A group of twelve VERTEBRAE connected to the ribs that support the upper trunk region.
The spinal or vertebral column.
Containers, packaging, and packaging materials for processed and raw foods and beverages. It includes packaging intended to be used for storage and also used for preparation of foods such as microwave food containers versus COOKING AND EATING UTENSILS. Packaging materials may be intended for food contact or designated non-contact, for example, shipping containers. FOOD LABELING is also available.
VERTEBRAE in the region of the lower BACK below the THORACIC VERTEBRAE and above the SACRAL VERTEBRAE.
The first seven VERTEBRAE of the SPINAL COLUMN, which correspond to the VERTEBRAE of the NECK.
A set of twelve curved bones which connect to the vertebral column posteriorly, and terminate anteriorly as costal cartilage. Together, they form a protective cage around the internal thoracic organs.
Also called the shoulder blade, it is a flat triangular bone, a pair of which form the back part of the shoulder girdle.
A polyvinyl resin used extensively in the manufacture of plastics, including medical devices, tubing, and other packaging. It is also used as a rubber substitute.
Broken bones in the vertebral column.
The presence of chyle in the thoracic cavity. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Bone in humans and primates extending from the SHOULDER JOINT to the ELBOW JOINT.
Mild to moderate loss of bilateral lower extremity motor function, which may be a manifestation of SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; MUSCULAR DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; parasagittal brain lesions; and other conditions.
A surgical procedure that entails removing all (laminectomy) or part (laminotomy) of selected vertebral lamina to relieve pressure on the SPINAL CORD and/or SPINAL NERVE ROOTS. Vertebral lamina is the thin flattened posterior wall of vertebral arch that forms the vertebral foramen through which pass the spinal cord and nerve roots.
Acute and chronic conditions characterized by external mechanical compression of the SPINAL CORD due to extramedullary neoplasm; EPIDURAL ABSCESS; SPINAL FRACTURES; bony deformities of the vertebral bodies; and other conditions. Clinical manifestations vary with the anatomic site of the lesion and may include localized pain, weakness, sensory loss, incontinence, and impotence.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
A principle of estimation in which the estimates of a set of parameters in a statistical model are those quantities minimizing the sum of squared differences between the observed values of a dependent variable and the values predicted by the model.
Coloration or discoloration of a part by a pigment.
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).
The edible portions of any animal used for food including domestic mammals (the major ones being cattle, swine, and sheep) along with poultry, fish, shellfish, and game.
Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.
An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)
Five fused VERTEBRAE forming a triangle-shaped structure at the back of the PELVIS. It articulates superiorly with the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, inferiorly with the COCCYX, and anteriorly with the ILIUM of the PELVIS. The sacrum strengthens and stabilizes the PELVIS.
Procedures to repair or stabilize vertebral fractures, especially compression fractures accomplished by injecting BONE CEMENTS into the fractured VERTEBRAE.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Operative immobilization or ankylosis of two or more vertebrae by fusion of the vertebral bodies with a short bone graft or often with diskectomy or laminectomy. (From Blauvelt & Nelson, A Manual of Orthopaedic Terminology, 5th ed, p236; Dorland, 28th ed)
Crumbling or smashing of cancellous BONE by forces acting parallel to the long axis of bone. It is applied particularly to vertebral body fractures (SPINAL FRACTURES). (Blauvelt and Nelson, A Manual of Orthopedic Terminology, 1994, p4)
The first cervical vertebra.
Specialized devices used in ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY to repair bone fractures.
Deficient development or degeneration of a portion of the VERTEBRA, usually in the pars interarticularis (the bone bridge between the superior and inferior facet joints of the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE) leading to SPONDYLOLISTHESIS.
Internal devices used in osteosynthesis to hold the position of the fracture in proper alignment. By applying the principles of biomedical engineering, the surgeon uses metal plates, nails, rods, etc., for the correction of skeletal defects.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by an exaggerated convexity of the vertebral column. The forward bending of the thoracic region usually is more than 40 degrees. This deformity sometimes is called round back or hunchback.
Any of the 23 plates of fibrocartilage found between the bodies of adjacent VERTEBRAE.
Polymerized methyl methacrylate monomers which are used as sheets, moulding, extrusion powders, surface coating resins, emulsion polymers, fibers, inks, and films (From International Labor Organization, 1983). This material is also used in tooth implants, bone cements, and hard corneal contact lenses.
Deformities of the SPINE characterized by abnormal bending or flexure in the vertebral column. They may be bending forward (KYPHOSIS), backward (LORDOSIS), or sideway (SCOLIOSIS).
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
The cavity within the SPINAL COLUMN through which the SPINAL CORD passes.
The physical state of supporting an applied load. This often refers to the weight-bearing bones or joints that support the body's weight, especially those in the spine, hip, knee, and foot.
General name for two extinct orders of reptiles from the Mesozoic era: Saurischia and Ornithischia.
The properties, processes, and behavior of biological systems under the action of mechanical forces.
A dead body, usually a human body.
Region of the back including the LUMBAR VERTEBRAE, SACRUM, and nearby structures.
Adhesives used to fix prosthetic devices to bones and to cement bone to bone in difficult fractures. Synthetic resins are commonly used as cements. A mixture of monocalcium phosphate, monohydrate, alpha-tricalcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate with a sodium phosphate solution is also a useful bone paste.
Devices which are used in the treatment of orthopedic injuries and diseases.
Procedures to restore vertebrae to their original shape following vertebral compression fractures by inflating a balloon inserted into the vertebrae, followed by removal of the balloon and injection of BONE CEMENTS to fill the cavity.
The maximum compression a material can withstand without failure. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed, p427)
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
Osteitis or caries of the vertebrae, usually occurring as a complication of tuberculosis of the lungs.
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.

Association of polymorphism at the type I collagen (COL1A1) locus with reduced bone mineral density, increased fracture risk, and increased collagen turnover. (1/1662)

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between a common polymorphism within intron 1 of the COL1A1 gene and osteoporosis in a nested case-control study. METHODS: We studied 185 healthy women (mean +/- SD age 54.3+/-4.6 years). Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual x-ray absorptiometry, and fractures were determined radiographically. The COL1A1 genotype was assessed using the polymerase chain reaction and Bal I endonuclease digestion. RESULTS: Genotype frequencies were similar to those previously observed and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: SS 61.1%, Ss 36.2%, and ss 2.7%. Carriage of at least one copy of the "s" allele was associated with a significant reduction in lumbar spine BMD (P = 0.02) and an increased risk of total fracture (P = 0.04). Urinary pyridinoline levels were significantly elevated in those with the risk allele (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These data support the findings that the COL1A1 gene polymorphism is associated with low BMD and fracture risk, and suggest a possible physiologic effect on total body turnover of type I collagen.  (+info)

Intraoperative ultrasonography evaluation of posterior vertebral wall displacement in thoracolumbar fractures. (2/1662)

Intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) was used to evaluate the location and compressive effects of intraspinal fragments in thoracolumbar fractures and the efficacy of reduction maneuvers in patients operated on for isolated or attached intraspinal fragments or for global posterior wall disruption. Dynamic IOUS was used to evaluate the effects of traction and lordosis. Fifty-eight patients were evaluated using a 7.5 MHz ultrasound probe, including 27 treated by impaction, 19 by removal of apparently isolated fragments, and 12 by traction followed by lordosis for global posterior wall disruption. IOUS had limitations and problems caused by split fragments and residual pedicular attachments that can compromise intraoperative maneuvers. The risk of secondary displacement of isolated fragments treated by impaction was very high. In particular, the pinching effect produced by T-shaped fractures was commonly responsible for secondary displacement. IOUS evaluation of canal clearance after fragment removal was satisfactory, but did not provide quantitative data. IOUS was easier to perform and apparently more reliable than intraoperative myelography. The dynamic IOUS data suggest that, except for severely tilted fragments that are completely free or remain attached to a pedicle, residual discal attachments significantly influence the likelihood of successful reduction.  (+info)

Multiple disc herniations in spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia tarda. A case report. (3/1662)

Spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia (SED) tarda is a group of inherited dysplasias in which the spine and the epiphyses of long bones are affected from late childhood. A 19-year-old male was diagnosed as SED tarda. He had a thoracic and then lumbar disc herniations which were separated by a 4-year interval. Surgical excision was performed for each disc herniation. This is the first case report of multiple disc herniations in SED.  (+info)

Prenatal sonographic features of spondylocostal dysostosis and diaphragmatic hernia in the first trimester. (4/1662)

Spondylocostal dysostosis is a congenital disorder characterized by multiple malformations of the vertebrae and ribs. We describe the sonographic features of an affected fetus at 12 and 14 weeks of gestation. The fetus had thoracic scoliosis, multiple vertebral and rib malformations and a grossly dilated stomach that had herniated into the chest through a left-sided diaphragmatic hernia. The stomach spanned the whole length of the fetal trunk.  (+info)

Eosinophilic granulated cells comprising a tumor in a Fischer rat. (5/1662)

A systemic tumor developed in multiple organs, including spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, ovaries, and thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, of a female F344Du/Crj rat. The tumor was composed of round to indented mononuclear cells containing abundant large eosinophilic granules in the cytoplasm. The peripheral blood smear revealed that the large granules in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells were stained basophilic with Giemsa, suggesting a basophil or mast cell origin. However, these granules did not show metachromasia with toluidine blue and were stained blue to dark blue with phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin. Cellular morphology and characteristics in the specific stains of tumor cells suggested the development of a tumor of globule leukocytes in a F344Du/Crj rat.  (+info)

Fungal spinal osteomyelitis in the immunocompromised patient: MR findings in three cases. (6/1662)

The MR imaging findings of fungal spinal osteomyelitis in three recipients of organ transplants showed hypointensity of the vertebral bodies on T1-weighted sequences in all cases. Signal changes and enhancement extended into the posterior elements in two cases. Multiple-level disease was present in two cases (with a total of five intervertebral disks involved in three cases). All cases lacked hyperintensity within the disks on T2-weighted images. In addition, the intranuclear cleft was preserved in four of five affected disks at initial MR imaging. MR features in Candida and Aspergillus spondylitis that are distinct from pyogenic osteomyelitis include absence of disk hyperintensity and preservation of the intranuclear cleft on T2-weighted images. Prompt recognition of these findings may avoid delay in establishing a diagnosis and instituting treatment of opportunistic osteomyelitis in the immunocompromised patient.  (+info)

Segmental spinal dysgenesis: neuroradiologic findings with clinical and embryologic correlation. (7/1662)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Segmental spinal dysgenesis (SSD) is a rare congenital abnormality in which a segment of the spine and spinal cord fails to develop properly. Our goal was to investigate the neuroradiologic features of this condition in order to correlate our findings with the degree of residual spinal cord function, and to provide insight into the embryologic origin of this disorder. We also aimed to clarify the relationship between SSD and other entities, such as multiple vertebral segmentation defects, congenital vertebral displacement, and caudal regression syndrome (CRS). METHODS: The records of patients treated at our institutions for congenital spinal anomalies were reviewed, and 10 cases were found to satisfy the inclusion criteria for SSD. Plain radiographs were available for review in all cases. MR imaging was performed in eight patients, one of whom also underwent conventional myelography. Two other patients underwent only conventional myelography. RESULTS: Segmental vertebral anomalies involved the thoracolumbar, lumbar, or lumbosacral spine. The spinal cord at the level of the abnormality was thinned or even indiscernible, and a bulky, low-lying cord segment was present caudad to the focal abnormality in most cases. Closed spinal dysraphisms were associated in five cases, and partial sacrococcygeal agenesis in three. Renal anomalies were detected in four cases, and dextrocardia in one; all patients had a neurogenic bladder. CONCLUSION: SSD is an autonomous entity with characteristic clinical and neuroradiologic features; however, SSD and CRS probably represent two faces of a single spectrum of segmental malformations of the spine and spinal cord. The neuroradiologic picture depends on the severity of the malformation and on its segmental level along the longitudinal embryonic axis. The severity of the morphologic derangement correlates with residual spinal cord function and with severity of the clinical deficit.  (+info)

Unusual presentation of spinal cord compression related to misplaced pedicle screws in thoracic scoliosis. (8/1662)

Utilization of thoracic pedicle screws is controversial, especially in the treatment of scoliosis. We present a case of a 15-year-old girl seen 6 months after her initial surgery for scoliosis done elsewhere. She complained of persistent epigastric pain, tremor of the right foot at rest, and abnormal feelings in her legs. Clinical examination revealed mild weakness in the right lower extremity, a loss of thermoalgic discrimination, and a forward imbalance. A CT scan revealed at T8 and T10 that the right pedicle screws were misplaced by 4 mm in the spinal canal. At the time of the revision surgery the somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) returned to normal after screw removal. The clinical symptoms resolved 1 month after the revision. The authors conclude that after pedicle instrumentation at the thoracic level a spinal cord compression should be looked for in case of subtle neurologic findings such as persistent abdominal pain, mild lower extremity weakness, tremor at rest, thermoalgic discrimination loss, or unexplained imbalance.  (+info)

Types of Spinal Neoplasms:

1. Benign tumors: Meningiomas, schwannomas, and osteochondromas are common types of benign spinal neoplasms. These tumors usually grow slowly and do not spread to other parts of the body.
2. Malignant tumors: Primary bone cancers (chordoma, chondrosarcoma, and osteosarcoma) and metastatic cancers (cancers that have spread to the spine from another part of the body) are types of malignant spinal neoplasms. These tumors can grow rapidly and spread to other parts of the body.

Causes and Risk Factors:

1. Genetic mutations: Some genetic disorders, such as neurofibromatosis type 1 and tuberous sclerosis complex, increase the risk of developing spinal neoplasms.
2. Previous radiation exposure: People who have undergone radiation therapy in the past may have an increased risk of developing a spinal tumor.
3. Family history: A family history of spinal neoplasms can increase an individual's risk.
4. Age and gender: Spinal neoplasms are more common in older adults, and males are more likely to be affected than females.

Symptoms:

1. Back pain: Pain is the most common symptom of spinal neoplasms, which can range from mild to severe and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as numbness, weakness, or tingling in the arms or legs.
2. Neurological deficits: Depending on the location and size of the tumor, patients may experience neurological deficits such as paralysis, loss of sensation, or difficulty with balance and coordination.
3. Difficulty with urination or bowel movements: Patients may experience changes in their bladder or bowel habits due to the tumor pressing on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
4. Weakness or numbness: Patients may experience weakness or numbness in their arms or legs due to compression of the spinal cord or nerve roots by the tumor.
5. Fractures: Spinal neoplasms can cause fractures in the spine, which can lead to a loss of height, an abnormal curvature of the spine, or difficulty with movement and balance.

Diagnosis:

1. Medical history and physical examination: A thorough medical history and physical examination can help identify the presence of symptoms and determine the likelihood of a spinal neoplasm.
2. Imaging studies: X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, or PET scans may be ordered to visualize the spine and detect any abnormalities.
3. Biopsy: A biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of tumor present.
4. Laboratory tests: Blood tests may be ordered to assess liver function, electrolyte levels, or other parameters that can help evaluate the patient's overall health.

Treatment:

1. Surgery: Surgical intervention is often necessary to remove the tumor and relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
2. Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to kill any remaining cancer cells.
3. Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used in combination with radiation therapy or as a standalone treatment for patients who are not candidates for surgery.
4. Supportive care: Patients may require supportive care, such as physical therapy, pain management, and rehabilitation, to help them recover from the effects of the tumor and any treatment-related complications.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for patients with spinal neoplasms depends on several factors, including the type and location of the tumor, the extent of the disease, and the patient's overall health. In general, the prognosis is better for patients with slow-growing tumors that are confined to a specific area of the spine, as compared to those with more aggressive tumors that have spread to other parts of the body.

Survival rates:

The survival rates for patients with spinal neoplasms vary depending on the type of tumor and other factors. According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year survival rate for primary spinal cord tumors is about 60%. However, this rate can be as high as 90% for patients with slow-growing tumors that are confined to a specific area of the spine.

Lifestyle modifications:

There are no specific lifestyle modifications that can cure spinal neoplasms, but certain changes may help improve the patient's quality of life and overall health. These may include:

1. Exercise: Gentle exercise, such as yoga or swimming, can help improve mobility and strength.
2. Diet: A balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help support overall health.
3. Rest: Getting enough rest and avoiding strenuous activities can help the patient recover from treatment-related fatigue.
4. Managing stress: Stress management techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing exercises, can help reduce anxiety and improve overall well-being.
5. Follow-up care: Regular follow-up appointments with the healthcare provider are crucial to monitor the patient's condition and make any necessary adjustments to their treatment plan.

In conclusion, spinal neoplasms are rare tumors that can develop in the spine and can have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Early diagnosis is essential for effective treatment, and survival rates vary depending on the type of tumor and other factors. While there are no specific lifestyle modifications that can cure spinal neoplasms, certain changes may help improve the patient's overall health and well-being. It is important for patients to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan and follow-up care to ensure the best possible outcome.

There are several types of spinal fractures, including:

1. Vertebral compression fractures: These occur when the vertebrae collapses due to pressure, often caused by osteoporosis or trauma.
2. Fracture-dislocations: This type of fracture occurs when the vertebra is both broken and displaced from its normal position.
3. Spondylolysis: This is a type of fracture that occurs in the spine, often due to repetitive stress or overuse.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a type of fracture where a vertebra slips out of its normal position and into the one below it.
5. Fracture-subluxation: This type of fracture occurs when the vertebra is both broken and partially dislocated from its normal position.

The diagnosis of spinal fractures typically involves imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI to confirm the presence of a fracture and determine its severity and location. Treatment options for spinal fractures depend on the severity of the injury and may include pain management, bracing, physical therapy, or surgery to stabilize the spine and promote healing. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to realign the vertebrae and prevent further damage.

Overall, spinal fractures can have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life, and it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

There are several potential causes of chylothorax, including:

1. Injury or trauma to the chest wall or lymphatic vessels
2. Cancer, such as lung, breast, or lymphoma
3. Infection, such as tuberculosis or cat-scratch disease
4. Genetic conditions, such as Turner syndrome or Noonan syndrome
5. Inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or sarcoidosis
6. Postoperative complications
7. Pancreatitis
8. Abdominal tumors
9. Thoracic injuries

Symptoms of chylothorax may include:

1. Shortness of breath
2. Chest pain that worsens with deep breathing or coughing
3. Coughing up cloudy, milky fluid (chyle)
4. Fever
5. Night sweats
6. Weight loss
7. Fatigue
8. Swelling in the legs or arms

Diagnosis of chylothorax is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, and ultrasound. Treatment options for chylothorax depend on the underlying cause, but may include:

1. Draining the fluid from the pleural space through a procedure called thoracentesis
2. Medications to manage symptoms such as pain and fever
3. Surgery to repair any underlying damage or injuries
4. Chemotherapy or radiation therapy to treat underlying cancer
5. Infection treatment if the chylothorax is caused by an infection
6. Conservative management with supportive care, such as oxygen therapy and respiratory therapy, if the condition is not severe.

The causes of paraparesis can vary and may include:

1. Spinal cord injuries or diseases, such as spinal cord tumors, cysts, or abscesses.
2. Multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system.
3. Other demyelinating diseases, such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO).
4. Peripheral nerve injuries or diseases, such as peripheral neuropathy or polyneuropathy.
5. Stroke or cerebral vasculature disorders, such as Moyamoya disease or stenosis.
6. Spinal cord infarction or ischemia due to vessel occlusion or thrombosis.
7. Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis, which can affect the spinal cord and cause weakness in the lower limbs.
8. Metabolic disorders, such as hypothyroidism or hypokalemia.
9. Toxins or drugs that can damage the spinal cord or peripheral nerves.

The symptoms of paraparesis may include:

1. Weakness or paralysis of the legs, which can range from mild to severe.
2. Muscle atrophy or shrinkage in the lower limbs.
3. Loss of reflexes in the legs.
4. Numbness or tingling sensations in the legs.
5. Difficulty walking or maintaining balance.
6. Spasticity or stiffness in the legs.
7. Pain or discomfort in the lower limbs.

The diagnosis of paraparesis involves a comprehensive medical history and physical examination, as well as diagnostic tests such as:

1. Imaging studies, such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans, to evaluate the spinal cord and peripheral nerves.
2. Electromyography (EMG) to assess muscle activity and nerve function.
3. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) to evaluate nerve function and identify any abnormalities.
4. Blood tests to rule out metabolic or hematological disorders that may be causing the paraparesis.
5. Lumbar puncture to collect cerebrospinal fluid for laboratory analysis and to rule out certain infections or inflammatory conditions.

Treatment of paraparesis depends on the underlying cause and severity of the condition. Some possible treatment options include:

1. Physical therapy to improve muscle strength and function.
2. Occupational therapy to improve daily living skills and independence.
3. Assistive devices such as walkers, canes, or wheelchairs to aid mobility.
4. Medications to manage pain, spasticity, or other symptoms.
5. Surgery to relieve compression on the spinal cord or nerves, or to stabilize the spine.
6. Injections of corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and swelling.
7. Plasma exchange or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to treat certain autoimmune conditions.
8. Physical activity and exercise to improve overall health and well-being.

It is important for individuals with paraparesis to work closely with their healthcare provider to develop a personalized treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and goals. With appropriate treatment and support, many people with paraparesis are able to lead active and fulfilling lives.

Some common types of spinal diseases include:

1. Degenerative disc disease: This is a condition where the discs between the vertebrae in the spine wear down over time, leading to pain and stiffness in the back.
2. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out through a tear in the outer layer, putting pressure on nearby nerves and causing pain.
3. Spinal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the spinal canal, which can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerve roots, causing pain, numbness, and weakness in the legs.
4. Spondylolisthesis: This is a condition where a vertebra slips out of place, either forward or backward, and can cause pressure on nearby nerves and muscles.
5. Scoliosis: This is a curvature of the spine that can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, injury, or disease.
6. Spinal infections: These are infections that can affect any part of the spine, including the discs, vertebrae, and soft tissues.
7. Spinal tumors: These are abnormal growths that can occur in the spine, either primary ( originating in the spine) or metastatic (originating elsewhere in the body).
8. Osteoporotic fractures: These are fractures that occur in the spine as a result of weakened bones due to osteoporosis.
9. Spinal cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the spine, either as a result of injury or as a congenital condition.
10. Spinal degeneration: This is a general term for any type of wear and tear on the spine, such as arthritis or disc degeneration.

If you are experiencing any of these conditions, it is important to seek medical attention to receive an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

There are several types of spinal cord compression, including:

1. Central canal stenosis: This occurs when the central canal of the spine narrows, compressing the spinal cord.
2. Foraminal stenosis: This occurs when the openings on either side of the spine (foramina) narrow, compressing the nerves exiting the spinal cord.
3. Spondylolisthesis: This occurs when a vertebra slips out of place, compressing the spinal cord.
4. Herniated discs: This occurs when the gel-like center of a disc bulges out and presses on the spinal cord.
5. Bone spurs: This occurs when bone growths develop on the vertebrae, compressing the spinal cord.
6. Tumors: This can be either primary or metastatic tumors that grow in the spine and compress the spinal cord.
7. Trauma: This occurs when there is a direct blow to the spine, causing compression of the spinal cord.

Symptoms of spinal cord compression may include:

* Pain, numbness, weakness, or tingling in the arms and legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Muscle wasting or loss of muscle mass
* Decreased reflexes
* Loss of bladder or bowel control
* Weakness in the muscles of the face, arms, or legs
* Difficulty with fine motor skills such as buttoning a shirt or typing

Diagnosis of spinal cord compression is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. Treatment options for spinal cord compression depend on the underlying cause and may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both.

In conclusion, spinal cord compression is a serious medical condition that can have significant impacts on quality of life, mobility, and overall health. It is important to be aware of the causes and symptoms of spinal cord compression in order to seek medical attention if they occur. With proper diagnosis and treatment, many cases of spinal cord compression can be effectively managed and improved.

There are several different types of spinal cord injuries that can occur, depending on the location and severity of the damage. These include:

1. Complete spinal cord injuries: In these cases, the spinal cord is completely severed, resulting in a loss of all sensation and function below the level of the injury.
2. Incomplete spinal cord injuries: In these cases, the spinal cord is only partially damaged, resulting in some remaining sensation and function below the level of the injury.
3. Brown-Sequard syndrome: This is a specific type of incomplete spinal cord injury that affects one side of the spinal cord, resulting in weakness or paralysis on one side of the body.
4. Conus medullaris syndrome: This is a type of incomplete spinal cord injury that affects the lower part of the spinal cord, resulting in weakness or paralysis in the legs and bladder dysfunction.

The symptoms of spinal cord injuries can vary depending on the location and severity of the injury. They may include:

* Loss of sensation in the arms, legs, or other parts of the body
* Weakness or paralysis in the arms, legs, or other parts of the body
* Difficulty walking or standing
* Difficulty with bowel and bladder function
* Numbness or tingling sensations
* Pain or pressure in the neck or back

Treatment for spinal cord injuries typically involves a combination of medical and rehabilitative therapies. Medical treatments may include:

* Immobilization of the spine to prevent further injury
* Medications to manage pain and inflammation
* Surgery to relieve compression or stabilize the spine

Rehabilitative therapies may include:

* Physical therapy to improve strength and mobility
* Occupational therapy to learn new ways of performing daily activities
* Speech therapy to improve communication skills
* Psychological counseling to cope with the emotional effects of the injury.

Overall, the prognosis for spinal cord injuries depends on the severity and location of the injury, as well as the age and overall health of the individual. While some individuals may experience significant recovery, others may experience long-term or permanent impairment. It is important to seek medical attention immediately if symptoms of a spinal cord injury are present.

* Thoracic scoliosis: affects the upper back (thoracic spine)
* Cervical scoliosis: affects the neck (cervical spine)
* Lumbar scoliosis: affects the lower back (lumbar spine)

Scoliosis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Genetics: inherited conditions that affect the development of the spine
* Birth defects: conditions that are present at birth and affect the spine
* Infections: infections that affect the spine, such as meningitis or tuberculosis
* Injuries: injuries to the spine, such as those caused by car accidents or falls
* Degenerative diseases: conditions that affect the spine over time, such as osteoporosis or arthritis

Symptoms of scoliosis can include:

* An uneven appearance of the shoulders or hips
* A difference in the height of the shoulders or hips
* Pain or discomfort in the back or legs
* Difficulty standing up straight or maintaining balance

Scoliosis can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including:

* X-rays: images of the spine that show the curvature
* Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): images of the spine and surrounding tissues
* Computed tomography (CT) scans: detailed images of the spine and surrounding tissues

Treatment for scoliosis depends on the severity of the condition and can include:

* Observation: monitoring the condition regularly to see if it progresses
* Bracing: wearing a brace to support the spine and help straighten it
* Surgery: surgical procedures to correct the curvature, such as fusing vertebrae together or implanting a metal rod.

It is important for individuals with scoliosis to receive regular monitoring and treatment to prevent complications and maintain proper spinal alignment.

Compression fractures are more common in older adults due to the natural aging process that weakens bones, causing them to become brittle and prone to breaking. This type of fracture can also be caused by other conditions such as cancer or infections that weaken bones.

Compression fractures are often diagnosed with X-rays or CT scans, which show the extent of the fracture and any damage to surrounding tissue. Treatment typically involves pain management, bracing to support the spine, and medication to prevent further bone loss. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to stabilize the spine or correct deformities.

Compression fractures can have a significant impact on quality of life, causing chronic back pain, limited mobility, and emotional distress. However, with proper treatment and support, many people are able to recover and maintain their independence.

Preventing compression fractures is essential, particularly for older adults or those with osteoporosis. This can be achieved through a healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. Additionally, falling prevention strategies such as removing tripping hazards from the home environment and improving lighting can help reduce the risk of compression fractures.

Overall, compression fractures are a common condition that can significantly impact quality of life. Understanding the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options is crucial for effective management and prevention of this condition.

The term "spondylolysis" comes from the Greek words "spondylo," meaning "vertebra," and "lysis," meaning "destruction." Together, they refer to a condition where there is a fracture or degeneration of one or more vertebrae in the spine.

Spondylolysis can occur at any level of the spine, but it is most common in the lower back (lumbar spine) and the neck (cervical spine). It can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

1. Overuse or repetitive strain: This is the most common cause of spondylolysis, particularly in athletes who participate in high-impact sports. The repeated stress and strain on the vertebrae can lead to small fractures or degeneration over time.
2. Trauma: Spondylolysis can also be caused by a sudden injury, such as a fall or a blow to the back. This type of trauma can cause a fracture or compression of one or more vertebrae.
3. Genetics: Some people may be more prone to developing spondylolysis due to inherited factors, such as a family history of spinal problems.
4. Degenerative conditions: Spondylolysis can also be caused by degenerative conditions such as osteoporosis, which can lead to weakened bones and increased risk of fracture.

The symptoms of spondylolysis can vary depending on the location and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:

1. Back pain: This is the most common symptom of spondylolysis, and it can range from mild to severe.
2. Stiffness: Patients with spondylolysis may experience stiffness in their back, particularly after periods of rest or inactivity.
3. Limited mobility: Spondylolysis can cause limited mobility in the affected area, making it difficult to bend or twist.
4. Muscle spasms: Muscle spasms are common in patients with spondylolysis, particularly in the back muscles.
5. Tenderness: The affected area may be tender to the touch, and patients may experience pain when pressure is applied to the area.
6. Decreased range of motion: Spondylolysis can cause a decrease in range of motion, making it difficult to move or bend.
7. Numbness or tingling: Patients with spondylolysis may experience numbness or tingling sensations in the affected area.

Spondylolysis is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI. Treatment for spondylolysis depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Rest and relaxation: Patients with mild cases of spondylolysis may be advised to rest and avoid activities that exacerbate the condition.
2. Physical therapy: Physical therapy can help improve range of motion, strength, and flexibility in patients with spondylolysis.
3. Medications: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen or acetaminophen may be prescribed to manage pain associated with spondylolysis.
4. Bracing: Wearing a brace can help support the affected area and improve mobility.
5. Surgery: In severe cases of spondylolysis, surgery may be necessary to repair or stabilize the affected vertebrae.

It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of spondylolysis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent further damage and improve outcomes.

There are several types of kyphosis, including:

1. Postural kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by poor posture and is often seen in teenagers.
2. Scheuermann's kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by a structural deformity of the spine and is most common during adolescence.
3. Degenerative kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by degenerative changes in the spine, such as osteoporosis or degenerative disc disease.
4. Neuromuscular kyphosis: This type of kyphosis is caused by neuromuscular disorders such as cerebral palsy or muscular dystrophy.

Symptoms of kyphosis can include:

* An abnormal curvature of the spine
* Back pain
* Difficulty breathing
* Difficulty maintaining posture
* Loss of height
* Tiredness or fatigue

Kyphosis can be diagnosed through a physical examination, X-rays, and other imaging tests. Treatment options for kyphosis depend on the type and severity of the condition and can include:

* Physical therapy
* Bracing
* Medication
* Surgery

It is important to seek medical attention if you or your child is experiencing any symptoms of kyphosis, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent further progression of the condition and improve quality of life.

Kyphosis is an exaggerated forward curvature of the spine, also known as "roundback" or "hunchback". This type of curvature can be caused by a variety of factors such as osteoporosis, degenerative disc disease, and Scheuermann's disease.

Lordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the spine, also known as "swayback". This type of curvature can be caused by factors such as pregnancy, obesity, and spinal injuries.

Scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as genetics, injury, or birth defects. Scoliosis can be classified into two main types: Cervical (neck) scoliosis and Thoracic (chest) scoliosis.

All three types of curvatures can cause discomfort, pain and decreased mobility if left untreated. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of the curvature and may include physical therapy, bracing, or surgery.

In medicine, cadavers are used for a variety of purposes, such as:

1. Anatomy education: Medical students and residents learn about the human body by studying and dissecting cadavers. This helps them develop a deeper understanding of human anatomy and improves their surgical skills.
2. Research: Cadavers are used in scientific research to study the effects of diseases, injuries, and treatments on the human body. This helps scientists develop new medical techniques and therapies.
3. Forensic analysis: Cadavers can be used to aid in the investigation of crimes and accidents. By examining the body and its injuries, forensic experts can determine cause of death, identify suspects, and reconstruct events.
4. Organ donation: After death, cadavers can be used to harvest organs and tissues for transplantation into living patients. This can improve the quality of life for those with organ failure or other medical conditions.
5. Medical training simulations: Cadavers can be used to simulate real-life medical scenarios, allowing healthcare professionals to practice their skills in a controlled environment.

In summary, the term "cadaver" refers to the body of a deceased person and is used in the medical field for various purposes, including anatomy education, research, forensic analysis, organ donation, and medical training simulations.

Symptoms of spinal tuberculosis may include:

* Back pain
* Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs
* Difficulty walking or maintaining balance
* Fever, fatigue, and weight loss
* Loss of bladder or bowel control

If left untreated, spinal tuberculosis can lead to severe complications such as paralysis, nerve damage, and infection of the bloodstream. Treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery to remove infected tissue.

Spinal TB is a rare form of TB, but it is becoming more common due to the increasing number of people living with HIV/AIDS, which weakens the immune system and makes them more susceptible to TB infections. Spinal TB can be difficult to diagnose as it may present like other conditions such as cancer or herniated discs.

The prognosis for spinal tuberculosis is generally good if treated early, but the condition can be challenging to treat and may require long-term management.

There are several types of osteoporosis, including:

1. Postmenopausal osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by hormonal changes that occur during menopause. It is the most common form of osteoporosis and affects women more than men.
2. Senile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by aging and is the most common form of osteoporosis in older adults.
3. Juvenile osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis affects children and young adults and can be caused by a variety of genetic disorders or other medical conditions.
4. secondary osteoporosis: This type of osteoporosis is caused by other medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, or ulcerative colitis.

The symptoms of osteoporosis can be subtle and may not appear until a fracture has occurred. They can include:

1. Back pain or loss of height
2. A stooped posture
3. Fractures, especially in the spine, hips, or wrists
4. Loss of bone density, as determined by a bone density test

The diagnosis of osteoporosis is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging tests, such as X-rays or bone density tests. Treatment for osteoporosis can include medications, such as bisphosphonates, hormone therapy, or rANK ligand inhibitors, as well as lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Preventing osteoporosis is important, as it can help to reduce the risk of fractures and other complications. To prevent osteoporosis, individuals can:

1. Get enough calcium and vitamin D throughout their lives
2. Exercise regularly, especially weight-bearing activities such as walking or running
3. Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
4. Maintain a healthy body weight
5. Consider taking medications to prevent osteoporosis, such as bisphosphonates, if recommended by a healthcare provider.

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There are thirty-three vertebrae in the human vertebral column-seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar ... thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae seen from the side Cervical vertebrae seen from the back Vertebrae Anatomy Limbus vertebra ... In all mammals, the thoracic vertebrae are connected to ribs and their bodies differ from the other regional vertebrae due to ... The top surface of the first thoracic vertebra has a hook-shaped uncinate process, just like the cervical vertebrae. The ...
The thoracic vertebrae number between 5 and 10, and the first thoracic vertebra is distinguishable due to the fusion of its ... The free vertebrae immediately following the fused sacro-caudal vertebrae of the synsacrum are known as the caudal vertebrae. ... Anterior thoracic vertebrae are fused in many birds and articulate with the notarium of the pectoral girdle. The synsacrum ... Similar to the sacrum of mammals, the synsacrum lacks the distinct disc shape of cervical and thoracic vertebrae. ...
13 thoracic vertebrae (humans have 12); seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five); three sacral vertebrae (as do most mammals, ... 11 The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the spine are 13 ... Adult domestic cats typically weigh between 4 and 5 kg (9 and 11 lb). Cats have seven cervical vertebrae (as do most mammals); ... which have small vertebrae. The premolar and first molar together compose the carnassial pair on each side of the mouth, which ...
The withers in horses are formed by the dorsal spinal processes of roughly the 3rd through 11th thoracic vertebrae, which are ... Most horses have 18 thoracic vertebrae. The processes at the withers can be more than 30 centimetres (12 in) long. Since they ... If the vertebrae of the withers are long front-to-back, the shoulder is freer to move backwards. This allows for an increase of ...
7 cervical vertebrae Lunch at 12:00--- 12 thoracic vertebrae Dinner at 5:00--- 5 lumbar vertebrae Carpal Bones: Sally Left The ... "Skeletal Anatomy: Vertebrae and Thoracic Cage". Retrieved 28 January 2015. 19. ScienceMnemonic - An Easy Way To Memorize Your ... thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal "Can Tall Ladies Sit Comfortably" Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal (These are in ... Nerve plexi: Cardiac and Pulmonary Plexus Thoracic duct (on its way to drain into the Left Subclavian) SVC going down Breakfast ...
The human body has twelve thoracic vertebrae. In both soccer and American football, the number 12 can be a symbolic reference ...
"Comedian Sugi-chan fractures his thoracic vertebrae". Tokyohive. 6Theory Media, LLC. 3 September 2012. Retrieved 1 November ... In September 2012, he fractured the T-12 vertebra in his spine when diving from a 10 m high platform while filming a variety ...
James, H.F. (2009). "Repeated evolution of fused thoracic vertebrae in songbirds". The Auk. 126 (4): 862-872. doi:10.1525/auk. ... The notarium, a fused vertebra of the shoulder in birds that helps brace the chest against the forces generated by the wings, ...
Thoracic laminotomy is performed on thoracic (middle) vertebrae. Lumbar laminotomy is performed on lumbar vertebrae, the ones ... The vertebral column is composed of many ring-like bones called vertebra (plural: vertebrae) and it spans from the skull to the ... Each vertebra has two lamina, one on each side of the spinous process. Different types of laminotomy are defined by the type of ... Each vertebra has a hole in the center called the vertebral foramen through which the spinal cord traverses. Laminae (singular ...
Ribs are found exclusively on the thoracic vertebrae. Neck, lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are very reduced in number (only 2-10 ... As a result, the vertebrae anterior to the hindlimb buds (when present) all have the same thoracic-like identity (except from ... thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), sacral (pelvic), and caudal (tail) vertebrae. Early in snake evolution, the Hox gene ... lumbar and pelvic vertebrae are present), while only a short tail remains of the caudal vertebrae. However, the tail is still ...
They also have some of the thoracic vertebrae fused into a structure called the notarium. A species of ectoparasitic birdlouse ... James, HF (2009). "Repeated Evolution of Fused Thoracic Vertebrae in Songbirds" (PDF). The Auk. 126 (4): 862-872. doi:10.1525/ ...
Thoracic vertebrae one through seven and nine were preserved. The ribs had a double-headed joint with the vertebrae. The ... Yamatocetus had seven neck vertebrae, and the complete series was preserved. The neural spine projecting up from the vertebra ...
All ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. They are numbered to match the vertebrae they attach to - one to ... The transverse process of a thoracic vertebra also articulates at the transverse costal facet with the tubercle of the rib of ... All ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae and are numbered accordingly one to twelve. Ribs that articulate ... The tenth rib attaches directly to the body of vertebra T10 instead of between vertebrae like the second through ninth ribs. ...
... is a foramen between two spinal vertebrae. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae all have intervertebral foramina. The ... When the spinal vertebrae are articulated with each other, the bodies form a strong pillar that supports the head and trunk, ... Specifically, the intervertebral foramen is bordered by the superior notch of the adjacent vertebra, the inferior notch of the ... vertebra, the intervertebral joint and the intervertebral disc. Projectional radiograph of a man presenting with pain by the ...
At least 23 presacral vertebrae. At least four thoracic vertebrae fused to a notarium. Distal end of ulna with marked oval ... "At least the fourth to seventh cervical vertebrae strongly elongate, with processus spinosus forming a marked ridge. Humerus ...
Meyer, M.R. (2012). "Functional anatomy of the thoracic vertebrae in early Homo." American Journal of Physical Anthropology S( ... 2018). "The Vertebrae, Ribs, and Sternum of Australopithecus sediba". PaleoAnthropology. 156: 233. Williams, S. A.; et al. ( ... Meyer, M.R. & Williams, S.A. (2019). "4.2 Ma Australopithecus anamensis axial remains: the oldest australopith vertebrae in the ... Meyer, M.R. (2003). "Vertebrae and language ability in early hominids." PaleoAnthropology 1: 20-21. Meyer, M.R. (2003) "The ...
It should include first thoracic vertebra. CT scan or X-ray images are evaluated for the presence or absence of directly ...
... also has long digits and strong post-thoracic vertebrae. The sacrum is composed of four elongate vertebrae with ... The lumbar vertebrae are narrower and shallower to Pakicetus and Nalacetus. Although still relatively large compared to other ... Ichthyolestes also has proportionally longer lumbar and caudal vertebrae relative to its shorter limb segments. ... related taxa, the atlas vertebrae of Ichthyolestes is smaller and more gracile than Pakicetus or Nalacetus, and the neural ...
... 's thoracic vertebrae are narrower than in Homo sapiens. This would have allowed him less motor control over the ... and that an unusual structure of the vertebrae was characteristic of the early hominins. However, the fossil definitely showed ... thoracic muscles that are used in modern humans to modify respiration to enable the sequencing upon single exhalations of ...
... and 3 lower thoracic ribs; and MH2 4 consecutive upper-to-mid-thoracic, and 3 lower thoracic ribs joined with the vertebrae. ... and 2 lumbar vertebrae; and MH2 preserves 2 neck, 7 thoracic, 2 lumbar, and 1 sacral vertebrae. The lordosis (humanlike ... The right lamina of the sixth thoracic vertebra of MH1 presents a penetrating bone tumour, probably a benign osteoid osteoma. ... Like humans, A. sediba appears to have had a flexible lumbar series comprising 5 vertebrae-as opposed to 6 static vertebrae in ...
The seventh and tenth thoracic vertebrae are most commonly affected. It causes backache and spinal curvature. In very serious ... The apex of their curve, located in the thoracic vertebrae, is quite rigid.[citation needed] Scheuermann's disease is notorious ... The damaged discs between the troubled vertebrae (wedged vertebrae) are normally removed and replaced with bone grafting from ... However, the degree of thoracic kyphosis among Scheuermann's patients was not related to back pain, quality of life, or general ...
It contains 2-6 vertebrae. It probably evolved at least 10 times independently in birds. Storer R. W. (1982). "Fused Thoracic ... In birds, the vertebrae are only in contact with adjacent vertebrae and ribs, while in some pterosaurs the notarium articulates ... Notarium or os dorsale is a bone consisting of the fused vertebra of the shoulder in birds and some pterosaurs. The structure ... which in turn is connected to the vertebrae via the ribs, allowing an indirect connection). Among birds, notarium is found ...
The superior costal facet is located on the inferior thoracic vertebrae. The inferior costal facet is located on the superior ... Costal facets only apply to ribs 2-9. Ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12 articulate completely onto the thoracic vertebrae rather than in ... Ribs connect to the thoracic vertebrae at two main points, the inferior and superior costal facets. These connection points are ... The superior costal facet (or superior costal fovea) is a site where a rib forms a joint with the top of a vertebra. ...
In mammals, the thorax is the region of the body formed by the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs. It extends from ... Thoracic vertebrae are also distinguished in birds, but not in reptiles. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, ... Injury to the chest (also referred to as chest trauma, thoracic injury, or thoracic trauma) results in up to 1/4 of all deaths ... The human thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus ...
... had 7 neck vertebrae; 17 thoracic vertebrae, compared to the 18 in other megatheriid sloths; 3 lumbar vertebrae, ... In later species, the spinous processes which jut upwards from the vertebrae are markedly taller in the thoracic vertebrae than ... The spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra is nearly vertical, but, unlike other sloths, the other vertebrae incline ... Inclination begins to decrease at the ninth thoracic vertebra. This inclination may have caused less-developed back muscles ...
They were characterized by elongated distal thoracic vertebrae, lumbar, and proximal sacrococcygeal. All known members of the ... They were, however, very small and did not articulate with the vertebral column, which also lack true sacral vertebrae. While ...
7 vertebrae (C1-C7) Thoracic spine: 12 vertebrae (T1-T12) Lumbar spine: 5 vertebrae (L1-L5) Sacrum: 5 (fused) vertebrae (S1-S5 ... There are seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, and five lumbar vertebrae. The number of vertebrae in a region ... The sacral vertebrae are fused with the lumbar vertebrae, and some thoracic and caudal vertebrae, to form a single structure, ... Dorsal vertebrae attached to the ribs are called thoracic vertebrae, while those without ribs are called lumbar vertebrae. The ...
... polius has 12 thoracic, 7 or 8 lumbar, and 35 or 36 caudal vertebrae; the presence of 12 thoracic vertebrae is a putative ...
They were characterized by elongated distal thoracic vertebrae, lumbar, and proximal sacrococcygeal. All known members of the ...
The first of the thoracic vertebrae in the vertebral column Thoracic spinal nerve 1, a nerve emerging from the vertebrae Cyclin ...
... whose weight was mostly supported by muscles and tendons attached to the tall spines of the thoracic vertebrae, similar to ...
Withers: the highest point of the thoracic vertebrae, the point just above the tops of the shoulder blades, seen best with ... Back: the area where the saddle sits, beginning at the end of the withers, extending to the last thoracic vertebrae ( ... extending proximate to the sacral vertebrae and stopping at the dock of the tail (where the coccygeal vertebrae begin); ... It lies ventral to the 4th or 5th lumbar vertebrae, although its position within the mare can vary depending on the movement of ...
... accidentally falls off a high balcony and breaks her T6 thoracic vertebrae resulting in partial paralysis. Back home in ...
This fish is translucent, with a number of silvery or reddish-gold iridescent spots on the operculum and the thoracic region. ... The head measures about one eighth of the total length and there are 84 to 92 vertebrae, which gives the fish great flexibility ...
... with the exception of the C8 pair which exit between the C7 and T1 vertebrae) 12 thoracic segments forming 12 pairs of thoracic ... L5 refer to the location of a specific vertebra in either the cervical, thoracic, or lumbar region of the spine.) Spinal cord ... Cervical vertebra A portion of the spinal cord, showing its right lateral surface. The dura is opened and arranged to show the ... Between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae is a space called the epidural space. The epidural space is ...
The spine is incomplete, but several articulated thoracic vertebrae preserve a lateral groove, characteristic of ...
... and vertebra. Fibrocyte Boomerang dysplasia Cystic fibrosis Kulkarni ML, Matadh PS, Praveen Prabhu SP, Kulkarni PM (Apr 2005 ... thoracic hypoplasia (underdeveloped chest), enlarged stomach, platyspondyly (flattened spine), and the somewhat uncommon ...
... the left vertebral is crossed by the thoracic duct also. Behind it are the transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra ... They then proceed superiorly, in the transverse foramen of each cervical vertebra. Once they have passed through the transverse ... then enter deep to the transverse process at the level of the 6th cervical vertebrae (C6), or occasionally (in 7.5% of cases) ... part runs upward through the transverse foramina of the C6 to C2 vertebrae, and is surrounded by branches from the inferior ...
... ribs loosely articulate with their thoracic vertebrae at the proximal end, but they do not form a rigid rib cage. This ... Whale ribs loosely articulate with their thoracic vertebrae at the proximal end, but do not form a rigid rib cage. This ... The fusing of the neck vertebrae, while increasing stability when swimming at high speeds, decreases flexibility; whales are ... the extra movement afforded by the beluga's unfused cervical vertebrae allows a greater range of apparent expression. Between ...
Whereas the human spinal cord ends at the first or second lumbar vertebra, for the echidna it occurs at the seventh thoracic ... vertebra. The shorter spinal cord is thought to allow flexibility to enable wrapping into a ball. The musculature of the face, ...
Like most rice rats, T. bolivaris has twelve thoracic (chest) and seven lumbar vertebrae. A study in Costa Rica found that ...
The most common symptom is bone pain, often in the vertebrae (bones of the spine), pelvis, or ribs. Spread of cancer into other ... Sclerosis of the bones of the thoracic spine due to prostate cancer metastases (CT image) Sclerosis of the bones of the ... Jaubert de Beaujeu M, Chavrier Y (January 1976). "[Deformations of the anterior thoracic wall (author's transl)]". Annales de ... thoracic spine due to prostate cancer metastases (CT image) Sclerosis of the bones of the pelvis due to prostate cancer ...
In humans, the abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim ... It corresponds to the first lumbar vertebra behind. The second line is the subcostal line, drawn from the lowest point of the ... This line corresponds to the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra, and passes through or just above the ileo-caecal valve, where ... It is attached to the thoracic cavity by the diaphragm. Structures such as the aorta, inferior vena cava and esophagus pass ...
Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra. Showing the arrangement of the fascia coli. Henry Gray ( ... The anterior and middle scalene muscles can be involved in certain forms of thoracic outlet syndrome as well as myofascial pain ... It arises from the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae, ... The middle scalene arises from the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the lower six cervical vertebrae. It ...
... is invagination (infolding) of the base of the skull that occurs when the top of the C2 vertebra migrates ... thus relieving pressure on the spinal cord Using a neck collar or cervical-thoracic suit If there is pressure on the spinal ...
... its plane cuts the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra. Front view of the thoracic and abdominal viscera. a. Median plane. b. ...
... two thoracic vertebrae, a complete rib and three rib fragments. There is apparently more of the specimen left in-situ in the ...
... since they feature a gradual thoracic to lumbular vertebrae transition. These shifting patterns of thoracic-lumbular transition ...
Increased cutaneous sensitivity to the left of the 12th thoracic vertebrae in cholelithiasis. Krymov's sign Berthomier- ...
... a partial skull associated with a thoracic vertebra and five ribs, collected from the Maerewhenua Member of the Otekaike ... On the other hand, T. waitakiensis, is known from OMC GL 402, a partial skull and five neck vertebrae collected in the Kokoamu ...
It arises by a thin aponeurosis from the spinous processes of the lower two thoracic and upper two or three lumbar vertebrae. ... The muscle arises from the vertebrae T11 through L2 and inserted into lower border of the 9th through 12th ribs. Lumbar ... The muscle is situated at the junction of the thoracic and lumbar regions. It has an irregularly quadrilateral form, broader ...
The dorsal vertebrae are incomplete but well-preserved as one vertebrae consists of the centrum while the other two vertebrae ... Another thoracic osteoderm is similar in shape but has a low, rounded, and poorly defined keel. The thoracic osteoderm has a " ... Based on Sauropelta and Europelta, the vertebrae are identified as middle dorsal vertebrae, although there are no indications ... The most complete thoracic osteoderm is small compared to the other osteoderms referred to the holotype and is only 5.1 cm wide ...
Thoracic spinal injuries result in paraplegia, but function of the hands, arms, and neck are not affected. One condition that ... A person with a mild, incomplete injury at the T5 vertebra will have a much better chance of using his or her legs than a ... Injuries can be cervical 1-8 (C1-C8), thoracic 1-12 (T1-T12), lumbar 1-5 (L1-L5), or sacral (S1-S5). A person's level of injury ... Surgery may be necessary, e.g. to relieve excess pressure on the cord, to stabilize the spine, or to put vertebrae back in ...
A laminectomy is a surgical procedure that removes a portion of a vertebra called the lamina, which is the roof of the spinal ... In most known cases of lumbar and thoracic laminectomies, patients tend to recover slowly, with recurring pain or spinal ... The lamina of the vertebra is removed or trimmed to widen the spinal canal and create more space for the spinal nerves and ... "Patient agreement to investigation or treatment - Thoracic Laminectomy" (PDF). Cuh.org.uk. August 2010. Archived from the ...
There is a considerable fusion in the axial skeleton, concerning the thoracic (three posterior vertebrae), lumbar (two ... Despite having two caudal vertebrae, Kitti's hog-nosed bat has no visible tail. There is a large web of skin between the hind ...
Pakicetid cervical vertebrae are longer than in late Eocene whales, the thoracic vertebrae increase in size from the neck ... processes between the vertebrae) like in stiff-backed runners such as mesonychians. The sacral vertebrae are fused and the ... backwards, and the lumbar and caudal vertebrae are longer than in modern cetaceans (but still shorter than in some extinct ...
Fan D, Chen Z, Wang D, Guo Z, Qiang Q, Shang Y (June 2007). "Osterix is a key target for mechanical signals in human thoracic ... Other studies observed that a conditional knockout of Sp7 in adult mice osteoblasts resulted in osteopenia in the vertebrae of ...
A compression fracture is a collapse of a vertebra. It may be due to trauma or due to a weakening of the vertebra (compare with ... or a thoracic lumbar sacral orthosis (TLSO) for more severe ones. Opioids or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for ... where a wedge-shaped vertebra may be visible or there may be loss of height of the vertebra. In addition, bone density ... X-ray of the lumbar spine with a compression fracture of the third lumbar vertebra. Compression fracture of T12 Back brace for ...
Concerning the spine, only the 10th and 11th thoracic vertebrae (in the chest region) are preserved from presumably a single ... 2017). "The vertebrae and ribs of Homo naledi". Journal of Human Evolution. 104: 136-154. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.11.003. ... The two transverse processes of the vertebra, which jut out diagonally, are most similar to those of Neanderthals. The neural ...
The last vertebra (on the left side of the picture) attaches to the lumbar (lower) spine, and the top vertebra (on the right) ... These are twelve vertebra of the mid back. ... These are twelve vertebra of the mid back. The last vertebra ( ... The vertebra are numbered from one to twelve and labeled T1, T2, T3, et cetera, from the upper most bones to the lowest. ... The vertebra are broader and stronger than the cervical bones. This allows them to absorb the added pressure applied to the mid ...
Bone Clones Aye-aye Thoracic Vertebrae, Set of 12 ... Aye-aye Thoracic Vertebrae, Set of 12. SC-353-12-SET $369.00 ... Set of 12 thoracic vertebrae from Aye-aye Skeleton SC-353. The life history of this 10-year-old male aye-aye can be found in ... Human Child Thoracic Vertebra, Single (2 pcs), 14 to 16-month-old ...
Imaging confirmed a well-defined, extradural mass originating from the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra (T2) ... A quite well-defined radiolucent lesion at the level of the base of the spinous process (SP) of the 2nd thoracic vertebra (T2) ... In this case report, we describe an osseous neoplasia arising from a thoracic vertebra of a cat that histologically is ... In the presented case, a dorsal laminectomy of the first and second thoracic vertebrae was initially planned. During the ...
The atypical vertebrae have slightly different shapes than the rest. These are the T1, T9, T10, T11, and T12. Learn the ...
Thoracic Vertebrae 9. Exposure Information. Latest Exposure To the presentational view for the most recent revision of data ... Thoracic vertebrae 9. Owner. Vickie Shim ,[email protected],. URI for git clone/pull/push. https://models.fieldml.org/ ...
Thoracic vertebrae. No. inh, rif, pza/3mo Inh, rif/6mo. Improvement. 11 (2). 58 y. M. Rheumatoid arthritis. Corticosteroid. ...
Typical thoracic vertebrae (T2-T9) The typical thoracic vertebrae include the second through nine thoracic vertebrae (T2 - T9 ... The most characteristic landmarks of the thoracic vertebrae are the costal facets. The vertebral body of a typical thoracic ... vertebra articulates with two pairs of ribs. Therefore, it has two partial articular surfaces - superior and inferior costal ...
Anterior scalloping of vertebrae can be detected on lateral chest radiographs, especially in the lower thoracic region. ... Hodgkins disease of the thoracic vertebrae. Spine J. 2013 Aug. 13(8):e59-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ... encoded search term (Thoracic Hodgkin Disease (Lymphoma) Imaging) and Thoracic Hodgkin Disease (Lymphoma) Imaging What to Read ... Sclerotic lesions tend to be confined to the vertebrae, demonstrating the typical appearance of ivory vertebrae. ...
To determine whether radiological parameters such as maximal lumbar lordosis-maximal thoracic kyphosis (maxLL-maxTK), sacral ... first thoracic vertebrae) tilt, thoracic kyphosis (TK), lumbar lordosis (LL), sacrum slope (SS), pelvic tilt (PT), pelvic ... This causes the C7(seventh cervical vertebrae) plumb line to stay behind the perpendicular line passing through the middle of ... Does lumbar lordosis minus thoracic kyphosis predict the clinical outcome of patients with adult degenerative scoliosis?. 03 ...
Spinal magnetic resonance imaging revealed epidural abscesses along thoracic vertebrae T6--T10. The patient underwent emergency ...
See Cervical Vertebrae. Vertebral Bodies in the Thoracic Spine The thoracic spine makes up the upper back and has twelve ... The seven cervical vertebrae begin at the base of the skull and extend down to the thoracic spine. Watch: Cervical Vertebrae ... This vertebra is named C1.. *The second vertebral body (called the axis), acts as a post that the first vertebral ring.. See ... See Thoracic Spine Anatomy and Upper Back Pain. These structures have very little motion because they are firmly attached to ...
Categories: Thoracic Vertebrae Image Types: Photo, Illustrations, Video, Color, Black&White, PublicDomain, CopyrightRestricted ...
Axis Scientific Vertebrae Set - Includes Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae with Sacrum and Coccyx Axis Scientific ... Overview This Axis Scientific Vertebrae Set includes Atlas, Axis, Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae with Sacrum and ...
2. 12 thoracic vertebrae - T1 - T12. These have articulating ribs. Support the thorax ... 5. Coccyx - 3-5 vertebrae normally. No discs. 6. On any vertebra and adjacent vertebrae. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary. ... 1. 7 cervical vertebrae - 1st is Atlas, 2nd is Axis, rest are C3 - C7. Support the skull. ... 3. 5 lumbar vertebrae - L1 - L5. These are large - bear weight of body. ...
Injury to the cervical, thoracic, lumbar or sacral vertebrae, including discs and spinal cord. ...
Symptoms of thoracic disc herniation include: Pain in the upper back; Numbness or tingling from the upper back and around the ... This arrangement also makes the thoracic vertebrae more stable than other vertebrae. Disc herniation in the thoracic spine is ... Thoracic Disc Herniation The thoracic spine consists of the 12 vertebrae between your neck and lower back. The ends of your ... relatively rare compared to the lumbar vertebrae in the lower back and the cervical vertebrae in the neck. Thoracic disc ...
Block of two thoracic vertebrae; adult individual.. • Right humerus with damaged and deformed articular surface of the head; ...
He had fractured C1, C2, C8, and some of his thoracic vertebrae, and he had a terrible tongue laceration. ...
Rare posterior mediastinal tumor: a thoracic vertebrae chordoma. S. Liman, S. Topcu, I. Anik, S. Corak, K. Burc, A. Elicora, T ... The assesement of surgical treatment for thoracic empyema. N. Galie, C. Marica, B. Coman, E. Crisan, E. Tabacu, V. Grigorie ( ... Diaphragmatic and pericardial rupture after blunt thoracic trauma. S. Topcu, S. Liman, A. Elicora, K. Burc, S. Corak, E. Ciftci ...
The cervical vertebrae are protruding, the thoracic vertebrae are kyphosis, and the lumbar vertebrae are protruding. Then the ...
The rhomboid major originates on the thoracic spine from the second through the fifth thoracic vertebrae. It inserts on the ... Maintaining strong extensor muscles in the lumbar and thoracic spine can help prevent problems in your neck as you get older. ... The rhomboid minor is superior to the rhomboid major and inserts on the C7 and T1 vertebrae. ...
The Kiva system is indicated for use from thoracic vertebrae T6 down to lumbar spine L5. "Its not indicated above there," Olan ... With kyphoplasty, two small balloons are placed in the vertebrae where the fracture has occurred. The balloons are inflated to ... The cement hardens within minutes, strengthening and stabilizing the fractured vertebra. Balloon kyphoplasty was introduced ... its the only way to reliably restore the height of the vertebrae. Restoring the height helps reduce the rate of subsequent ...
The ball should curve along the lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae. Keep your opposite foot and hand in contact with the floor ...
Occiput, cervical spine, and first thoracic vertebra, thus, were depicted in … ... Occiput, cervical spine, and first thoracic vertebra, thus, were depicted in different degrees of rotation with respect to the ... These differences indicated the maximal degree of rotation in each of the eight segments between occiput and thoracic spine. ...
... suspicion of an osteoblastoma-like osteosarcoma arising from the second thoracic vertebra in a cat ... Background In human medicine, fractures of the second cervical vertebra have been studied elaborately and categorized in detail ... Objective: To assess and objectively quantify, with CT-scan exams, differences in cervical paraspinal musculature and vertebrae ... Fractures of the Second Cervical Vertebra in 66 Dogs and 3 Cats: A Retrospective Study ...
They presented with symptoms and signs due to cord compression at the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Imaging studies ... Lesions in the spinal cord are most common in the lumbar and lower thoracic parts [12]. It is believed that the eggs reach the ...
Dreyer & Reinbold Racing said Wilson fractured his 12th thoracic vertebrae and would remain hospitalized for observation. ... Wilson fractures vertebrae in crash with Legge in Indianapolis 500 practice session by: DAVE SKRETTA, Associated Press ...
... thoracic vertebrae. Measurements were made with a straight edge and a square. Using a straight edge, the tracheal borders at ... margins of the eighth thoracic vertebrae to the posterior margin of the sternum, respectively. Measurements were made with the ... Thoracic diameters -- The PA diameter, given in centimeters, was the maximum transverse diameter of the chest on the PA film, ... Another perpendicular was drawn from each of these points to the transverse thoracic line. The distance between point A1 (where ...
  • The last vertebra (on the left side of the picture) attaches to the lumbar (lower) spine, and the top vertebra (on the right) attaches to the cervical (neck) section of the back. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The thoracic spine consists of the 12 vertebrae between your neck and lower back. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • The ends of your ribs, although not attached to the spine, rest in indentations in the thoracic vertebrae that help support the ribs. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • Disc herniation in the thoracic spine is relatively rare compared to the lumbar vertebrae in the lower back and the cervical vertebrae in the neck. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • The seven cervical vertebrae begin at the base of the skull and extend down to the thoracic spine. (spine-health.com)
  • The thoracic spine makes up the upper back and has twelve vertebral bodies, labeled T1 through T12. (spine-health.com)
  • There is little motion in the thoracic spine, so this region has less risk of injury or wear and tear. (spine-health.com)
  • The lumbar spine has five vertebral bodies, labeled L1-L5, that extend from the lower thoracic spine to the sacrum at bottom of the spine. (spine-health.com)
  • Occiput, cervical spine, and first thoracic vertebra, thus, were depicted in different degrees of rotation with respect to the sagittal plane. (nih.gov)
  • These differences indicated the maximal degree of rotation in each of the eight segments between occiput and thoracic spine. (nih.gov)
  • The rhomboid major originates on the thoracic spine from the second through the fifth thoracic vertebrae. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Maintaining strong extensor muscles in the lumbar and thoracic spine can help prevent problems in your neck as you get older. (verywellhealth.com)
  • The lumbar spine is most commonly affected, followed by the thoracic and cervical regions. (medscape.com)
  • Heterogeneous bone density of the visualized skeleton and H-shaped lumbar and thoracic vertebrae. (radiopaedia.org)
  • In cats, Liu and others [ 4 ] identified an osteoid osteoma in a thoracic vertebral body. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cervical vertebrae also serve an important function in protecting the spinal cord, which travels through a space in the center of the vertebral bones and connects the brain with the rest of the body. (spine-health.com)
  • Each vertebral segment is made up of two bony vertebrae with a spinal disc in between. (spine-health.com)
  • Vertebral osteomyelitis usually involves two adjacent vertebrae with the corresponding intervertebral disk. (medscape.com)
  • Imaging confirmed a well-defined, extradural mass originating from the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra (T2) leading to severe compression of the spinal cord. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Injury to the cervical, thoracic, lumbar or sacral vertebrae, including discs and spinal cord. (auckland.ac.nz)
  • Does lumbar lordosis minus thoracic kyphosis predict the clinical outcome of patients with adult degenerative scoliosis? (springer.com)
  • To determine whether radiological parameters such as maximal lumbar lordosis-maximal thoracic kyphosis (maxLL-maxTK), sacral slope-pelvic tilt(SS-PT) and sacral slope/pelvic tilt (SS/PT) could be used as indicators for the diagnosis of degenerative disc disease (DDD) in compensatory sagittal balanced patients. (springer.com)
  • The cervical vertebrae are protruding, the thoracic vertebrae are kyphosis, and the lumbar vertebrae are protruding. (ecplaza.net)
  • Overview This Axis Scientific Vertebrae Set includes Atlas, Axis, Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Vertebrae with Sacrum and Coccyx securely fastened to the base for a great desktop reference. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • Thoracic and pelvic angles at RHS, step width, mediolateral translation of the C7 and L4 vertebrae, and the ranges of motion (ROMs) of the thorax and pelvis over the gait stride were determined. (cdc.gov)
  • Thoracic Paravertebral Block: Thoracic paravertebral block is the technique of injecting local anesthetic along side the thoracic vertebra close to where the spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramen. (who.int)
  • Pain and mobility improvements were equal, but the study also reported that those treated with the Kiva system were less likely to have the bone cement leak and were less likely to suffer a fracture in adjacent vertebra than those treated with kyphoplasty, though the difference wasn't statistically significant. (radiologytoday.net)
  • Hematogenous osteomyelitis most commonly involves the vertebrae, but infection may also occur in the metaphysis of the long bones, pelvis, and clavicle. (medscape.com)
  • Thoracic disc herniations account for less than 1 percent of all protruded discs. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of pregnancy on thoracic and pelvic kinematics during gait. (cdc.gov)
  • 5. Coccyx - 3-5 vertebrae normally. (cuny.edu)
  • The spinal column consists of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae. (spine-health.com)
  • Spinal magnetic resonance imaging revealed epidural abscesses along thoracic vertebrae T6--T10. (cdc.gov)
  • The ball should curve along the lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae. (oldtowncrier.com)
  • They presented with symptoms and signs due to cord compression at the lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. (who.int)
  • Le présent article décrit les manifestations cliniques, le diagnostic et la prise en charge de la schistosomiase médullaire chez cinq patients admis dans les hôpitaux Shaab et Ibn Khaldoun de Khartoum entre 1997 et 2007. (who.int)
  • https://www.nysora.com/regional-anesthesia-for-specific-surgical-procedures/abdomen/thoracic-lumbar-paravertebral-block/) After the most prominent C7, processus spinosum in the cervical region was determined by palpation with the patients in a sitting position with their head slightly tilted forward, the relevant area was cleaned, we marked caudally one by one under US guidance. (who.int)
  • The vertebra are broader and stronger than the cervical bones. (medlineplus.gov)
  • The vertebra are numbered from one to twelve and labeled T1, T2, T3, et cetera, from the upper most bones to the lowest. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This arrangement also makes the thoracic vertebrae more stable than other vertebrae. (ucsfhealth.org)
  • With the in-plane technique, an 80 mm 22 gauge peripheral block needle was directed caudally to the cephalad, and the needle tip was advanced into the thoracic paravertebral area until the superior costotransverse ligament was passed. (who.int)
  • Dreyer & Reinbold Racing said Wilson fractured his 12th thoracic vertebrae and would remain hospitalized for observation. (fox4kc.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ La schistosomiase médullaire est une forme rare mais potentiellement curable de la schistosomiase, lorsque le diagnostic a été posé au début de l'affection et que la prise en charge a été rapide. (who.int)
  • however, in this article, only thoracic involvement is addressed. (medscape.com)
  • The rhomboid minor is superior to the rhomboid major and inserts on the C7 and T1 vertebrae. (verywellhealth.com)
  • Thoracic disc herniation is treated with bed rest and pain medications. (ucsfhealth.org)