Thermodynamics. Medical search

A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)

The measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and formations of solutions, or in the determination of the heat capacities of substances. The fundamental unit of measurement is the joule or the calorie (4.184 joules). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The measure of that part of the heat or energy of a system which is not available to perform work. Entropy increases in all natural (spontaneous and irreversible) processes. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.

Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.

The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample.

The determination of the concentration of a given component in solution (the analyte) by addition of a liquid reagent of known strength (the titrant) until an equivalence point is reached (when the reactants are present in stoichiometric proportions). Often an indicator is added to make the equivalence point visible (e.g., a change in color).

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

The spatial arrangement of the atoms of a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that results in its characteristic 3-dimensional shape.

Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.

The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

Inorganic acids that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.

Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.

Receptors that are created by SYNTHETIC CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. They are usually designed to mimic endogenous CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Glycosides formed by the reaction of the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon atom of mannose with an alcohol to form an acetal. They include both alpha- and beta-mannosides.

The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.

A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.

A computer simulation developed to study the motion of molecules over a period of time.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

The transfer of energy of a given form among different scales of motion. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed). It includes the transfer of kinetic energy and the transfer of chemical energy. The transfer of chemical energy from one molecule to another depends on proximity of molecules so it is often used as in techniques to measure distance such as the use of FORSTER RESONANCE ENERGY TRANSFER.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A low-energy attractive force between hydrogen and another element. It plays a major role in determining the properties of water, proteins, and other compounds.

Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.

A molecule that binds to another molecule, used especially to refer to a small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule, e.g., an antigen binding to an antibody, a hormone or neurotransmitter binding to a receptor, or a substrate or allosteric effector binding to an enzyme. Ligands are also molecules that donate or accept a pair of electrons to form a coordinate covalent bond with the central metal atom of a coordination complex. (From Dorland, 27th ed)

The level of protein structure in which regular hydrogen-bond interactions within contiguous stretches of polypeptide chain give rise to alpha helices, beta strands (which align to form beta sheets) or other types of coils. This is the first folding level of protein conformation.

A change of a substance from one form or state to another.

The thermodynamic interaction between a substance and WATER.

Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

The study of the composition, chemical structures, and chemical reactions of living things.

The temperature at which a substance changes from one state or conformation of matter to another.

Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.

The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.

Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

The ability of a protein to retain its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to physical or chemical manipulations.

Planet that is the third in order from the sun. It is one of the four inner or terrestrial planets of the SOLAR SYSTEM.

NMR spectroscopy on small- to medium-size biological macromolecules. This is often used for structural investigation of proteins and nucleic acids, and often involves more than one isotope.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A genus of leguminous shrubs or trees, mainly tropical, yielding useful compounds such as ALKALOIDS and PLANT LECTINS.

The accumulation of an electric charge on a object

A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

A biosensing technique in which biomolecules capable of binding to specific analytes or ligands are first immobilized on one side of a metallic film. Light is then focused on the opposite side of the film to excite the surface plasmons, that is, the oscillations of free electrons propagating along the film's surface. The refractive index of light reflecting off this surface is measured. When the immobilized biomolecules are bound by their ligands, an alteration in surface plasmons on the opposite side of the film is created which is directly proportional to the change in bound, or adsorbed, mass. Binding is measured by changes in the refractive index. The technique is used to study biomolecular interactions, such as antigen-antibody binding.

In statistics, a technique for numerically approximating the solution of a mathematical problem by studying the distribution of some random variable, often generated by a computer. The name alludes to the randomness characteristic of the games of chance played at the gambling casinos in Monte Carlo. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)

Chemical reactions or functions, enzymatic activities, and metabolic pathways of living things.

Pairing of purine and pyrimidine bases by HYDROGEN BONDING in double-stranded DNA or RNA.

A polynucleotide consisting essentially of chains with a repeating backbone of phosphate and ribose units to which nitrogenous bases are attached. RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (Rieger et al., Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular, 5th ed)

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.

The process by which two molecules of the same chemical composition form a condensation product or polymer.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

Double-stranded nucleic acid molecules (DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA) which contain regions of nucleotide mismatches (non-complementary). In vivo, these heteroduplexes can result from mutation or genetic recombination; in vitro, they are formed by nucleic acid hybridization. Electron microscopic analysis of the resulting heteroduplexes facilitates the mapping of regions of base sequence homology of nucleic acids.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

Biological molecules that possess catalytic activity. They may occur naturally or be synthetically created. Enzymes are usually proteins, however CATALYTIC RNA and CATALYTIC DNA molecules have also been identified.

Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The study of crystal structure using X-RAY DIFFRACTION techniques. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Polymers made up of a few (2-20) nucleotides. In molecular genetics, they refer to a short sequence synthesized to match a region where a mutation is known to occur, and then used as a probe (OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES). (Dorland, 28th ed)

The reconstitution of a protein's activity following denaturation.

Protein or glycoprotein substances of plant origin that bind to sugar moieties in cell walls or membranes. Some carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) from PLANTS also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. Many plant lectins change the physiology of the membrane of BLOOD CELLS to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes. They may play a role in plant defense mechanisms.

The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.

A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.

A cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme found widely distributed in cells of almost all tissues. Deficiencies of carbonic anhydrase II produce a syndrome characterized by OSTEOPETROSIS, renal tubular acidosis (ACIDOSIS, RENAL TUBULAR) and cerebral calcification. EC 4.2.1.-

The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.

A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.

Polymers synthesized by living organisms. They play a role in the formation of macromolecular structures and are synthesized via the covalent linkage of biological molecules, especially AMINO ACIDS; NUCLEOTIDES; and CARBOHYDRATES.

The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.

The pressure due to the weight of fluid.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Positively charged atoms, radicals or groups of atoms which travel to the cathode or negative pole during electrolysis.

The theory that the radiation and absorption of energy take place in definite quantities called quanta (E) which vary in size and are defined by the equation E=hv in which h is Planck's constant and v is the frequency of the radiation.

The adhesion of gases, liquids, or dissolved solids onto a surface. It includes adsorptive phenomena of bacteria and viruses onto surfaces as well. ABSORPTION into the substance may follow but not necessarily.

A heterogeneous mixture of glycoproteins responsible for the gel structure of egg white. It has trypsin-inhibiting activity.

A compound formed in the liver from ammonia produced by the deamination of amino acids. It is the principal end product of protein catabolism and constitutes about one half of the total urinary solids.

The relationship between the chemical structure of a compound and its biological or pharmacological activity. Compounds are often classed together because they have structural characteristics in common including shape, size, stereochemical arrangement, and distribution of functional groups.

The origin of life. It includes studies of the potential basis for life in organic compounds but excludes studies of the development of altered forms of life through mutation and natural selection, which is BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION.

Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Particles consisting of aggregates of molecules held loosely together by secondary bonds. The surface of micelles are usually comprised of amphiphatic compounds that are oriented in a way that minimizes the energy of interaction between the micelle and its environment. Liquids that contain large numbers of suspended micelles are referred to as EMULSIONS.

Simple sugars, carbohydrates which cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis. They are colorless crystalline substances with a sweet taste and have the same general formula CnH2nOn. (From Dorland, 28th ed)

The ability of a substance to be dissolved, i.e. to form a solution with another substance. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

A phylum of metazoan invertebrates comprising the segmented worms, and including marine annelids (POLYCHAETA), freshwater annelids, earthworms (OLIGOCHAETA), and LEECHES. Only the leeches are of medical interest. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Tendency of fluids (e.g., water) to move from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a semipermeable membrane.

Magnesium chloride. An inorganic compound consisting of one magnesium and two chloride ions. The compound is used in medicine as a source of magnesium ions, which are essential for many cellular activities. It has also been used as a cathartic and in alloys.

The characteristic 3-dimensional shape and arrangement of multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).

Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.

The facilitation of a chemical reaction by material (catalyst) that is not consumed by the reaction.

Derivatives of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton. Flavin derivatives serve an electron transfer function as ENZYME COFACTORS in FLAVOPROTEINS.

Cellular processes, properties, and characteristics.

A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.

The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.

High molecular weight polymers containing a mixture of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides chained together by ribose or deoxyribose linkages.

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

Compounds formed by the joining of smaller, usually repeating, units linked by covalent bonds. These compounds often form large macromolecules (e.g., BIOPOLYMERS; PLASTICS).

Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.

The protein components of a number of complexes, such as enzymes (APOENZYMES), ferritin (APOFERRITINS), or lipoproteins (APOLIPOPROTEINS).

A genus of ciliate protozoa commonly used in genetic, cytological, and other research.

A subclass of myosin involved in organelle transport and membrane targeting. It is abundantly found in nervous tissue and neurosecretory cells. The heavy chains of myosin V contain unusually long neck domains that are believed to aid in translocating molecules over large distances.

Agents that modify interfacial tension of water; usually substances that have one lipophilic and one hydrophilic group in the molecule; includes soaps, detergents, emulsifiers, dispersing and wetting agents, and several groups of antiseptics.

A homologous group of cyclic GLUCANS consisting of alpha-1,4 bound glucose units obtained by the action of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase on starch or similar substrates. The enzyme is produced by certain species of Bacillus. Cyclodextrins form inclusion complexes with a wide variety of substances.

The assembly of the QUATERNARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE of multimeric proteins (MULTIPROTEIN COMPLEXES) from their composite PROTEIN SUBUNITS.

The study of chemical changes resulting from electrical action and electrical activity resulting from chemical changes.

Compounds and molecular complexes that consist of very large numbers of atoms and are generally over 500 kDa in size. In biological systems macromolecular substances usually can be visualized using ELECTRON MICROSCOPY and are distinguished from ORGANELLES by the lack of a membrane structure.

The property of emitting radiation while being irradiated. The radiation emitted is usually of longer wavelength than that incident or absorbed, e.g., a substance can be irradiated with invisible radiation and emit visible light. X-ray fluorescence is used in diagnosis.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

Two-phase systems in which one is uniformly dispersed in another as particles small enough so they cannot be filtered or will not settle out. The dispersing or continuous phase or medium envelops the particles of the discontinuous phase. All three states of matter can form colloids among each other.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

An atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative electric charge due to a gain (negative charge) or loss (positive charge) of one or more electrons. Atoms with a positive charge are known as CATIONS; those with a negative charge are ANIONS.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

RNA that has catalytic activity. The catalytic RNA sequence folds to form a complex surface that can function as an enzyme in reactions with itself and other molecules. It may function even in the absence of protein. There are numerous examples of RNA species that are acted upon by catalytic RNA, however the scope of this enzyme class is not limited to a particular type of substrate.

A group of deoxyribonucleotides (up to 12) in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A chemical system that functions to control the levels of specific ions in solution. When the level of hydrogen ion in solution is controlled the system is called a pH buffer.

Physical motion, i.e., a change in position of a body or subject as a result of an external force. It is distinguished from MOVEMENT, a process resulting from biological activity.

A group of 13 or more deoxyribonucleotides in which the phosphate residues of each deoxyribonucleotide act as bridges in forming diester linkages between the deoxyribose moieties.

Oligosaccharides containing two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond.

A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.

Higher-order DNA and RNA structures formed from guanine-rich sequences. They are formed around a core of at least 2 stacked tetrads of hydrogen-bonded GUANINE bases. They can be formed from one two or four separate strands of DNA (or RNA) and can display a wide variety of topologies, which are a consequence of various combinations of strand direction, length, and sequence. (From Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34(19):5402-15)

Periplasmic proteins that scavenge or sense diverse nutrients. In the bacterial environment they usually couple to transporters or chemotaxis receptors on the inner bacterial membrane.

The tendency of a gas or solute to pass from a point of higher pressure or concentration to a point of lower pressure or concentration and to distribute itself throughout the available space. Diffusion, especially FACILITATED DIFFUSION, is a major mechanism of BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT.

The modification of the reactivity of ENZYMES by the binding of effectors to sites (ALLOSTERIC SITES) on the enzymes other than the substrate BINDING SITES.

Proteins obtained from ESCHERICHIA COLI.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

Resistance and recovery from distortion of shape.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A single chain of deoxyribonucleotides that occurs in some bacteria and viruses. It usually exists as a covalently closed circle.

Centrifugation with a centrifuge that develops centrifugal fields of more than 100,000 times gravity. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

A class of organic compounds which contain an anilino (phenylamino) group linked to a salt or ester of naphthalenesulfonic acid. They are frequently used as fluorescent dyes and sulfhydryl reagents.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A comparison of affinity constants for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in guinea-pig atrial pacemaker cells at 29 degrees C and in ileum at 29 degrees C and 37 degrees C. (1/16154)

1 The affinity of 17 compounds for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in atrial pacemaker cells and ileum of the guinea-pig has been measured at 29 degrees C in Ringer-Locke solution. Measurements were also made at 37 degrees C with 7 of them. 2 Some of the compounds had much higher affinity for the receptors in the ileum than for those in the atria. For the most selective compound, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, the difference was approximately 20-fold. The receptors in the atria are therefore different the structure from those in the ileum. 3 The effect of temperature on affinity are not the same for all the compounds, tested indicating different enthalpies and entropies of adsorption and accounting for some of the difficulty experienced in predicting the affinity of new compounds. (+info)

A processive single-headed motor: kinesin superfamily protein KIF1A. (2/16154)

A single kinesin molecule can move "processively" along a microtubule for more than 1 micrometer before detaching from it. The prevailing explanation for this processive movement is the "walking model," which envisions that each of two motor domains (heads) of the kinesin molecule binds coordinately to the microtubule. This implies that each kinesin molecule must have two heads to "walk" and that a single-headed kinesin could not move processively. Here, a motor-domain construct of KIF1A, a single-headed kinesin superfamily protein, was shown to move processively along the microtubule for more than 1 micrometer. The movement along the microtubules was stochastic and fitted a biased Brownian-movement model. (+info)

Calorimetric studies on the stability of the ribosome-inactivating protein abrin II: effects of pH and ligand binding. (3/16154)

The effects of pH and ligand binding on the stability of abrin II, a heterodimeric ribosome-inactivating protein, and its subunits have been studied using high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. At pH7.2, the calorimetric scan consists of two transitions, which correspond to the B-subunit [transition temperature (Tm) 319.2K] and the A-subunit (Tm 324.6K) of abrin II, as also confirmed by studies on the isolated A-subunit. The calorimetric enthalpy of the isolated A-subunit of abrin II is similar to that of the higher-temperature transition. However, its Tm is 2.4K lower than that of the higher-temperature peak of intact abrin II. This indicates that there is some interaction between the two subunits. Abrin II displays increased stability as the pH is decreased to 4.5. Lactose increases the Tm values as well as the enthalpies of both transitions. This effect is more pronounced at pH7.2 than at pH4.5. This suggests that ligand binding stabilizes the native conformation of abrin II. Analysis of the B-subunit transition temperature as a function of lactose concentration suggests that two lactose molecules bind to one molecule of abrin II at pH7.2. The presence of two binding sites for lactose on the abrin II molecule is also indicated by isothermal titration calorimetry. Plotting DeltaHm (the molar transition enthalpy at Tm) against Tm yielded values for DeltaCp (change in excess heat capacity) of 27+/-2 kJ.mol-1.K-1 for the B-subunit and 20+/-1 kJ.mol-1.K-1 for the A-subunit. These values have been used to calculate the thermal stability of abrin II and to surmise the mechanism of its transmembrane translocation. (+info)

Insulin-like growth factors I and II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfides under in vivo redox conditions. (4/16154)

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I does not quantitatively form its three native disulfide bonds in the presence of 10 mM reduced and 1 mM oxidized glutathione in vitro [Hober, S. et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 1749-1756]. In this paper, we show (i) that both IGF-I and IGF-II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfide bonds at redox conditions that are similar to the situation in the secretory vesicles in vivo and (ii) that the presence of protein disulfide isomerase does not overcome this problem. The results indicate that the previously described thermodynamic disulfide exchange folding problem of IGF-I in vitro is also present in vivo. Speculatively, we suggest that the thermodynamic disulfide exchange properties of IGF-I and II are biologically significant for inactivation of the unbound growth factors by disulfide exchange reactions to generate variants destined for rapid clearance. (+info)

Polymerization of Acanthamoeba actin. Kinetics, thermodynamics, and co-polymerization with muscle actin. (5/16154)

The kinetics and thermodynamics for the polymerization of purified Acanthamoeba actin were studied and compared to muscle actin. Polymerization was qualitatively similar for the two actins with a rate-limiting nucleation step followed by rapid polymer extension. Polymerization occurred only above a threshold critical concentration which varied with polymerization conditions for each actin. In the presence of 2 mM MgCl2, nucleation of both actins was rapid and their critical concentrations were similarly low and not detectably dependent on temperature. In 0.1 M KCl, the rates of nucleation of both actins were much slower than when Mg2+ was present and were significantly different from each other. Also, under these conditions, the critical concentrations of Acanthamoeba and muscle actin were significantly different and both varied markedly with temperature. These quantitative differences between the two actins could be attributed to differences in both their enthalpies and entropies of polymerization, Acanthamoeba actin having the more positive deltaH and delta S. Co-polymerization of the two actins was also demonstrated. Overall, however, there were no qualitative differences between Acanthamoeba and muscle actin that would suggest a unique role for the monomer-polymer equilibrium of cytoplasmic actin in cell motility. (+info)

Phosphotyrosine binding domains of Shc and insulin receptor substrate 1 recognize the NPXpY motif in a thermodynamically distinct manner. (6/16154)

Phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domains of the adaptor protein Shc and insulin receptor substrate (IRS-1) interact with a distinct set of activated and tyrosine-phosphorylated cytokine and growth factor receptors and play important roles in mediating mitogenic signal transduction. By using the technique of isothermal titration calorimetry, we have studied the thermodynamics of binding of the Shc and IRS-1 PTB domains to tyrosine-phosphorylated NPXY-containing peptides derived from known receptor binding sites. The results showed that relative contributions of enthalpy and entropy to the free energy of binding are dependent on specific phosphopeptides. Binding of the Shc PTB domain to tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides from TrkA, epidermal growth factor, ErbB3, and insulin receptors is achieved via an overall entropy-driven reaction. On the other hand, recognition of the phosphopeptides of insulin and interleukin-4 receptors by the IRS-1 PTB domain is predominantly an enthalpy-driven process. Mutagenesis and amino acid substitution experiments showed that in addition to the tyrosine-phosphorylated NPXY motif, the PTB domains of Shc and IRS-1 prefer a large hydrophobic residue at pY-5 and a small hydrophobic residue at pY-1, respectively (where pY is phosphotyrosine). These results agree with the calculated solvent accessibility of these two key peptide residues in the PTB domain/peptide structures and support the notion that the PTB domains of Shc and IRS-1 employ functionally distinct mechanisms to recognize tyrosine-phosphorylated receptors. (+info)

Poly(L-lysine)-graft-dextran copolymer promotes pyrimidine motif triplex DNA formation at physiological pH. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies. (7/16154)

Extreme instability of pyrimidine motif triplex DNA at physiological pH severely limits its use for artificial control of gene expression in vivo. Stabilization of the pyrimidine motif triplex at physiological pH is therefore of great importance in improving its therapeutic potential. To this end, isothermal titration calorimetry interaction analysis system and electrophoretic mobility shift assay have been used to explore the thermodynamic and kinetic effects of our previously reported triplex stabilizer, poly (L-lysine)-graft-dextran (PLL-g-Dex) copolymer, on pyrimidine motif triplex formation at physiological pH. Both the thermodynamic and kinetic analyses have clearly indicated that in the presence of the PLL-g-Dex copolymer, the binding constant of the pyrimidine motif triplex formation at physiological pH was about 100 times higher than that observed without any triplex stabilizer. Of importance, the triplex-promoting efficiency of the copolymer was more than 20 times higher than that of physiological concentrations of spermine, a putative intracellular triplex stabilizer. Kinetic data have also demonstrated that the observed copolymer-mediated promotion of the triplex formation at physiological pH resulted from the considerable increase in the association rate constant rather than the decrease in the dissociation rate constant. Our results certainly support the idea that the PLL-g-Dex copolymer could be a key material and may eventually lead to progress in therapeutic applications of the antigene strategy in vivo. (+info)

Filament assembly from profilin-actin. (8/16154)

Profilin plays a major role in the assembly of actin filament at the barbed ends. The thermodynamic and kinetic parameters for barbed end assembly from profilin-actin have been measured turbidimetrically. Filament growth from profilin-actin requires MgATP to be bound to actin. No assembly is observed from profilin-CaATP-actin. The rate constant for association of profilin-actin to barbed ends is 30% lower than that of actin, and the critical concentration for F-actin assembly from profilin-actin units is 0.3 microM under physiological ionic conditions. Barbed ends grow from profilin-actin with an ADP-Pi cap. Profilin does not cap the barbed ends and is not detectably incorporated into filaments. The EDC-cross-linked profilin-actin complex (PAcov) both copolymerizes with F-actin and undergoes spontaneous self-assembly, following a nucleation-growth process characterized by a critical concentration of 0.2 microM under physiological conditions. The PAcov polymer is a helical filament that displays the same diffraction pattern as F-actin, with layer lines at 6 and 36 nm. The PAcov filaments bound phalloidin with the same kinetics as F-actin, bound myosin subfragment-1, and supported actin-activated ATPase of myosin subfragment-1, but they did not translocate in vitro along myosin-coated glass surfaces. These results are discussed in light of the current models of actin structure. (+info)

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... is the study of the relations between two independent physical theories: thermodynamics and quantum ... Quantum mechanics inserts dynamics into thermodynamics, giving a sound foundation to finite-time-thermodynamics. The main ... In thermodynamics, entropy is related to the amount of energy of a system that can be converted into mechanical work in a ... When O = H S {\displaystyle O=H_{\rm {S}}} the first law of thermodynamics emerges: d E d t = ⟨ ∂ H S ∂ t ⟩ + ⟨ L D ∗ ( H S ...

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In thermodynamics, a component is one of a collection of chemically independent constituents of a system. The number of ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Chemical thermodynamics). ...

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... , Physical chemistry, Branches of thermodynamics, Chemical engineering thermodynamics). ... The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics. Starting from the first and second ... Chemical Thermodynamics - University of North Carolina Chemical energetics (Introduction to thermodynamics and the First Law) ... Klotz, I. (1950). Chemical Thermodynamics. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Herbert B. Callen (1960). Thermodynamics. Wiley & Sons ...

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In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for describing its thermodynamic state. The ... The second law of thermodynamics describes constraints on the amount of useful work which can be extracted from a thermodynamic ... Thermodynamics: an engineering approach. Boston: McGraw-Hill. pp. 11. ISBN 0-07-238332-1. A. D. McNaught, A. Wilkinson (1997). ...

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... is a subset of irreversible thermodynamics aimed at making more realistic assumptions about heat ... Endoreversible thermodynamics was discovered in simultaneous work by Novikov and Chambadal, although sometimes mistakenly ... An introduction to endoreversible thermodynamics is given in the thesis by Katharina Wagner. It is also introduced by Hoffman ... doi:10.1016/S0035-3159(96)80059-6. Callen, Herbert B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics (2nd ed. ...

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... is a school of thought in statistical thermodynamics developed in the 1960s. Its introduction is ... The aim was to develop a mathematical model of thermodynamics that would go beyond the traditional "thermodynamics of ... Woods pointed out some awkward features of rational thermodynamics in a paper entitled 'The bogus axioms of continuum mechanics ... Müller, Ingo (2007). A History of Thermodynamics: the Doctrine of Energy and Entropy. Springer. "Truesdell's outspoken ...

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Thermodynamics, Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Branches of thermodynamics, Stochastic models, Stochastic processes). ... Stochastic thermodynamics can be applied to driven (i.e. open) quantum systems whenever the effects of quantum coherence can be ... Classical thermodynamics, at its heart, deals with general laws governing the transformations of a system, in particular, those ... Stochastic thermodynamics is an emergent field of research in statistical mechanics that uses stochastic variables to better ...

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The four laws of thermodynamics are used to frame the biological theory behind evolution. The first law of thermodynamics ... Cellular Thermodynamics - Wolfe, J. (2002), Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Bioenergetics (Thermodynamics, Biophysics). ... Principles covered include the first law of thermodynamics, the second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs free energy, statistical ... The field of biological thermodynamics is focused on principles of chemical thermodynamics in biology and biochemistry. ...

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Chemical thermodynamics Cloud physics Equilibrium thermodynamics Fluid dynamics Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Thermodynamics ... Atmospheric thermodynamics use the laws of classical thermodynamics, to describe and explain such phenomena as the properties ... ISBN 0-19-506630-8 (thermodynamics of tropical cyclones). Iribarne, J.V. and Godson, W.L., Atmospheric thermodynamics, ... Atmospheric Thermodynamics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-509904-1. Curry, J.A. and P.J. Webster, 1999, Thermodynamics ...

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2.11 Chemical Thermodynamics, p. 56. Planck, M. (1897/1903). Treatise on Thermodynamics, translated by A. Ogg, Longmans, Green ... J.Kestin A Course in Thermodynamics (Blaisdell Publishing 1966), p.121. M.A.Saad Thermodynamics for Engineers (Prentice-Hall ... Thermodynamics has special concern with transfers of energy, from a body of matter, such as, for example a cylinder of steam, ... In principle, in thermodynamics, for a process in a closed system, quantity of heat transferred is defined by the amount of ...

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... of Materials, Pennsylvania State University, USA Computational Thermodynamics University of Brno, ... Computational thermodynamics may be considered a part of materials informatics and is a cornerstone of the concepts behind the ... R W Cahn (1998) ISBN 0-08-042129-6[page needed] H L Lukas, S G Fries and B Sundman, Computational Thermodynamics, the Calphad ... Computational thermodynamics is the use of computers to simulate thermodynamic problems specific to materials science, ...

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Non-equilibrium thermodynamics Thermodynamics Adkins, C.J. (1983). Equilibrium Thermodynamics, 3rd Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge ... Equilibrium thermodynamics differs from non-equilibrium thermodynamics, in that, with the latter, the state of the system under ... Perrot, P. (1998). A to Z of Thermodynamics (dictionary). New York: Oxford University Press. (Branches of thermodynamics). ... Equilibrium Thermodynamics is the systematic study of transformations of matter and energy in systems in terms of a concept ...

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A diffuser is "a device for reducing the velocity and increasing the static pressure of a fluid passing through a system". The fluid's static pressure rise as it passes through a duct is commonly referred to as pressure recovery. In contrast, a nozzle is used to increase the discharge velocity and lower the pressure of a fluid passing through it. Frictional effects during analysis can sometimes be important, but usually they are neglected. Ducts containing fluids flowing at low velocity can usually be analyzed using Bernoulli's principle. Analyzing ducts flowing at higher velocities with Mach numbers in excess of 0.3 usually require compressible flow relations. A typical subsonic diffuser is a duct that increases in area in the direction of flow. As the area increases, fluid velocity decreases, and static pressure rises. A supersonic diffuser is a duct that decreases in area in the direction of flow which causes the fluid temperature, pressure, and density to increase, and velocity to decrease. ...

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... is a branch of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that goes beyond the local equilibrium ... Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics, 4th edition, Jou D, Casas-Vazquez J, Criado-Sancho M (2011), Thermodynamics of Fluids ... 33 41-51 Müller I, Ruggeri T (1998), Rational Extended Thermodynamics, 2nd edition, Springer, New York Jou D, Casas-Vazquez J, ... Jou D, Casas-Vazquez J, Lebon G (1988), Extended irreversible thermodynamics, Rep. Prog. Phys 51 1105-1179 Lebon G, Casas- ...

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The laws of thermodynamics hold rigorously for inhomogeneous systems even though they may be far from internal equilibrium. The ... In classical thermodynamics, entropy is a property of a thermodynamic system that expresses the direction or outcome of ... From a more fundamental point of view, the third law of thermodynamics suggests that there is a preference to take S = 0 at T ... If we calculate the entropy S1 before and S2 after such an internal process the Second Law of Thermodynamics demands that S2 ≥ ...

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... is the study of how temperature affects the nucleic acid structure of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). ... For DNA oligonucleotides, i.e. short sequences of DNA, the thermodynamics of hybridization can be accurately described as a two ... John SantaLucia Jr., John; Donald Hicks (June 2004). "The thermodynamics of DNA structural motifs". Annual Review of Biophysics ... 1998). "A unified view of polymer, dumbbell, and oligonucleotide DNA nearest-neighbor thermodynamics". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. ...

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doi:10.2307/j.ctt13x1c8g Callen, Herbert B. (1985). Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics (2nd ed.). New York ... The second principle of thermodynamics has implications on the sign of some thermodynamic properties such isothermal ...

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For this reason, the term thermodynamics is usually used synonymously with equilibrium thermodynamics. A central notion for ... In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a system is expressed in terms of pairs of conjugate variables such as temperature ... A similar situation exists in thermodynamics. An increment in the energy of a thermodynamic system can be expressed as the sum ... Lewis, Gilbert Newton; Randall, Merle (1961). Thermodynamics. Revised by Kenneth S. Pitzer and Leo Brewer (2nd ed.). New York ...

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In physics, black hole thermodynamics is the area of study that seeks to reconcile the laws of thermodynamics with the ... The generalized second law of thermodynamics (GSL) was needed to present the second law of thermodynamics as valid. This is ... Wallace, David (November 2018). "The case for black hole thermodynamics part I: Phenomenological thermodynamics" (PDF). Studies ... While black hole thermodynamics (BHT) has been regarded as one of the deepest clues to a quantum theory of gravity, there ...

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As the devices continue to shrink further into the sub-100 nm range following the trend predicted by Moore's law, the topic of thermal properties and transport in such nanoscale devices becomes increasingly important. Display of great potential by nanostructures for thermoelectric applications also motivates the studies of thermal transport in such devices. These fields, however, generate two contradictory demands: high thermal conductivity to deal with heating issues in sub-100 nm devices and low thermal conductivity for thermoelectric applications. These issues can be addressed with phonon engineering, once nanoscale thermal behaviors have been studied and understood. In general two carrier types can contribute to thermal conductivity - electrons and phonons. In nanostructures phonons usually dominate and the phonon properties of the structure become of a particular importance for thermal conductivity. These phonon properties include: phonon group velocity, phonon scattering mechanisms, heat ...

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1959 Relativistic thermodynamics - 1965 Rational thermodynamics - 1960s Quantum thermodynamics - 1968 Black hole thermodynamics ... 2000 Drug-receptor thermodynamics - 2001 Pharmaceutical systems thermodynamics - 2002 Concepts of thermodynamics have also been ... 1970s Biological evolution thermodynamics - 1978 Geochemical thermodynamics - c. 1980s Atmospheric thermodynamics - c. 1980s ... 1880s Equilibrium thermodynamics Engineering thermodynamics Chemical engineering thermodynamics - c. 1940s Non-equilibrium ...

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... lays the foundation for the second law of thermodynamics, and initiating the science of thermodynamics 1827 - Robert Brown ... A timeline of events in the history of thermodynamics. 1650 - Otto von Guericke builds the first vacuum pump 1660 - Robert ... The importation and dissipation of energy could reverse the 2nd law of thermodynamics Timeline of heat engine technology ... 1916 - Einstein considers the thermodynamics of atomic spectral lines and predicts stimulated emission 1919 - James Jeans ...

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In thermodynamics, a critical line is the higher-dimensional equivalent of a critical point. It is the locus of contiguous ...

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An important result, known as Nernst's theorem or the third law of thermodynamics, states that the entropy of a system at zero ... But from the first law of thermodynamics, dE = δw + δq. Therefore, d S = δ ⟨ q rev ⟩ T {\displaystyle dS={\frac {\delta \langle ... This is an example illustrating the second law of thermodynamics: the total entropy of any isolated thermodynamic system tends ... See: Second law of thermodynamics#cite note-Grandy 151-21) In classical statistical mechanics, the number of microstates is ...

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... is a branch of thermodynamics that deals with physical systems that are not in thermodynamic ... Extended irreversible thermodynamics is a branch of non-equilibrium thermodynamics that goes outside the restriction to the ... This is part of why non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a work in progress. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is a work in progress ... Equilibrium thermodynamics ignores the time-courses of physical processes. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics attempts ...

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Chemical thermodynamics Enthalpy Entropy production Ginsberg's theorem (Parody of the laws of thermodynamics) H-theorem ... Deffner, Sebastian (2019). Quantum thermodynamics : an introduction to the thermodynamics of quantum information. Steve ... The laws of thermodynamics are the result of progress made in this field over the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The ... The laws of thermodynamics define a group of physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize ...

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In physics, maximum entropy thermodynamics (colloquially, MaxEnt thermodynamics) views equilibrium thermodynamics and ... Edwin Thompson Jaynes First law of thermodynamics Second law of thermodynamics Principle of maximum entropy Principle of ... Non-equilibrium thermodynamics, Information theory, Thermodynamics, Thermodynamic entropy). ... Classical thermodynamics is built on the assumption that entropy is a state function of the macroscopic variables-i.e., that ...

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Sears, F.W. & Salinger, G.L. (1986). Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory, and Statistical Thermodynamics (3rd ed.). Addison-Wesley. ... In thermodynamics, a reversible process is a process, involving a system and its surroundings, whose direction can be reversed ... Reversible processes are hypothetical or idealized but central to the second law of thermodynamics. Melting or freezing of ice ... Reversible processes are useful in thermodynamics because they are so idealized that the equations for heat and expansion/ ...

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In colloidal chemistry, the surfactant's critical micelle concentration (CMC) plays a factor in Gibbs free energy of micellization. The exact concentration of the surfactants that yield the aggregates being thermodynamically soluble is the CMC. The Krafft temperature determines the solubility of the surfactants which in turn is the temperature that CMC is achieved. There are many parameters that affect the CMC. The interaction between the hydrophilic heads and the hydrophobic tails play a part, as well as the concentration of salt within the solution and surfactants. A micelle is an aggregation of surfactants or block copolymer in aqueous solution or organic solution, often spherical. Surfactants are composed of a polar head group that is hydrophilic and a nonpolar tail group that is hydrophobic. The head groups can be anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, or nonionic. The tail group can be a hydrocarbon, fluorocarbon, or a siloxane. Extensive variation in the surfactant's solution and interfacial ...

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

Edwin Bidwell Wilson "General Thermodynamics," Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 14(3), 139 ...

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ever taken thermodynamics? if so, as a chemistry course (i.e, physical chemistry) or as a physics course? what was it about ... what would have made a course in thermodynamics easier for you to learn?. how would you change your thermodynamics textbook?. ... ever taken thermodynamics?. if so, as a chemistry course (i.e, physical chemistry) or as a physics course?. what was it about ... I took Engineering Thermodynamics, which besides talking about the laws, discusses thermodynamic cycles, ie the steam engine.. ...

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Thermodynamics of Skating * WS_Thermodynamics4_Phet_EnergySkatePark.docx - 23 kB Download Vagy letöltheti az összes fájlt ... Thermodynamics of Skating. Leírás Students work through a guided inquiry to measure effects of different variables on the ...

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Christian Cierpka Welcome to the Group of Engineering Thermodynamics The diversity of our research activities reflects ... Welcome to the Group of Engineering Thermodynamics The diversity of our research activities reflects thermodynamics as one of ...

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The two temperature scales normally employed for measurement purposes are the Fahrenheit (F)and Celsius (C) scales.

https://engineersedge.com/thermodynamics/temperature_scales.htm

Provides a solid grounding in the basic principles of the science of thermodynamics proceeding to practical, hands-on ... Provides a solid grounding in the basic principles of the science of thermodynamics proceeding to practical, hands-on ...

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A thermodynamics professor had written a take home exam for his graduate students. It had one question: Is Hell exothermic ( ...

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Researchers rework traditional thermodynamics to study mechanisms that create motion from changes in humidity. ... New Models Expand Thermodynamics to Humidity-Driven Engines That Mimic Plants. Undergrads Win Apker Prize for Work on Slime ... They both do work - and both can be analyzed using thermodynamics.. Steam engines and other heat engines, which are powered by ... Researchers rework traditional thermodynamics to study mechanisms that create motion from changes in humidity. ...

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This WebElements periodic table page contains thermochemistry and thermodynamics for the element dysprosium ... J.D. Cox, DD., Wagman, and V.A. Medvedev, CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, USA, ...

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1st Law of Thermodynamics The First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed ( ... Third Law of Thermodynamics The entropy of a substance is zero if the absolute temperature is zero. ...

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Join us at TMS 2022 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics symposium!. Thu, 2021-06-17 16:04 - vahid2364 conference ... Read more about Join us at TMS 2022 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics symposium! ...

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2)Deep: Urban Thermo Dynamics (Mos Def) - Manifest Destiny. Before he made your Body Rock with the Universal Magnetic, and ... 2Deep: Da Bush Babees - 1st & 4Most f. Mos Def & Urban Thermo Dynamics. Mos Def, circa 1994. ...

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The second law of thermodynamics has been stated in many ways. For us, Rudolf Clausius said it best:. "Heat generally cannot ... But as far as the second law of thermodynamics goes, where we are only talking about the flow of heat, the comparison is good. ... Then, we need to know what the second law of thermodynamics is, and how it applies to global warming. Global warming, in a ... So you agree that the greenhouse gas effect does not violate the second law of thermodynamics, which is the topic of this ...

https://skepticalscience.com/argument.php?p=10&t=882&a=164

In the Engineering Thermodynamics group we work on the design of process fluids and other materials enabling efficient chemical processes and energy technology. (tudelft.nl)
I took Engineering Thermodynamics, which besides talking about the laws, discusses thermodynamic cycles, ie the steam engine. (physicsforums.com)
Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 6/e, presents comprehensive coverage of the subject of thermodynamics from a chemical engineering viewpoint. (valorebooks.com)
The sixth edition continues to be an excellent tool for teaching the subject of chemical engineering thermodynamics to undergraduate students.Smith, J. M. is the author of 'Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics', published 2000 under ISBN 9780072402964 and ISBN 0072402962. (valorebooks.com)
Introductory Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd ed. (chethermo.net)

The sweeping concepts of energy, heat, work and entropy, which thermodynamics (and its later form, statistical mechanics ) would embrace, began first on the shop floor. (wikiquote.org)
The connection between the two theories is hinted at by a formal curiosity: information theory uses a mathematical term that formally resembles the definition of entropy in thermodynamics. (electronicspecifier.com)
We show that the Hawking-Bekenstein entropy formula is modified by a factor of 8/3 if one also considers a work term in the 1st law of thermodynamics by a pressure stemming from the Hawking radiation . (csh.ac.at)
It forms the basis of the second law of thermodynamics , that entropy tends to increase. (conservapedia.com)
The second law of thermodynamics states that entropy tends not to decrease over time within an isolated system , defining an isolated system as one in which neither matter nor energy may enter or leave. (conservapedia.com)
Entropy expression is obtained by utilization thermodynamics. (bvsalud.org)

Join us at TMS 2022 Computational Thermodynamics and Kinetics symposium! (imechanica.org)

Thermodynamic calculations of common processes using the Laws of Thermodynamics. (rug.nl)
This work makes use of the freedom involved in defining thermodynamic quantities, which leaves the thermodynamics unchanged, to show that the Hamiltonian of mean force can be inferred from measurements on the system alone, up to that irrelevant freedom. (semanticscholar.org)

Despite its wide range of applicability, it is known that the laws of thermodynamics break down when systems are correlated with their environments. (researchgate.net)
Such a remedy not only fixes the apparent violations of Landauer's erasure principle and the second law due to anomalous heat flows, but it also leads to a reformulation of the laws of thermodynamics that are universally respected. (researchgate.net)
Topics include properties of a system, processes and cycles, Ideal Gas Law, the laws of thermodynamics, refrigeration cycles and thermochemistry. (ashrae.org)
You do NOT understand The Laws of Thermodynamics. (medicine-opera.com)
The laws of thermodynamics-calories in, calories out-had been everything in weight control. (medscape.com)

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the movement of energy and how energy instills movement. (wikiquote.org)
He played a key role in the development of vector analysis (his book on this topic is also reissued in this series), but his deepest work was in the development of thermodynamics and statistical physics. (cambridge.org)
The ideal candidate will have interests in some or all of quantum thermodynamics, many-body physics, condensed-matter theory, and optics, and be keen to pursue a mixture of analytical and computational work. (quantiki.org)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Influence of Ca2+ on kinetics and thermodynamics of the NADPH-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation. (who.int)
The effect of Ca2+ on kinetics and thermodynamics of lipid peroxidation in microsomes prepared from liver of male Swiss albino mice (7-8 weeks old) was studied. (who.int)

Therefore the deep impression that classical thermodynamics made upon me. (wikiquote.org)
The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics. (geometry.net)
LESSONS FROM classical thermodynamics. (geometry.net)
IB classical thermodynamics (Lent 20032004). (geometry.net)

PDF] Operational approach to quantum stochastic thermodynamics. (semanticscholar.org)
We set up a framework for quantum stochastic thermodynamics based solely on experimentally controllable but otherwise arbitrary interventions at discrete times. (semanticscholar.org)
Repeated Interactions and Quantum Stochastic Thermodynamics at Strong Coupling. (semanticscholar.org)
We study the thermodynamics of open systems weakly driven out-of-equilibrium by nonconservative and time-dependent forces using the linear regime of stochastic thermodynamics. (arxiv.org)

work, it has prevailed ev en after the scientiﬁc revolutions of relativity and quantum mechanics. (researchgate.net)
QTD2019 brings together experts working on topics in quantum thermodynamics theory and experiments that explore this new frontier with low temperature electronic circuits, trapped ions, cavity optomechanics, cold gases, NV centres and other platforms. (aalto.fi)
As a quantum physicist, Renner's focus on this question is no coincidence: with quantum thermodynamics, a new research field has emerged in recent years that has particular relevance for the construction of quantum computers. (electronicspecifier.com)
We are looking for an enthusiastic and creative student for a fully-funded PhD position in Dublin, on the quantum thermodynamics of flows of light in the strong-coupling regime. (quantiki.org)

Our work combines two theories that, at first glance, have nothing to do with one another: thermodynamics, which describes the conversion of heat in mechanical processes, and information theory, which is concerned with the principles of information processing," explained Renner. (electronicspecifier.com)
The text provides a thorough exposition of the principles of thermodynamics and details their application to chemical processes. (valorebooks.com)

Thermodynamics is one of the most successful physical theories ever formulated. (researchgate.net)
Here, we generalize thermodynamics to physical scenarios which allow presence of correlations, including those where strong correlations are present. (researchgate.net)
Jonathan Sarfati (Ph.D. physical chemistry, which includes thermodynamics, i.e. (creation.com)
This in-class teaching design will facilitate students' understanding of how the basic principles and methods of physical chemistry thermodynamics are used to analyze and correct the literature data calculation process in the field of adsorption. (pku.edu.cn)
Similarly, it will enhance the accuracy and systematicness of students' knowledge of thermodynamics, as well as promote students' interest and self-confidence in learning by employing such a creative and dynamic classroom teaching model of physical chemistry. (pku.edu.cn)
Thermodynamics Based on Molecular Image: Exploration and Practice of Physical Chemistry Teaching[J].University Chemistry, 2020, 35(3): 120-127. (pku.edu.cn)

Measurability of nonequilibrium thermodynamics in terms of the Hamiltonian of mean force. (semanticscholar.org)
For nonequilibrium steady states, we obtain an Onsager theory ensuring nonsingular response matrices that is consistent with phenomenological linear irreversible thermodynamics. (arxiv.org)

Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion (2nd izd. (wikipedia.org)

RDS Library catalog › Results of search for 'an:'111691' and au:Preston, Thomas, and su-to:Thermodynamics and itype:NON-LEN and ccode:IRRES and su-to:Heat. (rds.ie)

This allows us to formulate a unified near-equilibrium thermodynamics. (arxiv.org)
This setting reveals the geometric structure of near-equilibrium thermodynamics and generalizes previous approaches to cases with nonconservative forces. (arxiv.org)

The second law of thermodynamics, as enunciated by Carnot, Lord Kelvin and others is perfect for steam engines but it cannot be applied to the Universe. (simplescience.info)

Provides a solid grounding in the basic principles of the science of thermodynamics proceeding to practical, hands-on applications in large-scale industrial settings. (routledge.com)

However, the more fundamental aspects linked to the dynamics of the transfer and conversion of energy and matter are also explored, as well as the evolution which characterizes the second law of thermodynamics.This book presents recent advances, often still undergoing research, as well as structured exercises, and is therefore aimed at both students and researchers in the field of energetics. (elsevier.com)

how would you change your thermodynamics textbook? (physicsforums.com)
Modelis: an artificial intelligence system which models thermodynamics textbook problems. (bvsalud.org)

V.I. Arnold, "Contact geometry: The geometrical method of Gibbs' thermodynamics," in Proceedings of the Gibbs Symposium, D. Caldi and G. Mostow, eds. (wikiquote.org)

Introduction to thermodynamics: converting the energy of a collection of molecules into (useful) work. (rug.nl)
They both do work - and both can be analyzed using thermodynamics. (aps.org)
Their work adapts traditional thermodynamics to this developing technology and applies the results to natural and artificial materials. (aps.org)

Thermodynamics therefore seems to be a privileged tool in overcoming the constraints associated with optimization.This first volume reports on an original, contemporary approach leading to optimal solutions in the form of trend models, proving the existence of solutions which can then be refined in a more complete and sophisticated manner.The validation of the proposed methodology is realized through real-life examples (engines, heat pumps, refrigeration systems, etc. (elsevier.com)

The whole science of heat is founded Thermometry and Calorimetry , and when these operations are understood we may proceed to the third step, which is the investigation of those relations between the thermal and the mechanical properties of substances which form the subject of Thermodynamics. (wikiquote.org)
The first part (in the preceding issue of Process Safety Progress) dealt with the E27 standards pertaining to thermodynamics, thermal stability, and chemical compatibility. (cdc.gov)

Originally the domain of engineers, thermodynamics emerged from their engagement with machines. (wikiquote.org)
forum391 - Professional forum and technical support for engineers for Heat Transfer & Thermodynamics engineering. (eng-tips.com)

A classic paper by Steven Hawking, 1975, setting forth categories of thermodynamics as regards black holes. (relativitycalculator.com)

He says that the thermodynamics and energy efficiency of soft machines are important for practical applications but rarely researched. (aps.org)
The First Law of Thermodynamics simply states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed (conservation of energy). (engineeringtoolbox.com)
Thermodynamics mapping class to expose the absolute internal energy functions. (openfoam.com)

Steam engines and other heat engines, which are powered by temperature changes of a fluid, have been extensively studied and applied since the field of thermodynamics was founded in the 1800s. (aps.org)
If it did, they say, that means heat would have to flow from cold to hot, in apparent violation of the second law of thermodynamics. (skepticalscience.com)
But as far as the second law of thermodynamics goes, where we are only talking about the flow of heat, the comparison is good. (skepticalscience.com)
1 st Law of Thermodynamics Heat Transfer Lecture 4 February 15, 2010 1020 1016 1016 1020 To convert from Z time to CST, subtract 6 hours. (slideserve.com)

Constant properties thermodynamics package templated on an equation of state. (openfoam.com)
JANAF tables based thermodynamics package templated into the equation of state. (openfoam.com)

This feedback features a skeptic who can't seem to get basic definitions in Thermodynamics right, and yet accuses us of failing to study the topics we write about. (creation.com)
what would make a good thermodynamics study guide? (physicsforums.com)
Researchers rework traditional thermodynamics to study mechanisms that create motion from changes in humidity. (aps.org)
This study aims to investigate the thermodynamics of Ga in copper and slag at black copper smelting conditions. (springer.com)
No study was needed to discover this startling fact unless your initial premise was that the first law of thermodynamics was in question. (medicine-opera.com)

However, the detailed thermodynamics behavior of many of the valuable elements during black copper smelting has not been studied comprehensively. (springer.com)
Unfortunately, there are only limited studies available in open literatures on the behavior of valuable elements during black copper smelting, in particular, the thermodynamics and distribution ratio of Ga. Avarmaa et al . (springer.com)

The diversity of our research activities reflects thermodynamics as one of the fundamental scientific and engineering disciplines. (tu-ilmenau.de)

The creationists argue this is against the 2 nd law of thermodynamics, as more complex systems have been developed from simple things. (simplescience.info)
Does the thermodynamics make sense for open systems? (imechanica.org)

Molecular Thermodynamics and Molecular Simulations are the basis for the theoretical developments. (tudelft.nl)
Thermodynamics, the grand theoretical vision of the nineteenth century, operated in the other direction with practice leading theory. (wikiquote.org)

This book will help develop an understanding of the basic concepts of thermodynamics. (ashrae.org)

The 2nd law of thermodynamics is consistent with the greenhouse effect which is directly observed. (skepticalscience.com)

According to many Scientists 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics is an established scientific fact. (simplescience.info)

Constant properties thermodynamics package templated into the EquationOfState. (openfoam.com)

Organisms5

Chemicals and Drugs59

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes62

Disciplines and Occupations6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture4

Information Science7

Health Care4

A comparison of affinity constants for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in guinea-pig atrial pacemaker cells at 29 degrees C and in ileum at 29 degrees C and 37 degrees C. (1/16154)

A processive single-headed motor: kinesin superfamily protein KIF1A. (2/16154)

Calorimetric studies on the stability of the ribosome-inactivating protein abrin II: effects of pH and ligand binding. (3/16154)

Insulin-like growth factors I and II are unable to form and maintain their native disulfides under in vivo redox conditions. (4/16154)

Polymerization of Acanthamoeba actin. Kinetics, thermodynamics, and co-polymerization with muscle actin. (5/16154)

Phosphotyrosine binding domains of Shc and insulin receptor substrate 1 recognize the NPXpY motif in a thermodynamically distinct manner. (6/16154)

Poly(L-lysine)-graft-dextran copolymer promotes pyrimidine motif triplex DNA formation at physiological pH. Thermodynamic and kinetic studies. (7/16154)

Filament assembly from profilin-actin. (8/16154)

Thermodynamics

Calorimetry

Entropy

Kinetics

Models, Molecular

Protein Folding

Temperature

Models, Chemical

Water

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning

Titrimetry

Protein Binding

Protein Denaturation

Protein Conformation

Nucleic Acid Conformation

Nucleic Acid Denaturation

Mathematics

Solutions

Solvents

Phosphorus Acids

Computer Simulation

Receptors, Artificial

Binding Sites

Mannosides

Biophysics

Circular Dichroism

Models, Biological

Models, Theoretical

Biophysical Phenomena

Molecular Dynamics Simulation

DNA

Energy Transfer

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Hydrogen Bonding

Spectrometry, Fluorescence

Ligands

Protein Structure, Secondary

Phase Transition

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions

Hot Temperature

Lipid Bilayers

Biochemistry

Transition Temperature

Proteins

Molecular Conformation

Salts

Protein Stability

Earth (Planet)

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Erythrina

Static Electricity

Guanidine

Molecular Sequence Data

Surface Plasmon Resonance

Monte Carlo Method

Biochemical Processes

Base Pairing

RNA

Peptides

Surface Properties

Dimerization

Escherichia coli

Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes

Protons

Enzymes

Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet

Protein Structure, Tertiary

Crystallography, X-Ray

Oligonucleotides

Protein Renaturation

Plant Lectins

Molecular Structure

Algorithms

Carbonic Anhydrase II

Physicochemical Phenomena

2-Aminopurine

Oxidation-Reduction

Chemistry, Physical

Biopolymers