Thymidine kinase. Medical search

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.

An ACYCLOVIR analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.

Phosphotransferases that catalyzes the conversion of 1-phosphatidylinositol to 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Many members of this enzyme class are involved in RECEPTOR MEDIATED SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION and regulation of vesicular transport with the cell. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases have been classified both according to their substrate specificity and their mode of action within the cell.

An intracellular signaling system involving the MAP kinase cascades (three-membered protein kinase cascades). Various upstream activators, which act in response to extracellular stimuli, trigger the cascades by activating the first member of a cascade, MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKKs). Activated MAPKKKs phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES which in turn phosphorylate the MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs). The MAPKs then act on various downstream targets to affect gene expression. In mammals, there are several distinct MAP kinase pathways including the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway, the SAPK/JNK (stress-activated protein kinase/c-jun kinase) pathway, and the p38 kinase pathway. There is some sharing of components among the pathways depending on which stimulus originates activation of the cascade.

A group of enzymes that catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine or threonine residues in proteins, with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

A family of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of ATP and a protein to ADP and a phosphoprotein.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of 2-deoxy-D-ribose from THYMIDINE to orthophosphate, thereby liberating thymidine.

A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.

A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.

The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.

A CALMODULIN-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins. This enzyme is also sometimes dependent on CALCIUM. A wide range of proteins can act as acceptor, including VIMENTIN; SYNAPSINS; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAINS; and the MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p277)

Agents that inhibit PROTEIN KINASES.

Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

A PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE family that was originally identified by homology to the Rous sarcoma virus ONCOGENE PROTEIN PP60(V-SRC). They interact with a variety of cell-surface receptors and participate in intracellular signal transduction pathways. Oncogenic forms of src-family kinases can occur through altered regulation or expression of the endogenous protein and by virally encoded src (v-src) genes.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Phosphate esters of THYMIDINE in N-glycosidic linkage with ribose or deoxyribose, as occurs in nucleic acids. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1154)

A cultured line of C3H mouse FIBROBLASTS that do not adhere to one another and do not express CADHERINS.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies.

An serine-threonine protein kinase that requires the presence of physiological concentrations of CALCIUM and membrane PHOSPHOLIPIDS. The additional presence of DIACYLGLYCEROLS markedly increases its sensitivity to both calcium and phospholipids. The sensitivity of the enzyme can also be increased by PHORBOL ESTERS and it is believed that protein kinase C is the receptor protein of tumor-promoting phorbol esters.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that regulates a variety of cellular processes including CELL GROWTH PROCESSES; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; APOPTOSIS; and cellular responses to INFLAMMATION. The P38 MAP kinases are regulated by CYTOKINE RECEPTORS and can be activated in response to bacterial pathogens.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., ATP, with a nucleoside monophosphate, e.g., UMP, to form ADP and UDP. Many nucleoside monophosphates can act as acceptor while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. EC 2.7.4.4.

Genes that are used transgenically, i.e., via GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES to induce CELL DEATH.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine with the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate and deoxycytidine monophosphate. Cytosine arabinoside can also act as an acceptor. All natural nucleoside triphosphates, except deoxycytidine triphosphate, can act as donors. The enzyme is induced by some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus (HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS). EC 2.7.1.74.

A group of enzymes that are dependent on CYCLIC AMP and catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues on proteins. Included under this category are two cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase subtypes, each of which is defined by its subunit composition.

A proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase which mediates signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Activation of the enzyme by phosphorylation leads to its translocation into the nucleus where it acts upon specific transcription factors. p40 MAPK and p41 MAPK are isoforms.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

A serine-threonine protein kinase family whose members are components in protein kinase cascades activated by diverse stimuli. These MAPK kinases phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and are themselves phosphorylated by MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES. JNK kinases (also known as SAPK kinases) are a subfamily.

A family of serine-threonine kinases that bind to and are activated by MONOMERIC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS such as RAC GTP-BINDING PROTEINS and CDC42 GTP-BINDING PROTEIN. They are intracellular signaling kinases that play a role the regulation of cytoskeletal organization.

A subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases that activate TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP-1 via the phosphorylation of C-JUN PROTEINS. They are components of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate CELL PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIS; and CELL DIFFERENTIATION.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

A 44-kDa extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinase that may play a role the initiation and regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells. It phosphorylates a number of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; and MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.

Protein kinases that catalyze the PHOSPHORYLATION of TYROSINE residues in proteins with ATP or other nucleotides as phosphate donors.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events.

A transferase that catalyzes formation of PHOSPHOCREATINE from ATP + CREATINE. The reaction stores ATP energy as phosphocreatine. Three cytoplasmic ISOENZYMES have been identified in human tissues: the MM type from SKELETAL MUSCLE, the MB type from myocardial tissue and the BB type from nervous tissue as well as a mitochondrial isoenzyme. Macro-creatine kinase refers to creatine kinase complexed with other serum proteins.

Phosphoprotein with protein kinase activity that functions in the G2/M phase transition of the CELL CYCLE. It is the catalytic subunit of the MATURATION-PROMOTING FACTOR and complexes with both CYCLIN A and CYCLIN B in mammalian cells. The maximal activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 is achieved when it is fully dephosphorylated.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAPKKKs) are serine-threonine protein kinases that initiate protein kinase signaling cascades. They phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES; (MAPKKs) which in turn phosphorylate MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; (MAPKs).

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

A group of enzymes that transfers a phosphate group onto an alcohol group acceptor. EC 2.7.1.

A dsRNA-activated cAMP-independent protein serine/threonine kinase that is induced by interferon. In the presence of dsRNA and ATP, the kinase autophosphorylates on several serine and threonine residues. The phosphorylated enzyme catalyzes the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of EUKARYOTIC INITIATION FACTOR-2, leading to the inhibition of protein synthesis.

A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.

A group of protein-serine-threonine kinases that was originally identified as being responsible for the PHOSPHORYLATION of CASEINS. They are ubiquitous enzymes that have a preference for acidic proteins. Casein kinases play a role in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION by phosphorylating a variety of regulatory cytoplasmic and regulatory nuclear proteins.

ATP:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase. A phosphotransferase that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the presence of ATP. It has four isozymes (L, R, M1, and M2). Deficiency of the enzyme results in hemolytic anemia. EC 2.7.1.40.

A family of protein serine/threonine kinases which act as intracellular signalling intermediates. Ribosomal protein S6 kinases are activated through phosphorylation in response to a variety of HORMONES and INTERCELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS. Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. Although specific for RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 members of this class of kinases can act on a number of substrates within the cell. The immunosuppressant SIROLIMUS inhibits the activation of ribosomal protein S6 kinases.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to DEOXYRIBOSE.

An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

An abundant 43-kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase subtype with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

A class of cellular receptors that have an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE activity.

A family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. Subfamilies, based on biological characteristics, include: ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE; BETAHERPESVIRINAE; and GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase subfamily that is widely expressed and plays a role in regulation of MEIOSIS; MITOSIS; and post mitotic functions in differentiated cells. The extracellular signal regulated MAP kinases are regulated by a broad variety of CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS and can be activated by certain CARCINOGENS.

An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and dUMP to dihydrofolate and dTMP in the synthesis of thymidine triphosphate. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.1.1.45.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of uridine and cytidine to uridine 5'-phosphate and cytidine 5'-phosphate, respectively. ATP, dUTP, dGTP, and dATP are effective phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.48.

Recombinant proteins produced by the GENETIC TRANSLATION of fused genes formed by the combination of NUCLEIC ACID REGULATORY SEQUENCES of one or more genes with the protein coding sequences of one or more genes.

A mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for JNK MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES; P38 MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES and the RETINOID X RECEPTORS. It takes part in a SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway that is activated in response to cellular stress.

A superfamily of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES that are activated by diverse stimuli via protein kinase cascades. They are the final components of the cascades, activated by phosphorylation by MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASES, which in turn are activated by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP KINASE KINASE KINASES).

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.

The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.

A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.

A family of cell cycle-dependent kinases that are related in structure to CDC28 PROTEIN KINASE; S CEREVISIAE; and the CDC2 PROTEIN KINASE found in mammalian species.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidylinositol (PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOLS) to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, the first committed step in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Products of proto-oncogenes. Normally they do not have oncogenic or transforming properties, but are involved in the regulation or differentiation of cell growth. They often have protein kinase activity.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A protein serine-threonine kinase that catalyzes the PHOSPHORYLATION of I KAPPA B PROTEINS. This enzyme also activates the transcription factor NF-KAPPA B and is composed of alpha and beta catalytic subunits, which are protein kinases and gamma, a regulatory subunit.

Proteins which bind to DNA. The family includes proteins which bind to both double- and single-stranded DNA and also includes specific DNA binding proteins in serum which can be used as markers for malignant diseases.

The type species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing CHICKENPOX (varicella) and HERPES ZOSTER (shingles) in humans.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

A glycogen synthase kinase that was originally described as a key enzyme involved in glycogen metabolism. It regulates a diverse array of functions such as CELL DIVISION, microtubule function and APOPTOSIS.

A family of highly conserved serine-threonine kinases that are involved in the regulation of MITOSIS. They are involved in many aspects of cell division, including centrosome duplication, SPINDLE APPARATUS formation, chromosome alignment, attachment to the spindle, checkpoint activation, and CYTOKINESIS.

A group of intracellular-signaling serine threonine kinases that bind to RHO GTP-BINDING PROTEINS. They were originally found to mediate the effects of rhoA GTP-BINDING PROTEIN on the formation of STRESS FIBERS and FOCAL ADHESIONS. Rho-associated kinases have specificity for a variety of substrates including MYOSIN-LIGHT-CHAIN PHOSPHATASE and LIM KINASES.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Cell lines whose original growing procedure consisted being transferred (T) every 3 days and plated at 300,000 cells per plate (J Cell Biol 17:299-313, 1963). Lines have been developed using several different strains of mice. Tissues are usually fibroblasts derived from mouse embryos but other types and sources have been developed as well. The 3T3 lines are valuable in vitro host systems for oncogenic virus transformation studies, since 3T3 cells possess a high sensitivity to CONTACT INHIBITION.

A ubiquitously expressed protein kinase that is involved in a variety of cellular SIGNAL PATHWAYS. Its activity is regulated by a variety of signaling protein tyrosine kinase.

A cytoplasmic serine threonine kinase involved in regulating CELL DIFFERENTIATION and CELLULAR PROLIFERATION. Overexpression of this enzyme has been shown to promote PHOSPHORYLATION of BCL-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS and chemoresistance in human acute leukemia cells.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)

Genes whose expression is easily detectable and therefore used to study promoter activity at many positions in a target genome. In recombinant DNA technology, these genes may be attached to a promoter region of interest.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

The result of a positive or negative response (to drugs, for example) in one cell being passed onto other cells via the GAP JUNCTIONS or the intracellular milieu.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

An enzyme of the transferase class that uses ATP to catalyze the phosphorylation of diacylglycerol to a phosphatidate. EC 2.7.1.107.

Intracellular signaling protein kinases that play a signaling role in the regulation of cellular energy metabolism. Their activity largely depends upon the concentration of cellular AMP which is increased under conditions of low energy or metabolic stress. AMP-activated protein kinases modify enzymes involved in LIPID METABOLISM, which in turn provide substrates needed to convert AMP into ATP.

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

A protein-serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHOSPHORYLATION in response to GROWTH FACTORS or INSULIN. It plays a major role in cell metabolism, growth, and survival as a core component of SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION. Three isoforms have been described in mammalian cells.

Nucleosides that have two hydroxy groups removed from the sugar moiety. The majority of these compounds have broad-spectrum antiretroviral activity due to their action as antimetabolites. The nucleosides are phosphorylated intracellularly to their 5'-triphosphates and act as chain-terminating inhibitors of viral reverse transcription.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

A non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase that is localized to FOCAL ADHESIONS and is a central component of integrin-mediated SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS. Focal adhesion kinase 1 interacts with PAXILLIN and undergoes PHOSPHORYLATION in response to adhesion of cell surface integrins to the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX. Phosphorylated p125FAK protein binds to a variety of SH2 DOMAIN and SH3 DOMAIN containing proteins and helps regulate CELL ADHESION and CELL MIGRATION.

Endogenous substances, usually proteins, which are effective in the initiation, stimulation, or termination of the genetic transcription process.

Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

An enzyme that phosphorylates myosin light chains in the presence of ATP to yield myosin-light chain phosphate and ADP, and requires calcium and CALMODULIN. The 20-kDa light chain is phosphorylated more rapidly than any other acceptor, but light chains from other myosins and myosin itself can act as acceptors. The enzyme plays a central role in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction.

Rare mixed tumors of the brain and rarely the spinal cord which contain malignant neuroectodermal (glial) and mesenchymal components, including spindle-shaped fibrosarcoma cells. These tumors are highly aggressive and present primarily in adults as rapidly expanding mass lesions. They may arise in tissue that has been previously irradiated. (From Br J Neurosurg 1995 Apr;9(2):171-8)

A CELL LINE derived from the kidney of the African green (vervet) monkey, (CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS) used primarily in virus replication studies and plaque assays.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a DEOXYRIBOSE containing a bond to a phosphate group.

A family of non-receptor, PROLINE-rich protein-tyrosine kinases.

A Janus kinase subtype that is involved in signaling from GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTORS; PROLACTIN RECEPTORS; and a variety of CYTOKINE RECEPTORS such as ERYTHROPOIETIN RECEPTORS and INTERLEUKIN RECEPTORS. Dysregulation of Janus kinase 2 due to GENETIC TRANSLOCATIONS have been associated with a variety of MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS.

Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

An enzyme that catalyzes the acetylation of chloramphenicol to yield chloramphenicol 3-acetate. Since chloramphenicol 3-acetate does not bind to bacterial ribosomes and is not an inhibitor of peptidyltransferase, the enzyme is responsible for the naturally occurring chloramphenicol resistance in bacteria. The enzyme, for which variants are known, is found in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. EC 2.3.1.28.

A family of ribosomal protein S6 kinases that are structurally distinguished from RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, 70-KDA by their apparent molecular size and the fact they contain two functional kinase domains. Although considered RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 KINASES, members of this family are activated via the MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM and have been shown to act on a diverse array of substrates that are involved in cellular regulation such as RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 and CAMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN.

An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.

Proteins that control the CELL DIVISION CYCLE. This family of proteins includes a wide variety of classes, including CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES, mitogen-activated kinases, CYCLINS, and PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASES as well as their putative substrates such as chromatin-associated proteins, CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS, and TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS.

Genetically engineered MUTAGENESIS at a specific site in the DNA molecule that introduces a base substitution, or an insertion or deletion.

A protein kinase C subtype that was originally characterized as a CALCIUM-independent, serine-threonine kinase that is activated by PHORBOL ESTERS and DIACYLGLYCEROLS. It is targeted to specific cellular compartments in response to extracellular signals that activate G-PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTORS; and intracellular protein tyrosine kinase.

An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.

An adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to both the 3'- and 5'-positions of the sugar moiety. It is a second messenger and a key intracellular regulator, functioning as a mediator of activity for a number of hormones, including epinephrine, glucagon, and ACTH.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

A 195-kDa MAP kinase kinase kinase with broad specificity for MAP KINASE KINASES. It is found localized in the CYTOSKELETON and can activate a variety of MAP kinase-dependent pathways.

A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A key regulator of CELL CYCLE progression. It partners with CYCLIN E to regulate entry into S PHASE and also interacts with CYCLIN A to phosphorylate RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN. Its activity is inhibited by CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P27 and CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITOR P21.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

PKC beta encodes two proteins (PKCB1 and PKCBII) generated by alternative splicing of C-terminal exons. It is widely distributed with wide-ranging roles in processes such as B-cell receptor regulation, oxidative stress-induced apoptosis, androgen receptor-dependent transcriptional regulation, insulin signaling, and endothelial cell proliferation.

Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)

A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.

Derivatives of the steroid androstane having two double bonds at any site in any of the rings.

The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.

Proteins found in the nucleus of a cell. Do not confuse with NUCLEOPROTEINS which are proteins conjugated with nucleic acids, that are not necessarily present in the nucleus.

Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.

Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A 44 kDa mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with specificity for MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 and MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3.

Immunologic method used for detecting or quantifying immunoreactive substances. The substance is identified by first immobilizing it by blotting onto a membrane and then tagging it with labeled antibodies.

5-Bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. Can be incorporated into DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase, replacing dCTP.

Connective tissue cells which secrete an extracellular matrix rich in collagen and other macromolecules.

A class of organic compounds containing two ring structures, one of which is made up of more than one kind of atom, usually carbon plus another atom. The heterocycle may be either aromatic or nonaromatic.

A group of cyclic GMP-dependent enzymes that catalyze the phosphorylation of SERINE or THREONINE residues of proteins.

An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A serine threonine kinase that controls a wide range of growth-related cellular processes. The protein is referred to as the target of RAPAMYCIN due to the discovery that SIROLIMUS (commonly known as rapamycin) forms an inhibitory complex with TACROLIMUS BINDING PROTEIN 1A that blocks the action of its enzymatic activity.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The biosynthesis of PEPTIDES and PROTEINS on RIBOSOMES, directed by MESSENGER RNA, via TRANSFER RNA that is charged with standard proteinogenic AMINO ACIDS.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

A serine-threonine kinase that plays important roles in CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL MIGRATION; and CELL DEATH of NERVE CELLS. It is closely related to other CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASES but does not seem to participate in CELL CYCLE regulation.

Proteins that are coded by immediate-early genes, in the absence of de novo protein synthesis. The term was originally used exclusively for viral regulatory proteins that were synthesized just after viral integration into the host cell. It is also used to describe cellular proteins which are synthesized immediately after the resting cell is stimulated by extracellular signals.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

An enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from 3-phospho-D-glycerate in the presence of ATP to yield 3-phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate and ADP. EC 2.7.2.3.

A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They include several nucleic acid constituents (CYTOSINE; THYMINE; and URACIL) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of deoxycytidylic acid to deoxyuridylic acid and ammonia. It plays an important role in the regulation of the pool of deoxynucleotides in higher organisms. The enzyme also acts on some 5-substituted deoxycytidylic acids. EC 3.5.4.12.

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

Transduction of glioma cells using a high-titer retroviral vector system and their subsequent migration in brain tumors. (1/2453)

The intracranial migration of transduced glioma cells was investigated in order to improve the treatment of malignant glioma by gene therapy using retroviral vectors. In this study, about half the volume of the tumor mass could be transduced in 14 days after only a single implantation of 3 x 10(5) retrovirus-producing cells into a tumor mass with a diameter of 5 mm. Moreover, we were able to follow the migration of glioma cells transduced by the lacZ-harboring retroviruses originating from the high-titer retrovirus-producing cells. Besides the importance of using a high-titer retroviral vector system, our results also indicate that the implantation site of the virus-producing cells and the interval between the implantation of the virus-producing cells and the subsequent administration of ganciclovir are important factors for the efficient killing of glioma cells. (+info)

Identification of a cAMP response element within the glucose- 6-phosphatase hydrolytic subunit gene promoter which is involved in the transcriptional regulation by cAMP and glucocorticoids in H4IIE hepatoma cells. (2/2453)

The expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the human glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was stimulated by both dexamethasone and dibutyryl cAMP in H4IIE hepatoma cells. A cis-active element located between nucleotides -161 and -152 in the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter was identified and found to be necessary for both basal reporter-gene expression and induction of expression by both dibutyryl cAMP and dexamethasone. Nucleotides -161 to -152 were functionally replaced by the consensus sequence for a cAMP response element. An antibody against the cAMP response element-binding protein caused a supershift in gel-electrophoretic-mobility-shift assays using an oligonucleotide probe representing the glucose 6-phosphatase gene promoter from nucleotides -161 to -152. These results strongly indicate that in H4IIE cells the glucose 6-phosphatase gene-promoter sequence from -161 to -152 is a cAMP response element which is important for the regulation of transcription of the glucose 6-phosphatase gene by both cAMP and glucocorticoids. (+info)

Modulation of the cytotoxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and methotrexate after transduction of folate receptor cDNA into human cervical carcinoma: identification of a correlation between folate receptor expression and thymidine kinase activity. (3/2453)

Cervical carcinoma is an AIDS-defining illness. The expression of folate receptors (FRs) in cervical carcinoma (HeLa-IU1) cells was modulated by stable transduction of FR cDNA encapsidated in recombinant adeno-associated virus-2 in the sense and antisense orientation (sense and antisense cells, respectively). Although sense cells proliferated slower than antisense or untransduced cells in vivo and in vitro in 2% (but not 10%) FCS, [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was significantly increased in sense cells in 10% serum; therefore, the basis for this discrepancy was investigated. The activity of thymidine kinase (TK) was subsequently directly correlated with the extent of FR expression in single cell-derived clones of transduced cells. This elevated TK activity was not a result of recruitment of the salvage pathway based on the presence of adequate dTTP pools, normal thymidylate synthase (TS) activity, persistence of increased thymidine incorporation despite the exogenous provision of excess 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate, and documentation of adequate folates in sense cells. The increase in TK activity conferred significant biological properties to sense cells (but not antisense or untransduced cells) as demonstrated by augmented phosphorylation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and concomitantly greater sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of AZT. Conversely, sense cells were highly resistant to methotrexate, but this was reversed by the addition of AZT. The direct correlation of FR expression and TK activity indicates a previously unrecognized consequence of FR overexpression. (+info)

Elevated serum thymidine kinase levels identify a subgroup at high risk of disease progression in early, nonsmoldering chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (4/2453)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) shows a remarkably heterogeneous clinical outcome; survival ranges from several months in advanced stages to more than 10 years in early stages. The Binet and Rai staging systems distinguish three major prognostic subgroups, but do not accurately predict the individual risk of disease progression in early CLL (Binet stage A or Rai stage 0 to II). Because most newly diagnosed CLL patients present with early disease, it seems desirable to search for additional prognostic factors to identify early CLL patients at high risk of rapid progression. It has been shown that elevated serum thymidine kinase (s-TK) levels predict disease progression in CLL. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prognostic value of s-TK in 122 previously untreated patients with Binet stage A CLL (mean age +/- SD, 58.7 +/- 8.5 years). In univariate analyses, 18 of the 22 parameters investigated predicted progression-free survival (PFS). In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, only three parameters provided independent prognostic information on PFS: s-TK greater than 7.1 U/L; presence of lymphadenopathy; and white blood cell (WBC) count greater than 75, 000/microL. When added to the classification of smoldering versus nonsmoldering CLL, s-TK levels separated two groups within the group of nonsmoldering stage A patients: patients with s-TK values greater than 7.1 U/L had a median PFS of 8 months, whereas patients with s-TK values +info)

Imaging adenoviral-directed reporter gene expression in living animals with positron emission tomography. (5/2453)

We are developing quantitative assays to repeatedly and noninvasively image expression of reporter genes in living animals, using positron emission tomography (PET). We synthesized positron-emitting 8-[18F]fluoroganciclovir (FGCV) and demonstrated that this compound is a substrate for the herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase enzyme (HSV1-TK). Using positron-emitting FGCV as a PET reporter probe, we imaged adenovirus-directed hepatic expression of the HSV1-tk reporter gene in living mice. There is a significant positive correlation between the percent injected dose of FGCV retained per gram of liver and the levels of hepatic HSV1-tk reporter gene expression (r2 > 0.80). Over a similar range of HSV1-tk expression in vivo, the percent injected dose retained per gram of liver was 0-23% for ganciclovir and 0-3% for FGCV. Repeated, noninvasive, and quantitative imaging of PET reporter gene expression should be a valuable tool for studies of human gene therapy, of organ/cell transplantation, and of both environmental and behavioral modulation of gene expression in transgenic mice. (+info)

Use of the Gal4-UAS technique for targeted gene expression in the zebrafish. (6/2453)

The most common way to analyze the function of cloned genes in zebrafish is to misexpress the gene product or an altered variant of it by mRNA injection. However, mRNA injection has several disadvantages. The GAL4-UAS system for targeted gene expression allows one to overcome some of these disadvantages. To test the GAL4-UAS system in zebrafish, we generated two different kinds of stable transgenic lines, carrying activator and effector constructs, respectively. In the activator lines the gene for the yeast transcriptional activator GAL4 is under the control of a given promoter, while in the effectors the gene of interest is fused to the sequence of the DNA-binding motif of GAL4 (UAS). Crosses of animals from the activator and effector lines show that effector genes are transcribed with the spatial pattern of the activators. This work smoothes the way for a novel method of misexpression of gene products in zebrafish in order to analyze the function of genes in developmental processes. (+info)

Staurosporine blocked normal cells at G1/S boundary. (7/2453)

AIM: To reveal the regulating difference of G1/S-phase transition between normal and tumor cells by using staurosporine, an unspecific kinase inhibitor. METHODS: Flow cytometry, Dot blot, kinase activity assay, and electrophoresis. RESULTS: A 18-h treatment with staurosporine (5 micrograms.L-1) blocked normal cell line 2BS cells (normal human embryonic lung fibroblast, 5-20 passages) in G1 phase, decreased their thymidine kinase (TK) mRNA level and activity, and also dephosphorylated an intracellular 107 kDa protein. Meanwhile, all these effects in 2BS cells disappeared only by washing staurosporine away. Such kind of effects did not occur in tumor cell line BGC-823 cells (human stomach cancer cell). CONCLUSION: During the period of G1/S-phase transition, the kinases involved are more sensitive to staurosporine in normal cells than in tumor cells. (+info)

Intronless mRNA transport elements may affect multiple steps of pre-mRNA processing. (8/2453)

We have reported recently that a small element within the mouse histone H2a-coding region permits efficient cytoplasmic accumulation of intronless beta-globin cDNA transcripts. This sequence lowers the levels of spliced products from intron-containing constructs and can functionally replace Rev and the Rev-responsive element (RRE) in the nuclear export of unspliced HIV-1-related mRNAs. In work reported here, we further investigate the molecular mechanisms by which this element might work. We demonstrate here through both in vivo and in vitro assays that, in addition to promoting mRNA nuclear export, this element acts as a polyadenylation enhancer and as a potent inhibitor of splicing. Surprisingly, two other described intronless mRNA transport elements (from the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene and hepatitis B virus) appear to function in a similar manner. These findings prompt us to suggest that a general feature of intronless mRNA transport elements might be a collection of phenotypes, including the inhibition of splicing and the enhancement of both polyadenylation and mRNA export. (+info)

... 1 Thymidine kinase from herpesvirus Thymidylate kinase Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase Thymidylate synthase ... Thymidine kinase is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase (a kinase): 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, ... One difficulty is that the poxvirus thymidine kinase belongs to the same family of thymidine kinases as the human thymidine ... Thymidine kinase 1 is such a salvage enzyme, whereas thymidine kinase 2 and thymidylate synthase are not cell cycle-dependent. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase

In enzymology, an ADP-thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.118) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ADP + thymidine ⇌ {\ ... displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } AMP + thymidine 5'-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ADP and thymidine, ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is ADP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include ADP:dThd ... Falke D, Labenz J, Brauer D, Muller WE (1982). "Adenosine diphosphate: thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, a new enzyme activity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP—thymidine_kinase

In enzymology, an AMP-thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.114) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction AMP + thymidine ⇌ {\ ... the two substrates of this enzyme are AMP and thymidine, whereas its two products are adenosine and thymidine 5'-phosphate. ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is AMP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase. This enzyme is also called adenylate- ... Falke D, Labenz J, Brauer D, Muller WE (1982). "Adenosine diphosphate: thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, a new enzyme activity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMP—thymidine_kinase

... , soluble (gene name TK1), is a human thymidine kinase. Two forms of this protein have been identified in ... "Entrez Gene: Thymidine kinase 1, soluble". Huang DY, Chang ZF (June 2001). "Interaction of human thymidine kinase 1 with p21( ... "Co-purification of thymidylate kinase and cytosolic thymidine kinase from human term placenta by affinity chromatography". ... Thymidine kinase 1 has been shown to interact with P21. Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase_1

... is a sub-family of thymidine kinases. Its presence in herpesvirus-infected cells is used to ... August 1998). "Exploring the active site of herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase by X-ray crystallography of complexes ... Trifluridine Brivudine Mutations in the gene coding thymidine kinase in herpes viruses can endow the virus with resistance to ... "Crystal structures of the thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type-1 in complex with deoxythymidine and ganciclovir". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase_from_herpesvirus

... ". Zeman L, Lusena CV (March 1974). "DNA precursors and the absence of thymidine kinase in ... Thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TK2 gene. This gene encodes a ... This kinase is not present in yeast. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000166548 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89 ... deoxyribonucleoside kinase that specifically phosphorylates thymidine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine. The encoded enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase_2,_mitochondrial

Thymidine kinase 1 is such a salvage enzyme, whereas thymidine kinase 2 is not cell cycle-dependent. Thymidine kinase is a ... Thymidine kinase is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase (a kinase): 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, ... Thymidine kinase Thymidylate kinase Nucleoside diphosphate kinase Thymidylate synthase Thymidine O'Neill KL, Buckwalter M, ... "Comparative study of the thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase activities and of the feedbach inhibition of thymidine kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase_in_clinical_chemistry

"Thymidine kinase". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 5 April 2013. Gentry GA (1992). "Viral thymidine kinases and ... encoding a thymidine kinase suicide gene, has progressed to phase III clinical trials. The herpes simplex virus thymidine ... The enzymes thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase in cells are responsible for DNA synthesis and are only expressed in ... kinase phosphorylates the pro-drug, ganciclovir, which is then incorporated into DNA, blocking DNA synthesis. The tumour ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolytic_virus

Signal transduction Thymidine kinase Thymidine kinase in clinical chemistry Thymidylate kinase Wall-associated kinase Siebold C ... Kinases are classified into broad groups by the substrate they act upon: protein kinases, lipid kinases, carbohydrate kinases. ... It phosphorylates thymidine to create thymidine monophosphate (dTMP). This kinase uses an ATP molecule to supply the phosphate ... Thymidine kinase is one of the many nucleoside kinases that are responsible for nucleoside phosphorylation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase

replacement of thymidine kinase (TK)). RCN was successful in 50% of voluntary participants allowing them to survive subsequent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoonpox_virus

Gentry GA (1992). "Viral thymidine kinases and their relatives". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 54 (3): 319-55. doi:10.1016/0163- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine

Thymidine can be phosphorylated by thymidine kinase (TK). Uridine can be phosphorylated by uridine kinase (UK). Cytidine can be ... Deoxycytidine can be phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase (DCK). Adenosine uses the enzyme adenosine kinase, which is a very ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purine_nucleoside_phosphorylase

Huang DY, Chang ZF (June 2001). "Interaction of human thymidine kinase 1 with p21(Waf1)". Biochem. J. 356 (Pt 3): 829-34. doi: ... Cyclin-Dependent+Kinase+Inhibitor+p21 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Drosophila dacapo ... Xiong Y, Hannon GJ, Zhang H, Casso D, Kobayashi R, Beach D (1993). "p21 is a universal inhibitor of cyclin kinases". Nature. ... p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI). The p21 (CIP1/WAF1) protein binds to and inhibits the activity of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P21

"Extending thymidine kinase activity to the catalytic repertoire of human deoxycytidine kinase". Biochemistry. 48 (6): 1256-63. ... Saada A, Shaag A, Mandel H, Nevo Y, Eriksson S, Elpeleg O (November 2001). "Mutant mitochondrial thymidine kinase in ... Cytidylate kinase or UMP-CMP kinase then adds the second phosphoryl group to form dFdCDP (gemcitabine diphosphate form), which ... Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase or nucleoside kinase A adds the third phosphoryl group to form dFdCTP (gemcitabine triphosphate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxycytidine_kinase

Thymidine kinase Thymidylate synthase Thymidine kinase in clinical chemistry Li C, Huang SH, Tang A, Drisco B, Zhang SQ, Seeger ... Thymidylate kinase (EC 2.7.4.9; dTMP kinase) catalyzes the phosphorylation of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (dTMP) to form ... thymidine 5'-phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } ADP + thymidine 5'-diphosphate Thymidylate kinase is a ubiquitous ... Nelson DJ, Carter CE (1969). "Purification and characterization of Thymidine 5-monophosphate kinase from Escherichia coli B". J ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidylate_kinase

"Induction of endogenous virus and of thymidine kinase by bromodeoxyuridine in cell cultures transformed by Friend virus". ... Induction of Endogenous Virus and of Thymidline Kinase. "Induction of Endogenous Virus and of Thymidline Kinase by ... "Identification and Characterization of Mitochondrial Factors Modulating Thymidine Kinase 2 Activity". Nucleosides, Nucleotides ... AZT is a thymidine analogue. AZT works by selectively inhibiting HIV's reverse transcriptase, the enzyme that the virus uses to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidovudine

... the first betaherpesvirus with a thymidine kinase gene". Journal of General Virology. 87 (Pt 10): 2781-2789. doi:10.1099/vir. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_endotheliotropic_herpesvirus

Pellicer, A; Wigler, M; Axel, R; Silverstein, S (1978). "The transfer and stable integration of the HSV thymidine kinase gene ... "Transfer of purified herpes virus thymidine kinase gene to cultured mouse cells". Cell. 11 (1): 223-32. doi:10.1016/0092-8674( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Axel

In gene-deleted vaccines, the thymidine kinase gene has also been deleted; thus, the virus cannot infect and replicate in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorabies

Hamel, W; Magnelli, L; Chiarugi, VP; Israel, MA (June 1996). "Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir-mediated ... "Bystander killing of cancer cells by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene is mediated by connexins". Proceedings of the ... of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir system in vitro". Gene Ther. 3 (1): 85-92. PMID 8929915. Mesnil, Marc ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_junction

An example would be thymidine kinase, which makes the host sensitive to ganciclovir selection. A distinction can be made ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection

An example would be thymidine kinase, which makes the host sensitive to ganciclovir selection.[citation needed] Positive and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selectable_marker

Griffiths A (December 2011). "Slipping and sliding: frameshift mutations in herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and drug- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_evolution

Viral proteins like viral thymidine kinase can be used for specific targeting of a drug. By introducing a prodrug only ... Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) seems to be over-expressed in most cancer cells. GSK3 is involved in promoter activation ... kinase/Akt, heat shock protein 90, and mammalian target of rapamycin in transformed NK cells". Journal of Immunology. 174 (9): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase

FLT accumulates in proliferating cells where it indicates the activity of the enzyme thymidine kinase. Cell division can be ... FLT is phosphorylated as though it were thymidine, and is subsequently incorporated into DNA. Thymidine is essential for DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorothymidine_F-18

Thymidine kinase can then phosphorylate the 5'-carbon of this compound into thymidine monophosphate (TMP). Thymidylate kinase ... Uridine kinase (aka uridine-cytidine kinase) can then phosphorylate the 5'-carbon of this nucleoside into uridine monophosphate ... can phosphorylate TMP into thymidine diphosphate, which nucleoside diphosphate kinase can phosphorylate into thymidine ... which nucleoside diphosphate kinase can phosphorylate into uridine triphosphate. Thymidine phosphorylase or pyrimidine- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide_salvage

"Deoxyribonucleoside kinases in two aquatic bacteria with high specificity for thymidine and deoxyadenosine". FEMS Microbiology ... Several GST isozymes from various classes have been shown to inhibit the function of a kinase involved in the MAPK pathway that ... it is also supported by the fact that the transformed phenotype of tumor cells is associated with aberrantly regulated kinase ... regulates cell proliferation and death, preventing the kinase from carrying out its role in facilitating the signaling cascade ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_S-transferase

HSV or CMV particles can develop mutant protein kinases (thymidine kinase or UL97 protein kinase, respectively) that make them ... Frobert, E.; Ooka, T.; Cortay, J. C.; Lina, B.; Thouvenot, D.; Morfin, F. (March 2005). "Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase ... However, unlike acyclovir and ganciclovir, foscarnet is not activated by viral protein kinases, making it useful in acyclovir- ... 2007). "Long-term foscarnet therapy remodels thymidine analogue mutations and alters resistance to zidovudine and lamivudine in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foscarnet

In this case the study uses the transfer of the Herpes simplex virus type I thymidine kinase (HSVtk) as the cytotoxic gene. ... "Bystander killing of cancer cells by herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene is mediated by connexins". Proceedings of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research

CSF gene and deletion of the thymidine kinase gene which limits viral replication to cells with high levels of thymidine kinase ... Pexa-Vec has cancer selectivity through the deactivation of its thymidine kinase gene, and it has been engineered to express ... JX-929's tumor selectivity has been optimized through deletion of thymidine kinase and vaccinia growth factor. JX-929 has been ... thymidine kinase and vaccinia growth factor gene inactivation JX-929 (vvDD expressing CD for 5-FU pro-drug) experience in solid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pexastimogene_devacirepvec

Activation of E2F results in transcription of various genes like cyclin E, cyclin A, DNA polymerase, thymidine kinase, etc. ... Norbury C (1995). "Cdk2 protein kinase (vertebrates)". In Hardie DG, Hanks S (eds.). Protein kinase factsBook. Boston: Academic ... Additionally, CDK4/6 and CDK2 are also inactive because CDK4/6 are bound by INK4 family members (e.g., p16), limiting kinase ... Two families of genes, the cip/kip (CDK interacting protein/Kinase inhibitory protein) family and the INK4a/ARF (Inhibitor of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle

Protein kinases can also be inhibited by competition at the binding sites where the kinases interact with their substrate ... Methotrexate blocks the action of dihydrofolate reductase and thereby halts thymidine biosynthesis. This block of nucleotide ... Hence kinase inhibitors such as imatinib are frequently used to treat malignancies. Janus kinases are another notable example ... A notable class of kinase drug targets is the receptor tyrosine kinases which are essential enzymes that regulate cell growth; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor

The mitochondrial DNA base composition is thought to reflect its nucleotide-specific (guanine, cytosine, thymidine and adenine ... orchestrate DNA duplex opening and damage verification to coordinate repair with transcription and cell cycle via CAK kinase". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_damage_theory_of_aging

... with an inactive thymidine kinase gene. The preclinical pipeline of Genelux includes numerous genetically modified vaccinia ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genelux_Corporation

A protein kinase drifting around on the outer chloroplast membrane can use ATP to add a phosphate group to the Toc34 protein, ... List of sequenced plastomes Mitochondrial DNA Stocking, C. R. & Gifford, E. M. (1959). "Incorporation of thymidine into ... It can be regulated through phosphorylation, but by a different protein kinase than the one that phosphorylates Toc34. Its M- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

... general anamnesis is combined with complete blood count and determination of lactate dehydrogenase or thymidine kinase in serum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumors_of_the_hematopoietic_and_lymphoid_tissues

Aciclovir acts as a nucleoside analog which specifically target herpes virus-infected cells using viral thymidine kinase (TK). ... Reactivation in HSV requires the stress response enzyme c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which is responsive to stressors such as ... which is subsequently phosphorylated to active aciclovir triphoshate by cellular kinases, thus selectively inhibiting viral DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSV_epigenetics

... including thymidine kinase deficient (TK) and thymidylate synthase deficient (TS) were used in order to determinate the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorodeoxyuridylate

Tseng CC, Zhang XY (2000). "Role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases in glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor ... Ding KH, Zhong Q, Isales CM (2003). "Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide stimulates thymidine incorporation in endothelial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor

... methanocarbathymidine that specifically inhibits growth of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase-transduced osteosarcoma ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TXNL4B

... researchers were able to insert a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase coding gene into tumor cells. This "suicide gene" is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_artificial_chromosome

... while thymidine is phosphorylated by thymidine kinase (TK); both HGPRT and TK are enzymes of the salvage pathway. On a HAT ... However, normal human and mouse cells can still multiply as they can utilize hypoxanthine and thymidine present in the medium ... This medium is supplemented with hypoxanthine, aminopterin and thymidine, hence the name HAT medium. Antimetabolite aminopterin ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_fusion

... in conjunction with the mitochondrial thymidine kinase, as part of the thymidine (dTTP)/dTMP substrate cycle. Since excess dTTP ... These treatments rely on the kinase activation of the analogs, which then are incorporated into the DNA of the tumor cell or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NT5M

For example, a commonly studied strategy based on transfection of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) along with ... Main mechanisms inducing cancer cells' deaths include: transgenic expression of thymidine kinases, cytosine deaminases, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_gene

Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) and inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9) are two types of suicide genes that have been ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAR_T_cell

The HSV virus used as an oncolytic virus has retained their native thymidine kinase gene which allows it to be targeted with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virotherapy

Signal transduction Thymidine kinase Thymidine kinase in clinical chemistry Thymidylate kinase Wall-associated kinase Walker JE ... Activation loop Autophosphorylation Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Cell signaling Cyclin-dependent kinase G protein- ... coupled receptor Nucleoside-diphosphate kinase Phosphatase Phosphatidylinositol phosphate kinases Phospholipid Phosphoprotein ... kinases and other ATP-requiring enzymes and a common nucleotide binding fold". The EMBO Journal. 1 (8): 945-51. doi:10.1002/j. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_motifs

... thymidine and adenosine:[citation needed] Thymidine analogues: zidovudine (AZT) and stavudine (d4T) Cytidine analogues: ... This phosphorylation step is carried out by cellular kinase enzymes. NRTIs can induce mitochondrial impairment that leads to a ... Excision enhancement mutations, typically M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, and K219E/Q, are selected for by thymidine analogs ... AZT and D4T; and are therefore called thymidine analog mutations (TAMs). Other mutations including insertions and deletions in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor

... by a viral enzyme called thymidine kinase (TK), to which the drug has a high affinity (attraction). Phosphorylation by either ... Other articles where thymidine kinase is discussed: acyclovir: … ... by a viral enzyme called thymidine kinase (TK), to which the drug has a high affinity (attraction). Phosphorylation by either ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/thymidine-kinase

section IV supra) disclosed a gene for rice thymidine kinase. Thus, the concept of a plant thymidine kinase was already ... iv) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a thymidine kinase enzyme derived from a plant, which thymidine kinase enzyme has a ... ii) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a thymidine kinase enzyme derived from a plant, which thymidine kinase enzyme, when ... iii) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a thymidine kinase enzyme derived from a plant, which thymidine kinase enzyme is ...

https://www.epo.org/law-practice/case-law-appeals/recent/w040037eu1.html

... deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5-phosphotransferase. Thymidine kinase is found in most living cells. Thymidine kinase is ... Thymidine kinase 2 mitochondrial, Mt-TK, TK2, MTTK, MTDPS2.. Introduction. Thymidine kinase 2 mitochondrial (TK2) is a member ... Thymidine kinases have a central function in the synthesis of DNA and thus in cell division, since they are part of the ... TK2 is a deoxyribonucleoside kinase which specifically phosphorylates thymidine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine. TK2 localizes ...

https://www.prospecbio.com/tk2_human

Crystal structure of thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type 1 in complex with Me-ARA-EdU ... Thymidine kinase. A, B. 332. Human alphaherpesvirus 1 strain 17. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: TK, TK (UL23), UL23. EC: 2.7.1.21. ... Crystal structure of thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type 1 in complex with Me-ARA-EdU. *PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb4OQX/ ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4oqx

Coexpression of Herpesviral Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene and VEGF Gene for Noninvasive Monitoring of Therapeutic Gene ... Coexpression of Herpesviral Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene and VEGF Gene for Noninvasive Monitoring of Therapeutic Gene ... Coexpression of Herpesviral Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene and VEGF Gene for Noninvasive Monitoring of Therapeutic Gene ... Coexpression of Herpesviral Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene and VEGF Gene for Noninvasive Monitoring of Therapeutic Gene ...

https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/45/10/1743

Noninvasive imaging of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) gene expression is possible with a clinical gamma ... Noninvasive Imaging of Herpes Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene Transfer and Expression: A Potential Method for Monitoring Clinical ... Noninvasive Imaging of Herpes Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene Transfer and Expression: A Potential Method for Monitoring Clinical ...

https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/56/18/4087/502502/Noninvasive-Imaging-of-Herpes-Virus-Thymidine

Combination gene delivery of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 with thymidine kinase enhances prodrug cytotoxicity. In: Journal of ... Combination gene delivery of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 with thymidine kinase enhances prodrug cytotoxicity. Journal of ... Cytoxicity induced by the herpesvirus thymidine kinase (TK) gene in combination with prodrugs is dependent on cell growth and ... Dive into the research topics of Combination gene delivery of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 with thymidine kinase enhances ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/combination-gene-delivery-of-the-cell-cycle-inhibitor-p27-with-th-5

... thymidine 5-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) gene has been cloned in Escherichia coli. A recombinat plasmid, pFG5, has been ... A herpes simplex virus DNA fragment that is produced by digestion with BamHI endonuclease and carries the thymidine kinase (TK ... Cloning of the active thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Escherichia coli K-12. F. Colbere-Garapin 1, * S ... Cloning of the active thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Escherichia coli K-12.. Proceedings of the ...

https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00174138

In this paper we present the nucleotide sequences of the thymidine kinase (TK) genes of two avian herpesviruses: a highly ... Nucleotide and Predicted Amino Acid Sequences of the Mareks Disease Virus and Turkey Herpesvirus Thymidine Kinase Genes; ... Comparison with Thymidine Kinase Genes of Other Herpesviruses. Journal of General Virology, 70 (11). pp. 3055-3065. ISSN 0022- ... Nucleotide and Predicted Amino Acid Sequences of the Mareks Disease Virus and Turkey Herpesvirus Thymidine Kinase Genes; ...

https://kar.kent.ac.uk/45904/

Mutation of Gln125 to Asn Selectively Abolishes the Thymidylate Kinase Activity of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase ... Mutation of Gln125 to Asn Selectively Abolishes the Thymidylate Kinase Activity of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase ...

https://www.well.ox.ac.uk/publications/20676?61f338ac-71ce-11ed-856d-061b866677b4

Amplification of plasmid copy number by thymidine kinase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ... Amplification of plasmid copy number by thymidine kinase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ...

https://www.jenner.ac.uk/publications/847780

... suicide gene/prodrug systems consisting of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase plus ganciclovir and hyperthermia were the ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/772651

The TK2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called thymidine kinase 2 that functions within cell structures called ... Munch-Petersen B. Enzymatic regulation of cytosolic thymidine kinase 1 and mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2: a mini review. ... Thymidine kinase 2 is involved in the production and maintenance of mtDNA. Specifically, this enzyme plays a role in recycling ... Gotz A, Isohanni P, Pihko H, Paetau A, Herva R, Saarenpaa-Heikkila O, Valanne L, Marjavaara S, Suomalainen A. Thymidine kinase ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/tk2/

Home , Resources , Infographics , AroCell and Corgenix establish the measurement of Thymidine Kinase. ... AroCell and Corgenix establish the measurement of Thymidine Kinase.. April 15, 2019 ...

https://pharmaceutical.report/infographics/arocell-and-corgenix-establish-the-measurement-of-thymidinekinase

Thymidine kinase. U94848. P: 5´-CGTATGGCAAACGAAGGAAAAATAGTTATAGTAGCCGCACTCGATGGGAC-3´ F: 5´-ATTCTGTGAGCGTATGGCAA-3´; R: 5´- ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/11/10/05-0269-ta1.htm

... dc.rights.license. Restricted to current Rensselaer ... The thymidine kinases of uninduced and induced Raji cells did not use CTP were not affected by EBV antiserat and were ... Two HSV-2 transformed cell lines showed no evidence of any viral thymidine kinase when tested for their CTP specificity or ... When ATP was omitted from the reaction mixture used in the thymidirte kinase assay, no thymidine monophosphate was formed by ...

https://dspace.rpi.edu/handle/20.500.13015/1916?show=full

Dog Thymidine Kinase (TK1) ELISA Kit. Catalogue Numbre: E-40TK, Supplied by Immunology Consultatnt Laboratory& Distributed by ... Dog Thymidine Kinase (TK1) ELISA Kit , E-40TK Immunology Consultant Laboratory Dog Thymidine Kinase (TK1) ELISA Kit , E-40TK. ( ... Dog Thymidine Kinase (TK1) ELISA Kit , E-40TK. Rating Required Select Rating. 1 star (worst). 2 stars. 3 stars (average). 4 ...

https://networkin.info/dog-thymidine-kinase-tk1-elisa-kit-e-40tk/

Preoperative Serum Thymidine Kinase Activity as Novel Monitoring, Prognostic, and Predicti Preoperative Serum Thymidine Kinase ... The aim of the study was to investigate serum thymidine kinase 1 (S-TK) activity as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for ... Serum thymidine kinase 1 activity may be a useful parameter for monitoring nTx efficacy. ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/controlecancer/resource/pt/mdl-29189449

Serum thymidine kinase 1 activity as a pharmacodynamic marker of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibition in patients with early- ... Thymidine kinase is a proliferation marker downstream of the cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 pathway. ... Circulating Tumor M2 pyruvate kinase and thymidine kinase 1 are potential predictors for disease recurrence in renal cell ... Serum thymidine kinase 1 levels correlates with FDG uptake and prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Results ...

https://biovica.com/divitum-tka/

Plasma cell labeling index and β2-microglobulin predict survival independent of thymidine kinase and C-reactive protein in ... Plasma cell labeling index and β2-microglobulin predict survival independent of thymidine kinase and C-reactive protein in ...

https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/plasma-cell-labeling-index-and-%CE%B2sub2sub-microglobulin-predict-sur/fingerprints/

Basic fibroblast growth factor enhancement of adenovirus-mediated delivery of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene ... an FGF2-redirected adenoviral vector carrying the gene for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (AdCMVHSV-TK) was shown to ...

http://scholars.uab.edu/display/pub865580

Human TK1(Thymidine Kinase 1, Soluble) ELISA Kit. Human TK1(Thymidine Kinase 1, Soluble) ELISA Kit. Order Now: [email protected ... Human MAP2K1(Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1) ELISA Kit. *Human MARCKS(Myristoylated Alanine Rich Protein Kinase C ... Human MAP2K1(Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1) ELISA Kit. *Human MARCKS(Myristoylated Alanine Rich Protein Kinase C ... Description: Recombinant Human Thymidine Kinase 1, Soluble expressed in: Available from E.coli, Yeast, Baculovirus and ...

https://kits-elisa.com/human-tk1thymidine-kinase-1-soluble-elisa-kit/

One strain had a deletion of the thymidine kinase gene; the second had a deletion of the thymidine kinase gene and insertion of ... Most reports of laboratory-acquired VACV infections were caused by thymidine kinase-deletion strains, which are sometimes ...

https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6842a2.htm

... thymidine incorporation into DNA. The kinetic parameters of thymidine kinase a regulatory enzyme for DNA synthesis was also ... Kinetic studies of thymidine kinase revealed that there was no change in the Michaelis -Menten constant (Km) whereas maximum ... Effect Insulin on DNA Synthesis and Kinetic Parameters of Thymidine Kinase During Liver Regenaration. Show full item record ... Effect Insulin on DNA Synthesis and Kinetic Parameters of Thymidine Kinase During Liver Regenaration. Dyuthi/Manakin Repository ...

https://dyuthi.cusat.ac.in/xmlui/handle/purl/587

Deletion of the thymidine kinase gene attenuates Caprine alphaherpesvirus 1 in goats. Jéssica Caroline Gomes Noll, **Lok ...

https://lokraj.me/publication/caprine_tk/

Ganciclovir is a selective antiviral activated only within infected cells by viral thymidine kinase. It is a viral DNA chain ... This is a prodrug that inhibits viral replication; it is activated by phosphorylation by virus-specific thymidine kinase. The ... Trifluridine is a pyrimidine (thymidine) analogue drug of choice in the United States for topical antiviral therapy for HSV ... It inhibits viral replication by incorporating into viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in place of thymidine. It is prescribed ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1191370-medication

... when levels of thymidine kinase I (TK1), the first enzyme in the pathway for incorporation of AZT into DNA, were determined by ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=genetic&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=genetic&terms=3&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=KW&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&D1=10&EndYear=&PageNo=35&RecNo=344&View=f&

in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation tests using the thymidine kinase gene. Target gene:. TK locus. Species / strain / cell ... OECD Guideline 490 (In Vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene). Principles of method if other ...

https://echa.europa.eu/it/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/15530/7/7/1

Anti Thymidine Kinase Clone 2C5 , Gentaur $340.00 * Anti-4 Hydroxynonenal Antibody , Gentaur ...

https://caslab.com/gentaur/

Thymidine phosphorylase. AR. Late childhood Adolescence. dels/depl. muscle. MNGIE. TK2. 16q22-q23.1. Thymidine kinase 2. AR. ... Saada, A.; Shaag, A.; Mandel, H.; Nevo, Y.; Eriksson, S.; Elpeleg, O. Mutant mitochondrial thymidine kinase in mitochondrial ... Mutations in thymidine kinase gene with myopathy and SMA. Neurology 2002, 59, 1197-1202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] ... Elucidation of the tissue specificity in the mitochondrial thymidine kinase (TK2) deficiency. Mol. Genet. Metab. 2003, 79, 1-5 ...

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/8/18054/htm

by a viral enzyme called thymidine kinase (TK), to which the drug has a high affinity (attraction). (britannica.com)
TK2 is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase (a kinase): 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase. (prospecbio.com)
The TK2 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called thymidine kinase 2 that functions within cell structures called mitochondria, which are found in all tissues. (medlineplus.gov)
However thymidine monophosphate was formed by the mitochondrial enzyme when ATP was omitted from both the PAGE buffer and the reaction mixture. (rpi.edu)
However, it was found that when ATP was omitted from the PAGE buffer, the activity of the viral and mitochondrial thymidine kinase was not changed, although the cytosol enzyme could not be detected as expected. (rpi.edu)
The thymidine kinase of Raji cells which had been induced with iododeoxyuridine (Iudr) was examined to determine whether or not an enzyme of viral origin was present. (rpi.edu)
Herpes simplex virus Type 2 (HSV-2) also codes for a thymidine kinase which is different from the cytosol or mitochondrial forms of the enzyme. (rpi.edu)
Cells lytically infected with HSV-2 have a viral enzyme with a PAGE mobility intermediate between the cytosol and mitochondrial thymidine kinases. (rpi.edu)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Thymidine Kinase 1, Soluble (TK1) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids. (kits-elisa.com)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Thymidine Kinase 1, Soluble (TK1) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (kits-elisa.com)
The kinetic parameters of thymidine kinase a regulatory enzyme for DNA synthesis was also studied in these groups. (cusat.ac.in)
Finally, when levels of thymidine kinase I (TK1), the first enzyme in the pathway for incorporation of AZT into DNA, were determined by Western blot analysis in all 19 NEMEC strains at 24 h of AZT exposure, higher TK1 protein levels were found in the 12 strains showing AZT-DNA incorporation, compared to the 7 showing no incorporation (p=0.0005, Mann-Whitney test). (cdc.gov)
The tomato gene in question codes for an enzyme called thymidine kinase. (news-medical.net)
Here, we report a novel interaction between the mitotic kinase, Aurora A, and the glycolytic enzyme, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), in the interphase of the cell cycle. (jbc.org)
An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. (bvsalud.org)

We sought to evaluate the usefulness of an adenoviral vector expressing mutant herpesviral thymidine kinase reporter gene (HSV1-sr39tk) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 121 in independent expression cassettes (Ad4tk). (snmjournals.org)
The feasibility of noninvasive imaging of cardiac transgene expression using PET and radiolabeled reporter probes for detection of adenovirally transfected herpesviral thymidine kinase reporter gene (HSV1-tk) has recently been demonstrated in small animals ( 1 ) and large animals ( 2 ). (snmjournals.org)
Cytoxicity induced by the herpesvirus thymidine kinase (TK) gene in combination with prodrugs is dependent on cell growth and leads to the elimination of genetically modified cells, thus limiting the duration of expression and efficacy of this treatment in vivo. (elsevier.com)
Cloning of the active thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Escherichia coli K-12. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
ATP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) gene has been cloned in Escherichia coli. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
In a murine model of human ovarian carcinoma, an FGF2-redirected adenoviral vector carrying the gene for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (AdCMVHSV-TK) was shown to result in a significant prolongation of survival compared with the same number of particles of unmodified AdCMVHSV-TK. (uab.edu)
We investigated the efficacy of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene to murine neuroblstoma cell lines [neuro-2a) in vitro and in vivo. (kribb.re.kr)
CAN-2409 (international non-proprietary name: aglatimagene besadenovec) is an adenovirus-based replication deficient engineered gene construct encoding the thymidine kinase gene derived from the herpes simplex virus. (candeltx.com)
The adenoviral construct is used as a vector to transport the thymidine kinase gene into the tumor cells at the site of injection. (candeltx.com)
Cells transduced with thymidine kinase gene undergo immunogenic cell death after exposure to these systemically administered prodrugs. (candeltx.com)
For the specific targeting of Ct-SLCO1B3 in RDEB-SCC, we employed spliceosome-mediated RNA trans -splicing (SMaRT) technology to replace the coding sequence of Ct-SLCO1B3 with that of the suicide gene herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1tk), thereby enabling tumor cells to convert the non-toxic prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) into an active drug which triggers apoptosis. (eb-researchnetwork.org)
The current US-licensed ORV consists of a rabies virus glycoprotein gene inserted into the thymidine kinase gene of an attenuated strain of the Copenhagen vaccinia virus (V-RG) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)

HeLa cells that have been lytically infected or transformed with Herpes simplex virus Type 1 (HSV-1) have a viral thymidine kinase which is distinct from the cytosol and mitochondrial thymidinekinases. (rpi.edu)
Selective abolishment of pyrimidine nucleoside kinase activity of herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase by mutation of alanine-167 to tyrosine. (ox.ac.uk)

OBJECTIVES: Thymidine kinase (TK, EC 2.7.1.21) is a part of the pyrimidine salvage pathway, involved in DNA synthesis. (nel.edu)

The DiviTum ® TKa test performed on blood serum measures thymidine kinase activity (TKa) which reflects tumor cell proliferation. (biovica.com)
To demonstrate that low serum Thymidine Kinase 1 (sTK1) activity (=TKa) (measured with the DiviTum®TKa test) is associated with low risk for disease progression and long PFS and OS. (biovica.com)
Preoperative Serum Thymidine Kinase Activity as Novel Monitoring, Prognostic, and Predictive Biomarker in Pancreatic Cancer. (bvsalud.org)
The aim of the study was to investigate serum thymidine kinase 1 (S-TK) activity as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). (bvsalud.org)
Serum thymidine kinase 1 activity may be a useful parameter for monitoring nTx efficacy . (bvsalud.org)
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human Thymidine Kinase 1, Soluble (TK1) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. (kits-elisa.com)
To prevent background arising from spontaneous mutation, cells lacking TK have to be eliminated by culturing them in a culture medium (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) GlutaMAXTM - I) supplemented with 10% (v/v) of inactivated horse serum containing HMTG (Cole et al10): 15 μg/mL hypoxanthine, 0.3 μg/mL methotrexate, 9 μg/mL thymidine, 22.5 μg/mL glycine. (europa.eu)
Activity of serum thymidine kinase in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: relationship to other prognostic factors. (nih.gov)
Serum beta(2)-microglobulin and serum thymidine kinase are independent predictors of progression-free survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and immunocytoma. (nih.gov)

Thymidine kinase 2 mitochondrial (TK2) is a member of the DCK/DGK family. (prospecbio.com)
Munch-Petersen B. Enzymatic regulation of cytosolic thymidine kinase 1 and mitochondrial thymidine kinase 2: a mini review. (medlineplus.gov)

Ganciclovir is a selective antiviral activated only within infected cells by viral thymidine kinase. (medscape.com)
In contrast, a significant therapeutic effect was seen upon ganciclovir administration with a vector expressing thymidine kinase (TK) in the tumour stroma. (nature.com)
Ganciclovir is transformed by viral and cellular thymidine kinases (TK) to ganciclovir triphosphate, which works as an antiviral agent by inhibiting the synthesis of viral DNA in 2 ways: competitive inhibition of viral DNA-polymerase and direct incorporation into viral primer strand DNA, resulting in DNA chain termination and prevention of replication. (medscape.com)
Thymidine kinase converts ganciclovir to a number of toxic metabolites that end up inhibiting DNA polymerase, hence it is assumed to be active only in proliferating cells, which leaves differentiated cells refractory to this system. (scielo.cl)
Thymidine kinase converts generic, FDA-approved anti-herpes drugs, such as ganciclovir, acyclovir and valacyclovir, which are used as prodrugs, into a toxic nucleotide analogue. (candeltx.com)

In this paper we present the nucleotide sequences of the thymidine kinase (TK) genes of two avian herpesviruses: a highly oncogenic strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV strain RB1B) and its serologically related vaccine virus, the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT strain Fc-126). (kent.ac.uk)

Thymidine kinase is present in 2 forms in mammalian cells, TK1 and TK2. (prospecbio.com)

Thymidine kinase is found in most living cells. (prospecbio.com)
Here, an effort was made to enhance TK/prodrug efficacy by coexpression of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI), p27, to render cells resistant to TK/prodrug by inhibiting DNA synthesis. (elsevier.com)
The thymidine kinases of uninduced and induced Raji cells did not use CTP were not affected by EBV antiserat and were thermostable. (rpi.edu)
DiviTum can quantify the level of thymidine kinase released into the circulation from proliferating cells. (biovica.com)

Guanylate kinase then converts the monophosphate form into diphosphate and triphosphate analogues that inhibit viral DNA replication. (medscape.com)

TK2 is a deoxyribonucleoside kinase which specifically phosphorylates thymidine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine. (prospecbio.com)

it is activated by phosphorylation by virus-specific thymidine kinase. (medscape.com)
Acyclovir is a prodrug activated by phosphorylation by virus-specific thymidine kinase (TK). (medscape.com)

Unity of the invention was given because no experimental work towards characterization, properties, use or biological function of plant thymidine kinases was accomplished prior to the priority date of the present invention. (epo.org)

When ATP was omitted from the reaction mixture used in the thymidirte kinase assay, no thymidine monophosphate was formed by the viral or cytosol enzymes. (rpi.edu)

The extent of cell proliferation in sham and hepatectomized- control, diabetic and insulin treated rats were monitored by determining DNA content and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. (cusat.ac.in)
Kinetic studies of thymidine kinase revealed that there was no change in the Michaelis -Menten constant (Km) whereas maximum velocity (Vmax) was elevated in the diabetic hepatectomized groups compared to control and insulin treated hepatectomized groups. (cusat.ac.in)
Thus our study elucidates the role of insulin in thymidine kinase activity and DNA synthesis. (cusat.ac.in)

Trifluridine is a pyrimidine (thymidine) analogue drug of choice in the United States for topical antiviral therapy for HSV infection. (medscape.com)
Although combination chemotherapy regimens, including the nucleoside analogue fludarabine, were once the most commonly used first-line therapy in CLL, non-chemotherapy regimens (eg, with Bruton tyrosine kinase [BTK] inhibitors) are currently preferred in most cases. (medscape.com)

AroCell and Corgenix establish the measurement of Thymidine Kinase. (pharmaceutical.report)

Thymidine kinases have a central function in the synthesis of DNA and thus in cell division, since they are part of the exceptional reaction chain to introduce deoxythymidine into the DNA. (prospecbio.com)

The DiviTum TKa test can detect an increase or decrease of Thymidine Kinase activity (TKa) level in the blood. (biovica.com)
The evidence demonstrates that measuring thymidine kinase activity (TKa) levels with the DiviTum TKa test provides important clinical information for the management of the disease. (biovica.com)

Document D8 did not deprive the invention of novelty since, as commented in the application as filed and also acknowledged in the International Search Report, it only disclosed a partial sequence insufficient for expression of the whole protein and it was completely silent about any possible use of rice thymidine kinase. (epo.org)
Here, we investigated the effects of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibition via lithium chloride (LiCl) treatment on SERCA uncoupling in skeletal muscle and UCP1 expression in adipose. (jbc.org)

They are heterozygous at the thymidine kinase (TK) locus which allows to detect mutation events at the TK-locus. (europa.eu)

It inhibits viral replication by incorporating into viral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in place of thymidine. (medscape.com)

About two-thirds of the mutations that cause this condition change single protein building blocks (amino acids) in thymidine kinase 2. (medlineplus.gov)

Patients treated with Epirubicin and Docetaxel before surgery were followed by their thymidine kinase (TK1) levels in blood to directly observe treatment response. (globenewswire.com)

Two HSV-2 transformed cell lines showed no evidence of any viral thymidine kinase when tested for their CTP specificity or thermostability. (rpi.edu)

Anatomy13

Organisms18

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs146

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes53

Information Science3

Transduction of glioma cells using a high-titer retroviral vector system and their subsequent migration in brain tumors. (1/2453)

Identification of a cAMP response element within the glucose- 6-phosphatase hydrolytic subunit gene promoter which is involved in the transcriptional regulation by cAMP and glucocorticoids in H4IIE hepatoma cells. (2/2453)

Modulation of the cytotoxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and methotrexate after transduction of folate receptor cDNA into human cervical carcinoma: identification of a correlation between folate receptor expression and thymidine kinase activity. (3/2453)

Elevated serum thymidine kinase levels identify a subgroup at high risk of disease progression in early, nonsmoldering chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (4/2453)

Imaging adenoviral-directed reporter gene expression in living animals with positron emission tomography. (5/2453)

Use of the Gal4-UAS technique for targeted gene expression in the zebrafish. (6/2453)

Staurosporine blocked normal cells at G1/S boundary. (7/2453)

Intronless mRNA transport elements may affect multiple steps of pre-mRNA processing. (8/2453)

Thymidine Kinase

Thymidine

Ganciclovir

Simplexvirus

Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

MAP Kinase Signaling System

Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases

Protein Kinases

Thymidine Phosphorylase

Acyclovir

Arabinofuranosyluracil

Herpesvirus 1, Human

Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases

Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Genetic Therapy

Base Sequence

Thymidine Monophosphate

Antiviral Agents

src-Family Kinases

Cell Line

Thymine Nucleotides

L Cells (Cell Line)

Transfection

Molecular Sequence Data

Deoxyuridine

Protein Kinase C

Genes, Viral

p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Mutation

Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase

Genes, Transgenic, Suicide

Genetic Vectors

Deoxycytidine Kinase

Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

Kinetics

Cell Division

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Phosphorylation

Nucleosides

DNA

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases

p21-Activated Kinases

JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases

Plasmids

Floxuridine

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3

Genes

Prodrugs

Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Cells, Cultured

Bromodeoxyuridine

Transcription, Genetic

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

Creatine Kinase

CDC2 Protein Kinase

RNA, Messenger

MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases

Adenoviridae

Gene Expression Regulation

Cloning, Molecular

Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)

eIF-2 Kinase

Casein Kinase II

Casein Kinases

Pyruvate Kinase

Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases

Amino Acid Sequence

DNA, Recombinant

Deoxyribonucleosides

Idoxuridine

Substrate Specificity

Isoenzymes

MAP Kinase Kinase 1

Pyrimidine Nucleosides

Tritium

Cell Cycle

Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases

Herpesviridae