Surgical incision into the chest wall.
Endoscopic surgery of the pleural cavity performed with visualization via video transmission.
The excision of lung tissue including partial or total lung lobectomy.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the pleural cavity.
General or unspecified injuries to the chest area.
The ventral rami of the thoracic nerves from segments T1 through T11. The intercostal nerves supply motor and sensory innervation to the thorax and abdomen. The skin and muscles supplied by a given pair are called, respectively, a dermatome and a myotome.
Suppurative inflammation of the pleural space.
A surgical specialty concerned with diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the heart, lungs, and esophagus. Two major types of thoracic surgery are classified as pulmonary and cardiovascular.
An accumulation of air or gas in the PLEURAL CAVITY, which may occur spontaneously or as a result of trauma or a pathological process. The gas may also be introduced deliberately during PNEUMOTHORAX, ARTIFICIAL.
Hemorrhage within the pleural cavity.
Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.
Surgical procedure involving the creation of an opening (stoma) into the chest cavity for drainage; used in the treatment of PLEURAL EFFUSION; PNEUMOTHORAX; HEMOTHORAX; and EMPYEMA.
Pain during the period after surgery.
Making an incision in the STERNUM.
Paired but separate cavity within the THORACIC CAVITY. It consists of the space between the parietal and visceral PLEURA and normally contains a capillary layer of serous fluid that lubricates the pleural surfaces.
A membrane in the midline of the THORAX of mammals. It separates the lungs between the STERNUM in front and the VERTEBRAL COLUMN behind. It also surrounds the HEART, TRACHEA, ESOPHAGUS, THYMUS, and LYMPH NODES.
Collection of air and blood in the pleural cavity.
Surgical formation of an external opening (stoma) into the esophagus.
Disorders of the mediastinum, general or unspecified.
Surgery performed on the lung.
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.
'Pleural diseases' is a broad term referring to various medical conditions that affect the pleura, the thin, double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs, including inflammation (pleurisy), effusions (excess fluid buildup), thickening, or tumors, which may cause chest pain, coughing, and breathing difficulties.
Plastic tubes used for drainage of air or fluid from the pleural space. Their surgical insertion is called tube thoracostomy.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the anterior superior mediastinum of the thorax.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The removal of fluids or discharges from the body, such as from a wound, sore, or cavity.
Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
An abnormal passage or communication between a bronchus and another part of the body.
General or unspecified injuries to the heart.
Disorders affecting the organs of the thorax.
Artery arising from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right side and from the arch of the aorta on the left side. It distributes to the neck, thoracic wall, spinal cord, brain, meninges, and upper limb.
Injuries caused by impact with a blunt object where there is no penetration of the skin.
Penetrating wounds caused by a pointed object.
The relief of pain without loss of consciousness through the introduction of an analgesic agent into the epidural space of the vertebral canal. It is differentiated from ANESTHESIA, EPIDURAL which refers to the state of insensitivity to sensation.
Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.
Torn, ragged, mangled wounds.
An abnormal passage communicating between any component of the respiratory tract or between any part of the respiratory system and surrounding organs.
A usually spherical cyst, arising as an embryonic out-pouching of the foregut or trachea. It is generally found in the mediastinum or lung and is usually asymptomatic unless it becomes infected.
Surgery performed on the thoracic organs, most commonly the lungs and the heart.
Endoscopes for examining the pleural cavity.
Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Cysts of one of the parts of the mediastinum: the superior part, containing the trachea, esophagus, thoracic duct and thymus organs; the inferior middle part, containing the pericardium; the inferior anterior part containing some lymph nodes; and the inferior posterior part, containing the thoracic duct and esophagus.
The thin serous membrane enveloping the lungs (LUNG) and lining the THORACIC CAVITY. Pleura consist of two layers, the inner visceral pleura lying next to the pulmonary parenchyma and the outer parietal pleura. Between the two layers is the PLEURAL CAVITY which contains a thin film of liquid.
Endoscopic examination, therapy or surgery of the bronchi.
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.
The upper part of the trunk between the NECK and the ABDOMEN. It contains the chief organs of the circulatory and respiratory systems. (From Stedman, 25th ed)
X-ray visualization of the chest and organs of the thoracic cavity. It is not restricted to visualization of the lungs.
The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Injection of air or a more slowly absorbed gas such as nitrogen, into the PLEURAL CAVITY to collapse the lung.
Tumors or cancer of the MEDIASTINUM.
Excision of part (partial) or all (total) of the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)
An enlarged THYROID GLAND with at least 50% of the gland situated behind the STERNUM. It is an unusual presentation of an intrathoracic goiter. Substernal goiters frequently cause compression on the TRACHEA leading to deviation, narrowing, and respiratory symptoms.
Method of measuring performance against established standards of best practice.
Moving a patient into a specific position or POSTURE to facilitate examination, surgery, or for therapeutic purposes.
A condition caused by an apical lung tumor (Pancoast tumor) with involvement of the nearby vertebral column and the BRACHIAL PLEXUS. Symptoms include pain in the shoulder and the arm, and atrophy of the hand.
A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.
An opening or hole in the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by TRAUMA, injury, or pathological process.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.
A repeat operation for the same condition in the same patient due to disease progression or recurrence, or as followup to failed previous surgery.
A plastic operation on the esophagus. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Endovascular stent graft repair of aortopulmonary fistula. (1/900)

Two patients who had aortopulmonary fistula of postoperative origin with hemoptysis underwent successful repair by means of an endovascular stent graft procedure. One patient had undergone repeated thoracotomies two times, and the other one time to repair anastomotic aneurysms of the descending aorta after surgery for Takayasu's arteritis. A self-expanding stainless steel stent covered with a Dacron graft was inserted into the lesion through the external iliac or femoral artery. The patients recovered well, with no signs of infection or recurrent hemoptysis 8 months after the procedure. Endovascular stent grafting may be a therapeutic option for treating patients with aortopulmonary fistula.  (+info)

Effect of thoracotomy and lung resection on exercise capacity in patients with lung cancer. (2/900)

BACKGROUND: Resection is the treatment of choice for lung cancer, but may cause impaired cardiopulmonary function with an adverse effect on quality of life. Few studies have considered the effects of thoracotomy alone on lung function, and whether the operation itself can impair subsequent exercise capacity. METHODS: Patients being considered for lung resection (n = 106) underwent full static and dynamic pulmonary function testing which was repeated 3-6 months after surgery (n = 53). RESULTS: Thoracotomy alone (n = 13) produced a reduction in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1; mean (SE) 2.10 (0.16) versus 1.87 (0.15) l; p<0.05). Wedge resection (n = 13) produced a non-significant reduction in total lung capacity (TLC) only. Lobectomy (n = 14) reduced forced vital capacity (FVC), TLC, and carbon monoxide transfer factor but exercise capacity was unchanged. Only pneumonectomy (n = 13) reduced exercise capacity by 28% (PVO2 23.9 (1.5) versus 17.2 (1.7) ml/min/kg; difference (95% CI) 6.72 (3.15 to 10.28); p<0.01) and three patients changed from a cardiac limitation to exercise before pneumonectomy to pulmonary limitation afterwards. CONCLUSIONS: Neither thoracotomy alone nor limited lung resection has a significant effect on exercise capacity. Only pneumonectomy is associated with impaired exercise performance, and then perhaps not as much as might be expected.  (+info)

Compensatory alveolar growth normalizes gas-exchange function in immature dogs after pneumonectomy. (3/900)

To determine the extent and sources of adaptive response in gas-exchange to major lung resection during somatic maturation, immature male foxhounds underwent right pneumonectomy (R-Pnx, n = 5) or right thoracotomy without pneumonectomy (Sham, n = 6) at 2 mo of age. One year after surgery, exercise capacity and pulmonary gas-exchange were determined during treadmill exercise. Lung diffusing capacity (DL) and cardiac output were measured by a rebreathing technique. In animals after R-Pnx, maximal O2 uptake, lung volume, arterial blood gases, and DL during exercise were completely normal. Postmortem morphometric analysis 18 mo after R-Pnx (n = 3) showed a vigorous compensatory increase in alveolar septal tissue volume involving all cellular compartments of the septum compared with the control lung; as a result, alveolar-capillary surface areas and DL estimated by morphometry were restored to normal. In both groups, estimates of DL by the morphometric method agreed closely with estimates obtained by the physiological method during peak exercise. These data show that extensive lung resection in immature dogs stimulates a vigorous compensatory growth of alveolar tissue in excess of maturational lung growth, resulting in complete normalization of aerobic capacity and gas-exchange function at maturity.  (+info)

Empyema thoracis: a role for open thoracotomy and decortication. (4/900)

BACKGROUND: Thoracentesis and antibiotics remain the cornerstones of treatment in stage I empyema. The management of disease progression or late presentation is controversial. Open thoracotomy and decortication is perceived to be synonymous with protracted recovery and prolonged hospitalisation. Advocates of thoracoscopic adhesiolysis cite earlier chest drain removal and hospital discharge. This paper challenges traditional prejudice towards open surgery. METHODS: A five year audit of empyema cases referred to a regional cardiothoracic surgical unit analysing previous clinical course, surgical management, and outcome. RESULTS: Between February 1992 and February 1997, the number of referrals to this centre increased dramatically. Twenty-two children were referred for surgery (15 boys, seven girls; age range, 0.5-16 years). Before referral, patients had been unwell for 6-50 days (median, 15), had been treated with several antibiotics, and had undergone chest ultrasound (15 patients), computed tomography (five patients), pleural aspiration attempts (13 patients), and intercostal drainage (seven patients). The organism responsible was identified in only two cases (Streptococcus pneumoniae). Three patients had intraparenchymal abscess formation. Eighteen patients underwent open thoracotomy and decortication. Drain removal was performed on the first or second day. Fever resolved within 48 hours. Median hospital stay was four days. All patients had complete clinical and radiological resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment must be tailored to the disease stage. In stage II and III diseases, open decortication followed by early drain removal results in rapid symptomatic recovery, early hospital discharge, and complete resolution. In the early fibrinopurulent phase, alternative strategies should be considered. However, even in ideal cases, neither fibrinolysis nor thoracoscopic adhesiolysis can achieve more rapid resolution at lower risk.  (+info)

Pacemaker lead infection: report of three cases and review of the literature. (5/900)

Pacemaker lead infection is a rare condition, most often occurring when intervention is needed after pacemaker implantation. Diagnosis is by blood cultures and confirmation by transoesophageal echocardiography; transthoracic echocardiography is often inadequate. A literature review indicated the microorganism most responsible for late lead infection is Staphylococcus epidermidis (which can grow on plastic material). A retrospective analysis of patient files from the authors' institution (1993-97) yielded three patients with proven pacemaker lead endocarditis. The diagnosis of pacemaker endocarditis was by transoesophageal echocardiography. The endocarditis appeared after a long period and in two of the three patients there was S epidermidis infection. Thoracotomy with removal of the infected system was performed because of the large dimensions of the vegetations. A new pacemaker was implanted: in one patient with endocardial leads, in the other two with epicardial leads. All three patients recovered well and follow up was uneventful for at least one year.  (+info)

Sternothoracotomy for combined coronary artery bypass grafting and left upper lobectomy in a patient with low-lying tracheostoma. (6/900)

A 64-year-old man had a low-lying tracheostoma and presented with unstable angina and a mass in the pulmonary left upper lobe. Simultaneous coronary revascularization and resection of the lung neoplasm were completed through a sternothoracotomy (clam-shell) incision. The advantages of this approach include excellent exposure to the mediastinum and the lung fields, and the option of using both internal thoracic arteries for bypass grafting.  (+info)

Empirical treatment with fibrinolysis and early surgery reduces the duration of hospitalization in pleural sepsis. (7/900)

The efficacy of three different treatment protocols was compared: 1) simple chest tube drainage (Drain); 2) adjunctive intrapleural streptokinase (IP-SK); and 3) an aggressive empirical approach incorporating SK and early surgical drainage (SK+early OP) in patients with pleural empyema and high-risk parapneumonic effusions. This was a nonrandomized, prospective, controlled time series study of 82 consecutive patients with community-acquired empyema (n=68) and high-risk parapneumonic effusions (n=14). The following three treatment protocols were administered in sequence over 6 years: 1) Drain (n=29, chest catheter drainage); 2) IP-SK (n=23, adjunctive intrapleural fibrinolysis with 250,000 U x day(-1) SK); and 3) SK+early OP (n=30, early surgical drainage was offered to patients who failed to respond promptly following initial drainage plus SK). The average duration of hospital stay in the SK+early OP group was significantly shorter than in the Drain and IP-SK groups. The mortality rate was also significantly lower in the SK+early OP than the Drain groups (3 versus 24%). It was concluded that an empirical treatment strategy which combines adjunctive intrapleural fibrinolysis with early surgical intervention results in shorter hospital stays and may reduce mortality in patients with pleural sepsis.  (+info)

Contamination of lymph from the major prenodal cardiac lymphatic in dogs. (8/900)

Cannulation of the canine major prenodal cardiac lymphatic (MPCL) is the most common approach for the investigation of myocardial lymphatic function. However, the assumption that the MPCL drains pure cardiac lymph has been questioned. We studied variations of MPCL anatomy and investigated whether noncardiac lymph is drained by this lymphatic. After dye was injected into the lungs and left ventricular myocardium in 21 dogs, dissection of the cardiac lymphatic system yielded 3 anatomic variations. In variations 1 and 2 (81% of dogs), a mixture of cardiac and pulmonary lymph was drained via the MPCL. In variation 3 (19% of dogs) no connection was found between MPCL and pulmonary lymphatics. In variations 1 and 2, alteration of tidal volume resulted in significant changes of lymph flow rate. The pulmonary contribution to MPCL lymph flow was estimated as 34% in variation 2. We conclude that MPCL lymph may contain not only cardiac lymph but also significant pulmonary contamination. This finding should be considered in the interpretation of lymph data from cannulation of the canine MPCL.  (+info)

Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision on the chest wall to gain access to the thoracic cavity, which contains the lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, and other vital organs. The incision can be made on the side (lateral thoracotomy), back (posterolateral thoracotomy), or front (median sternotomy) of the chest wall, depending on the specific surgical indication.

Thoracotomy is performed for various indications, including lung biopsy, lung resection, esophagectomy, heart surgery, and mediastinal mass removal. The procedure allows the surgeon to directly visualize and access the organs within the thoracic cavity, perform necessary procedures, and control bleeding if needed.

After the procedure, the incision is typically closed with sutures or staples, and a chest tube may be placed to drain any accumulated fluid or air from the pleural space around the lungs. The patient will require postoperative care and monitoring in a hospital setting until their condition stabilizes.

Thoracic surgery, video-assisted (VATS) is a minimally invasive surgical technique used to diagnose and treat various conditions related to the chest cavity, including the lungs, pleura, mediastinum, esophagus, and diaphragm. In VATS, a thoracoscope, a type of endoscope with a camera and light source, is inserted through small incisions in the chest wall to provide visualization of the internal structures. The surgeon then uses specialized instruments to perform the necessary surgical procedures, such as biopsies, lung resections, or esophageal repairs. Compared to traditional open thoracic surgery, VATS typically results in less postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, and quicker recoveries for patients.

A pneumonectomy is a surgical procedure in which an entire lung is removed. This type of surgery is typically performed as a treatment for certain types of lung cancer, although it may also be used to treat other conditions such as severe damage or infection in the lung that does not respond to other treatments. The surgery requires general anesthesia and can be quite complex, with potential risks including bleeding, infection, pneumonia, and air leaks. Recovery from a pneumonectomy can take several weeks, and patients may require ongoing rehabilitation to regain strength and mobility.

Thoracoscopy is a surgical procedure in which a thoracoscope, a type of endoscope, is inserted through a small incision between the ribs to examine the lungs and pleural space (the space surrounding the lungs). It allows the surgeon to directly view the chest cavity, take biopsies, and perform various operations. This procedure is often used in the diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusions, lung cancer, and other chest conditions.

Thoracic injuries refer to damages or traumas that occur in the thorax, which is the part of the body that contains the chest cavity. The thorax houses vital organs such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels. Thoracic injuries can range from blunt trauma, caused by impacts or compressions, to penetrating trauma, resulting from stabbing or gunshot wounds. These injuries may cause various complications, including but not limited to:

1. Hemothorax - bleeding into the chest cavity
2. Pneumothorax - collapsed lung due to air accumulation in the chest cavity
3. Tension pneumothorax - a life-threatening condition where trapped air puts pressure on the heart and lungs, impairing their function
4. Cardiac tamponade - compression of the heart caused by blood or fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac
5. Rib fractures, which can lead to complications like punctured lungs or internal bleeding
6. Tracheobronchial injuries, causing air leaks and difficulty breathing
7. Great vessel injuries, potentially leading to massive hemorrhage and hemodynamic instability

Immediate medical attention is required for thoracic injuries, as they can quickly become life-threatening due to the vital organs involved. Treatment may include surgery, chest tubes, medications, or supportive care, depending on the severity and type of injury.

Intercostal nerves are the bundles of nerve fibers that originate from the thoracic spinal cord (T1 to T11) and provide sensory and motor innervation to the thorax, abdomen, and walls of the chest. They run between the ribs (intercostal spaces), hence the name intercostal nerves.

Each intercostal nerve has two components:

1. The lateral cutaneous branch: This branch provides sensory innervation to the skin on the side of the chest wall and abdomen.
2. The anterior cutaneous branch: This branch provides sensory innervation to the skin on the front of the chest and abdomen.

Additionally, each intercostal nerve also gives off a muscular branch that supplies motor innervation to the intercostal muscles (the muscles between the ribs) and the upper abdominal wall muscles. The lowest intercostal nerve (T11) also provides sensory innervation to a small area of skin over the buttock.

Intercostal nerves are important in clinical practice, as they can be affected by various conditions such as herpes zoster (shingles), rib fractures, or thoracic outlet syndrome, leading to pain and sensory changes in the chest wall.

Empyema is a collection of pus in a body cavity. Pleural empyema refers to the presence of pus in the pleural space, which is the thin fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. This condition usually develops as a complication of pneumonia or lung infection, and it can cause symptoms such as chest pain, cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to treat the underlying infection, as well as drainage of the pus from the pleural space through procedures such as thoracentesis or chest tube placement. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the infected pleura and prevent recurrence.

Thoracic surgery, also known as cardiothoracic surgery, is a branch of medicine that specializes in the surgical treatment of diseases affecting the organs inside the thorax (chest), specifically the heart, lungs, esophagus, and major blood vessels. This can include procedures such as lung biopsies, lobectomies, pneumonectomies, esophagectomies, heart valve repairs or replacements, coronary artery bypass grafting, and treatment of chest injuries. Thoracic surgeons are medical doctors who have completed extensive training in this field, including a general surgery residency followed by a fellowship in thoracic surgery.

Pneumothorax is a medical condition that refers to the presence of air in the pleural space, which is the potential space between the lungs and the chest wall. This collection of air can result in a partial or complete collapse of the lung. The symptoms of pneumothorax may include sudden chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, and rapid heartbeat.

The two main types of pneumothorax are spontaneous pneumothorax, which occurs without any apparent cause or underlying lung disease, and secondary pneumothorax, which is caused by an underlying lung condition such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or lung cancer.

Treatment for pneumothorax may include observation, oxygen therapy, needle aspiration, or chest tube insertion to remove the excess air from the pleural space and allow the lung to re-expand. In severe cases, surgery may be required to prevent recurrence.

Hemothorax is a medical condition characterized by the presence of blood in the pleural space, which is the area between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of blood can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, rupture of a blood vessel, or complications from lung or heart surgery.

The buildup of blood in the pleural space can cause the affected lung to collapse, leading to symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and cough. In severe cases, hemothorax can be life-threatening if not promptly diagnosed and treated. Treatment options may include chest tube drainage, blood transfusion, or surgery, depending on the severity and underlying cause of the condition.

Penetrating wounds are a type of traumatic injury that occurs when an object pierces through the skin and underlying tissues, creating a hole or cavity in the body. These wounds can vary in severity, depending on the size and shape of the object, as well as the location and depth of the wound.

Penetrating wounds are typically caused by sharp objects such as knives, bullets, or glass. They can damage internal organs, blood vessels, nerves, and bones, leading to serious complications such as bleeding, infection, organ failure, and even death if not treated promptly and properly.

The management of penetrating wounds involves a thorough assessment of the wound and surrounding tissues, as well as the identification and treatment of any associated injuries or complications. This may include wound cleaning and closure, antibiotics to prevent infection, pain management, and surgery to repair damaged structures. In some cases, hospitalization and close monitoring may be necessary to ensure proper healing and recovery.

Thoracostomy is a surgical procedure that involves the creation of an opening into the chest cavity to relieve excessive pressure, drain fluid or air accumulation, or provide access for surgery. It is commonly performed to treat conditions such as pneumothorax (collapsed lung), hemothorax (blood in the chest cavity), pleural effusion (excess fluid in the pleural space), and empyema (pus in the pleural space).

During a thoracostomy, a healthcare professional makes an incision on the chest wall and inserts a tube called a thoracostomy tube or chest tube. The tube is connected to a drainage system that helps remove the air, fluid, or blood from the chest cavity. This procedure can be performed as an emergency treatment or as a planned surgical intervention.

The medical definition of thoracostomy includes the following key components:

1. A surgical procedure
2. Involving the creation of an opening
3. Into the chest cavity (thorax)
4. To relieve pressure, drain fluids or air, or provide access for surgery
5. Often performed with the insertion of a thoracostomy tube or chest tube
6. Used to treat various conditions related to the pleural space and lungs

Postoperative pain is defined as the pain or discomfort experienced by patients following a surgical procedure. It can vary in intensity and duration depending on the type of surgery performed, individual pain tolerance, and other factors. The pain may be caused by tissue trauma, inflammation, or nerve damage resulting from the surgical intervention. Proper assessment and management of postoperative pain is essential to promote recovery, prevent complications, and improve patient satisfaction.

A sternotomy is a surgical procedure that involves making an incision through the sternum, also known as the breastbone. This type of incision allows surgeons to access the thoracic cavity, which contains the heart and lungs. Sternotomies are often performed during open-heart surgery or other procedures that require access to the heart or major blood vessels. After the procedure, the sternum is typically wired or stapled back together to allow for proper healing.

The pleural cavity is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura, which are the two membranes that surround the lungs. The visceral pleura covers the outside of the lungs, while the parietal pleura lines the inside of the chest wall. Under normal conditions, these two layers are in contact with each other, and the space between them is virtually nonexistent. However, when air, fluid or inflammation accumulates within this space, it results in the formation of a pleural effusion, which can cause discomfort and difficulty breathing.

The mediastinum is the medical term for the area in the middle of the chest that separates the two lungs. It contains various vital organs and structures, including:

* The heart and its blood vessels
* The trachea (windpipe) and esophagus (tube connecting the throat to the stomach)
* The thymus gland
* Lymph nodes
* Nerves, including the vagus nerve and phrenic nerves
* Connective tissue and fat

The mediastinum is enclosed by the breastbone in front, the spine in back, and the lungs on either side. Abnormalities in the structures contained within the mediastinum can lead to various medical conditions, such as tumors or infections.

Hemopneumothorax is a medical condition that refers to the presence of both air (pneumothorax) and blood (hemothorax) in the pleural space, which is the area between the lungs and the chest wall. This condition can occur due to various reasons such as trauma, lung disease, or certain medical procedures. It can cause symptoms like chest pain, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels, and it may require urgent treatment, including chest tube drainage and surgery in severe cases.

An esophagostomy is a surgical opening created between the esophagus and the skin of the neck or chest. It is typically performed as an emergency procedure in cases where there is an obstruction or injury to the esophagus that cannot be managed through less invasive means. The esophagostomy provides a temporary or permanent access point for feeding, medication administration, or decompression of the esophagus.

The procedure involves creating an incision in the neck or chest and exposing the esophagus. A small opening is then made in the esophageal wall, and a tube is inserted through the opening and brought out through the skin. The tube may be secured in place with sutures or staples, and a dressing is applied to protect the site from infection.

After surgery, patients with an esophagostomy will require close monitoring and care to ensure proper healing and prevent complications such as infection, bleeding, or leakage of digestive fluids. The tube may be removed once the underlying condition has been treated and the esophagus has healed.

Mediastinal diseases refer to a group of conditions that affect the mediastinum, which is the area in the chest separating the lungs and containing various vital structures such as the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, lymph nodes, blood vessels, and nerves. These diseases can be benign or malignant (cancerous) and may cause symptoms due to compression or invasion of surrounding tissues. Examples of mediastinal diseases include:

1. Mediastinal tumors: Abnormal growths in the mediastinum, which can be benign or malignant. Common types include thymomas, germ cell tumors, lymphomas, and neurogenic tumors.
2. Mediastinitis: Inflammation of the mediastinal tissues, often caused by infections, trauma, or complications from medical procedures.
3. Enlarged lymph nodes: Abnormal swelling of the lymph nodes in the mediastinum can be a sign of various conditions, including infections, cancer, and autoimmune disorders.
4. Mediastinal cysts: Fluid-filled sacs that develop in the mediastinum, which are usually benign but may cause symptoms due to compression or infection.
5. Aneurysms or dissections of the aorta: Abnormal weakening or tearing of the aortic wall within the mediastinum, which can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.
6. Esophageal diseases: Conditions affecting the esophagus, such as tumors, strictures, or motility disorders, may present with symptoms related to the mediastinum.
7. Thyroid disorders: Enlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter) can extend into the mediastinum and cause compression symptoms.
8. Hematomas or effusions: Accumulation of blood (hematoma) or fluid (effusion) in the mediastinal space due to trauma, surgery, or other underlying conditions.

Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing mediastinal diseases and improving patient outcomes.

Pulmonary surgical procedures refer to the operations that are performed on the lungs and the surrounding structures, typically to treat or diagnose various respiratory conditions. These procedures can range from minimally invasive techniques to more complex surgeries, depending on the nature and severity of the condition. Here are some examples of pulmonary surgical procedures:

1. Thoracotomy: This is an open surgical procedure where a surgeon makes a large incision in the chest wall to access the lungs. It's typically used to remove lung tumors, repair damaged lung tissue, or perform a lobectomy (removal of a lobe of the lung).
2. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS): This is a minimally invasive procedure where a surgeon makes several small incisions in the chest wall and uses a camera and special instruments to perform the operation. VATS can be used for lung biopsies, lobectomies, and other procedures.
3. Lung biopsy: This is a procedure where a small piece of lung tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to diagnose various conditions such as infections, interstitial lung diseases, or cancer. A biopsy can be performed through a thoracotomy, VATS, or bronchoscopy (a procedure that involves inserting a thin tube with a camera into the airways).
4. Bullectomy: This is a procedure where a surgeon removes large air-filled sacs in the lungs called bullae, which can cause shortness of breath and other symptoms.
5. Lung transplant: This is a complex surgical procedure where a diseased lung is removed and replaced with a healthy one from a donor. It's typically performed on patients with end-stage lung disease such as cystic fibrosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
6. Pleurodesis: This is a procedure where the space between the lungs and chest wall is irritated to prevent fluid from accumulating in that space, which can cause shortness of breath and other symptoms. It's typically performed on patients with recurrent pleural effusions (fluid buildup in the pleural space).

These are just a few examples of the many procedures that can be performed to treat various lung conditions.

Lung neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors in the lung tissue. These tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Malignant lung neoplasms are further classified into two main types: small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung neoplasms can cause symptoms such as cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and weight loss. They are often caused by smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke, but can also occur due to genetic factors, radiation exposure, and other environmental carcinogens. Early detection and treatment of lung neoplasms is crucial for improving outcomes and survival rates.

Pleural diseases refer to conditions that affect the pleura, which is the thin, double-layered membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the inside of the chest wall. The space between these two layers contains a small amount of fluid that helps the lungs move smoothly during breathing. Pleural diseases can cause inflammation, infection, or abnormal collections of fluid in the pleural space, leading to symptoms such as chest pain, cough, and difficulty breathing.

Some common examples of pleural diseases include:

1. Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura that causes sharp chest pain, often worsened by breathing or coughing.
2. Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which can be caused by various underlying conditions such as heart failure, pneumonia, cancer, or autoimmune disorders.
3. Empyema: A collection of pus in the pleural space, usually resulting from a bacterial infection.
4. Pleural thickening: Scarring and hardening of the pleura, which can restrict lung function and cause breathlessness.
5. Mesothelioma: A rare form of cancer that affects the pleura, often caused by exposure to asbestos.
6. Pneumothorax: A collection of air in the pleural space, which can result from trauma or a rupture of the lung tissue.

Proper diagnosis and treatment of pleural diseases require a thorough evaluation by a healthcare professional, often involving imaging tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans, as well as fluid analysis or biopsy if necessary.

Chest tubes are medical devices that are inserted into the chest cavity to drain fluid, air, or blood. They are typically used to treat conditions such as pneumothorax (collapsed lung), hemothorax (blood in the chest cavity), pleural effusion (excess fluid in the chest cavity), and chylothorax (milky fluid in the chest cavity).

Chest tubes are usually inserted between the ribs and directed into the chest cavity, allowing for drainage of the affected area. The tubes are connected to a collection system that creates negative pressure, which helps to remove the air or fluid from the chest cavity.

The size and number of chest tubes used may vary depending on the severity and location of the condition being treated. Chest tubes are typically removed once the underlying condition has been resolved and the drainage has decreased to a minimal amount.

Mediastinoscopy is a surgical procedure in which a tubular instrument called mediastinoscope is inserted through a small incision made at the base of the neck, typically in the suprasternal notch. This procedure allows the medical professional to examine the mediastinum, which is the area within the chest between the lungs, containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other vital structures. The examination can help identify any abnormalities, such as tumors or inflammation, and in some cases, biopsies of suspicious tissues may be taken for further analysis. Mediastinoscopy is typically performed under general anesthesia in a hospital setting.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Drainage, in medical terms, refers to the removal of excess fluid or accumulated collections of fluids from various body parts or spaces. This is typically accomplished through the use of medical devices such as catheters, tubes, or drains. The purpose of drainage can be to prevent the buildup of fluids that may cause discomfort, infection, or other complications, or to treat existing collections of fluid such as abscesses, hematomas, or pleural effusions. Drainage may also be used as a diagnostic tool to analyze the type and composition of the fluid being removed.

Carcinoma, bronchogenic is a medical term that refers to a type of lung cancer that originates in the bronchi, which are the branching tubes that carry air into the lungs. It is the most common form of lung cancer and can be further classified into different types based on the specific cell type involved, such as squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, or large cell carcinoma.

Bronchogenic carcinomas are often associated with smoking and exposure to environmental pollutants, although they can also occur in non-smokers. Symptoms may include coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, wheezing, hoarseness, or unexplained weight loss. Treatment options depend on the stage and location of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these approaches.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

A bronchial fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the bronchial tree (the airways in the lungs) and the surrounding tissues, such as the pleural space (the space between the lungs and the chest wall), blood vessels, or other organs. This condition can result from various causes, including lung injury, infection, surgery, or certain diseases such as cancer or tuberculosis.

Bronchial fistulas can lead to symptoms like coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. They may also cause air leaks, pneumothorax (collapsed lung), or chronic infections. Treatment for bronchial fistulas depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition but often involves surgical repair or closure of the abnormal connection.

Heart injuries, also known as cardiac injuries, refer to any damage or harm caused to the heart muscle, valves, or surrounding structures. This can result from various causes such as blunt trauma (e.g., car accidents, falls), penetrating trauma (e.g., gunshot wounds, stabbing), or medical conditions like heart attacks (myocardial infarction) and infections (e.g., myocarditis, endocarditis).

Some common types of heart injuries include:

1. Contusions: Bruising of the heart muscle due to blunt trauma.
2. Myocardial infarctions: Damage to the heart muscle caused by insufficient blood supply, often due to blocked coronary arteries.
3. Cardiac rupture: A rare but life-threatening condition where the heart muscle tears or breaks open, usually resulting from severe trauma or complications from a myocardial infarction.
4. Valvular damage: Disruption of the heart valves' function due to injury or infection, leading to leakage (regurgitation) or narrowing (stenosis).
5. Pericardial injuries: Damage to the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart, which can result in fluid accumulation (pericardial effusion), inflammation (pericarditis), or tamponade (compression of the heart by excess fluid).
6. Arrhythmias: Irregular heart rhythms caused by damage to the heart's electrical conduction system.

Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing heart injuries, as they can lead to severe complications or even be fatal if left untreated.

Thoracic diseases refer to a range of medical conditions that affect the thorax, which is the part of the body that includes the chest cage, lungs, pleura (lining of the lungs), mediastinum (the area between the lungs), and diaphragm. Examples of thoracic diseases include:

1. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive lung disease characterized by difficulty breathing, cough, and sputum production.
2. Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
3. Lung cancer: A malignant tumor that forms in the tissues of the lungs, usually in the cells lining the air passages.
4. Pneumonia: An infection of the lung tissue that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
5. Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body.
6. Pleural effusion: An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall.
7. Pneumothorax: A collection of air in the pleural space that causes the lung to collapse.
8. Lung fibrosis: A condition characterized by scarring and thickening of the lung tissue, leading to difficulty breathing.
9. Esophageal cancer: A malignant tumor that forms in the tissues of the esophagus, the tube that connects the throat to the stomach.
10. Thoracic aortic aneurysm: A bulging or weakened area in the wall of the thoracic aorta, the largest artery in the body.

These are just a few examples of thoracic diseases, and there are many others that can affect the chest and lungs.

The subclavian artery is a major blood vessel that supplies the upper limb and important structures in the neck and head. It arises from the brachiocephalic trunk (in the case of the right subclavian artery) or directly from the aortic arch (in the case of the left subclavian artery).

The subclavian artery has several branches, including:

1. The vertebral artery, which supplies blood to the brainstem and cerebellum.
2. The internal thoracic artery (also known as the mammary artery), which supplies blood to the chest wall, breast, and anterior mediastinum.
3. The thyrocervical trunk, which gives rise to several branches that supply the neck, including the inferior thyroid artery, the suprascapular artery, and the transverse cervical artery.
4. The costocervical trunk, which supplies blood to the neck and upper back, including the posterior chest wall and the lower neck muscles.

The subclavian artery is a critical vessel in maintaining adequate blood flow to the upper limb, and any blockage or damage to this vessel can lead to significant morbidity, including arm pain, numbness, weakness, or even loss of function.

Nonpenetrating wounds are a type of trauma or injury to the body that do not involve a break in the skin or underlying tissues. These wounds can result from blunt force trauma, such as being struck by an object or falling onto a hard surface. They can also result from crushing injuries, where significant force is applied to a body part, causing damage to internal structures without breaking the skin.

Nonpenetrating wounds can cause a range of injuries, including bruising, swelling, and damage to internal organs, muscles, bones, and other tissues. The severity of the injury depends on the force of the trauma, the location of the impact, and the individual's overall health and age.

While nonpenetrating wounds may not involve a break in the skin, they can still be serious and require medical attention. If you have experienced blunt force trauma or suspect a nonpenetrating wound, it is important to seek medical care to assess the extent of the injury and receive appropriate treatment.

A stab wound is a type of penetrating trauma to the body caused by a sharp object such as a knife or screwdriver. The injury may be classified as either a stabbing or a puncture wound, depending on the nature of the object and the manner in which it was inflicted. Stab wounds typically involve a forceful thrusting motion, which can result in damage to internal organs, blood vessels, and other structures.

The depth and severity of a stab wound depend on several factors, including the type and length of the weapon used, the angle and force of the strike, and the location of the wound on the body. Stab wounds to vital areas such as the chest or abdomen can be particularly dangerous due to the risk of internal bleeding and infection.

Immediate medical attention is required for stab wounds, even if they appear minor at first glance. Treatment may involve wound cleaning, suturing, antibiotics, and in some cases, surgery to repair damaged tissues or organs. In severe cases, stab wounds can lead to shock, organ failure, and even death if left untreated.

Epidural analgesia is a type of regional anesthesia used to manage pain, most commonly during childbirth and after surgery. The term "epidural" refers to the location of the injection, which is in the epidural space of the spinal column.

In this procedure, a small amount of local anesthetic or narcotic medication is injected into the epidural space using a thin catheter. This medication blocks nerve impulses from the lower body, reducing or eliminating pain sensations without causing complete loss of feeling or muscle movement.

Epidural analgesia can be used for both short-term and long-term pain management. It is often preferred in situations where patients require prolonged pain relief, such as during labor and delivery or after major surgery. The medication can be administered continuously or intermittently, depending on the patient's needs and the type of procedure being performed.

While epidural analgesia is generally safe and effective, it can have side effects, including low blood pressure, headache, and difficulty urinating. In rare cases, it may also cause nerve damage or infection. Patients should discuss the risks and benefits of this procedure with their healthcare provider before deciding whether to undergo epidural analgesia.

Mediastinitis is a medical condition that refers to the inflammation of the mediastinum, which is the area in the chest that separates the lungs and contains various vital structures such as the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and major blood vessels. Mediastinitis can be caused by bacterial or fungal infections, trauma, or complications from medical procedures such as esophageal surgery or heart catheterization.

The symptoms of mediastinitis may include chest pain, fever, difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, cough, and neck stiffness. The diagnosis is typically made through imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, and confirmed with laboratory tests that identify the causative organism. Treatment usually involves antibiotics or antifungal medications to eliminate the infection, along with supportive care such as pain management, fluids, and nutrition. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to drain infected fluid or remove damaged tissue.

A laceration is a type of injury that results in a tear or ragged cut in the skin or mucous membrane, often caused by some form of trauma. This can include cuts from sharp objects, blunt force trauma, or accidents. Lacerations can vary greatly in severity, from minor injuries that only affect the top layer of skin to more serious wounds that penetrate deeper into underlying tissues and structures.

Lacerations are typically irregular in shape and may have jagged edges, unlike clean incisions caused by sharp objects. They can also be accompanied by bruising, swelling, and bleeding, depending on the severity of the injury. In some cases, lacerations may require medical attention to properly clean, close, and manage the wound to prevent infection and promote healing.

It is essential to assess the depth, location, and extent of a laceration to determine the appropriate course of action. Deeper lacerations that expose underlying tissues or structures, such as muscles, tendons, nerves, or blood vessels, may require sutures (stitches), staples, or adhesive strips to close the wound. In some instances, surgical intervention might be necessary to repair damaged tissues properly. Always consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and treatment of lacerations.

A respiratory tract fistula is an abnormal connection or passage between the respiratory tract (which includes the nose, throat, windpipe, and lungs) and another organ or structure, such as the skin, digestive tract, or blood vessels. This condition can lead to complications such as air leakage, infection, and difficulty breathing. The causes of respiratory tract fistulas vary and can include trauma, surgery, infection, or cancer. Treatment depends on the location and severity of the fistula and may involve surgical repair, antibiotics, or other therapies.

A bronchogenic cyst is a type of congenital cyst that develops from abnormal budding or development of the bronchial tree during fetal growth. These cysts are typically filled with mucus or fluid and can be found in the mediastinum (the area between the lungs) or within the lung tissue itself.

Bronchogenic cysts are usually asymptomatic, but they can cause symptoms if they become infected, rupture, or compress nearby structures such as airways or blood vessels. Symptoms may include cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and recurrent respiratory infections.

Diagnosis of bronchogenic cysts is typically made through imaging tests such as chest X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the cyst to prevent complications.

Thoracic surgical procedures refer to the operations that are performed on the thorax, which is the part of the body that lies between the neck and the abdomen and includes the chest cage, lungs, heart, great blood vessels, esophagus, diaphragm, and other organs in the chest cavity. These surgical procedures can be either open or minimally invasive (using small incisions and specialized instruments) and are performed to diagnose, treat, or manage various medical conditions affecting the thoracic organs, such as:

1. Lung cancer: Thoracic surgeons perform lung resections (lobectomy, segmentectomy, wedge resection) to remove cancerous lung tissue. They may also perform mediastinal lymph node dissection to assess the spread of the disease.
2. Esophageal surgery: Surgeries like esophagectomy are performed to treat esophageal cancer or other conditions affecting the esophagus, such as severe GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease).
3. Chest wall surgery: This includes procedures to repair or replace damaged ribs, sternum, or chest wall muscles and treat conditions like pectus excavatum or tumors in the chest wall.
4. Heart surgery: Thoracic surgeons collaborate with cardiac surgeons to perform surgeries on the heart, such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve repair/replacement, and procedures for treating aneurysms or dissections of the aorta.
5. Diaphragm surgery: Procedures like diaphragm plication are performed to treat paralysis or weakness of the diaphragm that can lead to respiratory insufficiency.
6. Mediastinal surgery: This involves operating on the mediastinum, the area between the lungs, to remove tumors, cysts, or other abnormal growths.
7. Pleural surgery: Procedures like pleurodesis or decortication are performed to manage conditions affecting the pleura (the membrane surrounding the lungs), such as pleural effusions, pneumothorax, or empyema.
8. Lung surgery: Thoracic surgeons perform procedures on the lungs, including lobectomy, segmentectomy, or pneumonectomy to treat lung cancer, benign tumors, or other lung diseases.
9. Tracheal surgery: This includes procedures to repair or reconstruct damaged trachea or remove tumors and growths in the airway.
10. Esophageal surgery: Collaborating with general surgeons, thoracic surgeons perform esophagectomy and other procedures to treat esophageal cancer, benign tumors, or other conditions affecting the esophagus.

A thoracoscope is not a medical condition, but a medical device used in the field of thoracic surgery. It is a type of endoscope that allows surgeons to view the inside of the chest cavity (thorax) through small incisions. The thoracoscope has a light source and a camera at its tip, which transmits images to a video monitor. This enables the surgeon to inspect the lungs, pleura, mediastinum, and diaphragm, take biopsies, and perform various surgical procedures, such as pleurodesis or lung resection, minimizing invasiveness and promoting faster recovery compared to traditional open thoracotomy.

Minimally invasive surgical procedures are a type of surgery that is performed with the assistance of specialized equipment and techniques to minimize trauma to the patient's body. This approach aims to reduce blood loss, pain, and recovery time as compared to traditional open surgeries. The most common minimally invasive surgical procedure is laparoscopy, which involves making small incisions (usually 0.5-1 cm) in the abdomen or chest and inserting a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) to visualize the internal organs.

The surgeon then uses long, slender instruments inserted through separate incisions to perform the necessary surgical procedures, such as cutting, coagulation, or suturing. Other types of minimally invasive surgical procedures include arthroscopy (for joint surgery), thoracoscopy (for chest surgery), and hysteroscopy (for uterine surgery). The benefits of minimally invasive surgical procedures include reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, quicker return to normal activities, and improved cosmetic results. However, not all surgeries can be performed using minimally invasive techniques, and the suitability of a particular procedure depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the nature and extent of the surgical problem, and the surgeon's expertise.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

A mediastinal cyst is a rare, abnormal fluid-filled sac located in the mediastinum, which is the central part of the chest cavity that separates the lungs and contains various organs such as the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and lymph nodes. Mediastinal cysts can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). They are usually asymptomatic but can cause symptoms depending on their size and location. Symptoms may include chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, or swallowing. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cyst to prevent complications such as infection, bleeding, or pressure on surrounding structures.

The pleura is the medical term for the double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the inside of the chest cavity. The two layers of the pleura are called the parietal pleura, which lines the chest cavity, and the visceral pleura, which covers the surface of the lungs.

The space between these two layers is called the pleural cavity, which contains a small amount of lubricating fluid that allows the lungs to move smoothly within the chest during breathing. The main function of the pleura is to protect the lungs and facilitate their movement during respiration.

Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that involves the examination of the inside of the airways and lungs with a flexible or rigid tube called a bronchoscope. This procedure allows healthcare professionals to directly visualize the airways, take tissue samples for biopsy, and remove foreign objects or secretions. Bronchoscopy can be used to diagnose and manage various respiratory conditions such as lung infections, inflammation, cancer, and bleeding. It is usually performed under local or general anesthesia to minimize discomfort and risks associated with the procedure.

Chylothorax is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of lymphatic fluid called chyle in the pleural space, which is the space between the lungs and the chest wall. Chyle is a milky-white fluid that contains nutrients, electrolytes, and immune cells, and it is normally transported through the thoracic duct to the bloodstream.

Chylothorax can occur due to various reasons, such as trauma, surgery, tumors, or congenital abnormalities that disrupt the normal flow of chyle. As a result, chyle leaks into the pleural space, causing symptoms such as cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, and fever.

The diagnosis of chylothorax is usually made through imaging studies such as chest X-ray or CT scan, and confirmed by analyzing the fluid for the presence of chylomicrons, which are lipid particles found in chyle. The treatment options for chylothorax include dietary modifications, such as a low-fat diet with medium-chain triglycerides, chest tube drainage, and surgical interventions such as thoracic duct ligation or pleurodesis.

Empyema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of pus in a body cavity, most commonly in the pleural space surrounding the lungs. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that spreads from the lung tissue to the pleural space. The buildup of pus can cause chest pain, cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Empyema can be a complication of pneumonia or other respiratory infections, and it may require treatment with antibiotics, drainage of the pus, and sometimes surgery.

The thorax is the central part of the human body, located between the neck and the abdomen. In medical terms, it refers to the portion of the body that contains the heart, lungs, and associated structures within a protective cage made up of the sternum (breastbone), ribs, and thoracic vertebrae. The thorax is enclosed by muscles and protected by the ribcage, which helps to maintain its structural integrity and protect the vital organs contained within it.

The thorax plays a crucial role in respiration, as it allows for the expansion and contraction of the lungs during breathing. This movement is facilitated by the flexible nature of the ribcage, which expands and contracts with each breath, allowing air to enter and exit the lungs. Additionally, the thorax serves as a conduit for major blood vessels, such as the aorta and vena cava, which carry blood to and from the heart and the rest of the body.

Understanding the anatomy and function of the thorax is essential for medical professionals, as many conditions and diseases can affect this region of the body. These may include respiratory disorders such as pneumonia or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiovascular conditions like heart attacks or aortic aneurysms, and musculoskeletal issues involving the ribs, spine, or surrounding muscles.

Thoracic radiography is a type of diagnostic imaging that involves using X-rays to produce images of the chest, including the lungs, heart, bronchi, great vessels, and the bones of the spine and chest wall. It is a commonly used tool in the diagnosis and management of various respiratory, cardiovascular, and thoracic disorders such as pneumonia, lung cancer, heart failure, and rib fractures.

During the procedure, the patient is positioned between an X-ray machine and a cassette containing a film or digital detector. The X-ray beam is directed at the chest, and the resulting image is captured on the film or detector. The images produced can help identify any abnormalities in the structure or function of the organs within the chest.

Thoracic radiography may be performed as a routine screening test for certain conditions, such as lung cancer, or it may be ordered when a patient presents with symptoms suggestive of a respiratory or cardiovascular disorder. It is a safe and non-invasive procedure that can provide valuable information to help guide clinical decision making and improve patient outcomes.

The thoracic aorta is the segment of the largest artery in the human body (the aorta) that runs through the chest region (thorax). The thoracic aorta begins at the aortic arch, where it branches off from the ascending aorta, and extends down to the diaphragm, where it becomes the abdominal aorta.

The thoracic aorta is divided into three parts: the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta. The ascending aorta rises from the left ventricle of the heart and is about 2 inches (5 centimeters) long. The aortic arch curves backward and to the left, giving rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery. The descending thoracic aorta runs downward through the chest, passing through the diaphragm to become the abdominal aorta.

The thoracic aorta supplies oxygenated blood to the upper body, including the head, neck, arms, and chest. It plays a critical role in maintaining blood flow and pressure throughout the body.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Artificial pneumothorax is a medical condition that is intentionally induced for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes. It involves the introduction of air or another gas into the pleural space, which is the potential space between the lungs and the chest wall. This results in the collapse of the lung on the side where the air was introduced, creating negative pressure that can help to relieve certain medical conditions.

Artificial pneumothorax is typically used as a treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis, although its use has become less common with the advent of more effective antibiotics and other treatments. It may also be used in rare cases to help collapse a lung that has been damaged or injured, making it easier to remove or repair.

The procedure for creating an artificial pneumothorax involves inserting a needle or catheter into the pleural space and introducing air or another gas. This can be done through the chest wall or through a tube that has been inserted into the lung. The amount of air introduced is carefully controlled to avoid over-inflation of the pleural space, which can cause complications such as tension pneumothorax.

While artificial pneumothorax is a useful medical procedure in certain circumstances, it carries risks and should only be performed by trained medical professionals in a controlled setting.

Mediastinal neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors located in the mediastinum, which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity that lies between the lungs and contains various vital structures such as the heart, esophagus, trachea, blood vessels, lymph nodes, and nerves. Mediastinal neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and they can arise from any of the tissues or organs within the mediastinum.

Benign mediastinal neoplasms may include thymomas, lipomas, neurofibromas, or teratomas, among others. These tumors are typically slow-growing and rarely spread to other parts of the body. However, they can still cause symptoms or complications by compressing adjacent structures within the mediastinum, such as the airways, blood vessels, or nerves.

Malignant mediastinal neoplasms are cancerous tumors that can invade and destroy surrounding tissues and may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Common types of malignant mediastinal neoplasms include thymic carcinomas, lymphomas, germ cell tumors, and neuroendocrine tumors. These tumors often require aggressive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, to control their growth and spread.

It is important to note that mediastinal neoplasms can present with various symptoms depending on their location, size, and type. Some patients may be asymptomatic, while others may experience cough, chest pain, difficulty breathing, hoarseness, or swallowing difficulties. A thorough diagnostic workup, including imaging studies and biopsies, is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and determine the best course of treatment for mediastinal neoplasms.

Esophagectomy is a surgical procedure in which part or all of the esophagus (the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach) is removed. This surgery is typically performed as a treatment for esophageal cancer, although it may also be used to treat other conditions such as severe damage to the esophagus from acid reflux or benign tumors.

During an esophagectomy, the surgeon will make incisions in the neck, chest, and/or abdomen to access the esophagus. The affected portion of the esophagus is then removed, and the remaining ends are reconnected, often using a section of the stomach or colon to create a new conduit for food to pass from the throat to the stomach.

Esophagectomy is a complex surgical procedure that requires significant expertise and experience on the part of the surgeon. It carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and complications related to anesthesia. Additionally, patients who undergo esophagectomy may experience difficulty swallowing, chronic pain, and other long-term complications. However, for some patients with esophageal cancer or other serious conditions affecting the esophagus, esophagectomy may be the best available treatment option.

Substernal goiter refers to an enlarged thyroid gland that extends below the sternum or breastbone. It is also known as a retrosternal goiter. This condition can cause compression of surrounding structures such as the trachea and esophagus, leading to symptoms like difficulty swallowing, shortness of breath, and cough. Substernal goiters may be asymptomatic or may require treatment, including surgery, to alleviate symptoms and prevent complications.

Benchmarking in the medical context refers to the process of comparing healthcare services, practices, or outcomes against a widely recognized standard or within best practice recommendations, with the aim of identifying areas for improvement and implementing changes to enhance the quality and efficiency of care. This can involve comparing data on various metrics such as patient satisfaction, clinical outcomes, costs, and safety measures. The goal is to continuously monitor and improve the quality of healthcare services provided to patients.

Patient positioning in a medical context refers to the arrangement and placement of a patient's body in a specific posture or alignment on a hospital bed, examination table, or other medical device during medical procedures, surgeries, or diagnostic imaging examinations. The purpose of patient positioning is to optimize the patient's comfort, ensure their safety, facilitate access to the surgical site or area being examined, enhance the effectiveness of medical interventions, and improve the quality of medical images in diagnostic tests.

Proper patient positioning can help prevent complications such as pressure ulcers, nerve injuries, and respiratory difficulties. It may involve adjusting the height and angle of the bed, using pillows, blankets, or straps to support various parts of the body, and communicating with the patient to ensure they are comfortable and aware of what to expect during the procedure.

In surgical settings, patient positioning is carefully planned and executed by a team of healthcare professionals, including surgeons, anesthesiologists, nurses, and surgical technicians, to optimize surgical outcomes and minimize risks. In diagnostic imaging examinations, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs, patient positioning is critical for obtaining high-quality images that can aid in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

Pancoast syndrome is a constellation of symptoms resulting from the invasion and compression of various neurological and vascular structures at the apex (top) of the lung, most commonly caused by a specific type of lung cancer known as Pancoast tumor or superior sulcus tumor. The syndrome is characterized by shoulder pain, Horner's syndrome (meiosis, ptosis, and anhidrosis), and weakness or atrophy of the hand muscles due to involvement of the lower brachial plexus.

In medical terms, ribs are the long, curved bones that make up the ribcage in the human body. They articulate with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly and connect to the sternum anteriorly via costal cartilages. There are 12 pairs of ribs in total, and they play a crucial role in protecting the lungs and heart, allowing room for expansion and contraction during breathing. Ribs also provide attachment points for various muscles involved in respiration and posture.

Esophageal perforation is a medical condition that refers to a hole or tear in the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This condition can occur as a result of various factors such as trauma, forceful vomiting (Boerhaave's syndrome), swallowing sharp objects, or complications from medical procedures like endoscopy.

Esophageal perforation is a serious medical emergency that requires immediate attention and treatment. If left untreated, it can lead to severe complications such as mediastinitis (inflammation of the tissue surrounding the heart), sepsis, and even death. Treatment typically involves surgical repair of the perforation, antibiotics to prevent infection, and supportive care to manage any associated symptoms or complications.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Lung diseases refer to a broad category of disorders that affect the lungs and other structures within the respiratory system. These diseases can impair lung function, leading to symptoms such as coughing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and wheezing. They can be categorized into several types based on the underlying cause and nature of the disease process. Some common examples include:

1. Obstructive lung diseases: These are characterized by narrowing or blockage of the airways, making it difficult to breathe out. Examples include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis.
2. Restrictive lung diseases: These involve stiffening or scarring of the lungs, which reduces their ability to expand and take in air. Examples include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and asbestosis.
3. Infectious lung diseases: These are caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that infect the lungs. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza.
4. Vascular lung diseases: These affect the blood vessels in the lungs, impairing oxygen exchange. Examples include pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
5. Neoplastic lung diseases: These involve abnormal growth of cells within the lungs, leading to cancer. Examples include small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
6. Other lung diseases: These include interstitial lung diseases, pleural effusions, and rare disorders such as pulmonary alveolar proteinosis and lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM).

It is important to note that this list is not exhaustive, and there are many other conditions that can affect the lungs. Proper diagnosis and treatment of lung diseases require consultation with a healthcare professional, such as a pulmonologist or respiratory therapist.

A reoperation is a surgical procedure that is performed again on a patient who has already undergone a previous operation for the same or related condition. Reoperations may be required due to various reasons, such as inadequate initial treatment, disease recurrence, infection, or complications from the first surgery. The nature and complexity of a reoperation can vary widely depending on the specific circumstances, but it often carries higher risks and potential complications compared to the original operation.

Esophagoplasty is a surgical procedure that involves reconstructing or reshaping the esophagus, which is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach. This procedure may be performed to treat various conditions such as esophageal atresia (a birth defect in which the esophagus does not develop properly), esophageal stricture (narrowing of the esophagus), or esophageal cancer.

During an esophagoplasty, a surgeon may use tissue from another part of the body, such as the stomach or colon, to reconstruct the esophagus. The specific technique used will depend on the individual patient's needs and the nature of their condition.

It is important to note that esophagoplasty is a complex surgical procedure that carries risks such as bleeding, infection, and complications related to anesthesia. Patients who undergo this procedure may require extensive postoperative care and rehabilitation to recover fully.

Some common forms of thoracotomies include: Posterolateral thoracotomy is the most common and traditional approach for gaining ... Pain following a thoracotomy may be treated by the use of a nerve block known as a rhomboid intercostal block. In the long term ... A thoracotomy is a surgical procedure to gain access into the pleural space of the chest. It is performed by surgeons ( ... The Ashrafian thoracotomy was devised to give rapid access to the heart and pericardium through an incision that consists of an ...
A resuscitative thoracotomy (sometimes referred to as an emergency department thoracotomy (EDT), trauma thoracotomy or, ... A left anterolateral thoracotomy is the common method of opening the chest, as it provides rapid access, can be easily extended ... The clamshell thoracotomy is used when there is a right sided pulmonary or vascular injury, or when greater access or ... Resuscitative Thoracotomy. San Diego: The Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care/Burns is part of the Department of Surgery ...
"Thoracotomy". Merck Manuals. Archived from the original on April 22, 2015. Yu, Kyung-ah; Kim, So-rin; Ahn, Tae Hwan; Lee, Min ... The most common type of lobectomy is known as a thoracotomy. When this type of surgery is done the chest is opened up. An ...
"Clamshell Thoracotomy". Retrieved 2011-07-01. "Inventory of the archival fond" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015- ... and to section the sternum when performing an emergency clamshell thoracotomy. The Library of the Museo Galileo hosts an ...
Thoracotomy revealed thoracic endometriosis. Many patients present with chest pain close to their menstrual periods. Surgical ...
Jude, JR; Kouwenhoven, WB; Knickerbocker, GG (1960). "Cardiac resuscitation without thoracotomy". Maryland State Medical ...
Brown DL (November 1985). "Postoperative analgesia following thoracotomy. Danger of delayed respiratory depression". Chest. 88 ...
Ă–kmen, K (1 April 2019). "Efficacy of rhomboid intercostal block for analgesia after thoracotomy". The Korean Journal of Pain. ... and a thoracotomy. This nerve block is usually achieved by injection of the local anesthetic agent into the fascial plane ... "Thoracotomy through the auscultatory triangle". The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 47 (5): 782-783. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(89)90148 ...
Compared to open thoracotomy, VATS offers a shorter in-hospital stays, less need for postoperative pain control, and a reduced ... A preventative procedure (thoracotomy or thoracoscopy with pleurodesis) may be recommended after an episode of pneumothorax, ... Good results in the short term are achieved with a thoracotomy (surgical opening of the chest) with identification of any ... Recurrence rates are approximately 1%. Post-thoracotomy pain is relatively common. A less invasive approach is thoracoscopy, ...
Access was through a left thoracotomy. The patient awoke and seemed fine for 24 hours, but became ill with increasing ... This is a surgical option involving a mini-thoracotomy for patients in end stage COPD due to underlying emphysema, and can ...
Moyse DW, Kaye AD, Diaz JH, Qadri MY, Lindsay D, Pyati S (March 2017). "Perioperative Ketamine Administration for Thoracotomy ...
Access was through a left thoracotomy. The patient awoke and seemed fine for 24 hours but became ill with a fever and died ...
1997 Nov;185(5):486-7. Pulmonary tractotomy as an abbreviated thoracotomy technique. Wall MJ Jr, Villavicencio RT, Miller CC ...
Hunt PA, Greaves I, Owens WA (January 2006). "Emergency thoracotomy in thoracic trauma-a review". Injury. 37 (1): 1-19. doi: ... Other interventions may include thoracostomy and thoracotomy, as well as treatment of the underlying cause of arrest. Basic ...
About 5% of cases require surgery, called thoracotomy. Thoracotomy is especially likely to be needed if a lung fails to re- ...
Van Waes, OJ; Van Riet, PA; Van Lieshout, EM; Hartoq, DD (October 2012). "Immediate thoracotomy for penetrating injuries: ten ... Moribund patients go through an emergency department thoracotomy. This measure is taken because at their arrival in the ... thoracotomy[clarification needed] Cardiac tamponade Persistent ATLS class III shock despite fluid resuscitation (blood loss ... In other circumstances the unstable patient is immediately transferred to the operating room for exploration by thoracotomy or ...
Creation of an atrial septal defect without thoracotomy. A palliative approach to complete transposition of the great arteries ... unlike the thoracotomy required by a septectomy, is performed through the minimally invasive surgical technique of cardiac ...
The Rumel technique for lateral thoracotomy closure. Barone, G. W., Pait, T. G., Lightfoot, M. L., Ketel, B. L.; J Cardiovasc ...
... resuscitative thoracotomy". The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 73 (6): 1359-1363. doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e318270d2df. ... otherwise known as an emergency department thoracotomy (EDT). However, not all gunshot to the chest require surgery. ...
Ă–kmen, K (1 April 2019). "Efficacy of rhomboid intercostal block for analgesia after thoracotomy". The Korean Journal of Pain. ...
"Survival after emergency department thoracotomy: review of published data from the past 25 years". Journal of the American ... "Induced Hypothermia During Emergency Department Thoracotomy: an Animal Model. Journal of Trauma Injury and Critical Care. 48: ... "Induced Hypothermia During Emergency Department Thoracotomy: an Animal Model". Journal of Trauma Injury and Critical Care. 48: ...
In certain dire circumstances an emergent thoracotomy may be employed. The primary clinical concern with blunt trauma to the ...
During a pneumonectomy, the pleural cavity is accessed through a thoracotomy. With direct access to the tumour, the need for ... Bleb resections may be done via mini-thoracotomy or thoracoscopy. After inspection of the chest cavity, identified blebs are ... Thoracoscopy was later used by surgeons to perform chest operations without open thoracotomy. However, the latter remains a ... The lobe to be resected is first visualized through thoracotomy or thoracoscopy. Next, the surrounding lymph nodes are ...
Alternatively, the cardiothoracic surgeon might directly open the chest (thoracotomy). If the cancer is in the abdomen, the ...
These "extra-anatomic bypasses" can be performed without an invasive thoracotomy. Another example in the abdominal aorta is the ...
2012). "HeartWare Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation Through Bilateral Anterior Thoracotomy". The Annals of Thoracic ...
Traditionally, pulmonary lobectomy is performed through a poster-lateral thoracotomy incision; over decades, thoracotomy has ... Thoracotomy, as most commonly performed, requires cutting through one or more major muscles of the chest wall including the ... The advantage of VATS over thoracotomy is that major chest wall muscles are not divided and ribs are not spread. This leads to ... There is wide consensus that thoracotomy is one of the most painful incisions that patients can undergo. In the initial post- ...
Alternatively, a larger incision known as a thoracotomy may be used. During the surgery, the surgeon will hold the pericardium ...
McClelland JH, Duke D, Reddy R (2007). "Preliminary results of a limited thoracotomy: new approach to treat atrial fibrillation ... These procedures are characterized by: No median sternotomy incision; instead, an endoscope and/or "mini-thoracotomy" incisions ...
... versus thoracotomy for lung cancer". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 141 (1): 59-64. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs. ... versus thoracotomy for lung cancer". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 138 (1): 11-18. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs. ... versus thoracotomy for lung cancer". The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 138 (1): 11-8. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs. ... "Patterns of recurrence and incidence of second primary tumors after lobectomy by VATS versus thoracotomy for lung cancer". The ...
Some common forms of thoracotomies include: Posterolateral thoracotomy is the most common and traditional approach for gaining ... Pain following a thoracotomy may be treated by the use of a nerve block known as a rhomboid intercostal block. In the long term ... A thoracotomy is a surgical procedure to gain access into the pleural space of the chest. It is performed by surgeons ( ... The Ashrafian thoracotomy was devised to give rapid access to the heart and pericardium through an incision that consists of an ...
Thoracotomy - Explore from the Merck Manuals - Medical Consumer Version. ... Thoracotomy is a major operation and therefore is used less often than other diagnostic techniques. Thoracotomy is used when ... Thoracotomy is an operation in which the chest wall is opened to view the internal chest organs, to obtain samples of tissue ... Thoracotomy is also often used to provide treatment. For example, when cancerous tissue is to be removed from the lung, ...
YAA secured grant funding for a Pro Simbodies Thoracotomy Trainer, which will help their crew practice the complex procedures. ... The thoracotomy trainer is a repairable and operable manikin that can be sutured back together to practice thoracotomies. A ... The thoracotomy trainer is the latest addition to the Yorkshire Air Ambulances suite of manikins. The Simbodies are ... Yorkshire Air Ambulance secured grant funding for a Pro Simbodies Thoracotomy Trainer, which will help their crew practice the ...
Fifteen patients underwent right thoracotomy and 17 patients underwent left thoracotomy, with ribs used for autograft. No ... Sixteen patients underwent anterior spinal fusion through standard (major) thoracotomy and 16 patients through mini thoracotomy ... thoracotomy. Summary of background data: The correction of AIS through thoracotomy and spinal fusion is a popular method for ... The effect of major and mini thoracotomy in regaining shoulder range of motion (ROM). Publication Type : Journal Article ...
Resection of a plasma cell granuloma combining a conventional posterolateral left-sided thoracotomy with a minimally invasive ... Plasma Cell Granuloma; Posterolateral thoracotomy; Minimally invasive valve surgery; Lobectomy National Category Cardiac and ... that was resected en bloc using a conventional posterolateral thoracotomy combined with a surgical approach predominantly used ...
Educators and Students: freely download thousands of medical animations and illustrations when your school library subscribes to the SMART Imagebase.
Aintree - A Systematic Review of 3251 Emergency Department Thoracotomies: Is It Time for a National Database?. ...
Find a doctor who specializes in treating post thoracotomy pain and schedule an appointment today. Our specialists are ...
Emergency Department Resuscitative Thoracotomy: Indications, surgical procedure and outcome. A narrative review.. Paolo Aseni, ... BACKGROUND: Emergency Department Thoracotomy (EDRT) after traumatic Cardio-pulmonary Arrest (CPR) can be used to salvage select ...
"Thoracotomy" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Left Thoracotomy Beating Heart Repair of Mitral Periprosthetic Regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2022 02; 113(2):e103-e105. ... This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Thoracotomy" by people in UAMS Profiles by year, and whether " ... Below are MeSH descriptors whose meaning is more general than "Thoracotomy".. *Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic ...
Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure to open the chest and visualize the organs inside the thoracic cavity. Read this article to ... The procedure can be anterolateral thoracotomy or posterolateral thoracotomy.. What Is the Difference Between Thoracotomy and ... How Is Thoracotomy Performed?. Thoracotomy is performed through different techniques, which include:. * Median Sternotomy - ... Thoracotomy is a major surgical procedure performed to diagnose or treat an illness. Thoracotomy is followed by other surgical ...
safetythoracotomy. Procedures ED Thoracotomy Survey: Read The Answers! (Rest of the World). June 22, 2018. The Trauma Pro Leave ... Emergency Thoracotomy Video. I did get a lead on a decent video of an emergency thoracotomy that combines most of the ... None of the patients receiving inappropriate thoracotomy survived.. Bottom line: ED thoracotomy remains a very dangerous ... Take This Survey On ED Thoracotomy At Your Hospital. May 29, 2018. The Trauma Pro Leave a comment ...
Educators and Students: freely download thousands of medical animations and illustrations when your school library subscribes to the SMART Imagebase.
Thoracotomy. *Accuracy: 83%. *Description: An invasive surgical biopsy that allows doctors to directly examine and take a ...
Retrieved from "https://www.wikem.org/w/index.php?title=EBQ:Effective_ED_Thoracotomy_Usage&oldid=14659" ...
... the emergency department thoracotomy (EDT) has been a subject of intense debate. It is a drastic, last-ditch effort to save the ... encoded search term (Emergency Bedside Thoracotomy) and Emergency Bedside Thoracotomy What to Read Next on Medscape ... Emergency Bedside Thoracotomy. Updated: Apr 24, 2013 * Author: Gretchen S Lent, MD; Chief Editor: Brett C Sheridan, MD, FACS ... Increased thoracotomy survival rates are associated with signs of life in the ED, including the following:. * Pupillary ...
This is a thoracotomy course designed to enable a multidisciplinary team to conduct a clamshell thoracotomy efficiently and ...
Thoracotomy - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical Professional ... Complications of Thoracotomy Complications of thoracotomy are greater than those for any other pulmonary procedures because of ... Contraindications to Thoracotomy Contraindications to thoracotomy are those general to surgery and include ... Posterolateral thoracotomy: The posterolateral approach gives access to pleurae, hilum, mediastinum, and the entire lung. ...
Thoracotomy is often a last-ditch effort when trying to resuscitate a patient who has suffered trauma. What are risks vs ... Thoracotomies are not casual procedures. Even in the setting where we all knew that the patient had practically no chance of ... After all, we were at a teaching hospital and she knew that this was likely to be my final chance to perform a thoracotomy as a ... An ED thoracotomy is an important procedure that emergency physicians should be willing and able to do in the right ...
https://media.blubrry.com/thesgem/content.blubrry.com/thesgem/SGEM339.mp3Podcast: Play in new.... Read More ...
Resuscitative Thoracotomy: What Really is the Quickest Way to a Persons Heart? by Zaf Qasim posted October 15, 2020 No ... If Youre Going to do the Thoracotomy…do a Clamshell by Zaf Qasim posted April 18, 2019 No Comments ... Background: A resuscitative thoracotomy is a time-critical high acuity, low occurrence (HALO) procedure - as an emergency ... Every now and again someone raises the issue on social media about resuscitative thoracotomy. What are the indications (we have ...
Open thoracotomy and decortication for chronic empyemathoracis: our experience. AUTHOR(s) : Bhattacharyya DK, Bhattacharyya DK ... The objective of this study is to review all cases of empyema thoracic treated by open thoracotomy and decortication and ... Materials and method: Records of the entire patient treated by open thoracotomy and decortication for chronic empyema thoracis ... Conclusion: Chronic empyema thoracic can be treated by open thoracotomy and decortications with low mortality and morbidity. ...
Drainage, Thoracotomy, and Pericardial Window. Pericardiocentesis or surgical drainage of the effusion is performed as dictated ... In patients who may have a high mortality risk with thoracotomy yet have a significant chance of effusion recurrence with ...
CLAMSHELL THORACOTOMY RESUSCITATIVE THORACOTOMY THORACOTOMY UNCATEGORIZED Resuscitative Thoracotomy: What Really is the ... JOE NEMETH EM CASES EMERGENCY MEDICINE HOTT MNEMONIC MEDICAL SPECIALTY THORACOTOMY TRAUMA TRAUMA ARREST ... JOE NEMETH EM CASES EMERGENCY MEDICINE HOTT MNEMONIC MEDICAL SPECIALTY THORACOTOMY TRAUMA TRAUMA ARREST ... If Youre Going to do the Thoracotomy…do a Clamshell Read more ... RESUSCITATIVE THORACOTOMY THORACOTOMY UNCATEGORIZED Is Age Just ...
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Enrol Now - BJA Education: Pain after thoracotomy MCQs (Read) for Medical Doctors. ... Enquire Online - BJA Education: Pain after thoracotomy MCQs (Read) for Medical Doctors. ...
Ipsilateral Shoulder Pain After Thoracotomy: Multifactorial in Cause, New Treatment Option. / Rao, Srikantha L. In: Journal of ... Rao, Srikantha L. / Ipsilateral Shoulder Pain After Thoracotomy : Multifactorial in Cause, New Treatment Option. In: Journal of ... Rao, S. L. (2018). Ipsilateral Shoulder Pain After Thoracotomy: Multifactorial in Cause, New Treatment Option. Journal of ... Rao, SL 2018, Ipsilateral Shoulder Pain After Thoracotomy: Multifactorial in Cause, New Treatment Option, Journal of ...
Thoracotomy. An operation in which the chest wall is opened.. Transplant. Sometimes if an organ fails, the only treatment ...
Thoracotomy or video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery may be done to:. *Remove cancer (such as lung cancer) or biopsy an unknown ... Lung surgery using a thoracotomy is called open surgery. In this surgery:. *You will lie on your side on an operating table. ... A thoracotomy is a surgical cut that a surgeon makes to open the chest wall. ... Most people stay in the hospital for 5 to 7 days after open thoracotomy. Hospital stay for a video-assisted thoracoscopic ...
  • Some common forms of thoracotomies include: Posterolateral thoracotomy is the most common and traditional approach for gaining access to the chest. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another variant is the "muscle sparing posterolateral thoracotomy" which preserves the Lattisimus Dorsi and Serratus muscles. (wikipedia.org)
  • We describe a patient with a PCG involving the left lower lobe extending into the left atrium, that was resected en bloc using a conventional posterolateral thoracotomy combined with a surgical approach predominantly used for minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. (diva-portal.org)
  • The procedure can be anterolateral thoracotomy or posterolateral thoracotomy. (icliniq.com)
  • Posterolateral Thoracotomy - This procedure involves the surgical approach to the lungs, posterior mediastinum, and esophagus. (icliniq.com)
  • Posterolateral thoracotomy: The posterolateral approach gives access to pleurae, hilum, mediastinum, and the entire lung. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Another type of minimally invasive approach to treat heart disease is called mini-thoracotomy. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • As shown below, Jim Englemann, a patient from our community , had his aortic valve replaced using a mini-thoracotomy. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • Mini-thoracotomy procedures are also known as "Port Access" surgical approaches. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • The sternum is not broken during a mini-thoracotomy procedure as the access points are through the patient's ribs. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • As you can see above, there are similarities in the types of scars that resut from a robot and mini-thoracotomy approaches as several different ports are used during these procedures which can be very effective and reduce the scar size. (heart-valve-surgery.com)
  • Introduction: Decortication for chronic empyema thoracis can be performed either by open thoracotomy or by minimally invasive procedure i.e. (ijhrmlp.org)
  • The objective of this study is to review all cases of empyema thoracic treated by open thoracotomy and decortication and analyze outcome of treatment. (ijhrmlp.org)
  • Materials and method: Records of the entire patient treated by open thoracotomy and decortication for chronic empyema thoracis over a period of three years from 2015 to 2017 were reviewed retrospectively and analyzed. (ijhrmlp.org)
  • Results: In total, 39 patient shad undergone open thoracotomy and decortications for chronic empyema thoracic during this period. (ijhrmlp.org)
  • Conclusion: Chronic empyema thoracic can be treated by open thoracotomy and decortications with low mortality and morbidity. (ijhrmlp.org)
  • We describe a case report of an 81 years old male, a case of Carcinoma left lung with multiple comorbid conditions posted for video assisted thoracoscopy surgery (VATS) SOS open thoracotomy and radical left upper lobectomy. (journalcra.com)
  • Limited anterior or lateral thoracotomy: A 6- to 8-cm intercostal incision is made to approach the anterior structures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A procedure called a lateral thoracotomy is a common approach for an uncomplicated case of coarctation. (dukehealth.org)
  • Analgesia after lateral thoracotomy in dogs. (scielo.br)
  • A thoracotomy is the first step in thoracic surgeries including lobectomy or pneumonectomy for lung cancer or to gain thoracic access in major trauma. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypothesis of this study is that the application of ESPB with 30 ml of local anesthetic after thoracotomy/lobectomy would provide more effective analgesia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As we don t have facility for VATS, we are treating all chronic empyema thoracis by thoracotomy. (ijhrmlp.org)
  • Two common ways to do surgery on your lungs are thoracotomy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). (medlineplus.gov)
  • To explore the effect and complications of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) and radical thoracotomy for lung cancer (RTLC) in the treatment of stages IIB-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (nevinmanimala.com)
  • The Clamshell incision or bilateral anterior thoracotomy with transverse sternotomy is the incision of choice for bilateral lung transplantation. (wikipedia.org)
  • A clamshell incision is also performed by combining the bilateral anterolateral thoracotomy approach and transverse sternotomy. (icliniq.com)
  • This is a thoracotomy course designed to enable a multidisciplinary team to conduct a clamshell thoracotomy efficiently and effectively in an emergency department. (a-ets.com)
  • In this CritCases we discuss preparation for penetrating trauma in a rural setting, the ABC score, massive transfusion protocol, clamshell thoracotomy, trauma intubation and more. (tactical-medicine.com)
  • Rao, SL 2018, ' Ipsilateral Shoulder Pain After Thoracotomy: Multifactorial in Cause, New Treatment Option ', Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia , vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 309-311. (psu.edu)
  • CMU Intellectual Repository: Response: "Confounding and Adjustment Factors in the Effect of Intravenous Parecoxib on Shoulder Pain After Thoracotomy? (cmu.ac.th)
  • Response: "Confounding and Adjustment Factors in the Effect of Intravenous Parecoxib on Shoulder Pain After Thoracotomy? (cmu.ac.th)
  • Emergency Department Resuscitative Thoracotomy: Indications, surgical procedure and outcome. (qxmd.com)
  • What Are the Indications of Thoracotomy? (icliniq.com)
  • Chest tube thoracotomy indications and early complications among patients with chest pathology at Mulago National Referral Hospital: a cohort study. (mak.ac.ug)
  • A thoracotomy is a surgical procedure to gain access into the pleural space of the chest. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, complications such as pleural effusion or hemothorax can occur if the chest tubes fail to drain the fluid around the lung in the pleural space after a thoracotomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • has largely replaced thoracotomy for open pleural and lung biopsies. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The results of ESPB applied with 20 ml and 30 ml of local anesthetic before the surgical incision in thoracotomy patients showed that the use of 30 ml of local anesthetic provided more effective analgesia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anterolateral thoracotomy is performed upon the anterior chest wall. (wikipedia.org)
  • Left anterolateral thoracotomy is the incision of choice for open chest massage, a critical maneuver in the management of traumatic cardiac arrest. (wikipedia.org)
  • Left anterolateral thoracotomy is indicated for open cardiac massage to treat cardiac arrest. (icliniq.com)
  • In addition to pneumothorax, complications from thoracotomy include air leaks, infection, bleeding and respiratory failure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Complications of thoracotomy are greater than those for any other pulmonary procedures because of the risks of general anesthesia, surgical trauma, and a longer hospital stay with more postoperative discomfort. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Emergency Department Thoracotomy (EDRT) after traumatic Cardio-pulmonary Arrest (CPR) can be used to salvage select critically injured patients. (qxmd.com)
  • The aim of this prospective, double blind, randomised trial was to compare the analgesic and adverse effectsof three concentrations of the thoracic epidural sufentanil with bupivacaine in patients undergoing thoracotomy . (bvsalud.org)
  • Good outcomes have been achieved for patients who had vital signs on admission and for patients who received an ED thoracotomy within 15 minutes of cardiac arrest. (medscape.com)
  • They propose a guideline for patients with blunt trauma in whom providers should "consider" performing an ED thoracotomy when cardiac arrest/CPR has not been prolonged, in the absence of "obvious head injury that is incompatible with good outcome," and when "there is appropriately experienced and skilled staff available. (medscape.com)
  • What Is the Difference Between Thoracotomy and Thoracostomy? (icliniq.com)
  • A Systematic Review of 3251 Emergency Department Thoracotomies: Is It Time for a National Database? (edgehill.ac.uk)
  • We present a case of unanticipated difficult intubation in a newly born female child with tracheoesophageal fistula posted for emergency thoracotomy and repair of fistula. (jaccr.com)
  • In this article, we present a case of failed intubation in a neonate with tracheoesophageal fistula posted for emergency thoracotomy and repair of fistula and its anaesthesia management. (jaccr.com)
  • Under general anaesthesia with 1 lung intubation, left thoracotomy was performed. (who.int)
  • Thoracotomy - It is a procedure in which an incision is made to gain access to the chest cavity. (icliniq.com)
  • It was aimed to compare the analgesic efficacy of bupivacaine in different volumes for ESPB in patients undergoing thoracotomy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The aim of this study is to compare the analgesic efficacy of 0.25% bupivacaine in different volumes for ESPB in patients undergoing thoracotomy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Resuscitative Thoracotomy: What Really is the Quickest Way to a Person's Heart? (rebelem.com)
  • Background: A resuscitative thoracotomy is a time-critical high acuity, low occurrence (HALO) procedure - as an emergency physician you need to know how to do it, but depending on your practice environment, it may be a once-in-a-career maneuver. (rebelem.com)
  • Every now and again someone raises the issue on social media about resuscitative thoracotomy. (rebelem.com)
  • A procedural swine lab will cover tube thoracotomy, surgical airways, and resuscitative thoracotomy. (mun.ca)
  • No Resuscitative Thoracotomy? (bvsalud.org)
  • There are many different surgical approaches to performing a thoracotomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery Is a Safe and Effective Alternative to Thoracotomy for Anatomical Segmentectomy in Patients With Clinical Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. (uams.edu)
  • The Ashrafian thoracotomy was devised to give rapid access to the heart and pericardium through an incision that consists of an anterior thoracic incision followed in a vertical direction along the costo-chondral (rib-cartilage) junction. (wikipedia.org)
  • We present a unique technique for placement of the HeartWare ventricular assist device via left anterior thoracotomy to the descending aorta in a patient awaiting heart transplantation with a history of multiple previous sternotomies. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In adults, serratus anterior plane block (SAPB) is effective in reducing pain during thoracotomy and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. (bmj.com)
  • Hemodynamic variables predict outcome of emergency thoracotomy in the pediatric trauma population. (uams.edu)
  • Last time, I posted summary info for ED thoracotomy on US trauma centers. (thetraumapro.com)
  • What type of trauma do you perform ED thoracotomy for? (thetraumapro.com)
  • Thoracotomy in Blunt Trauma: What's the Harm? (medscape.com)
  • Traditional teaching has been that the thoracotomy has a reasonable chance of success in cases of penetrating chest trauma , but the success rate in blunt trauma is abysmal and therefore not indicated. (medscape.com)
  • What's the harm in just trying the thoracotomy in every traumatic arrest, including those associated with blunt trauma? (medscape.com)
  • The authors performed a structured review of 27 articles focused on ED or out-of-hospital thoracotomy for blunt trauma. (medscape.com)
  • The authors conclude, "There may be a role for ED thoracotomy after blunt trauma-in a limited group of patients. (medscape.com)
  • Nevertheless, the trauma surgeon offered to walk me through a thoracotomy. (medscape.com)
  • An evidence-based approach to patient selection for emergency department thoracotomy: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. (medscape.com)
  • Onat S, Ulku R, Avci A, Ates G, Ozcelik C. Urgent thoracotomy for penetrating chest trauma: analysis of 158 patients of a single center. (medscape.com)
  • Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure to open the chest and visualize the organs inside the thoracic cavity. (icliniq.com)
  • Lung surgery using a thoracotomy is called open surgery. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Conclusion Single-injection SAPB is associated with a reduction in opioid consumption and pain intensity after cardiothoracic surgery via thoracotomy in children. (bmj.com)
  • SAPB provided a reduction in opioid consumption and pain score in the first 24 hours in children after cardiothoracic surgery via thoracotomy. (bmj.com)
  • Compared with traditional open-heart surgery, a thoracotomy is less invasive for two main reasons. (dukehealth.org)
  • Thoracotomy" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uams.edu)
  • In the long term, post-operative chronic pain can develop, known as thoracotomy pain syndrome, and may last from a few years to a lifetime. (wikipedia.org)
  • The emergency department (ED) thoracotomy for traumatic arrest is one of the smost dramatic procedures in emergency medicine. (medscape.com)
  • A recent Cochrane review concluded that there is moderate-quality evidence that regional anaesthesia may reduce the risk of developing persistent postoperative pain three to 18 months after thoracotomy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although this involves more incisions, they are smaller and result in less postoperative pain, fewer days in the hospital, and a quicker recovery than in a thoracotomy procedure. (dignityhealth.org)
  • Yorkshire Air Ambulance secured grant funding for a Pro Simbodies Thoracotomy Trainer, which will help their crew practice the complex procedures that they carry out on-scene at many of their incidents. (yorkshireairambulance.org.uk)
  • The thoracotomy trainer is a repairable and operable manikin that can be sutured back together to practice thoracotomies. (yorkshireairambulance.org.uk)
  • Matthew Syrat, Clinical Operations Manager for the Yorkshire Air Ambulance, said: "Our new Thoracotomy trainer will enable the team to practice not only the physical method of the procedure but will also allow us to manage the sensitive human factors that often surround it. (yorkshireairambulance.org.uk)
  • Pain following a thoracotomy may be treated by the use of a nerve block known as a rhomboid intercostal block. (wikipedia.org)
  • A thoracotomy is a surgical cut that a surgeon makes to open the chest wall. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It is contraindicated in patients with prior thoracotomy in the same region because re-entry through the same region is unsafe in frail patients. (icliniq.com)
  • Patients who were in the age range of 18 to 65 years, ASA I-III, had a body mass index (BMI) of 18-30 kg/m 2 and were undergoing thoracotomy were included in the study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A few weeks ago, I opened a survey to find out common practices regarding performing emergency thoracotomy (EDT) in the emergency department. (thetraumapro.com)
  • Reference: Occupational exposure during emergency department thoracotomy: A prospective, multi-institution study. (thetraumapro.com)
  • Since its introduction in 1900, the emergency department thoracotomy (EDT) has been a subject of intense debate. (medscape.com)
  • Emergent thoracotomy typically takes place in the emergency department or operating room. (medscape.com)
  • This article presents a case of Ludwig's angina with evolution to mediastinitis that the use of thoracotomy and tracheostomy to conduct assist control was needed. (bvsalud.org)