epithelial cell development Autoimmune diseases occur when the body...
http://grantome.com/grant/NSF/IIA-1108034
T Lymphocytes and Cellular Immunity- Online Textbook Chapters - Alyvea.com
T cells, like all other white blood cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity, are formed from multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow (see [link]). However, unlike the white blood cells of innate immunity, eventual T cells differentiate first into lymphoid stem cells that then become small, immature lymphocytes, sometimes called lymphoblasts. The first steps of differentiation occur in the red marrow of bones ([link]), after which immature T lymphocytes enter the bloodstream and travel to the thymus for the final steps of maturation ([link]). Once in the thymus, the immature T lymphocytes are referred to as thymocytes.. The maturation of thymocytes within the thymus can be divided into tree critical steps of positive and negative selection, collectively referred to as thymic selection. The first step of thymic selection occurs in the cortex of the thymus and involves the development of a functional T-cell receptor (TCR) that is required for activation by APCs. ...
http://alyvea.com/micro/Tcells.php
Papers with the keyword Myesthenia Gravis | Read by QxMDPapers with the keyword Myesthenia Gravis | Read by QxMD
Mammalian ontogenesis and postnatal histogenesis involves the dynamic and appropriate interaction of two growth related phenomena: progression and regression. The thymus gland is the organ of the mammalian body that exhibits the most profound involution during normal postnatal histogenesis. Involution of the thymus can be compared to similarly regressive processes during the ontogeny of holometabolic insects, as well as to the spontaneous regression of neoplasms. It can be expected that in the future a better understanding of neoplastic regression will result from the comparison of ontogenetic processes from taxonomically far-removed regressive processes, and the evaluation of various factors that promote progression and regression ...
https://www.readbyqxmd.com/keyword/26673
The selection of lymphocytes in the thymus<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - The selection of lymphocytes in the thymus. AU - Fabbi, M.. PY - 1995. Y1 - 1995. N2 - The thymus is the main site of T cell maturation. Upon seeding, thymus T cell precursors undergo a complex series of maturational events that involve antigen receptor gene assembly by somatic recombination of gene segments. This process is largely stochastic, therefore a mechanism must exist to shape this antigen receptor repertoire in order to achieve both self restriction (defined as the capacity of a T cell to recognise a peptide antigen in the context of self major histocompatibility complex molecules and self tolerance. This outcome is ensured via selection processes that promote the expansion of those thymocytes that see antigen(s) only in the context of self major histocompatibility gene products. In contrast, those cells that do not fulfill these recognition requirements or that recognise auto antigens with high affinity are deleted. This review will focus on the development of the ...
https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/the-selection-of-lymphocytes-in-the-thymus
Regulation of T cell development by HDAC3 - Mayo Clinic
Abstract Thymocyte development is tightly regulated, requiring successful transit of cells through several developmental stages and checkpoints prior to thymic egress. Each checkpoint of thymocyte development, involves induction or repression of a particular set of genes. Disruptions in gene regulation leads to developmental arrest, a failure to generate T cells and deficits in adaptive immunity. Gene expression is coordinated by transcriptional activators, repressors, and chromatin modifiers. In general, histone acetylation promotes gene expression while histone deacetylation leads to repression. We investigated the role of histone deacetylase-3 (HDAC3) in T cell development using CD2-icre conditional knockout (HDAC3- cKO) mice. Although T cells co-express several HDAC family members during development, these other HDAC family members cannot compensate for the loss of HDAC3 as HDAC3-cKO mice have a block in T cell development at the DP stage due to an inability to undergo positive selection. ...
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/projects/regulation-of-t-cell-development-by-hdac3
Establishment of the Major Compatibility Complex-Dependent Development of CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T Cells by the...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Establishment of the Major Compatibility Complex-Dependent Development of CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells by the Cbl Family Proteins. AU - Huang, Fang. AU - Kitaura, Yasuyuki. AU - Jang, Ihn Kyung. AU - Naramura, Mayumi. AU - Kole, Hemanta H H.. AU - Liu, Liping. AU - Qin, Haiyan. AU - Schlissel, Mark S S.. AU - Gu, Hua. PY - 2006/10. Y1 - 2006/10. N2 - Casitas B cell lymphoma (Cbl) proteins are negative regulators for T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signaling. Their role in thymocyte development remains unclear. Here we show that simultaneous inactivation of c-Cbl and Cbl-b in thymocytes enhanced thymic negative selection and altered the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Strikingly, the mutant thymocytes developed into CD4+- and CD8+-lineage T cells independent of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), indicating that the CD4+- and CD8+-lineage development programs are constitutively active in the absence of c-Cbl and Cbl-b. The mutant double-positive (DP) thymocytes exhibited ...
https://experts.nebraska.edu/en/publications/establishment-of-the-major-compatibility-complex-dependent-develo
Thymic Transplantation in Complete DiGeorge Syndrome - Mary MarkertThymic Transplantation in Complete DiGeorge Syndrome - Mary Markert
This 5 year competing application describes an opportunity to explore the long term outcomes of thymus transplantation in detail, with particular focus on the r...
http://grantome.com/grant/NIH/R01-AI047040-15
ORBi: Browsing ORBiORBi: Browsing ORBi
in Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1996), 88(12), 824-31. BACKGROUND: Split-dose irradiation (1.75 Gy given weekly for 4 weeks) of C57BL/Ka mice induces the emergence of preleukemic cells (PLCs). These cells develop into leukemic cells after a latency period of ... [more â–¼]. BACKGROUND: Split-dose irradiation (1.75 Gy given weekly for 4 weeks) of C57BL/Ka mice induces the emergence of preleukemic cells (PLCs). These cells develop into leukemic cells after a latency period of 3-6 months. The survival and transformation of PLCs are dependent on radiation-induced alterations of the thymic epithelium and of resident lymphocyte (i.e., thymocyte) subpopulations in the thymus. PLCs can be eliminated, concomitantly with the restoration of the thymus, by grafting bone marrow cells immediately after the last irradiation. Our hypothesis was that any agent able to restore the thymus after leukemogenic irradiation would exert the same effects as a bone marrow graft. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha ...
https://orbi.uliege.be/browse?type=author&value=Humblet%2C+Chantal+p002049
Mapping the Fetomaternal Peripheral Immune System at Term Pregnancy - PubMedMapping the Fetomaternal Peripheral Immune System at Term Pregnancy - PubMed
Preterm labor and infections are the leading causes of neonatal deaths worldwide. During pregnancy, immunological cross talk between the mother and her fetus is critical for the maintenance of pregnancy and the delivery of an immunocompetent neonate. A precise understanding of healthy fetomaternal i …
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27793998/
Astley CooperAstley Cooper
Anatomy of the Thymus Gland (1832); Anatomy of the Breast (1840). Many of Cooper's original experimental and surgical specimens ... the anatomy and pathology of the mammary glands and testicles, and the pathology and surgery of hernia. Cooper was born at ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astley_Cooper
Ectopic thymusEctopic thymus
Lavini, Corrado; Moran, Cesar A.; Morandi, Uliano; Schoenhuber, Rudolf (2009-05-08). Thymus Gland Pathology: Clinical, ... Ectopic thymus is a condition where thymus tissue is found in an abnormal location. It usually does not cause symptoms, but may ... Given the thymus's role in the body's adaptive immune system, it should be confirmed that the patient has a mediastinal thymus ... When the thymus tissue fails to descend appropriately or fails to involute, thymus tissue remains in various locations along ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_thymus
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferaseTerminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
Bollum FJ, Chang LM, Tsiapalis CM, Dorson JW (1974). "Nucleotide polymerizing enzymes from calf thymus gland". Methods in ... Chang LM, Bollum FJ (April 1970). "Doxynucleotide-polymerizing enzymes of calf thymus gland. IV. Inhibition of terminal ... TdT is expressed mostly in the primary lymphoid organs, like the thymus and bone marrow. Regulation of its expression occurs ... Bollum FJ (August 1960). "Calf thymus polymerase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 235 (8): 2399-403. doi:10.1016/S0021- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_deoxynucleotidyl_transferase
Neural top-down control of physiologyNeural top-down control of physiology
There is sympathetic innervation of the thymus gland. Sympathetic control exists over antibody production, and the modulation ... control over the pupil and salivary glands) and X (vagus -many functions including immunity) and sacral spinal segments ( ... "Transneuronal mapping of the CNS network controlling sympathetic outflow to the rat thymus". Autonomic Neuroscience. 131 (1-2 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_top–down_control_of_physiology
Graft-versus-host diseaseGraft-versus-host disease
eds.). Thymus Gland Pathology: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Features. pp. 255-267. doi:10.1007/978-88-470-0828-1_30. ... Thymus transplantation may be said to be able to cause a special type of GvHD because the recipient's thymocytes would use the ... In these patients rather than a donor being a source of pathogenic T cells, the patient's own malignant thymus produces self- ... Markert ML, Devlin BH, McCarthy EA, Chinn IK, Hale LP (2008). "Thymus Transplantation". In Lavini C, Moran CA, Morandi U, et al ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease
Nezelof syndromeNezelof syndrome
Lavini, Corrado; Moran, Cesar A.; Uliano, Morandi; Schoenhuber, Rudolf (2009). Thymus Gland Pathology: Clinical, Diagnostic and ... Lavini, Corrado; Moran, Cesar A.; Uliano, Morandi; Schoenhuber, Rudolf (2009-05-08). Thymus Gland Pathology: Clinical, ... Antimicrobial therapy IV immunoglobulin Bone marrow transplantation Thymus transplantation Thymus factors List of radiographic ... ISBN 978-0-7216-2921-6. "Immune defect due to absence of thymus , Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) - an ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezelof_syndrome
EpitalonEpitalon
Khavinson, VKh; Morozov, VG (2003). "Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life". Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 24 (3): ... Epitalon and epithalamin appear to restore melatonin secretion by the pineal gland in both aged monkeys and humans. A human ... Epitalon appears to increase the proliferation of lymphocytes in the thymus, putatively increasing production of interferon ... Kozina, LS; Arutjunyan, AV; Khavinson, VKh (2007). "Antioxidant properties of geroprotective peptides of the pineal gland". ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitalon
List of -ectomiesList of -ectomies
Thymectomy is the surgical removal of the thymus gland. Thyroidectomy is the removal of all or part of the thyroid gland. ... Prostatectomy is the removal of the prostate gland. This may be either all of the gland, which is known as a radical ... Adenectomy is the surgical removal of a gland. Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of the adenoids, also known as the ... Pinealectomy is the surgical removal of the pineal gland, used often on birds to study circadian rhythms. Pneumonectomy is the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_-ectomies
Germ layerGerm layer
... and the follicle lining of the thyroid gland and thymus. The endoderm forms: the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small ... The surface ectoderm develops into: epidermis, hair, nails, lens of the eye, sebaceous glands, cornea, tooth enamel, the ... It also forms the lining cells of all the glands which open into the digestive tract, including those of the liver and pancreas ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_layer
Myasthenia gravisMyasthenia gravis
The thymus gland cells form part of the body's immune system. In those with myasthenia gravis, the thymus gland is large and ... It sometimes contains clusters of immune cells that indicate lymphoid hyperplasia, and the thymus gland may give wrong ... they are often given a chest X-ray and CT scan to evaluate their need for surgical removal of their thymus glands and any ... Surgery in the case of MG involves the removal of the thymus, although in 2013, no clear benefit was indicated except in the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis
Thymus hyperplasiaThymus hyperplasia
"eMedicine - Surgery of the Thymus Gland : Article by Said Fadi Yassin". 2019-02-26. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires , ... Thymus hyperplasia refers to an enlargement ("hyperplasia") of the thymus. It is not always a disease state. The size of the ... June 2007). "Thymic hyperplasia and thymus gland tumors: differentiation with chemical shift MR imaging". Radiology. 243 (3): ... Before the immune function of the thymus was well understood, the enlargement was sometimes seen as a cause for alarm, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus_hyperplasia
Henry Harrington JanewayHenry Harrington Janeway
Janeway, H. H. (1920). The treatment of malignant tumors of the thymus gland by radium. Annals of surgery, 71(4), 460. Janeway ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Harrington_Janeway
Bernard LefkowitzBernard Lefkowitz
Lefkowitz died due to thymus gland cancer on May 21, 2004. Lueck, Thomas J. (May 25, 2004). "Bernard Lefkowitz, 66; Wrote of ... Deaths from thymus cancer, Jewish American writers, Journalists from New York City, 20th-century American Jews, 21st-century ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lefkowitz
Cardiac neural crestCardiac neural crest
Other ectomesenchymal cells will form the thymus and parathyroid glands. Prior to migration, during a process known as ... parathyroid and thymus glands. They differentiate into melanocytes and neurons and the cartilage and connective tissue of the ... Due to its population in pharyngeal arches, removal of the cardiac neural crest complex has flow on effects on the thymus, ... In the pharyngeal arches the CNCCs assist in the formation of the thyroid and parathyroid glands. The leading cells have long ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_neural_crest
Culinary nameCulinary name
... soft roe or white roe to disguise that is actually sperm not eggs Thymus gland and pancreas gland: sweetbreads Kangaroo meat: " ... Examples include veal (calf), calamari (squid), and sweetbreads (pancreas or thymus gland). Culinary names are especially ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_name
Thymic cancerThymic cancer
... is a general term for a cancer of the thymus gland. Thymic carcinoma Thymoma This article includes a list of ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymic_cancer
Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondria-associated 3Apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondria-associated 3
Lin'kova NS, Katanugina AS, Khavinson VKh (2011). "[Expression of AIF and CGRP markers in pineal gland and thymus during aging ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis-inducing_factor,_mitochondria-associated_3
FAM71E2FAM71E2
There is also lower expression in the brain, mammary gland, prostate, and thymus. FAM71E2 has also been expressed in breast ( ... mammary gland) tumor and normal tissues. The graph on the right is from a study analyzing the Metaphase II stage oocytes ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM71E2
T cellT cell
Developing T cells then migrate to the thymus gland to develop (or mature). T cells derive their name from the thymus. After ... The thymus contributes fewer cells as a person ages. As the thymus shrinks by about 3% a year throughout middle age, a ... The earliest cells which arrived in the thymus are commonly termed double-negative, as they express neither the CD4 nor CD8 co- ... Regulatory T cells can develop either during normal development in the thymus, and are then known as thymic Treg cells, or can ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_cell
ThoraxThorax
The contents of the thorax include the heart and lungs (and the thymus gland); the (major and minor pectoral muscles, trapezius ... It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorax
Face and neck development of the human embryoFace and neck development of the human embryo
The third pharyngeal pouch will give rise to the inferior parathyroid gland and thymus. The fourth and fifth pouches develop as ... a unique structure that molds the superior parathyroid and parafolicular cells of thyroid gland. Initially, pharyngeal grooves ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_and_neck_development_of_the_human_embryo
HOXA3HOXA3
Knockout of HoxA3 leads to failure in forming the thymus (athymia) and parathyroid gland (aparthyroidism). Mutant HoxA3 also ... Expression of HoxA3 in these cells affects the proper formation of the thymus, thyroid, and parathyroid organs. While the gene ... Manley NR, Capecchi MR (March 1998). "Hox group 3 paralogs regulate the development and migration of the thymus, thyroid, and ... Manley NR, Capecchi MR (July 1995). "The role of Hoxa-3 in mouse thymus and thyroid development". Development. 121 (7): 1989- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HOXA3
Regeneration in humansRegeneration in humans
The thymus gland is one of the first organs to degenerate in normal healthy individuals. Researchers from the University of ... Other organs and body parts that have been procured to regenerate include: penis, fats, vagina, brain tissue, thymus, and a ... Blackburn, CC (April 2014). "Regeneration of the aged thymus by a single transcription factor". Development. 141 (8): 1627-1637 ... penis and the thymus. In 2014, a conceptual human lung was first bioengineered in the lab. In 2015, the lab robustly tested its ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_in_humans
Thomas Boehm (biologist)Thomas Boehm (biologist)
Experiments with the production of artificial thymus glands have also been successful. More recent work deals with the ... He was able to achieve groundbreaking advances in the study of the thymus. With the help of comparative studies of different ... Boehm, Thomas (2008). "Thymus development and function". Current Opinion in Immunology. Elsevier BV. 20 (2): 178-184. doi: ... Boehm deals with the evolution of the immune system, the development of the thymus and the relationships between lymphocytes ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Boehm_(biologist)
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiencyX-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
The thymus gland in normal patients will gradually decrease in size because the need for the thymus gland diminishes. The ... a patient with X-SCID will be born with an abnormally small thymus gland at birth. This indicates that the function of thymus ... decrease in the size of the thymus gland occurs because the body already has a sufficient number of developed T-cells. However ... gland, of forming developed T-cells, has been impaired. Since the mutation in X-SCID is X-linked, there are genetic tests for ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-linked_severe_combined_immunodeficiency
Geoffrey KeynesGeoffrey Keynes
Keynes pioneered the removal of the thymus gland, which is now the standard treatment for myasthenia gravis. In 1955 Keynes ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Keynes
HistiocyteHistiocyte
Skin Langerhans cells express CD1a, as do cortical thymocytes (cells of the cortex of the thymus gland). They also express S- ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histiocyte
13q deletion syndrome13q deletion syndrome
These include underdevelopment or agenesis of the pancreas, adrenal glands, thymus, gallbladder, and thyroid; Hirschsprung's ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13q_deletion_syndrome
IFFO1IFFO1
Medium expression is seen in several areas such as the adrenal gland, colon, lymph nodes, thymus, and ovary. The tissue areas ... and especially in the salivary gland. However, the gene has been found to be highly expressed in chondrosarcoma. Chondrosarcoma ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFFO1
BloodBlood
In addition, during childhood, the thymus gland, found in the mediastinum, is an important source of T lymphocytes. The ... Relative rates of blood flow per 100 g of tissue are different, with kidney, adrenal gland and thyroid being the first, second ... while hormones are produced by the endocrine glands and the watery fraction is regulated by the hypothalamus and maintained by ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood
Laboratory ratLaboratory rat
The most common are adenomas of the pituitary and adenomas/adenocarcinomas of the adrenal cortex in both sexes, mammary gland ... have no thymus. The lack of this organ severely compromises their immune system, with infections of the respiratory tract and ... adrenal glands, and hearts are smaller. Scientists have bred many strains or "lines" of rats specifically for experimentation. ... tumors and endometrial carcinomas in females, and C-cell adenomas/adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland and tumors of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rat
DHRS7BDHRS7B
Finally, there is little expression in spleen, thymus, tonsils, bone marrow, and bladder. The DHRS7B gene has a predicted ... There is moderate expression in the brain, pancreas, mammary glands, and ovaries. ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DHRS7B
Wagner CollegeWagner College
... an authority on the thymus gland and the workings of the immune system Randy Graff, actor, Tony Award winner for Best Featured ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagner_College
CCDC138CCDC138
... fetal thymus, thymus, testis, ovary, feral brain, colon, mammary gland, and bone marrow. There are two most significant ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCDC138
SomatostatinSomatostatin
In the anterior pituitary gland, the effects of somatostatin are: Inhibiting the release of growth hormone (GH) (thus opposing ... "In vitro characterization of somatostatin receptors in the human thymus and effects of somatostatin and octreotide on cultured ... Somatostatin is then carried to the anterior pituitary gland, where it inhibits the secretion of growth hormone from ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatin
Leucocytozoon caulleryiLeucocytozoon caulleryi
... thymus and trachea. Typical pathology includes the presence of the schizonts and the surrounding granulomata, haemorrhages, ... undergoes a series of cell divisions resulting in motile sporozoites that invade the salivary glands of the vector. Early ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocytozoon_caulleryi
SpleenSpleen
Like the thymus, the spleen possesses only efferent lymphatic vessels. The spleen is part of the lymphatic system. Both the ... and is in relation with the upper part of the anterior surface of the left kidney and occasionally with the left adrenal gland ... Glands, Immune system, Lymphatic system, Lymphatics of the torso, Lymphoid organ, Organs (anatomy)). ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen
Circadian rhythmCircadian rhythm
... have been found in the adrenal gland, oesophagus, lungs, liver, pancreas, spleen, thymus, and skin. There is also some evidence ... These may interface with endocrine glands of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these ... and passes it on to the pineal gland, a tiny structure shaped like a pine cone and located on the epithalamus. In response, the ... melatonin secretion by the pineal gland, core body temperature minimum, and plasma level of cortisol. For temperature studies, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm
Allan L. GoldsteinAllan L. Goldstein
He is an authority on the thymus gland and the workings of the immune system, and co-discoverer (with Abraham White) of the ... a family of hormone-like peptides isolated from the thymus gland. Goldstein grew up on Staten Island and received his B.S. ... Garaci, Enrico (2018). "From thymus to cystic fibrosis: the amazing life of thymosin alpha 1". Expert Opinion on Biological ... many of whom are now continuing and expanding his studies on the role of the thymus in health and disease. Dr. Goldstein has ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_L._Goldstein
Proser2Proser2
... thymus, and trachea (GEO Profile ID: 69555271). It has also been found to be highly expressed in the colon, testes, parotid ... gland, and uterus (GEO Profile ID: 10034772) . The high expression in the testicular and prostate tissue is as expected given ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proser2
Paul NiehansPaul Niehans
Too weak for a glandular transplant, the patient was given injections of the parathyroid glands of steer, and she soon ... Beginning in 1948, he also used liver, pancreas, kidney, heart, duodenum, thymus, and spleen cells. In 1949, he began to use ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Niehans
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseasesEpigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases
... whereby antibodies produced primarily in the thymus gland by B-cells associate with postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine ... The thymus is an important endocrine organ implicated in myasthenia gravis. In normal, healthy development, the thymus shrinks ... In addition, the thymus is a key organ in the immune response that is often negatively affected by abnormal miRNA expression ... In those with thymus-associated myasthenia gravis there are correlations with thymomas in late-onset myasthenia gravis as well ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_neurodegenerative_diseases
Thymic epithelial cellThymic epithelial cell
The thymus, as a primary lymphoid organ, mediates T cell development and maturation. The thymic microenvironment is established ... The final anatomical location of the thymic gland is reached at 6 weeks in the fetus. TECs originate from non-hematopoietic ... TECs, as a component of the thymus, play a key role in thymocyte development and self-tolerance, so their dysfunction causes ... The most important transcription factor for all stages of TEC development in embryonic and postnatal thymus is a Foxn1. Foxn1 ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymic_epithelial_cell
AphagiaAphagia
Globus pharyngis - commonly referred to as lumps in ones throat Myasthenia gravis - the thymus gland is thought to be necessary ... In patients the thymus is typically enlarged, and contains many germinal centres with T and B cell areas very similar to those ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphagia
KCNE4KCNE4
Human KCNE4L transcripts are most highly expressed in uterus, and next most highly expressed in atria, adrenal gland, lymph ... thymus, and vagina. In the rat heart, KCNE4 protein co-localizes with Kv4.2, a channel that KCNE4 also functionally regulates. ... nodes, pituitary gland, spleen and ureter. KCNE4L transcript is also detectable in cervix, colon, optic nerve, ovary, oviduct, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCNE4
AtrophyAtrophy
The adrenal glands atrophy during prolonged use of exogenous glucocorticoids like prednisone. Atrophy of the breasts can occur ... Examples of atrophy as part of normal development include shrinking and the involution of the thymus in early childhood, and ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrophy
Silver-studded blueSilver-studded blue
In return, the ants feed on a saccharine secretion produced by glands on the larvae. The life cycles of Plebejus argus are ... Thymus and other plants. Near or upon the larva there is a guard of ants, usually specimens of Formica cinerea Mayr. The larva ... In return, the ants receive a saccharine secretion fortified with amino acids from an eversible gland on the larvae's back. As ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver-studded_blue
Interleukin-38Interleukin-38
Biopsy of gland of patients with primary Sjogren's disease shows that the expression of IL-38 was increased here. For ... IL-38 is expressed in skin, spleen, tonsil, thymus, heart, placenta and fetal liver. In tissues which do not play a special ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin-38
Index of anatomy articlesIndex of anatomy articles
... pilar cell pillar of fauces pilomotor pilus pineal body pineal gland pinna piriformis piriform sinus pisiform pituitary gland ... third ventricle thoracic aorta thoracic cavity thoracic duct thoracic spine thoracic vertebrae thorax thrombus thymus ... bronchus Broner Brunner's gland buccal fatpad buccal membrane buccal nerve buccinator bulbospongiosus bulbourethral gland ... fossa sublingual region sublingual salivary gland subluxation submandibular duct submandibular ganglion submandibular gland ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_anatomy_articles
ThymusThymus
The thymus in children stretches variably upwards, at times to as high as the thyroid gland. The thymocytes and the epithelium ... The thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the thymus, thymus cell lymphocytes or T cells ... The thymus is also present in most other vertebrates with similar structure and function as the human thymus. A second thymus ... Thymus of a fetus On chest X-ray, the thymus appears as a radiodense (brighter in this image) mass by the upper lobe of the ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymus
Parathyroid hormoneParathyroid hormone
PTH is secreted primarily by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. The gene for PTH is located on chromosome 11. It is a ... Estrogen suppresses T cell TNF production by regulating T cell differentiation and activity in the bone marrow, thymus, and ... In the parathyroid gland, high concentrations of extracellular calcium result in activation of the Gq G-protein coupled cascade ... Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone
Paraneoplastic syndromeParaneoplastic syndrome
Erythrocytosis is common in regions of the liver, kidney, adrenal glands, lung, thymus, and central nervous system (as well as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraneoplastic_syndrome
GlucocorticoidGlucocorticoid
The effect is more prominent in immature T cells still inside in the thymus, but peripheral T cells are also affected. The ... With prolonged suppression, the adrenal glands atrophy (physically shrink), and can take months to recover full function after ... use of high-dose glucocorticoids for only a few days begins to produce suppression of the patient's adrenal glands suppressing ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid
Stem cell markerStem cell marker
"Morphological and distribution characteristics of sweat glands in hypertrophic scar and their possible effects on sweat gland ... Thymus. 3 (3): 153-67. PMID 6171918. Polakowska RR, Piacentini M, Bartlett R, Goldsmith LA, Haake AR (March 1994). "Apoptosis ... Smalley MJ, Clarke RB (January 2005). "The mammary gland "side population": a putative stem/progenitor cell marker?". Journal ... of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia. 10 (1): 37-47. doi:10.1007/s10911-005-2539-0. PMID 15886885. S2CID 10879813. Furue M, ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell_marker
Involution (medicine)Involution (medicine)
The thymus continues to grow between birth and puberty and then begins to atrophy, a process directed by the high levels of ... During pregnancy until after birth, mammary glands grow steadily to a size required for optimal milk production. At the end of ... and chemical or physical castration of an adult results in the thymus increasing in size and activity. Involution is the ... breastfeeding, the number of cells in the mammary gland becomes reduced until approximately the same number is reached as ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(medicine)
Ocular myastheniaOcular myasthenia
... in patients with enlarged thymus glands and for whom surgery is low-risk, and patients with generalized MG who are unresponsive ... Additional lab and image tests for commonly associated thyroid, thymus and autoimmune diseases are also advisable. The ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocular_myasthenia
The Thymus Gland | Ebook | Ellibs EbookstoreThe Thymus Gland | Ebook | Ellibs Ebookstore
The Thymus Gland. 87,95€. Add to cart. Ebook, PDF with Adobe DRM. ISBN: 9783540334262. DRM Restrictions. Printing. Not allowed ... 8. Thymus and Thymoma in Myasthenia Gravis Patients. Nick Willcox. 9. Surgical Pathology. Elizabeth Soilleux, Colin Clelland. ... The Thymus Gland - Author: Anastasiadis, Kyriakos - Price: 87,95€ ...
https://www.ellibs.com/book/9783540334262/the-thymus-gland
New Preclinical Mouse Model May Accelerate Thymus Gland Cancer ResearchNew Preclinical Mouse Model May Accelerate Thymus Gland Cancer Research
The model may help speed the development of targeted therapies for cancer of the thymus, a gland that makes immune cells that ... New Preclinical Mouse Model May Accelerate Thymus Gland Cancer Research. News Published: August 31, 2022 ... The next step for the team will be studying precisely how this mutation causes cancerous changes in the thymus and what other ... As the animals age, they develop tumors in their thymus. They found that expression of many genes involved in the production of ...
https://www.technologynetworks.com/cancer-research/news/new-preclinical-mouse-model-may-accelerate-thymus-gland-cancer-research-365208
What happens to the thymus gland later in life? - searchandrestore.comWhat happens to the thymus gland later in life? - searchandrestore.com
What happens to the thymus gland later in life?. What happens to the thymus gland later in life?. As we age, the thymus ... When does the thymus gland become an endocrine organ?. The thymus gland is very active from before birth until puberty, and it ... What happens if you remove the thymus gland?. hormone: Endocrine-like glands and secretions. The thymus is essential for the ... Why are T cells important in the thymus gland?. T cells (also known as T lymphocytes or thymus-derived lymphocytes) mature in ...
https://searchandrestore.com/what-happens-to-the-thymus-gland-later-in-life/
Francisco Bicudo : Revista Pesquisa FapespFrancisco Bicudo : Revista Pesquisa Fapesp
When the thymus gland is unwell. Extra copy of the gene harms the cells that defend against Down syndrome ...
https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/en/autor/bicudo/
thymus gland Archives - MB Zenthymus gland Archives - MB Zen
Learn How this Little Known Gland and Yoga Can Boost your Immune System. Lourdes2020-12-23T13:31:39+01:00 Lourdes CHECK THIS ... Learn How this Little Known Gland and Yoga Can Boost your Immune SystemLourdes2020-12-23T13:31:39+01:00 ...
https://mbzen.com/tag/thymus-gland/
thymus gland QuickView - Correlation Engine
Metformin ameliorates thymus degeneration of mice by regulating mitochondrial function. * T cell-depleted cultured pediatric ... Studies on the immune status of calves with chronic inflammation and thymus atrophy. ... thymus tissue as a model for some aspects of human age-related th… ...
https://accounts.public.ce.basespace.illumina.com/b/search/ov/thymus%20gland
Thymus Glands - Graph Diagram
The thymus gland, a part of your immune system situated in the upper chest beneath the breastbone, may trigger or maintain the ... Thymus Glands. Tags: anatomy of thymus, human thymus, thymus anatomy, thymus chart, thymus diagram, thymus diagram with labels ... thymus anatomy, thymus chart, thymus diagram, thymus diagram with labels, thymus explained, thymus gland, where is thymus by ... thymus explained, thymus gland, where is thymus. This entry was posted in Anatomy, Organs and tagged anatomy of thymus, human ...
https://graphdiagram.com/thymus-glands/
List of ICD-9 Causes Used in WISQARS Fatal Reports - Fatal Injury Help Menu | WISQARS | Injury Center | CDCList of ICD-9 Causes Used in WISQARS Fatal Reports - Fatal Injury Help Menu | WISQARS | Injury Center | CDC
Thymus gland. Diseases of thymus gland. 254. Unintentional Injury and Adverse Effects. Accidents & adverse effects. E800-E949. ...
https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/fatal_help/causes_icd9.html
Spleen and Lymphatic System (for Teens) - Print Version - Primary Childrens HospitalSpleen and Lymphatic System (for Teens) - Print Version - Primary Children's Hospital
thymus gland. *. lymph nodes *tonsils. The heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain lymphatic tissue. ... Thats why doctors check for swollen lymph nodes (sometimes called swollen "glands") in the neck when someone has a sore throat ...
https://kidshealth.org/PrimaryChildrens/en/teens/spleen.html?view=ptr&WT.ac=t-ptr
Spleen and Lymphatic System (for Teens) - All Childrens Hospital (XML)Spleen and Lymphatic System (for Teens) - All Children's Hospital (XML)
thymus gland. *. lymph nodes *tonsils. The heart, lungs, intestines, liver, and skin also contain lymphatic tissue. ... Thats why doctors check for swollen lymph nodes (sometimes called swollen "glands") in the neck when someone has a sore throat ...
https://www.kidshealth.org/AllChildrens/en/teens/spleen.html
Recurrence of carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) involving the thyroid gland | Thyroid Research | Full TextRecurrence of carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) involving the thyroid gland | Thyroid Research | Full Text
In this report, we present a case of a recurrent thyroid gland CASTLE and review the literature on the diagnosis and treatment ... in the thyroid gland is a rare disease with generally a favorable prognosis. Treatment with surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy ... From: Recurrence of carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) involving the thyroid gland ...
https://thyroidresearchjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13044-021-00111-3/figures/3
TTC7A mutations disrupt intestinal epithelial apicobasal polarityTTC7A mutations disrupt intestinal epithelial apicobasal polarity
Thymus Gland / abnormalities * Thymus Gland / pathology * rho-Associated Kinases / metabolism Substances * Proteins ... The thymus was hypoplastic and exhibited an abnormal distribution of epithelial cells. Patients also had profound disruption of ...
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24292712/
CT Radiation Risk Pales in Comparison to MortalityCT Radiation Risk Pales in Comparison to Mortality
Surgery of Thymus Gland * 2002761889-overview. Diseases & Conditions Angina Pectoris in Emergency Medicine ...
https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/763253
Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical CenterAnatomy of the Respiratory System - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center
Thymus gland. * Lymph nodes. The right lung has 3 sections, called lobes. The left lung has 2 lobes. When you breathe in: * Air ...
https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=85&contentid=P01300
The Thymus Gland | Cosmic Teachings of a Lama | Samael Aun Weor Book - Samael Aun Weor Books | Gnostic LibraryThe Thymus Gland | Cosmic Teachings of a Lama | Samael Aun Weor Book - Samael Aun Weor Books | Gnostic Library
The thymus is a very important gland of internal secretion. ... The Thymus Gland. The Thymus Gland. The thymus is a very ... "The thymus gland begins to hold its action during puberty. Therefore, it is supposed to be the propulsive gland for the ... "We still do not know enough about the thymus gland; yet, it seems that this gland is the one that dominates the development of ... Castration causes the persistent development of the thymus body.. "The extraction of the thymus gland or its inhibition by ...
https://www.samaelaunweor.org/en/cosmic-teachings-of-a-lama/the-thymus-gland
Ectopic Cushing syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical EncyclopediaEctopic Cushing syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Ectopic Cushing syndrome is a form of Cushing syndrome in which a tumor outside the pituitary gland produces a hormone called ... This hormone is made in the adrenal glands. Too much cortisol can be due to various problems. One of the causes is if there is ... Ectopic Cushing syndrome is a form of Cushing syndrome in which a tumor outside the pituitary gland produces a hormone called ... Sometimes removal of both adrenal glands is needed if the tumor cannot be found and medicines do not fully block cortisol ...
https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000406.htm
Can DiGeorge Syndrome Be Cured?Can DiGeorge Syndrome Be Cured?
Disruption of thymus gland function. *If your child has some thymic function, infections may be frequent, but not necessarily ... If thymus impairment is severe or theres no thymus, your child is at risk of several severe infections. Treatment requires a ... For most children with moderate thymus impairment, immune system function improves with age. ... transplant of thymus tissue, specialized cells from bone marrow or specialized disease-fighting blood cells. ...
https://www.medicinenet.com/can_digeorge_syndrome_be_cured/article.htm
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase - WikipediaTerminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase - Wikipedia
Bollum FJ, Chang LM, Tsiapalis CM, Dorson JW (1974). "Nucleotide polymerizing enzymes from calf thymus gland". Methods in ... "Doxynucleotide-polymerizing enzymes of calf thymus gland. IV. Inhibition of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase by metal ... TdT is expressed mostly in the primary lymphoid organs, like the thymus and bone marrow. Regulation of its expression occurs ... "Calf thymus polymerase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 235 (8): 2399-403. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)64634-4. PMID ...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_deoxynucleotidyl_transferase
Plasma Monatomic Iodine Edgar Cayce Universal Pathogen Killer Thyroid T4 to T3 Hormone ATP NADH Activator Halide Fluoride...Plasma Monatomic Iodine Edgar Cayce Universal Pathogen Killer Thyroid T4 to T3 Hormone ATP NADH Activator Halide Fluoride...
... thymus gland, seat of the adaptive immune system; skin; choroid plexus in the brain, which makes cerebrospinal fluid; and ... the salivary glands, and lactating mammary glands can concentrate iodine almost to the same degree as the thyroid gland (40- ... The thyroid gland cant do this since its missing one essential ingredient - iodine - but the pituitary gland does not know ... It keeps secreting TSH which after a time will cause the tissue of the thyroid gland to change and the entire gland will ...
https://www.nutrimedical.com/product/nutriodine/?_wpnonce=8bf00008d5
Thymus: Anatomy, Function, and TreatmentThymus: Anatomy, Function, and Treatment
The thymus, located in the chest, is a lymphatic system organ that produces immune system cells that destroy pathogens in the ... Although the thymus is sometimes called a gland, it is not structured like a gland. Also, it should not be confused with the ... The thymus is a lymphatic system organ located in the chest, behind the sternum (breastbone). The thymus plays an important ... to evaluate the size of an infants thymus gland. The same tests may be used in conjunction with lab (blood) testing in ...
https://www.verywellhealth.com/thymus-anatomy-4800309
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ISOTRETINOIN CAPSULES safely and effectively. See full...These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ISOTRETINOIN CAPSULES safely and effectively. See full...
... thymus gland; parathyroid hormone deficiency. In some cases, death has occurred as a result of the malformations. ... and thymus and parathyroid glands. External malformations include: skull; ear (including anotia, micropinna, small or absent ... of treatment with isotretinoin capsules and reflects a reduction in sebaceous gland size and an inhibition of sebaceous gland ... inhibits sebaceous gland function and keratinization. Clinical improvement in nodular acne patients occurs in association with ...
https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/fda/fdaDrugXsl.cfm?setid=ff1edbb8-ac0e-4563-9c2a-94385ce055e3&type=display
Female human body anatomy Images | Free Vectors, Stock Photos & PSDFemale human body anatomy Images | Free Vectors, Stock Photos & PSD
thymus gland and reproductive system. kharlamov543211 * human organs * internal organs * body organs ...
https://www.freepik.com/free-photos-vectors/female-human-body-anatomy
中文中文
Thymus Gland. EN. dc.subject. Thymus Gland. EN. dc.subject. Malnutrition. EN. ... Thymus size was assessed ultrasonographically and correlated to the percentage of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood ... The study revealed thymus atrophy in patients with PEM, especially the oedematous type, accompanied by changes in the ...
https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/117344?locale-attribute=zh&show=full
KIN 216 Exam 4 FlashcardsKIN 216 Exam 4 Flashcards
Pineal Gland. Definition. (Adrenal Gland) - - Shaped like a pine cone - Function not well understood in humans - Location: roof ... Thymus. Definition. - Location: farther down trachea from thyroid, rests on top of pericardial sac in mediastinum (base of neck ... Parathyroid Glands. Definition. - Location: 4 tiny glands, @ top and bottom of posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid ... Adrenal Gland) - Is BOTH an endocrine and an exocrine gland. - Location: posterior abdominal wall, middle-left side (stomach is ...
https://www.flashcardmachine.com/kin-216exam4.html
Free Nursing Flashcards about pediatric hema disoFree Nursing Flashcards about pediatric hema diso
Tonsils, adenoids, and thymus gland. What are the three formed elements of blood?. Erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes. ... Infiltration in spleen, liver and lymph glands results in diminished function. Cancerous cells invade the CNS and other organs ...
https://www.studystack.com/flashcard-822983
What Your Eyes Say About Your HealthWhat Your Eyes Say About Your Health
But in some cases, surgery is needed to remove the thymus gland. ... Graves disease causes your thyroid gland to release too many ...
https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/ss/slideshow-eyes-health?ecd=wnl_dia_060418&ctr=wnl-dia-060418_nsl-promo-v_2&mb=OhyywiPe%2Fz4ij5Y0fyyeSeHnVev1imbCGzjMgZF4WNw%3D
If I Only Ate A Brain (And I Thought I Did) At Craftbar - The Amateur GourmetIf I Only Ate A Brain (And I Thought I Did) At Craftbar - The Amateur Gourmet
I am a thymus gland eater. And this being my first thymus gland, let me tell you: I enjoyed it. It was crispy on the outside ... There are two glands-an elongated lobe in the throat and a larger, rounder gland near the heart. These glands are connected by ... Especially if you have an extra thymus gland lying around.. Lauren and I were at Craftbar because her infrequent visits to the ... For I have latently learned that sweetbreads are not brains but thymus glands. Cue the Food Network Encyclopedia: "Prized by ...
https://www.amateurgourmet.com/2006/01/if_i_only_ate_a.html
Managed Energy Meditation - 3HO InternationalManaged Energy Meditation - 3HO International
The managed energy meditation vitalizes and strengthens the etheric body and works to regulate the physical glands. ... this is a reflex point for the thymus gland). Insert the fingers of the left hand into the bend of the left knee, palm against ... This kriya vitalizes and strengthens the etheric body and works to regulate the physical glands. A balanced glandular system ...
https://www.3ho.org/meditation/managed-energy-meditation/
Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)Advanced Search Results - Public Health Image Library(PHIL)
Categories: Thymus Gland Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted 2 ...
https://phil.cdc.gov/AdvancedSearchResults.aspx?Search=Thymus+Gland&parentid=15731&catid=25656
ThyroidBone marrowPituitary glandLymphocytesSalivaryRemove the thymus glandKidneysPancreasCancer of the thymusLungsEndocrineTumorsThymomaShrinksThroatHormonesLymphaticTissueDifferentiationTracheaTonsilsMyasthenia GravisSecretionCellsLymphoidTumorLobesHormoneAtrophySymptomsKidneyBonesOrganRegulateACTHImprovesNeuralAnatomyReducesBrainPubertyFunctionMice
Thyroid7
  • Men of science know very well that such a gland is found situated underneath the thyroid gland, in that forward superior mediastinal cavity (behind the upper thorax bones). (samaelaunweor.org)
  • Also, it should not be confused with the thyroid gland , which is located in the neck. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Graves' disease causes your thyroid gland to release too many hormones, which can lead to this problem as well as double vision and loss of vision. (webmd.com)
  • The phylogenesis and ontogenesis of the human pharyngeal region focused on the thymus, parathyroid, and thyroid glands. (nel.edu)
  • Hyperthyroidism Your thyroid is a gland below the Adam's apple in the front of your neck. (merckmanuals.com)
  • The thymus is composed of two soft, pinkishgray lobes lying just below the thyroid gland and above the heart. (rethinkingcancer.org)
  • The ujjayi pranayama will heat the body, stimulate the thyroid gland, and also help reduce vata in the mind, while nadi shodana will regulate your body temperature and support the immune system. (spiritualityhealth.com)
Bone marrow3
  • Treatment requires a transplant of thymus tissue, specialized cells from bone marrow or specialized disease-fighting blood cells. (medicinenet.com)
  • TdT is expressed mostly in the primary lymphoid organs, like the thymus and bone marrow. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cells originate in the bone marrow, mature in the thymus gland, and move to secure the peripheral tissues while circulating in the blood. (kaberaglobal.com)
Pituitary gland2
  • Ectopic Cushing syndrome is a form of Cushing syndrome in which a tumor outside the pituitary gland produces a hormone called adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). (medlineplus.gov)
  • The neuropeptide oxytocin, released by your pituitary gland, is a naturally occurring hormone in the body with incredibly powerful, health-giving properties. (mindfulwellness.us)
Lymphocytes9
  • T cells (also known as T lymphocytes or thymus-derived lymphocytes) mature in the thymus gland and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity, meaning that the cells themselves are active in fighting off foreign invaders such as bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and more. (searchandrestore.com)
  • In order to understand the role the thymus gland plays in immunity, it's helpful to first distinguish between T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. (searchandrestore.com)
  • The thymus plays an important role in the immune system by creating lymphocytes called T cells. (verywellhealth.com)
  • The only purpose of the thymus is to produce white blood cells called T lymphocytes (T cells). (verywellhealth.com)
  • Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)
  • Thymus size was assessed ultrasonographically and correlated to the percentage of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood in 32 infants with protein-energy malnutrition [‎PEM]‎ and compared with 14 healthy control infants. (who.int)
  • Other components of the specific immune system include T lymphocytes which mature in the thymus gland. (medium.com)
  • LEKT1 is found in the skin and in the thymus, which is a gland located behind the breastbone that plays an important role in the immune system by producing white blood cells called lymphocytes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • LEKT1 is also involved in normal hair growth, the development of lymphocytes in the thymus, and the control of peptidases that trigger immune system function. (medlineplus.gov)
Salivary2
  • The accumulation of 14C-activity in the brain, thymus, salivary glands and tongue was prominent at 1 h. (cdc.gov)
  • AN - do not confuse with SURGICAL STOMATA HN - 2008 BX - Diaphragmatic Stomata BX - Lymphatic Stomata BX - Stomata, Peritoneal FX - Surgical Stomas MH - Von Ebner Glands UI - D054838 MN - A03.556.500.760.906 MN - A10.336.779.906 MN - A14.549.760.906 MS - Small tubulo-alveolar salivary glands located beneath the circumvallate and foliate papillae. (bvsalud.org)
Remove the thymus gland2
Kidneys1
  • When given to mice, shrinking of the thymus gland and enlargement of the liver and kidneys occurred. (naturalnews.com)
Pancreas1
  • Contrary to other tissues, however, the central nervous system, thymus and pancreas started to accumulate the radioactivity at later time periods. (cdc.gov)
Cancer of the thymus1
  • The model may help speed the development of targeted therapies for cancer of the thymus, a gland that makes immune cells that help protect the body from infections. (technologynetworks.com)
Lungs1
  • Physically, Rose Quartz is used to heal ailments of the thymus, heart, and lungs. (dzabahe.com)
Endocrine3
  • hormone: Endocrine-like glands and secretions. (searchandrestore.com)
  • When does the thymus gland become an endocrine organ? (searchandrestore.com)
  • The thymus gland is very active from before birth until puberty, and it functions as both a lymphatic organ and an endocrine organ (an organ of the endocrine system that produces hormones). (searchandrestore.com)
Tumors2
  • As the animals age, they develop tumors in their thymus. (technologynetworks.com)
  • The most common site of extragonadal germ cell tumors is the anterior mediastinum, especially near or within the thymus gland. (medscape.com)
Thymoma1
  • Some people with MG develop a non-cancerous tumor of the thymus gland called a thymoma. (medicalert.org)
Shrinks3
  • The thymus shrinks as we age However, as we get older, the thymus increasingly turns to fat and starts to shrink, causing its ability to produce new T cells to fall dramatically. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Although the thymus stops producing T cells in adolescence and gradually shrinks away, it can be affected by cancer . (verywellhealth.com)
  • As people age, tissue in the thymus gland shrinks, resulting in reduced production of T-cells, which is one reason why older people may be at higher risk of disease development. (bicycling.com)
Throat3
  • That's why doctors check for swollen lymph nodes (sometimes called swollen "glands") in the neck when someone has a sore throat. (kidshealth.org)
  • There are two glands-an elongated lobe in the throat and a larger, rounder gland near the heart. (amateurgourmet.com)
  • however, as it blooms and blossoms into its full dynamic power, it expands and becomes the "Solar Heart Center," which encompasses the solar plexus, the heart, the thymus and throat area. (spiritlibrary.com)
Hormones1
  • Adrenal medulla) o Hormonal stimuli = respond to hormones from other glands (ex. (flashcardmachine.com)
Lymphatic2
  • It seems that the thymus gland dominates the lymphatic system. (samaelaunweor.org)
  • The thymus is a lymphatic system organ located in the chest, behind the sternum (breastbone). (verywellhealth.com)
Tissue1
Differentiation2
  • The thymus gland impedes the differentiation and stops the transformation towards a positive sexual expression, whether it is related with a man or a woman. (samaelaunweor.org)
  • If tadpoles are nourished with the thymus substance, then their development and differentiation into a male or female frog is impeded. (samaelaunweor.org)
Trachea1
  • Infants can be born with an enlarged thymus that puts pressure on the trachea (windpipe), heart, or other structures. (verywellhealth.com)
Tonsils1
Myasthenia Gravis1
  • Many people with myasthenia gravis have an unusually large thymus gland or a benign tumor in it. (merckmanuals.com)
Secretion1
  • The thymus is a very important gland of internal secretion and we must profoundly study it. (samaelaunweor.org)
Cells11
  • The research team has identified a stromal progenitor, a type of cell that can transform into several other types of cells, and in the thymus, stromal progenitors readily change into fat cells. (searchandrestore.com)
  • Why are T cells important in the thymus gland? (searchandrestore.com)
  • The thymus was hypoplastic and exhibited an abnormal distribution of epithelial cells. (nih.gov)
  • They are called T cells because they are primarily produced in the thymus. (verywellhealth.com)
  • The thymus produces some T cells before birth and continues the process from birth through adolescence. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Specifically, they measured the percentage of T-cells, which the thymus gland produces. (bicycling.com)
  • It's not stress on its own that's zapping your thymus and its powerful cells, though. (bicycling.com)
  • Both of these factors have a negative effect on the thymus and can lead to fewer naive T-cells being produced, he added. (bicycling.com)
  • It is also believed the thymus gland may be involved in MG. This gland controls immune function and is enlarged in up to 75% of people with MG . Abnormalities in the cells of the thymus gland may cause the immune system to malfunction and attack nerve cells. (medicalert.org)
  • The antigens (either dietary related or microbial or viral) pass through the weakened junctional complex(JC), they are presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) to the T-cells (a lymphocyte produced by the Thymus gland). (robbwolf.com)
  • HN - 2008 BX - Von Ebner's Glands MH - Cumulus Cells UI - D054885 MN - A05.360.319.114.630.535.200.500 MN - A06.407.312.497.535.300.500 MN - A11.436.300.500 MS - The granulosa cells of the cumulus oophorus which surround the OVUM in the GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE. (bvsalud.org)
Lymphoid1
  • The thymus is a lymphoid gland comprised of two identically sized lobes, located behind the sternum (breastbone) but in front of the heart. (graphdiagram.com)
Tumor4
  • Sometimes removal of both adrenal glands is needed if the tumor cannot be found and medicines do not fully block cortisol production. (medlineplus.gov)
  • A MRI or CT scan of the thymus gland may be ordered for some patients to check for any irregularity, such as a tumor. (hubpages.com)
  • The tumor is coming off of his thymus gland which is above his heart. (gofundme.com)
  • This is a tumor of the thymus gland that sometimes develops with MG. (chnola.org)
Lobes1
  • Any biologist knows by observation and direct experience that the thymus gland usually consists of two longitudinal lobes, united throughout a central plane. (samaelaunweor.org)
Hormone1
Atrophy1
  • The study revealed thymus atrophy in patients with PEM, especially the oedematous type, accompanied by changes in the peripheral lymphocyte subsets. (who.int)
Symptoms1
  • The surgical removal of the thymus gland, which reduces the MG symptoms in 70% of patients. (hubpages.com)
Kidney1
  • The surgeons transplanted a bit of the pig's thymus gland too, along with the kidney. (bbc.com)
Bones1
Organ1
  • The thymus is the central organ of the immune system. (nel.edu)
Regulate2
  • This kriya vitalizes and strengthens the etheric body and works to regulate the physical glands. (3ho.org)
  • Shaped like a butterfly, what gland helps regulate energy in the body? (triviachamp.com)
ACTH1
  • ACTH is usually made by the pituitary in small amounts and then signals the adrenal glands to produce cortisol. (medlineplus.gov)
Improves1
  • For most children with moderate thymus impairment, immune system function improves with age. (medicinenet.com)
Neural1
Anatomy2
  • This human anatomy diagram with labels depicts and explains the details and or parts of the Thymus Glands . (graphdiagram.com)
  • This entry was posted in Anatomy , Organs and tagged anatomy of thymus , human thymus , thymus anatomy , thymus chart , thymus diagram , thymus diagram with labels , thymus explained , thymus gland , where is thymus by admin . (graphdiagram.com)
Reduces1
Brain1
  • I was dubious at first because we all know cheese-eaters are an inferior species to brain-eaters (or thymus gland eaters) but Lauren's appetizer took the prize. (amateurgourmet.com)
Puberty3
  • yet, it seems that this gland is the one that dominates the development of the child's body before puberty. (samaelaunweor.org)
  • The continued action of the thymus gland after puberty causes peculiarities in the sexual expression. (samaelaunweor.org)
  • The thymus gland begins to hold its action during puberty. (samaelaunweor.org)
Function4
  • What happens to thymus function as you age? (searchandrestore.com)
  • Degenerated and repulsive practices appear invariably in the persons in whom the function of the thymus gland predominates. (samaelaunweor.org)
  • People in whom the function of the thymus gland predominates become homosexual. (samaelaunweor.org)
  • The complete syndrome includes hypoplasia of the thymus associated with defective T-cell function and decreased levels of circulating immunoglobulin. (medscape.com)
Mice1
  • Changes in thymus weight with age and during pregnancy were investigated in mice. (searchandrestore.com)
Francisco Bicudo : Revista Pesquisa Fapesp
Francisco Bicudo : Revista Pesquisa Fapesp (revistapesquisa.fapesp.br)
Thymus Cancer | Thymoma | MedlinePlus
Thymus Cancer | Thymoma | MedlinePlus (medlineplus.gov)
Ectopic Cushing syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Ectopic Cushing syndrome: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia (medlineplus.gov)
Chest Injuries | Chest Disorders | MedlinePlus
Chest Injuries | Chest Disorders | MedlinePlus (medlineplus.gov)
Myasthenia Gravis | MG | MedlinePlus
Myasthenia Gravis | MG | MedlinePlus (medlineplus.gov)
PNP gene: MedlinePlus Genetics
PNP gene: MedlinePlus Genetics (medlineplus.gov)
Lymphomas, Endocrine, Mesenchymal, and Other Rare Tumors of the Mediastinum: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology
Lymphomas, Endocrine, Mesenchymal, and Other Rare Tumors of the Mediastinum: Background, Anatomy, Pathophysiology (medscape.com)
(emedicine.medscape.com)
中文
中文 (extranet.who.int)
Spleen and Lymphatic System (for Teens) - Print Version - Primary Children's Hospital
Spleen and Lymphatic System (for Teens) - Print Version - Primary Children's Hospital (kidshealth.org)
The Thymus Gland | Ebook | Ellibs Ebookstore
The Thymus Gland | Ebook | Ellibs Ebookstore (ellibs.com)
Thymoma: Background, Anatomy, Etiology
Thymoma: Background, Anatomy, Etiology (medscape.com)
Immune response - Health Video: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Immune response - Health Video: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia (medlineplus.gov)
Can DiGeorge Syndrome Be Cured?
Can DiGeorge Syndrome Be Cured? (medicinenet.com)
Surgery of Thymus Gland: Background, Embryology, Anatomy
Surgery of Thymus Gland: Background, Embryology, Anatomy (emedicine.medscape.com)
Surgery of Thymus Gland: Background, Embryology, Anatomy
Surgery of Thymus Gland: Background, Embryology, Anatomy (emedicine.medscape.com)
DailyMed - ISOTRETINOIN capsule
DailyMed - ISOTRETINOIN capsule (dailymed.nlm.nih.gov)
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ISOTRETINOIN CAPSULES safely and effectively. See full...
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ISOTRETINOIN CAPSULES safely and effectively. See full... (dailymed.nlm.nih.gov)
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ISOTRETINOIN CAPSULES safely and effectively. See full...
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ISOTRETINOIN CAPSULES safely and effectively. See full... (dailymed.nlm.nih.gov)
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ISOTRETINOIN CAPSULES safely and effectively. See full...
These highlights do not include all the information needed to use ISOTRETINOIN CAPSULES safely and effectively. See full... (dailymed.nlm.nih.gov)