Thymidine. Medical search

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and thymidine to ADP and thymidine 5'-phosphate. Deoxyuridine can also act as an acceptor and dGTP as a donor. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.1.21.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of 2-deoxy-D-ribose from THYMIDINE to orthophosphate, thereby liberating thymidine.

5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.

Phosphate esters of THYMIDINE in N-glycosidic linkage with ribose or deoxyribose, as occurs in nucleic acids. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1154)

An ACYCLOVIR analog that is a potent inhibitor of the Herpesvirus family including cytomegalovirus. Ganciclovir is used to treat complications from AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus infections.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. The type species is HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN.

2'-Deoxyuridine. An antimetabolite that is converted to deoxyuridine triphosphate during DNA synthesis. Laboratory suppression of deoxyuridine is used to diagnose megaloblastic anemias due to vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Purine or pyrimidine bases attached to a ribose or deoxyribose. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.

A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.

The making of a radiograph of an object or tissue by recording on a photographic plate the radiation emitted by radioactive material within the object. (Dorland, 27th ed)

A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to DEOXYRIBOSE.

An enzyme of the transferase class that catalyzes the reaction 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate and dUMP to dihydrofolate and dTMP in the synthesis of thymidine triphosphate. (From Dorland, 27th ed) EC 2.1.1.45.

The process by which a DNA molecule is duplicated.

A pyrimidine nucleoside formed in the body by the deamination of CYTARABINE.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

An analog of DEOXYURIDINE that inhibits viral DNA synthesis. The drug is used as an antiviral agent.

A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A cultured line of C3H mouse FIBROBLASTS that do not adhere to one another and do not express CADHERINS.

Agents used in the prophylaxis or therapy of VIRUS DISEASES. Some of the ways they may act include preventing viral replication by inhibiting viral DNA polymerase; binding to specific cell-surface receptors and inhibiting viral penetration or uncoating; inhibiting viral protein synthesis; or blocking late stages of virus assembly.

The type species of SIMPLEXVIRUS causing most forms of non-genital herpes simplex in humans. Primary infection occurs mainly in infants and young children and then the virus becomes latent in the dorsal root ganglion. It then is periodically reactivated throughout life causing mostly benign conditions.

Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE attached that can be phosphorylated to PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES.

Techniques and strategies which include the use of coding sequences and other conventional or radical means to transform or modify cells for the purpose of treating or reversing disease conditions.

A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversible reactions of a nucleoside triphosphate, e.g., ATP, with a nucleoside monophosphate, e.g., UMP, to form ADP and UDP. Many nucleoside monophosphates can act as acceptor while many ribo- and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates can act as donor. EC 2.7.4.4.

5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Substances that stimulate mitosis and lymphocyte transformation. They include not only substances associated with LECTINS, but also substances from streptococci (associated with streptolysin S) and from strains of alpha-toxin-producing staphylococci. (Stedman, 25th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of deoxycytidine with the formation of a nucleoside diphosphate and deoxycytidine monophosphate. Cytosine arabinoside can also act as an acceptor. All natural nucleoside triphosphates, except deoxycytidine triphosphate, can act as donors. The enzyme is induced by some viruses, particularly the herpes simplex virus (HERPESVIRUS HOMINIS). EC 2.7.1.74.

The functional hereditary units of VIRUSES.

The complex series of phenomena, occurring between the end of one CELL DIVISION and the end of the next, by which cellular material is duplicated and then divided between two daughter cells. The cell cycle includes INTERPHASE, which includes G0 PHASE; G1 PHASE; S PHASE; and G2 PHASE, and CELL DIVISION PHASE.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A purine or pyrimidine base bonded to a DEOXYRIBOSE containing a bond to a phosphate group.

Nucleosides that have two hydroxy groups removed from the sugar moiety. The majority of these compounds have broad-spectrum antiretroviral activity due to their action as antimetabolites. The nucleosides are phosphorylated intracellularly to their 5'-triphosphates and act as chain-terminating inhibitors of viral reverse transcription.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.

A compound that, on administration, must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming the pharmacologically active drug for which it is a prodrug.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

An antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase.

Genes that are used transgenically, i.e., via GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES to induce CELL DEATH.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.

A heterogenous group of disorders characterized by alterations of mitochondrial metabolism that result in muscle and nervous system dysfunction. These are often multisystemic and vary considerably in age at onset (usually in the first or second decade of life), distribution of affected muscles, severity, and course. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp984-5)

Purine bases related to hypoxanthine, an intermediate product of uric acid synthesis and a breakdown product of adenine catabolism.

DNA present in neoplastic tissue.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

Unstable isotopes of carbon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. C atoms with atomic weights 10, 11, and 14-16 are radioactive carbon isotopes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of ribose from uridine to orthophosphate, forming uracil and ribose 1-phosphate.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A pyrimidine nucleoside that is composed of the base CYTOSINE linked to the five-carbon sugar D-RIBOSE.

Uracil nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of viruses.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

A type of CELL NUCLEUS division by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of CHROMOSOMES of the somatic cells of the species.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557)

An enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of uridine and cytidine to uridine 5'-phosphate and cytidine 5'-phosphate, respectively. ATP, dUTP, dGTP, and dATP are effective phosphate donors. EC 2.7.1.48.

Experimentally induced new abnormal growth of TISSUES in animals to provide models for studying human neoplasms.

An oxidoreductase involved in pyrimidine base degradation. It catalyzes the catabolism of THYMINE; URACIL and the chemotherapeutic drug, 5-FLUOROURACIL.

DNA sequences which are recognized (directly or indirectly) and bound by a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase during the initiation of transcription. Highly conserved sequences within the promoter include the Pribnow box in bacteria and the TATA BOX in eukaryotes.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

Pyrimidines with a RIBOSE and phosphate attached that can polymerize to form DNA and RNA.

A family of non-enveloped viruses infecting mammals (MASTADENOVIRUS) and birds (AVIADENOVIRUS) or both (ATADENOVIRUS). Infections may be asymptomatic or result in a variety of diseases.

Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture.

Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites, but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

Adenosine molecules which can be substituted in any position, but are lacking one hydroxyl group in the ribose part of the molecule.

The biosynthesis of RNA carried out on a template of DNA. The biosynthesis of DNA from an RNA template is called REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION.

A family of enveloped, linear, double-stranded DNA viruses infecting a wide variety of animals. Subfamilies, based on biological characteristics, include: ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE; BETAHERPESVIRINAE; and GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The monomeric units from which DNA or RNA polymers are constructed. They consist of a purine or pyrimidine base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Biologically active DNA which has been formed by the in vitro joining of segments of DNA from different sources. It includes the recombination joint or edge of a heteroduplex region where two recombining DNA molecules are connected.

A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.

Inhibitors of the enzyme, dihydrofolate reductase (TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE), which converts dihydrofolate (FH2) to tetrahydrofolate (FH4). They are frequently used in cancer chemotherapy. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2033)

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressant properties. It is an inhibitor of TETRAHYDROFOLATE DEHYDROGENASE and prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary for synthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.

Methods of maintaining or growing biological materials in controlled laboratory conditions. These include the cultures of CELLS; TISSUES; organs; or embryo in vitro. Both animal and plant tissues may be cultured by a variety of methods. Cultures may derive from normal or abnormal tissues, and consist of a single cell type or mixed cell types.

A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.

Enzymes of the transferase class that catalyze the transfer of a pentose group from one compound to another.

The introduction of a phosphoryl group into a compound through the formation of an ester bond between the compound and a phosphorus moiety.

A subfamily in the family MURIDAE, comprising the hamsters. Four of the more common genera are Cricetus, CRICETULUS; MESOCRICETUS; and PHODOPUS.

The introduction of functional (usually cloned) GENES into cells. A variety of techniques and naturally occurring processes are used for the gene transfer such as cell hybridization, LIPOSOMES or microcell-mediated gene transfer, ELECTROPORATION, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, TRANSFECTION, and GENETIC TRANSDUCTION. Gene transfer may result in genetically transformed cells and individual organisms.

A rather large group of enzymes comprising not only those transferring phosphate but also diphosphate, nucleotidyl residues, and others. These have also been subdivided according to the acceptor group. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.7.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

The action of a drug in promoting or enhancing the effectiveness of another drug.

A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)

Within a eukaryotic cell, a membrane-limited body which contains chromosomes and one or more nucleoli (CELL NUCLEOLUS). The nuclear membrane consists of a double unit-type membrane which is perforated by a number of pores; the outermost membrane is continuous with the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. A cell may contain more than one nucleus. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of deoxycytidylic acid to deoxyuridylic acid and ammonia. It plays an important role in the regulation of the pool of deoxynucleotides in higher organisms. The enzyme also acts on some 5-substituted deoxycytidylic acids. EC 3.5.4.12.

Cytosine nucleotides which contain deoxyribose as the sugar moiety.

The type species of VARICELLOVIRUS causing CHICKENPOX (varicella) and HERPES ZOSTER (shingles) in humans.

A purine nucleoside that has guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of ribose. It is a component of ribonucleic acid and its nucleotides play important roles in metabolism. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

Repair or renewal of hepatic tissue.

Signal molecules that are involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation.

Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The first continuously cultured human malignant CELL LINE, derived from the cervical carcinoma of Henrietta Lacks. These cells are used for VIRUS CULTIVATION and antitumor drug screening assays.

Experimental transplantation of neoplasms in laboratory animals for research purposes.

The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS, but whose true origin is unknown. It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. It is also used as a vector for inserting foreign DNA into animals. Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS.

5-Bromo-2'-deoxycytidine. Can be incorporated into DNA in the presence of DNA polymerase, replacing dCTP.

The nonstriated involuntary muscle tissue of blood vessels.

Antimetabolites that are useful in cancer chemotherapy.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

An experimental lymphocytic leukemia of mice.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of a nucleotide and water to a nucleoside and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.-.

Mutant mice homozygous for the recessive gene "nude" which fail to develop a thymus. They are useful in tumor studies and studies on immune responses.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.

Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.

The interval between two successive CELL DIVISIONS during which the CHROMOSOMES are not individually distinguishable. It is composed of the G phases (G1 PHASE; G0 PHASE; G2 PHASE) and S PHASE (when DNA replication occurs).

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

A pyrimidine nucleoside analog that is used mainly in the treatment of leukemia, especially acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytarabine is an antimetabolite antineoplastic agent that inhibits the synthesis of DNA. Its actions are specific for the S phase of the cell cycle. It also has antiviral and immunosuppressant properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p472)

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

The effects of ionizing and nonionizing radiation upon living organisms, organs and tissues, and their constituents, and upon physiologic processes. It includes the effect of irradiation on food, drugs, and chemicals.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The result of a positive or negative response (to drugs, for example) in one cell being passed onto other cells via the GAP JUNCTIONS or the intracellular milieu.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

A class of carbohydrates that contains five carbon atoms.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Unstable isotopes of fluorine that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. F atoms with atomic weights 17, 18, and 20-22 are radioactive fluorine isotopes.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Family of RNA viruses that infects birds and mammals and encodes the enzyme reverse transcriptase. The family contains seven genera: DELTARETROVIRUS; LENTIVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE B, MAMMALIAN; ALPHARETROVIRUS; GAMMARETROVIRUS; RETROVIRUSES TYPE D; and SPUMAVIRUS. A key feature of retrovirus biology is the synthesis of a DNA copy of the genome which is integrated into cellular DNA. After integration it is sometimes not expressed but maintained in a latent state (PROVIRUSES).

Method for measuring viral infectivity and multiplication in CULTURED CELLS. Clear lysed areas or plaques develop as the VIRAL PARTICLES are released from the infected cells during incubation. With some VIRUSES, the cells are killed by a cytopathic effect; with others, the infected cells are not killed but can be detected by their hemadsorptive ability. Sometimes the plaque cells contain VIRAL ANTIGENS which can be measured by IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

DNA-dependent DNA polymerases found in bacteria, animal and plant cells. During the replication process, these enzymes catalyze the addition of deoxyribonucleotide residues to the end of a DNA strand in the presence of DNA as template-primer. They also possess exonuclease activity and therefore function in DNA repair.

Proteins found in any species of virus.

An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.

Pentosyltransferases that catalyze the reaction between a pyrimidine nucleoside and orthophosphate to form a free pyrimidine and ribose-5-phosphate.

The transfer of bacterial DNA by phages from an infected bacterium to another bacterium. This also refers to the transfer of genes into eukaryotic cells by viruses. This naturally occurring process is routinely employed as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Proteins involved in the transport of NUCLEOSIDES across cellular membranes.

The phosphate esters of DIDEOXYNUCLEOSIDES.

Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Tumors or cancer of the COLON.

A species of CERCOPITHECUS containing three subspecies: C. tantalus, C. pygerythrus, and C. sabeus. They are found in the forests and savannah of Africa. The African green monkey (C. pygerythrus) is the natural host of SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS and is used in AIDS research.

Experimentally induced tumors of the LIVER.

Steroids and hematopoiesis. III. The response of granulocytic and erythroid colony-forming cells to steroids of different classes. (1/5245)

Selected androgenic and nonandrogenic steroids enhance in vitro granulocytic and erythroid colony formation by mouse marrow cells, but do so by influencing either different target cells or cells in different states of cell cycle. Etiocholanolone, a naturally occurring nonandrogenic testosterone metabolite, permits cells not in active cycle to respond to colony-stimulating factor or erythropoietin. Fluoxymesterone, a synthetic androgen, appears to enhance colony growth by increasing the responsiveness of target cells to tropic stimuli. The majority of cells responding to this androgen are in active DNA synthesis. Direct comparison, however, of etiocholanolone-dependent erythroid or granulocytic colony-forming cells demonstrates nonidentity of the target cells. Thus colony-forming units responding to different classes of steroids are in different states of cell cycle and are physically separable. The enhancement of the in vitro response of colony-forming cells to regulating hormones by steroids such as etiocholanolane suggests a mechanism by which such agents may be therapeutically effective in certain cases of marrow failure in man. (+info)

Stimulation of thymidine uptake and cell proliferation in mouse embryo fibroblasts by conditioned medium from mammary cells in culture. (2/5245)

Undialyzed conditioned medium from several cell culture sources did not stimulate thymidine incorporation or cell overgrowth in quiescent, density-inhibited mouse embryo fibroblast cells. However, dialyzed conditioned medium (DCM) from clonal mouse mammary cell lines MCG-V14, MCG-T14, MCG-T10; HeLa cells; primary mouse adenocarcinoma cells; and BALB/c normal mouse mammary epithelial cells promoted growth in quiescent fibroblasts. The amount of growth-promoting activity produced per cell varied from 24% (HeLa) to 213% (MCG-V14) of the activity produced by primary tumor cells. The production of growth-promoting activity was not unique to tumor-derived cells or cells of high tumorigenicity. The amount of growth-promoting activity produced per cell in the active cultures was not correlated with any of the following: tumorigenicity, growth rat, cell density achieved at saturation, cell type, or species of cell origin. It is concluded that transformed and non-transformed cells of diverse origin, cell type, and tumorigenicity can produce growth factors in culture. The growth-promoting potential of the active media from primary tumor cultures accumulated with time of contact with cells and was too great to be accounted for entirely by the removal of low-molecular-weight inhibitors by dialysis. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that conditioned medium from the active cultures contained a dialyzable, growth-promoting activity. Different cell lines exhibited differential sensitivity to tumor cell DCM and fetal bovine serum. Furthermore, quiescent fibroblasts were stimulated by primary tumor cell DCM in the presence of saturating concentrations of fetal bovine serum. These observations support the notion that the active growth-promoting principle in primary tumor cell DCM may not be a serum factor(s). (+info)

Blood thymidine level and iododeoxyuridine incorporation and reutilization in DNA in mice given long-acting thymidine pellets. (3/5245)

A long-acting thymidine pellet consisting of 190 mg of cholesterol and 60 mg of thymidine has been developed for the study of thymidine metabolism and reutilization in vivo. Implantation of such a pellet s.c. in adult mice will maintain the blood plasma concentration of thymidine at levels between 40 and 8 X 10(-6) M, which are from 36 to 7 times those of normal mice, for periods up to 48 hr. During this period, in vivo uptake and reutilization of [125I]iododeoxyuridine, a thymidine analog, into intestinal and tumor DNA were almost completely suppressed. While iododeoxyuridine reutilization is not large in normal proliferative tissue even in the absence of pellet implants, reutilization of over 30% was measured in large, rapidly growing ascites tumors. The inhibition of iododeoxyuridine incorporation by elevated thymidine blood levels is directly proportional to serum concentration. This appears to be due to a thymidine pool in rapid equilibrium with blood thymidine. This pool is at least 10 times larger than the 4-nmole pool of extracellular thymidine. (+info)

Ambiguity of the thymidine index. (4/5245)

The observed thymidine indices of seven experimental tumor lines are compared as a function of duration of emulsion exposure. The effects of dose level of tritiated thymidine and background threshold are also evaluated. The results indicate that an arbitrary high background threshold discriminates against "lightly" labeled cells at short periods of exposure but that the chosen threshold becomes less critical with longer exposure. The observed thymidine index increases with increasing duration of emulsion exposure but appears to approach a plateau for all tumor systems. The "thymidine index curves" are significantly different for each tumor. There is an inverse relationship between the dose of tritiated thymidine and the duration of exposure required to recognize the same fraction of cells as labeled in a given tumor. Similar experimental conditions do not necessarily guarantee a valid basis for comparison of observed thymidine indices among tumors. (+info)

Induction of serotonin transporter by hypoxia in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. Relationship with the mitogenic action of serotonin. (5/5245)

-The increased delivery of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) to the lung aggravates the development of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats, possibly through stimulation of the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs). In cultured rat PA-SMCs, 5-HT (10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L) induced DNA synthesis and potentiated the mitogenic effect of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (10 ng/mL). This effect was dependent on the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), since it was prevented by the 5-HTT inhibitors fluoxetine (10(-6) mol/L) and paroxetine (10(-7) mol/L), but it was unaltered by ketanserin (10(-6) mol/L), a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. In PA-SMCs exposed to hypoxia, the levels of 5-HTT mRNA (measured by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) increased by 240% within 2 hours, followed by a 3-fold increase in the uptake of [3H]5-HT at 24 hours. Cotransfection of the cells with a construct of human 5-HTT promoter-luciferase gene reporter and of pCMV-beta-galactosidase gene allowed the demonstration that exposure of cells to hypoxia produced a 5.5-fold increase in luciferase activity, with no change in beta-galactosidase activity. The increased expression of 5-HTT in hypoxic cells was associated with a greater mitogenic response to 5-HT (10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L) in the absence as well as in the presence of platelet-derived growth factor-BB. 5-HTT expression assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization in the lungs was found to predominate in the media of pulmonary artery, in which a marked increase was noted in rats that had been exposed to hypoxia for 15 days. These data show that in vitro and in vivo exposure to hypoxia induces, via a transcriptional mechanism, 5-HTT expression in PA-SMCs, and that this effect contributes to the stimulatory action of 5-HT on PA-SMC proliferation. In vivo expression of 5-HTT by PA-SMC may play a key role in serotonin-mediated pulmonary vascular remodeling. (+info)

Modulation of the cytotoxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and methotrexate after transduction of folate receptor cDNA into human cervical carcinoma: identification of a correlation between folate receptor expression and thymidine kinase activity. (6/5245)

Cervical carcinoma is an AIDS-defining illness. The expression of folate receptors (FRs) in cervical carcinoma (HeLa-IU1) cells was modulated by stable transduction of FR cDNA encapsidated in recombinant adeno-associated virus-2 in the sense and antisense orientation (sense and antisense cells, respectively). Although sense cells proliferated slower than antisense or untransduced cells in vivo and in vitro in 2% (but not 10%) FCS, [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA was significantly increased in sense cells in 10% serum; therefore, the basis for this discrepancy was investigated. The activity of thymidine kinase (TK) was subsequently directly correlated with the extent of FR expression in single cell-derived clones of transduced cells. This elevated TK activity was not a result of recruitment of the salvage pathway based on the presence of adequate dTTP pools, normal thymidylate synthase (TS) activity, persistence of increased thymidine incorporation despite the exogenous provision of excess 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate, and documentation of adequate folates in sense cells. The increase in TK activity conferred significant biological properties to sense cells (but not antisense or untransduced cells) as demonstrated by augmented phosphorylation of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and concomitantly greater sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of AZT. Conversely, sense cells were highly resistant to methotrexate, but this was reversed by the addition of AZT. The direct correlation of FR expression and TK activity indicates a previously unrecognized consequence of FR overexpression. (+info)

Elevated expression of the CD4 receptor and cell cycle arrest are induced in Jurkat cells by treatment with the novel cyclic dinucleotide 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid. (7/5245)

The effect of the novel, naturally occurring nucleotide cyclic diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) on the lymphoblastoid CD4+ Jurkat cell line was studied. When exposed to 50 microM c-di-GMP, Jurkat cells exhibited a markedly elevated expression of the CD4 receptor of up to 6.3-fold over controls. C-di-GMP also causes blockage of the cell cycle at the S-phase, characterized by increased cellular thymidine uptake, reduction in G2/M-phase cells, increase in S-phase cells and decreased cell division. Additionally c-di-GMP naturally enters these cells and binds irreversibly to the P21ras protein. The effects described appear to be unique for c-di-GMP. (+info)

Impact of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine on (deoxy)ribonucleotide metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis in tumor cells. (8/5245)

Following exposure to 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (an inhibitor of the cellular DNA polymerases alpha, delta and epsilon), human erythroleukemia K562, human T-lymphoid CEM and murine leukemia L1210 cells markedly accumulated in the S phase of the cell cycle. In contrast to DNA replication, RNA synthesis (transcription) and protein synthesis (mRNA translation) were not affected by 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-adenine. The ribonucleoside triphosphate pools were slightly elevated, while the intracellular levels of all four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates were 1.5-4-fold increased in 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine-treated K562, CEM and L1210 cells. The effect of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine on de novo (thymidylate synthase-mediated) and salvage (thymidine kinase-mediated) dTTP synthesis was investigated using radio-labelled nucleoside precursors. The amount of thymidylate synthase-derived dTTP in the acid soluble pool was 2-4-fold higher in PMEA-treated than in untreated K562 cells, which is in accord with the 3-4-fold expansion of the global dTTP level in the presence of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. Strikingly, 2-derived dTTP accumulated to a much higher extent (i.e. 16-40-fold) in the soluble dTTP pool upon 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine treatment. In keeping with this finding, a markedly increased thymidine kinase activity could be demonstrated in extracts of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine-treated K562 cell cultures. Also, in the presence of 200 microM 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine, 14-fold less thymidylate synthase-derived but only 3-fold less thymidine kinase-derived dTTP was incorporated into the DNA of the K562 cells. These data show that thymidine incorporation may be inappropriate as a cell proliferation marker in the presence of DNA synthesis inhibitors such as 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. Our findings indicate that 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine causes a peculiar pattern of (deoxy)ribonucleotide metabolism deregulation in drug-treated tumor cells, as a result of the metabolic block imposed by the drug on the S phase of the cell cycle. (+info)

Radiolabeled thymidine (TdR), such as tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR), is commonly used in cell proliferation assays. The ... Before the boom in thymidine use caused by the need for thymidine in the production of the antiretroviral drug azidothymidine ( ... an excess of thymidine availability increases mutation. A deficiency of thymidine during growth also increases mutation. A ... AZT), much of the world's thymidine production came from herring sperm. Thymidine occurs almost exclusively in DNA but it also ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine

It is an ester of phosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine. dTMP consists of a phosphate group, the pentose sugar ... Thymidine monophosphate (TMP), also known as thymidylic acid (conjugate base thymidylate), deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP ... Unlike the other deoxyribonucleotides, thymidine monophosphate often does not contain the "deoxy" prefix in its name; ... Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary provides an explanation of the nomenclature variation at its entry for thymidine. As a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_monophosphate

In enzymology, a thymidine-triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.39) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction dTTP + H2O ⇌ {\ ... Dahlmann N (December 1982). "Human serum thymidine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase: purification and properties of a new ... Other names in common use include thymidine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, dTTPase, and deoxythymidine-5'-triphosphatase. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine-triphosphatase

... (EC 2.4.2.4) is an enzyme that is encoded by the TYMP gene and catalyzes the reaction: thymidine + ... Thymidine phosphorylase catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of thymidine, deoxyuridine, and their analogs (except ... Some reports suggest that thymidine phosphorylase promotes endothelial cell growth by reducing levels of thymidine that would ... which suggests that thymidine phosphorylase has several allosteric and/or catalytic sites as well. Thymidine phosphorylase is a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_phosphorylase

... (TDP) or deoxythymidine diphosphate (dTDP) (also thymidine pyrophosphate, dTPP) is a nucleotide ... It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside thymidine. dTDP consists of the pyrophosphate group, the pentose ... Unlike the other deoxyribonucleotides, thymidine diphosphate does not always contain the "deoxy" prefix in its name. Nucleoside ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_diphosphate

Unlike the other deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, thymidine triphosphate does not always contain the "deoxy" prefix in its ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_triphosphate

ATP ---> + ADP Thymidine reacts with ATP to give thymidine monophosphate and ADP. Thymidine monophosphate, the product of the ... One difficulty is that the poxvirus thymidine kinase belongs to the same family of thymidine kinases as the human thymidine ... and thymidine triphosphate with thymidine kinase and the relationship to the stimulation of thymidine uptake by 5'-AdThd in ... thymidine triphosphate (TTP), the product of the further phosphorylation of thymidine, acts as an inhibitor to thymidine kinase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase

In enzymology, an ADP-thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.118) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ADP + thymidine ⇌ {\ ... displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } AMP + thymidine 5'-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ADP and thymidine, ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is ADP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase. Other names in common use include ADP:dThd ... Falke D, Labenz J, Brauer D, Muller WE (1982). "Adenosine diphosphate: thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, a new enzyme activity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADP—thymidine_kinase

In enzymology, an AMP-thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.114) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction AMP + thymidine ⇌ {\ ... the two substrates of this enzyme are AMP and thymidine, whereas its two products are adenosine and thymidine 5'-phosphate. ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is AMP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase. This enzyme is also called adenylate- ... Falke D, Labenz J, Brauer D, Muller WE (1982). "Adenosine diphosphate: thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, a new enzyme activity, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMP—thymidine_kinase

... , soluble (gene name TK1), is a human thymidine kinase. Two forms of this protein have been identified in ... "Entrez Gene: Thymidine kinase 1, soluble". Huang DY, Chang ZF (June 2001). "Interaction of human thymidine kinase 1 with p21( ... Thymidine kinase 1 has been shown to interact with P21. Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective ... 2005). "Concentration of thymidine kinase 1 in serum (S-TK1) is a more sensitive proliferation marker in human solid tumors ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase_1

... (often abbreviated dTDP-glucose or TDP-glucose) is a nucleotide-linked sugar consisting of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_diphosphate_glucose

... is a sub-family of thymidine kinases. Its presence in herpesvirus-infected cells is used to ... August 1998). "Exploring the active site of herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase by X-ray crystallography of complexes ... Trifluridine Brivudine Mutations in the gene coding thymidine kinase in herpes viruses can endow the virus with resistance to ... "Crystal structures of the thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type-1 in complex with deoxythymidine and ganciclovir". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase_from_herpesvirus

"Entrez Gene: Thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial". Zeman L, Lusena CV (March 1974). "DNA precursors and the absence of thymidine ... Thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TK2 gene. This gene encodes a ... deoxyribonucleoside kinase that specifically phosphorylates thymidine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine. The encoded enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase_2,_mitochondrial

Thymidine kinase 1 is such a salvage enzyme, whereas thymidine kinase 2 is not cell cycle-dependent. Thymidine kinase is a ... ATP ---> + ADP Thymidine reacts with ATP to give thymidine monophosphate and ADP. Thymidine monophosphate, the product of the ... Thymidine kinase is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase (a kinase): 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, ... Thymidine kinase Thymidylate kinase Nucleoside diphosphate kinase Thymidylate synthase Thymidine O'Neill KL, Buckwalter M, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymidine_kinase_in_clinical_chemistry

"Thymidine kinase". Medical Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 5 April 2013. Gentry GA (1992). "Viral thymidine kinases and ... The enzymes thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase in cells are responsible for DNA synthesis and are only expressed in ... One herpes simplex virus, encoding a thymidine kinase suicide gene, has progressed to phase III clinical trials. The herpes ... simplex virus thymidine kinase phosphorylates the pro-drug, ganciclovir, which is then incorporated into DNA, blocking DNA ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncolytic_virus

deoxythymidine See thymidine. deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Any of a class of nuclease enzymes which catalyze the hydrolytic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics_(0–L)

In DNA, uridine is replaced with thymidine. Contents: Top 0-9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z variable ... thymidine (T, dT) One of the four standard nucleosides used in DNA molecules, consisting of a thymine base with its N9 nitrogen ... deoxythymidine See thymidine. deoxyribonuclease (DNase) Any of a class of nuclease enzymes which catalyze the hydrolytic ... The prefix deoxy- is commonly omitted, since there are no ribonucleoside analogs of thymidine used in RNA, where it is replaced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics

Kornfeld S, Glaser L (June 1961). "The enzymic synthesis of thymidine-linked sugars. I. Thymidine diphosphate glucose". J. Biol ... Pazur JH, Shuey EW (June 1961). "The enzymatic synthesis of thymidine diphosphate glucose and its conversion to thymidine ... thymidine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, thymidine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase, and TDP-glucose ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-1-phosphate_thymidylyltransferase

... thymidine at position 265). The silent allele has evolved at least twice in the black population of Africa and evidence for ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system

Kornfeld S, Glaser L (October 1962). "The synthesis of thymidine-linked sugars. v. thymidine diphosphate-amino sugars". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UDP-N-acetylglucosamine_4-epimerase

Ohkawa T (December 1975). "Studies of intracellular thymidine nucleotides. Thymineless death and the recovery after re-addition ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamentation

Sun, R.; Eriksson, S.; Wang, L. (2010). "Identification and Characterization of Mitochondrial Factors Modulating Thymidine ... AZT is a thymidine analogue. AZT works by selectively inhibiting HIV's reverse transcriptase, the enzyme that the virus uses to ... the depletion of thymidine triphosphate, oxidative stress, reduction of intracellular L-carnitine or apoptosis of the muscle ... "Induction of endogenous virus and of thymidine kinase by bromodeoxyuridine in cell cultures transformed by Friend virus". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidovudine

It phosphorylates thymidine to create thymidine monophosphate (dTMP). This kinase uses an ATP molecule to supply the phosphate ... Because of this, thymidine kinase activity is closely correlated with the cell cycle and used as a tumor marker in clinical ... November 2008). "Thymidine kinase 2 defects can cause multi-tissue mtDNA depletion syndrome". Brain. 131 (Pt 11): 2841-2850. ... Thymidine kinase is one of the many nucleoside kinases that are responsible for nucleoside phosphorylation. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinase

replacement of thymidine kinase (TK)). RCN was successful in 50% of voluntary participants allowing them to survive subsequent ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoonpox_virus

Levene, P. A.; Tipson, R. S. (1935). "The ring structure of thymidine". J. Biol. Chem. 109 (2): 623-630. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetranucleotide_hypothesis

Gentry GA (1992). "Viral thymidine kinases and their relatives". Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 54 (3): 319-55. doi:10.1016/0163- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attenuated_vaccine

FLT is phosphorylated as though it were thymidine, and is subsequently incorporated into DNA. Thymidine is essential for DNA ... FLT accumulates in proliferating cells where it indicates the activity of the enzyme thymidine kinase. Cell division can be ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorothymidine_F-18

... thymidine 2'-dioxygenase, thymidine 2'-hydroxylase, thymidine 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, and thymidine dioxygenase. It has 2 ... Bankel L, Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S (1972). "Thymidine 2'-hydroxylation in Neurospora crassa". J. Biol. Chem. 247 (19): 6128-34 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrimidine-deoxynucleoside_2'-dioxygenase

5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) is a thymidine analogue which is incorporated into the DNA of dividing cells. EdU is used to ... Chehrehasa, F; Meedeniya, AC; Dwyer, P; Abrahamsen, G; Mackay-Sim, A (February 2009). "EdU, a new thymidine analogue for ... Cavanagh, Brenton; Walker, T; Norazit, A; Meedeniya, A. C. (15 September 2011). "Thymidine analogues for tracking DNA synthesis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine

List of sequenced plastomes Mitochondrial DNA Stocking, C. R. & Gifford, E. M. (1959). "Incorporation of thymidine into ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloroplast_DNA

... by a viral enzyme called thymidine kinase (TK), to which the drug has a high affinity (attraction). Phosphorylation by either ... Other articles where thymidine kinase is discussed: acyclovir: … ... by a viral enzyme called thymidine kinase (TK), to which the drug has a high affinity (attraction). Phosphorylation by either ...

https://www.britannica.com/science/thymidine-kinase

Thymidine, 5-O-cyclotetramethylene-isopropylsilyl. *Formula: C17H28N2O5Si ...

https://webbook.nist.gov/cgi/inchi?ID=R247255&Units=CAL&Mask=2000

section IV supra) disclosed a gene for rice thymidine kinase. Thus, the concept of a plant thymidine kinase was already ... iv) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a thymidine kinase enzyme derived from a plant, which thymidine kinase enzyme has a ... ii) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a thymidine kinase enzyme derived from a plant, which thymidine kinase enzyme, when ... iii) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a thymidine kinase enzyme derived from a plant, which thymidine kinase enzyme is ...

https://www.epo.org/law-practice/case-law-appeals/recent/w040037eu1.html

Thymidine kinase is found in most living cells. Thymidine kinase is present in 2 forms in mammalian cells, TK1 and TK2. ... Thymidine kinase 2 mitochondrial, Mt-TK, TK2, MTTK, MTDPS2.. Introduction. Thymidine kinase 2 mitochondrial (TK2) is a member ... Thymidine kinases have a central function in the synthesis of DNA and thus in cell division, since they are part of the ... TK2 is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase (a kinase): 2-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5-phosphotransferase. ...

https://www.prospecbio.com/tk2_human

Crystal structure of thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type 1 in complex with Me-ARA-EdU ... Thymidine kinase. A, B. 332. Human alphaherpesvirus 1 strain 17. Mutation(s): 0 Gene Names: TK, TK (UL23), UL23. EC: 2.7.1.21. ... Crystal structure of thymidine kinase from herpes simplex virus type 1 in complex with Me-ARA-EdU. *PDB DOI: 10.2210/pdb4OQX/ ...

https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4oqx

Ambiguity of the Thymidine Index1 L. Simpson-Herren; L. Simpson-Herren ... L. Simpson-Herren, A. H. Sanford, J. P. Holmquist, T. A. Springer, H. H. Lloyd; Ambiguity of the Thymidine Index1. Cancer Res 1 ... The observed thymidine indices of seven experimental tumor lines are compared as a function of duration of emulsion exposure. ... The observed thymidine index increases with increasing duration of emulsion exposure but appears to approach a plateau for all ...

https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/36/12/4705/480809/Ambiguity-of-the-Thymidine-Index1

Coexpression of Herpesviral Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene and VEGF Gene for Noninvasive Monitoring of Therapeutic Gene ... Coexpression of Herpesviral Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene and VEGF Gene for Noninvasive Monitoring of Therapeutic Gene ... Coexpression of Herpesviral Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene and VEGF Gene for Noninvasive Monitoring of Therapeutic Gene ... Coexpression of Herpesviral Thymidine Kinase Reporter Gene and VEGF Gene for Noninvasive Monitoring of Therapeutic Gene ...

https://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/45/10/1743

Thymidine Phosphorylase antibody LS-C337065 is an unconjugated mouse monoclonal antibody to human Thymidine Phosphorylase (TP ... Thymidine Phosphorylase antibody LS-C337065 is an unconjugated mouse monoclonal antibody to human Thymidine Phosphorylase (TP ... Monoclonal Mouse anti‑Human TP / Thymidine Phosphorylase Antibody (clone OTI1E7, aa311‑482, IHC, WB) LS‑C337065 ... Monoclonal Mouse anti‑Human TP / Thymidine Phosphorylase Antibody (clone OTI1E7, aa311‑482, IHC, WB) LS‑C337065 ...

https://www.lsbio.com/antibodies/tp-antibody-thymidine-phosphorylase-antibody-aa311-482-clone-oti1e7-ihc-wb-western-ls-c337065/347676

... thymidine and leucine incorporation at station TT008_5-TM11. PANGAEA, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.122393 ... Thymidine incorporation rate. Thym inc rate. pmol/l/h. Ducklow, Hugh W. ... Ducklow, Hugh W (2003): Bacterial abundance, thymidine and leucine incorporation. United States JGOFS Process Study Data 1989- ... Ducklow, Hugh W (2003): Bacterial abundance, thymidine and leucine incorporation at station TT008_5-TM11. PANGAEA, https://doi. ...

https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.122393

Combination gene delivery of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 with thymidine kinase enhances prodrug cytotoxicity. In: Journal of ... Combination gene delivery of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 with thymidine kinase enhances prodrug cytotoxicity. Journal of ... Cytoxicity induced by the herpesvirus thymidine kinase (TK) gene in combination with prodrugs is dependent on cell growth and ... Dive into the research topics of Combination gene delivery of the cell cycle inhibitor p27 with thymidine kinase enhances ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/combination-gene-delivery-of-the-cell-cycle-inhibitor-p27-with-th-5

Role of thymidine phosphorylase activity in the angiogenic effect of platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor/thymidine ... Thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP), also known as platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, has a role in tumorigenesis, ... Kosaka T, Usami K, Ueshige N, Sugaya J, Nakano Y, Takashima S. Effects of thymidine phosphorylase levels in cancer, background ... Bronckaers A, Gago F, Balzarini J, Liekens S. The dual role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer development and chemotherapy. ...

https://www.oncotarget.com/article/9923/text/

... thymidine 5-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) gene has been cloned in Escherichia coli. A recombinat plasmid, pFG5, has been ... A herpes simplex virus DNA fragment that is produced by digestion with BamHI endonuclease and carries the thymidine kinase (TK ... Cloning of the active thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Escherichia coli K-12. F. Colbere-Garapin 1, * S ... Cloning of the active thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Escherichia coli K-12.. Proceedings of the ...

https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-00174138

Thymidine failed to prevent the inhibitory action of cAMP on the mutant strains of mouse cells which had been made defective by ... Thymidine failed to prevent the inhibitory action of cAMP on the mutant strains of mouse cells which had been made defective by ... Thymidine failed to prevent the inhibitory action of cAMP on the mutant strains of mouse cells which had been made defective by ... Thymidine failed to prevent the inhibitory action of cAMP on the mutant strains of mouse cells which had been made defective by ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/protective-effect-of-thymidine-against-the-cytostatic-action-of-c

In this paper we present the nucleotide sequences of the thymidine kinase (TK) genes of two avian herpesviruses: a highly ... Nucleotide and Predicted Amino Acid Sequences of the Mareks Disease Virus and Turkey Herpesvirus Thymidine Kinase Genes; ... Comparison with Thymidine Kinase Genes of Other Herpesviruses. Journal of General Virology, 70 (11). pp. 3055-3065. ISSN 0022- ... Nucleotide and Predicted Amino Acid Sequences of the Mareks Disease Virus and Turkey Herpesvirus Thymidine Kinase Genes; ...

https://kar.kent.ac.uk/45904/

The information system PANGAEA is operated as an Open Access library aimed at archiving, publishing and distributing georeferenced data from earth system research. The system... read more ...

https://b2find.eudat.eu/dataset/2b3f228e-d3c1-5bf0-8862-0b953ceada3a

To investigate the expression of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), a known angiogenic factor for endothelial cells, in normally ... Thymidine phosphorylase expression in normal and hyperplastic endometrium. Sivridis E., Giatromanolaki A., Koukourakis MI., ... AIMS: To investigate the expression of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), a known angiogenic factor for endothelial cells, in ...

https://www.oncology.ox.ac.uk/publications/315986?779a97aa-7632-11ed-857e-061b866677b4

Mutation of Gln125 to Asn Selectively Abolishes the Thymidylate Kinase Activity of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase ... Mutation of Gln125 to Asn Selectively Abolishes the Thymidylate Kinase Activity of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase ...

https://www.well.ox.ac.uk/publications/20676?61f338ac-71ce-11ed-856d-061b866677b4

The cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase (TP) are two factors known to ... The cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and the enzyme thymidine phosphorylase (TP) are two factors known to ... Association of tumour necrosis factor alpha and its receptors with thymidine phosphorylase expression in invasive breast ... Association of tumour necrosis factor alpha and its receptors with thymidine phosphorylase expression in invasive breast ...

https://www.imm.ox.ac.uk/publications/975404

Thymidine Analog. Class Summary. Following uptake into cancer cells, trifluridine is incorporated into DNA, interferes with DNA ... Trifluridine is a thymidine-based nucleoside analog that incorporates into DNA, interferes with DNA synthesis, and inhibits ... Tipiracil is a thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor that increases trifluridine exposure by inhibiting its metabolism. ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/278744-medication

Amplification of plasmid copy number by thymidine kinase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ... Amplification of plasmid copy number by thymidine kinase expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ...

https://www.jenner.ac.uk/publications/847780

Mouse TP(Thymidine Phosphorylase) ELISA Kit. Mouse TP(Thymidine Phosphorylase) ELISA Kit ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Thymidine Phosphorylase from Mouse in samples from blood, serum, plasma, ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Thymidine Phosphorylase from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, ... Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Thymidine Phosphorylase from Human in samples from blood, serum, plasma, ...

https://hudsen.org/mouse-tpthymidine-phosphorylase-elisa-kit/

thymidine analogue. A type of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. Zidovudine (also known as AZT) and stavudine (also ... In a further 4% of samples, high-level tenofovir resistance was predicted due to the presence of at least two thymidine ... thymidine analogue mutations are caused by exposure to zidovudine or stavudine). ... to have high-level resistance caused by the presence of the M184V mutation in combination with the K65R mutation or a thymidine ...

https://www.aidsmap.com/news/may-2022/high-levels-infant-resistance-abacavir-and-tenofovir-namibia

Useful in mutagenic studies.

https://shop.biosearchtech.com/nucleic-acid-chemistry-reagents-and-instruments/modified-oligo-synthesis-reagents/structural-studies/dna-damage-and-epigenetics-modifiers/cis-syn-thymidine-dimer-methyl-phosphoramidite/p/NACN4-028

Home , Resources , Infographics , AroCell and Corgenix establish the measurement of Thymidine Kinase. ... AroCell and Corgenix establish the measurement of Thymidine Kinase.. April 15, 2019 ...

https://pharmaceutical.report/infographics/arocell-and-corgenix-establish-the-measurement-of-thymidinekinase

Overview: Thymidine degradation in GapMind is based on thymidine phoshorylase (EC 2.4.2.4), which yields 2-deoxyribose-1- ... thymidine catabolism in Echinicola vietnamensis KMM 6221, DSM 17526. Best path. nupC, deoA, deoB, deoC, adh, acs ... all: thymidine-transport, deoA, deoB, deoC and acetaldehyde-degradation. *Comment: After the phosphorylase deoA forms ... thymidine transporter Slc29a1. Confidence: high confidence medium confidence low confidence. transporter - transporters and PTS ...

https://papers.genomics.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/gapView.cgi?orgs=orgsFit&set=carbon&orgId=FitnessBrowser__Cola&path=thymidine

... thymidine, 3,5-Di-TBDMS-Thymidine Catalog Number: 20-4202 CAS Number: 40733-26-4 Molecular Formula: C22H42N2O5Si2 Molecular ... Chemical Names: 3,5-bis-O-(t-Butyldimethylsilyl) thymidine, 3,5-Di-TBDMS-Thymidine ...

https://polyorginc.com/products/3-5-bis-o-t-butyldimethylsilyl-thymidine

Thymidine is the DNA base T, which pairs with adenosine in double stranded DNA. 25% of DNA is composed of thymidine. Thymidine ... Thymidine kinase, cytosolic. TK1. 17q23.2-q25.3. P04183 details. Thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial. TK2. 16q22-q23.1. O00142 ... Thymidine, 2 TMS, GC-MS Spectrum. splash10-0udi-1900000000-8e769118bc877facb05f. Spectrum. GC-MS. Thymidine, 3 TMS, GC-MS ... Thymidine, non-derivatized, GC-MS Spectrum. splash10-0udi-1900000000-8e769118bc877facb05f. Spectrum. GC-MS. Thymidine, non- ...

https://cannabisdatabase.ca/compounds/CDB004834

Thymidine resistance. Murine lymphoma L5178Y. NTP [1988]. Thymidine and methotrexate resistance. Murine lymphoma L5178Y. Yau [ ...

https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/91-112/default.html

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This is a list of changes made recently to pages linked from a specified page (or to members of a specified category). Pages on your watchlist are bold. ...

https://teaching.ncl.ac.uk/bms/wiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChangesLinked&hidebots=0&days=3&hideminor=1&hideliu=1&target=Thymidine

Cloning of the active thymidine kinase gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 in Escherichia coli K-12. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
HeLa cells that have been lytically infected or transformed with Herpes simplex virus Type 1 (HSV-1) have a viral thymidine kinase which is distinct from the cytosol and mitochondrial thymidinekinases. (rpi.edu)
Herpes simplex virus Type 2 (HSV-2) also codes for a thymidine kinase which is different from the cytosol or mitochondrial forms of the enzyme. (rpi.edu)

Dihydropyrimidone Derivatives as Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibitors: Inhibition Kinetics, Cytotoxicity, and Molecular Docking. (bvsalud.org)

by a viral enzyme called thymidine kinase (TK), to which the drug has a high affinity (attraction). (britannica.com)
The TYMP gene (previously known as ECGF1 ) provides instructions for making an enzyme called thymidine phosphorylase. (medlineplus.gov)

Bacterial abundance, thymidine and leucine incorporation. (pangaea.de)
The extent of cell proliferation in sham and hepatectomized- control, diabetic and insulin treated rats were monitored by determining DNA content and [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. (cusat.ac.in)
New cardiomyocytes are identified based on incorporation of 15 N-thymidine by multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS) and on being mononucleate/diploid. (nature.com)
To definitively address whether exercise increases the birth of cardiomyocytes, here we study the effects of monitored voluntary exercise in mice with or without ischemic injury by analyzing genomic 15 N-thymidine incorporation with MIMS, combined with cardiomyocyte nuclei tracing to assess nucleation and in situ hybridization to quantify ploidy. (nature.com)
Finally, when levels of thymidine kinase I (TK1), the first enzyme in the pathway for incorporation of AZT into DNA , were determined by Western blot analysis in all 19 NEMEC strains at 24 h of AZT exposure, higher TK1 protein levels were found in the 12 strains showing AZT- DNA incorporation, compared to the 7 showing no incorporation (p=0.0005, Mann-Whitney test). (cdc.gov)
The increased incorporation of thymidine, basal cell hyperplasia, and the appearance of squamous metaplasia in cultured tracheal cells was mentioned. (cdc.gov)

Thymidine Phosphorylase antibody LS-C337065 is an unconjugated mouse monoclonal antibody to human Thymidine Phosphorylase (TP) (aa311-482). (lsbio.com)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Mouse Thymidine Phosphorylase (TP) in serum, plasma and other biological fluids. (hudsen.org)
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Human Thymidine Kinase 1, Soluble (TK1) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids. (kits-elisa.com)
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Human Thymidine Kinase 1, Soluble (TK1) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species. (kits-elisa.com)

Thymidine analogues insert an altered thymidine nucleoside into the proviral DNA. (aidsmap.com)
Thymidine is a chemical compound which is a pyrimidine nucleoside. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
Thymidine is a molecule known as a nucleoside, which (after a chemical modification) is used as a building block of DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
We have overcome these problems in fission yeast by expressing the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) along with herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tk). (umassmed.edu)

The IPEA reasoned that the common concept (technical relationship) linking these groups of inventions together was plant thymidine kinases. (epo.org)
However, this concept was not regarded as the 'special technical feature' required by Rule 13.2 PCT because it was neither novel nor inventive, since plant thymidine kinases were already known from the prior art (e.g. document D11, database Medline AN AF066050, cited in document D8, H. Ullah et al. (epo.org)
Unity of the invention was given because no experimental work towards characterization, properties, use or biological function of plant thymidine kinases was accomplished prior to the priority date of the present invention. (epo.org)
Therefore, the provision of plant thymidine kinases in isolated and bioactive form, with entirely unexpected and unforeseeable properties, represented a novel contribution to the art. (epo.org)
Thymidine kinases have a central function in the synthesis of DNA and thus in cell division, since they are part of the exceptional reaction chain to introduce deoxythymidine into the DNA. (prospecbio.com)
The thymidine kinases of uninduced and induced Raji cells did not use CTP were not affected by EBV antiserat and were thermostable. (rpi.edu)
Cells lytically infected with HSV-2 have a viral enzyme with a PAGE mobility intermediate between the cytosol and mitochondrial thymidine kinases. (rpi.edu)

In vivo labeling of DNA with thymidine and thymidine analogs has long been a cornerstone of replication studies. (umassmed.edu)
hENT1 tk cells are healthy and efficiently incorporate exogenous thymidine and thymidine analogs. (umassmed.edu)

Polunovsky, VA 1975, ' Protective effect of thymidine against the cytostatic action of cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphate in the cell cultures of mammals (Russian) ', Byulleten Eksperimentalnoi Biologii i Meditsiny , vol. 80, no. 7, pp. 93-95. (umn.edu)
When ATP was omitted from the reaction mixture used in the thymidirte kinase assay, no thymidine monophosphate was formed by the viral or cytosol enzymes. (rpi.edu)
However thymidine monophosphate was formed by the mitochondrial enzyme when ATP was omitted from both the PAGE buffer and the reaction mixture. (rpi.edu)
Folate is the major cellular carrier in single carbon units, which is an essential material for the synthesis of purines and thymidine monophosphate. (biomedcentral.com)
The gas-phase conformations of the protonated forms of thymidine-5′-monophosphate and uridine-5′-monophosphate, [pdThd+H] + and [pUrd+H] + , are investigated by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and electronic structure calculations. (nsf.gov)

We sought to evaluate the usefulness of an adenoviral vector expressing mutant herpesviral thymidine kinase reporter gene (HSV1-sr39tk) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 121 in independent expression cassettes (Ad4tk). (snmjournals.org)
The feasibility of noninvasive imaging of cardiac transgene expression using PET and radiolabeled reporter probes for detection of adenovirally transfected herpesviral thymidine kinase reporter gene (HSV1-tk) has recently been demonstrated in small animals ( 1 ) and large animals ( 2 ). (snmjournals.org)
Cytoxicity induced by the herpesvirus thymidine kinase (TK) gene in combination with prodrugs is dependent on cell growth and leads to the elimination of genetically modified cells, thus limiting the duration of expression and efficacy of this treatment in vivo. (elsevier.com)
ATP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) gene has been cloned in Escherichia coli. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
Nishino I, Spinazzola A, Hirano M. Thymidine phosphorylase gene mutations in MNGIE, a human mitochondrial disorder. (medlineplus.gov)
In a murine model of human ovarian carcinoma, an FGF2-redirected adenoviral vector carrying the gene for herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (AdCMVHSV-TK) was shown to result in a significant prolongation of survival compared with the same number of particles of unmodified AdCMVHSV-TK. (uab.edu)
CAN-2409 (international non-proprietary name: aglatimagene besadenovec) is an adenovirus-based replication deficient engineered gene construct encoding the thymidine kinase gene derived from the herpes simplex virus. (candeltx.com)
The adenoviral construct is used as a vector to transport the thymidine kinase gene into the tumor cells at the site of injection. (candeltx.com)
Cells transduced with thymidine kinase gene undergo immunogenic cell death after exposure to these systemically administered prodrugs. (candeltx.com)
For the specific targeting of Ct-SLCO1B3 in RDEB-SCC, we employed spliceosome-mediated RNA trans -splicing (SMaRT) technology to replace the coding sequence of Ct-SLCO1B3 with that of the suicide gene herpes simplex virus 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1tk), thereby enabling tumor cells to convert the non-toxic prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) into an active drug which triggers apoptosis. (eb-researchnetwork.org)

Thymidine phosphorylase expression in normal and hyperplastic endometrium. (ox.ac.uk)
Association of tumour necrosis factor alpha and its receptors with thymidine phosphorylase expression in invasive breast carcinoma. (ox.ac.uk)

Zidovudine (also known as AZT) and stavudine (also known as d4T) are thymidine analogues. (aidsmap.com)
Thymidine Analogues. (toprx.com)

Thymidine kinase 2 mitochondrial (TK2) is a member of the DCK/DGK family. (prospecbio.com)
However, it was found that when ATP was omitted from the PAGE buffer, the activity of the viral and mitochondrial thymidine kinase was not changed, although the cytosol enzyme could not be detected as expected. (rpi.edu)
Hirano M, Marti R, Spinazzola A, Nishino I, Nishigaki Y. Thymidine phosphorylase deficiency causes MNGIE: an autosomal recessive mitochondrial disorder. (medlineplus.gov)

We explored its prognostic value in localized gastric cancer (GC) after R0 resection and the potential associations with Thymidine phosphorylase (TYMP), which was reported to increase the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
TYMP mutations greatly reduce or eliminate the activity of thymidine phosphorylase. (medlineplus.gov)

The kinetic parameters of thymidine kinase a regulatory enzyme for DNA synthesis was also studied in these groups. (cusat.ac.in)
Thus our study elucidates the role of insulin in thymidine kinase activity and DNA synthesis. (cusat.ac.in)
Importantly, we previously demonstrated that measurement of stable isotope tracers of DNA synthesis with MIMS enables quantitative discrimination between DNA repair and mitosis, as DNA repair incorporates orders of magnitude less thymidine than cell mitosis 3 . (nature.com)

Thymidine kinase is found in most living cells. (prospecbio.com)
Thymidine kinase is present in 2 forms in mammalian cells, TK1 and TK2. (prospecbio.com)
There is an inverse relationship between the dose of tritiated thymidine and the duration of exposure required to recognize the same fraction of cells as labeled in a given tumor. (aacrjournals.org)
Thymidine also prevented the cytostatic effect of noncyclic 5' AMR, but failed to influence the death of the cells with the action of dibutyryl cAMP and theophylline. (umn.edu)
Thymidine failed to prevent the inhibitory action of cAMP on the mutant strains of mouse cells which had been made defective by thymidine kinase. (umn.edu)
AIMS: To investigate the expression of thymidine phosphorylase (TP), a known angiogenic factor for endothelial cells, in normally cycling endometrium and various forms of endometrial hyperplasia. (ox.ac.uk)
The thymidine kinase of Raji cells which had been induced with iododeoxyuridine (Iudr) was examined to determine whether or not an enzyme of viral origin was present. (rpi.edu)
Cells were first labeled with tritiated thymidine and 1 week later with bromodeoxyuridine. (medscape.com)
Tritiated thymidine was incorporated in the DNA of new stem cells and remained there, whereas the bromodeoxyuridine injected 1 week later was incorporated into the DNA but was lost from cells retaining the tritiated thymidine label after two cell divisions, signifying the label-retaining cells' ability to segregate selectively and retain the tritiated-thymidine-labeled 'template' strands of DNA and pass the 'new' strands on to their progeny (transit-amplifying cells). (medscape.com)
This chemical reaction is an important step in the breakdown of thymidine, which helps regulate the level of nucleosides in cells. (medlineplus.gov)
DiviTum can quantify the level of thymidine kinase released into the circulation from proliferating cells. (biovica.com)
Replication of DNA Containing Mirror-Image Thymidine in E. coli Cells[J]. CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY,2020,33(9):2276-2285. (ioz.ac.cn)

The DiviTum ® TKa test performed on blood serum measures thymidine kinase activity (TKa) which reflects tumor cell proliferation. (biovica.com)
The DiviTum TKa test can detect an increase or decrease of Thymidine Kinase activity (TKa) level in the blood. (biovica.com)
The evidence demonstrates that measuring thymidine kinase activity (TKa) levels with the DiviTum TKa test provides important clinical information for the management of the disease. (biovica.com)

Document D8 did not deprive the invention of novelty since, as commented in the application as filed and also acknowledged in the International Search Report, it only disclosed a partial sequence insufficient for expression of the whole protein and it was completely silent about any possible use of rice thymidine kinase. (epo.org)

In this paper we present the nucleotide sequences of the thymidine kinase (TK) genes of two avian herpesviruses: a highly oncogenic strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV strain RB1B) and its serologically related vaccine virus, the herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT strain Fc-126). (kent.ac.uk)

Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Human Thymidine Phosphorylase (TP) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids. (hudsen.org)
Description: A sandwich ELISA kit for detection of Thymidine Phosphorylase from Mouse in samples from blood, serum, plasma, cell culture fluid and other biological fluids. (hudsen.org)
To demonstrate that low serum Thymidine Kinase 1 (sTK1) activity (=TKa) (measured with the DiviTum®TKa test) is associated with low risk for disease progression and long PFS and OS. (biovica.com)
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Human Thymidine Kinase 1, Soluble (TK1) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. (kits-elisa.com)

RNA does not have thymidine and has uridine instead. (cannabisdatabase.ca)

It has now been found, surprisingly, that even a strong base the conjugate acid of which has a pKa of greater than 11.5, for example, of about 12, may be used under certain conditions to bring about substantially complete deprotection e.g. of β-cyanoethyl protective group while substantially avoiding formation of cyanoethyl adducts to nucleobases, in particular thymidine. (justia.com)

Thymidine, also known as deoxythymidine or DTHD, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosides. (cannabisdatabase.ca)

Two HSV-2 transformed cell lines showed no evidence of any viral thymidine kinase when tested for their CTP specificity or thermostability. (rpi.edu)
Harano, A , Hatano, A & Kirihara, M 2006, ' Substrate specificity evaluation for the ribosyl substrate of thymidine phosphorylase ', Default journal . (elsevier.com)

Thymidine phosphorylase converts thymidine into two smaller molecules, 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate and thymine. (medlineplus.gov)
Thymidine kinase converts generic, FDA-approved anti-herpes drugs, such as ganciclovir, acyclovir and valacyclovir, which are used as prodrugs, into a toxic nucleotide analogue. (candeltx.com)

We present protocols for labeling DNA with tritiated thymidine, for in situ detection of incorporated BrdU by immunofluorescence, for double labeling with CldU and IdU, for CsCl gradient separation of IdU-labeled DNA, and for using hENT1 and tk as both positive and negative selection markers. (umassmed.edu)

Overexpression of the thymidine phosphorylase (TP) enzyme induces angiogenesis, which eventually leads to metastasis and tumor growth . (bvsalud.org)

Thymidine phosphorylase plays an important role in maintaining the appropriate amount of thymidine in cell structures called mitochondria. (medlineplus.gov)
Mitochondria use nucleosides, including thymidine, to build new molecules of mtDNA as needed. (medlineplus.gov)

Thymidine exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. (cannabisdatabase.ca)

Unfortunately, yeast lack a thymidine salvage pathway and thus do not incorporate exogenous thymidine. (umassmed.edu)
Specifically, yeast neither efficiently take up exogenous thymidine from their growth media nor phosphorylate it to thymidylate, the precursor of dTTP. (umassmed.edu)

Overview: Thymidine degradation in GapMind is based on thymidine phoshorylase (EC 2.4.2.4 ), which yields 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate and thymine. (lbl.gov)

Within humans, thymidine participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. (cannabisdatabase.ca)
In humans, thymidine is involved in the metabolic disorder called ump synthase deficiency (orotic aciduria). (cannabisdatabase.ca)

Thymidine is the DNA base T, which pairs with adenosine in double stranded DNA. (cannabisdatabase.ca)

AroCell and Corgenix establish the measurement of Thymidine Kinase. (pharmaceutical.report)

TK2 is an enzyme, a phosphotransferase (a kinase): 2'-deoxythymidine kinase, ATP-thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase. (prospecbio.com)

In a proliferating cancer cell, Thymidine Kinase is continuously expressed and released into the bloodstream. (biovica.com)

TK2 is a deoxyribonucleoside kinase which specifically phosphorylates thymidine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine. (prospecbio.com)

12 untreated lepromatous leprosy patients were screened for primary dapsone resistance by the uptake of labelled thymidine by macrophage resident M. leprae. (who.int)

The observed thymidine indices of seven experimental tumor lines are compared as a function of duration of emulsion exposure. (aacrjournals.org)
The observed thymidine index increases with increasing duration of emulsion exposure but appears to approach a plateau for all tumor systems. (aacrjournals.org)

Anatomy12

Organisms13

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs84

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment18

Phenomena and Processes40

Information Science3

Health Care1

Steroids and hematopoiesis. III. The response of granulocytic and erythroid colony-forming cells to steroids of different classes. (1/5245)

Stimulation of thymidine uptake and cell proliferation in mouse embryo fibroblasts by conditioned medium from mammary cells in culture. (2/5245)

Blood thymidine level and iododeoxyuridine incorporation and reutilization in DNA in mice given long-acting thymidine pellets. (3/5245)

Ambiguity of the thymidine index. (4/5245)

Induction of serotonin transporter by hypoxia in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. Relationship with the mitogenic action of serotonin. (5/5245)

Modulation of the cytotoxicity of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and methotrexate after transduction of folate receptor cDNA into human cervical carcinoma: identification of a correlation between folate receptor expression and thymidine kinase activity. (6/5245)

Elevated expression of the CD4 receptor and cell cycle arrest are induced in Jurkat cells by treatment with the novel cyclic dinucleotide 3',5'-cyclic diguanylic acid. (7/5245)

Impact of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine on (deoxy)ribonucleotide metabolism and nucleic acid synthesis in tumor cells. (8/5245)

Thymidine

Thymidine Kinase

Thymidine Phosphorylase

Thymidine Monophosphate

Thymine Nucleotides

Ganciclovir

Cell Division

Simplexvirus

Deoxyuridine

DNA

Tritium

Nucleosides

Floxuridine

Bromodeoxyuridine

Thymine

Autoradiography

Deoxyribonucleosides

Uridine

Thymidylate Synthase

DNA Replication

Arabinofuranosyluracil

Cells, Cultured

Idoxuridine

Acyclovir

Cell Line

Kinetics

L Cells (Cell Line)

Antiviral Agents

Herpesvirus 1, Human

Pyrimidine Nucleosides

Genetic Therapy

Aminopterin

Base Sequence

Tumor Cells, Cultured

Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase

Bromouracil

Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NAD+)

Lymphocytes

Mitogens

Deoxycytidine Kinase

Genes, Viral

Cell Cycle

Molecular Sequence Data

Deoxyribonucleotides

Dideoxynucleosides

Mutation

Uracil

Zidovudine

Deoxyribose

Prodrugs

Genetic Vectors

Hydroxyurea

Genes, Transgenic, Suicide

Time Factors

Transfection

Genes

Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathies

Hypoxanthines

DNA, Neoplasm

Cell Survival

RNA, Messenger

Carbon Radioisotopes

Leukemia L1210

Uridine Phosphorylase

Lymphocyte Activation

Cytidine

Deoxyuracil Nucleotides

DNA, Viral

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Plasmids

Mitosis

Culture Media

Trifluridine

Uridine Kinase

Neoplasms, Experimental

Dihydrouracil Dehydrogenase (NADP)

Promoter Regions, Genetic

Guanine

Cell Count

Pyrimidine Nucleotides