Methanol

Alcohol Oxidoreductases

Plant Extracts

Formates

Solvents

Methylobacterium extorquens

Pichia

Methylococcaceae

Methane

Euryarchaeota

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

PQQ Cofactor

Chloroform

Formaldehyde

Alcohols

1-Propanol

Plant Bark

Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria

Picrates

Aldehyde-Ketone Transferases

Methylobacterium

Methylamines

Acetonitriles

Ethanol

Methylophilus methylotrophus

2-Propanol

Plants, Medicinal

Methylophilaceae

Plant Leaves

Molecular Structure

Oxidation-Reduction

Methyl-Co(III) methanol-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase

Direct methanol fuel cell

Methyl tert-butyl ether

Methanol reformer

Natural refrigerant

Trimethylglycine

Xerocomic acid

Pyramidal carbocation

C1 chemistry

Methanol fuel

Enzyme inhibitor

Isatin

Pentaphenylantimony

Microbial metabolism

Ugi reaction

Büchner-Curtius-Schlotterbeck reaction

Jatropha curcas

Mark Wainwright

Vapor etching

Isotopomer

Methane monooxygenase

Polyethylene terephthalate

1-Methylimidazole

Methanol dehydrogenase (nicotinoprotein)

Serine

Carbonate ester

Creosote

Dimethyl carbonate

Methyl fluorosulfonate

Alcohol oxidase

Catalyst20

• In the case of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC), most efficient anode catalyst for the electrochemical oxidation reaction is the platinum nano-particles (2 - 4 nm) supported on a high surface area carbon carbon nanotubes (CNTs). (aiche.org)
• The reaction is endothermic and the reaction heat can be supplied by external heating or by oxidizing part of the methanol in the catalyst bed. (confex.com)
• Under any conditions, the ratio of methanol/oxygen reaction ratio never followed the POX ratio, showing that POX as described by Eq. (2) does not occur directly over the catalyst. (confex.com)
• An alloy of Cobalt and Platinum when doped with Manganese has been found to be an effective catalyst for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) that takes place at the anode of the direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) which is an attractive alternate power source for a large number of energy applications. (dst.gov.in)
• Because of their intermediate physical properties, SCF media possess higher solvent strength and thermal conductivities than gases while also possessing gas-like diffusivities and viscosities, thus allowing for a single phase reaction environment in which both liquid products and heat are efficiently extracted from the catalyst without hindering the diffusion of gaseous reactants. (auburn.edu)
• The results of this investigation suggest that, compared to operation in a gas phase environment, conducting the MTH reaction in the presence of supercritical isooctane led to improved catalyst maintenance, as evidenced in part by increased hydrocarbon production with increasing time-on-stream as well as decreased coke accumulation. (auburn.edu)
• The well-studied methanol to hydrocarbons reaction over a ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst has been used to develop a spectro-kinetic approach to obtain an overall reaction mechanism involving both retained species and gas-phase products. (ehu.eus)
• Upon hydrogenation of cyclic carbonates in the presence of a homogenous Ru-PNP catalyst, a 1 : 1 mixture of methanol and glycol is produced. (osti.gov)
• This scanning tunneling electron microscope image shows the structure of a copper-zinc oxide catalyst that converts methane to methanol with and without water. (bnl.gov)
• So, the Brookhaven team set out to explore if they could run the reaction without water by changing the catalyst-the substance that brings the reactants together and helps guide them along a particular reaction pathway. (bnl.gov)
• The new paper describes how a common copper-zinc oxide catalyst can steer the reaction along different pathways depending on whether water is present. (bnl.gov)
• When run with water, the copper-zinc oxide catalyst had 80% selectivity for methanol production. (bnl.gov)
• For comparison, the team's earlier studies of this reaction using a cerium oxide catalyst produced almost no methanol without water. (bnl.gov)
• She noted how the earlier studies of the cerium catalyst revealed how water helped to block that overoxidation by removing the produced methanol before it could be further transformed. (bnl.gov)
• To find out how the copper-zinc catalyst achieves 80 and 30 percent specificity with and without water, respectively, the team conducted detailed studies using a variety of techniques that worked hand-in-hand with theoretical calculations to reveal crucial details of the reaction mechanism. (bnl.gov)
• Two of our SBU graduate students, Ivan Orozco and Feng Zhang, and one of our postdocs, Zongyuan Liu, worked with Slavomír Nemšák, a long-time collaborator, at the Advanced Light Source (ALS)-a DOE Office of Science user facility at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory-to find evidence of methanol formation on the surface of the catalyst," Senanayake said. (bnl.gov)
• The first uses silver as a metal catalyst in its reactions. (cdc.gov)
• The simultaneous reactions involved in the metal catalyst process occur at essentially atmospheric pressure and 600-650 EC (Gerberich et al. (cdc.gov)
• The catalyst of excellence for these reactions is 5% palladium on carbon. (sciencemadness.org)
• Under identical reaction conditions, catalysts prepared from thorium- copper intermetallics produced more than 10 times as much methanol as a commercial low-pressure catalyst and exhibited a high degree of catalytic stability. (cdc.gov)

Catalysts5

• characterization and methanol electro-oxidation characteristics of several novel Ni-Cu based multi-composition alloy catalysts on MWCNT support. (aiche.org)
• UPTON, NY- Chemists have been searching for efficient catalysts to convert methane-a major component of abundant natural gas-into methanol, an easily transported liquid fuel and building block for making other valuable chemicals. (bnl.gov)
• Thus only reactions catalyzed by organometallic catalysts are possible. (wikipedia.org)
• Activity of these catalysts for the methanation reaction and methanol synthesis was determined using a fixed-bed, single-pass, flow-through reactor. (cdc.gov)
• Supported metal nanoparticle heterogeneous catalysts such as copper on zinc oxide is used for the catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to methanol. (lu.se)

Hydrogen11

• In autothermal reforming (ATR) of methanol, the reaction between oxygen and methanol is experimentally found to be the total oxidation (TOX), Eq. (3), and hydrogen is formed only by the steam reforming of methanol (SRM), Eq. (1). (confex.com)
• Fig. 7 shows an example of separation by methanol or acetonitrile of compounds in which one hydrogen atom of a benzene ring is substituted with a carboxyl group or a hydroxyl group. (shimadzu.com)
• The hydrogen abstraction channels were predicted to have lower energy barriers than those for the substitution reactions and their rate constants were calculated by the microcanonical variational transition state theory at 200-3000 K. The predicted rate constants are in good agreement with the experimental values. (nycu.edu.tw)
• Methyl mercaptan is produced by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with methanol. (cdc.gov)
• A mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a composition of 67% hydrogen and 33% carbon monoxide called methanol-reformed gas (MRG) was used as the low cetane number fuel and DME as the high cetane number fuel. (sae.org)
• Renewable methanol, also called e-methanol, combines CO2 captured from flue streams from industrial processes with hydrogen produced with water electrolysis using a renewable electricity source. (elsevier.com)
• Through the electrochemical conversion of CO2, organizations can manufacture various gas products like carbon monoxide, methane and hydrogen and liquid products like methanol and formic acid. (elsevier.com)
• As a beta-hydrogen is given out, the reaction is named beta-elimination. (bartleby.com)
• Diverting carbon dioxide into hydrogen carriers or chemicals such as methanol, a valuable raw material and energy carrier, is thus highly desired. (lu.se)
• Carbon dioxide can be converted into methanol and water by reaction with hydrogen. (lu.se)
• However, producing solar fuel, for example in the form of hydrogen gas or methanol, requires entirely different technology. (lu.se)

Oxidation reaction5

• Majority of studies on ATR assumed POX as the main oxidation reaction [1-5]. (confex.com)
• But a few studies have indicated TOX as the main oxidation reaction [6,7]. (confex.com)
• The objective of this study is to experimentally find the dominant oxidation reaction and its kinetics, as this information is critical in proper design of an ATR reactor. (confex.com)
• No experimental evidence for the occurrence of the partial oxidation reaction (POX), Eq. (2), has been observed. (confex.com)
• The methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) at the anode and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode are the main processes that determine the performance of DMFCs. (dst.gov.in)

Ethanol2

• Ruthenium(III) chloride hydrate, histamine dihydrochloride, and the solvents (dimethylsulfoxide, concentrated hydrochloric acid, methanol, ethanol, and acetone) were purchased by Sigma-Aldrich and used without further purification. (hindawi.com)
• The active site was modelled by Zn(HS) 2 XL (H 2 O) 0-2 , where X denotes ammonia or imidazole and L denotes water, methanol, ethanol or the corresponding aldehydes or anions. (lu.se)

Ratio of methanol2

• For each oxygen flow rate, the ratio of methanol/oxygen consumption followed the line of TOX to around 50 % oxygen conversion. (confex.com)
• If we have previously been using acetonitrile as the mobile phase with a ratio to water of 50/50 (v/v), when changing to methanol the equivalent ratio of methanol/water would be 60/40 (v/v). (shimadzu.com)

Selectivity3

• 95% for PG and 84% for methanol) and selectivity of products. (osti.gov)
• The separation selectivity of acetonitrile and methanol differ, but since selectivity depends on the properties of the dissolved compound, it is not the case that selectivity is always higher for one or the other. (shimadzu.com)
• It improves the selectivity and it aids the ability to extract the methanol," said José Rodriguez, a leader of Brookhaven Lab's Catalysis Group, who has an adjunct appointment at Stony Brook University (SBU) in the departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Chemical Engineering. (bnl.gov)

Carbon9

• However, it has been found that carbon monoxide (CO) formed during the reaction as a by-product, poisons the surface of the anode which in turn causes a dramatic decrease in the anode performance. (aiche.org)
• I assumed that since the reactant already has the right number of carbon atoms I won't have some kind of dimerization to consider, only reactions involving one molecule of (E)-methyl 3-(furan-2-yl)acrylate. (stackexchange.com)
• The ketene acetal can be protonated and attacked by methanol at the carbonyl carbon, but that would be unproductive as there is no way of getting rid of one of the methyl groups on oxygen (unless we invoke a $\mathrm{S_N2}$ reaction on the methyl group with methanol acting as the nucleophile). (stackexchange.com)
• As shown in a recent related study by this group, adding water keeps the reaction from running away to transform the desired product, methanol, into carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). (bnl.gov)
• One of the big challenges of this methanol synthesis reaction in the presence of just methane and oxygen (and no water) is overoxidation-the transformation of the methanol into carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide," said study co-author Ping Liu. (bnl.gov)
• Replacement of Palladium on carbon by powdered catalytic converter for hydrogenation reactions. (sciencemadness.org)
• The goal of these post is to report on the efficacy on the replacement of palladium on carbon by powdered catalytic converters from cars for 3 reactions. (sciencemadness.org)
• In the S N 2 reaction, the carbon-halide bond is fragmented as the entering nucleophile interacts with an alkyl halide, and a new carbon-nucleophile bond is made. (bartleby.com)
• As the reaction goes by, the generation of a carbon-nucleophile bond happens and the carbon-leaving group bond gets weakened. (bartleby.com)

Olefins3

• The MTH reaction allows for the conversion of cheap and readily available methanol to light olefins and/or high octane gasoline. (auburn.edu)
• A new kinetic model is proposed for the methanol-to-olefins (MTO) reaction in this paper. (energy-proceedings.org)
• The benefits of H-ZSM-5 zeolite modification with H3PO4 or ZnCl2 have been analyzed during the methanol to olefins (MTO) reaction. (edu.sa)

Methyl5

• What's the mechanism of the reaction of (E)-methyl 3-(furan-2-yl)acrylate in acidic methanol? (stackexchange.com)
• Methyl-Co(III) methanol-specific corrinoid protein):coenzyme M methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.246, methyltransferase 2, mtaA (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name methylated methanol-specific corrinoid protein:coenzyme M methyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
• This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction [methyl-Co(III) methanol-specific corrinoid protein] + coenzyme M ⇌ methyl-CoM + [Co(I) methanol-specific corrinoid protein] Free methylcob(I)alamin can substitute for the corrinoid protein in vitro. (wikipedia.org)
• For example, most methyl amines are prepared by alkylation of ammonia with methanol. (wikipedia.org)
• When methyl chloride is attacked by the hydroxide ion (nucleophile), the product is methanol and the chloride ion. (bartleby.com)

Hydrocarbons1

• This thesis work explores the effects of a supercritical fluid reaction medium on the catalytic performance of the methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) reaction. (auburn.edu)

Acetonitrile13

• Methanol and acetonitrile are organic acids commonly used as the mobile phase in reverse-phase chromatography. (shimadzu.com)
• The properties of these two organic acids differ, and below we outline 7 key differences to keep in mind when using methanol or acetonitrile for analysis. (shimadzu.com)
• Fig. 1 shows an example of the solvent ratio and solvent delivery pressure for mixtures of water/acetonitrile and water/methanol. (shimadzu.com)
• Setting the column temperature between 25-40 oC and comparing the column pressures for water/acetonitrile and water/methanol, we can see that the pressure is higher for methanol. (shimadzu.com)
• When switching the mobile phase from acetonitrile to methanol, the pressure resistance of the equipment and column should be rechecked. (shimadzu.com)
• Figs. 2 and 3 show the absorption spectra of acetonitrile and methanol, including both commercial-grade solvent for HPLC use and high-grade solvent. (shimadzu.com)
• When changing the organic solvent from acetonitrile to methanol, ghost peaks may be detected in gradient analysis due to the analytical conditions in the UV short wavelength range. (shimadzu.com)
• It can be seen that when acetonitrile and methanol are mixed with water in the same ratio, an acetonitrile mobile phase displays greater elution strength. (shimadzu.com)
• The nomogram in Fig. 5 shows the ratios of methanol and acetonitrile to water with equivalent solvent strength, useful for approximate calculation of elution strength when changing between these solvents. (shimadzu.com)
• Acetonitrile (CH3-C≡N) has a triple C-N bond and therefore π electrons, whereas methanol (CH3-OH) has no π electrons. (shimadzu.com)
• Methanol and acetonitrile have different chemical properties. (shimadzu.com)
• Methanol is a protic solvent, whereas acetonitrile is a non-protic solvent, so we know that their elution behavior will differ. (shimadzu.com)
• If adequate separation cannot be obtained with an acetonitrile-based mobile phase, switching to a methanol-based mobile phase to change the elution order is one useful possibility for method development. (shimadzu.com)

Phenyl2

• For a phenyl column, using methanol as the mobile phase allows π-π interactions, which improves the separation. (shimadzu.com)
• Significantly, the rate constant for the CH 3 OH reaction with C 6 H 5 was found to be greater than that for the C 2 H 5 OH reaction and both reactions were found computationally to be dominated by H-abstraction from the hydroxyl group attributable to the affinity of the phenyl toward the OH group and the predicted lower energy barriers for the OH attack. (nycu.edu.tw)

Hydrogenation5

• Replacement of Pd/C by powdered catalytic converter for hydrogenation reactions. (sciencemadness.org)
• Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Fundamentals » Organic Chemistry » Replacement of Pd/C by powdered catalytic converter for hydrogenation reactions. (sciencemadness.org)
• Subject: Replacement of Pd/C by powdered catalytic converter for hydrogenation reactions. (sciencemadness.org)
• Testing 3 reactions, Methylene blue reduction, nitrobenzene reduction to aniline and cinnamyl alcohol hydrogenation. (sciencemadness.org)
• Catalytic hydrogenation is a useful and relatively common chemical reaction in organic synthesis, usually used to hydrogenate alkenes. (sciencemadness.org)

Endothermic3

• Both MRG and DME can be reformed from methanol in endothermic reactions. (sae.org)
• The endothermic reactions make waste heat recovery in fuel reforming possible by using the heat from the exhaust gases. (sae.org)
• the remainder is formed from an endothermic reaction. (cdc.gov)

00012

• In this research line we have employed a combination of infrared and electron spectroscopies to probe surface species after the adsorption and further evolution of methanol on Ru(0001). (ucm.es)
• Methanol synthesis on ZnO(0001).II. (mpg.de)

Kinetics4

• The kinetics of TOX over the CuO-ZnO-Al 2 O 3 is obtained as a half-order reaction with respect to the oxygen partial pressure with an activation energy of 128 kJ/mol. (confex.com)
• The MTO reaction kinetics is investigated by way of a lumped kinetic model based on certain assumptions. (energy-proceedings.org)
• The kinetics of the C 6 H 5 reactions with CH 3 OH and C 2 H 5 OH has been measured by pulsed-laser photolysis/mass-spectrometry (PLP/MS) employing acetophenone as the radical source. (nycu.edu.tw)
• abstract = "The kinetics of the C6H5 reactions with CH 3OH and C2H5OH has been measured by pulsed-laser photolysis/mass-spectrometry (PLP/MS) employing acetophenone as the radical source. (nycu.edu.tw)

Chemistry1

• Novel concepts for electrolytes, strategies for reaction screening, and electrode materials pave the way to a disruptive synthetic methodology which might be a game changer for future chemistry. (beilstein-journals.org)

Mechanism3

• The mechanism by which the methanol causes toxicity to the visual system is not well understood. (medscape.com)
• General reaction mechanism for the anodic fluorination of 1 . (beilstein-journals.org)
• Reaction mechanism for the anodic oxidation of carboxylic acids 1m and 1n in the presence of a fluo. (beilstein-journals.org)

Formic1

• Formic acid, the toxic metabolite of methanol, is responsible for ocular toxicity in animal models and is rightly presumed to be responsible in human studies. (medscape.com)

Adsorption1

• 1.5E6 OH/cm3) Half-Life = 1.199 Hrs Ozone Reaction: No Ozone Reaction Estimation Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi): 0.848 (Junge,Mackay) Note: the sorbed fraction may be resistant to atmospheric oxidation Soil Adsorption Coefficient (PCKOCWIN v1.66): Koc : 1.188E+004 Log Koc: 4.075 Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]: Rate constants can NOT be estimated for this structure! (chemspider.com)

Deactivation2

• Specifically, our work focusses on the effect of the space time (key parameter in any kinetic study) and how to tune other parameters such as partial pressure of methanol to resolve, from the spectroscopic and gas-phase points of view, the mechanisms of reaction and deactivation. (ehu.eus)
• Our approach reinforces the previous interpretation of these two combined networks in the selected reaction, thus, proving that the spectro-kinetic approach is a robust methodology to simultaneously build overall reaction and deactivation mechanisms. (ehu.eus)

Catalysis1

• An enzyme inhibitor stops ("inhibits") this process, either by binding to the enzyme's active site (thus preventing the substrate itself from binding) or by binding to another site on the enzyme such that the enzyme's catalysis of the reaction is blocked. (wikipedia.org)

Ethylene1

• Ethylene oxide is the alkylating group in this reaction. (wikipedia.org)

Serum2

• Serum methanol levels of greater than 20 mg/dL correlate with ocular injury. (medscape.com)
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of whole blood or serum provides rapid results and can be used to diagnose acute Q fever in the first 2 weeks after symptom onset but before antibiotic administration. (medscape.com)

Intermediates2

• Structure, energetics, and vibrational signature of reaction intermediates. (mpg.de)
• The reaction occurs in a single phase and no formation of intermediates happens. (bartleby.com)

Acute1

• According to Zakharov et al, S-formate measurement can help in the laboratory diagnosis and clinical management of acute methanol poisoning. (medscape.com)

Methane3

• J. Vitillo, C. Lu, A. Bhan and L. Gagliardi, Comparing the reaction profiles of single iron catalytic sites in enzymes and in reticular frameworks for methane-to-methanol oxidation, Cell Reports Phy. (uchicago.edu)
• We wanted to see whether it might work for methane-to-methanol conversion. (bnl.gov)
• 1980). Because methanol is manufactured from synthesis gas, usually produced from methane, there have been extensive efforts to develop a one-step process that partially oxidizes methane to formaldehyde. (cdc.gov)

Chemicals1

• An atom (100%) and energy-efficient approach to coproduce two commodity chemicals, methanol and glycol, has been demonstrated for the first time using H 2 , CO 2 , and epoxide as feeds. (osti.gov)

Oxygen10

• A power-law rate expression for the oxygen reaction rate was obtained by least square fitting of the experimental data of Fig. 2. (confex.com)
• The oxygen rate is well described as a half-order reaction with an activation energy of 128 kJ/mol. (confex.com)
• If oxygen is consumed by POX (Eq. (2)), 1 mole of oxygen consumes 2 moles of methanol. (confex.com)
• Or if oxygen is consumed by TOX (Eq. (3)), 1 mole of oxygen consumes 0.67 moles of methanol. (confex.com)
• We plotted the amount of oxygen and methanol consumption in Fig. 3. (confex.com)
• So, in this reaction, the fragmentation step should be the reverse: the ejection of an enol oxygen from a (hemi)acetal. (stackexchange.com)
• The "step" edges between copper-oxide and zinc-oxide (A, where blue is zinc, red is oxygen) are the main active sites for producing methanol when no water is present. (bnl.gov)
• The very rough areas are likely associated with defects-in this case with fewer zinc atoms and an oxygen-rich crystal structure (C)-and are the most active sites for methanol production when water is present. (bnl.gov)
• Furthermore, a set of experiments has been performed in which the Ruthenium surface has been exposed to oxygen co-adsorbed with methanol and the results analyzed in terms of the corresponding chemical modification of the Ruthenium surface. (ucm.es)
• Some groups have recently addressed the fact that the high activity observed under reaction conditions are associated to the role played by active oxygen located at surface steps on metallic Ruthenium. (ucm.es)

Sodium2

• A coupling reaction in which two alkyl halides reacted with sodium metal in dry ether to form higher alkanes is the Wurtz reaction. (bartleby.com)
• Six parasites ont montré une résistance in vitro au stibogluconate de sodium en utilisant le test de détection des amastigotes dans les macrophages J774 murins. (who.int)

Catalytic reaction2

• Among the most recurrent topics in Surface Science is the identification of active sites for a given catalytic reaction. (ucm.es)
• These results suggest that the active-site zinc ion in alcohol dehydrogenase prefers a coordination number of four during the catalytic reaction, especially when the non-protein ligand is negatively charged. (lu.se)

Electrochemical2

• LiCuS, an intermediate phase in the electrochemical conversion reaction of CuS with Li: A potential environment-friendly battery and solar cell material. (mpg.de)
• Electrochemical CDC reaction of 2a and various N -arylglycine esters. (beilstein-journals.org)

Imidazole1

• Histamine (4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1 H -imidazole, see Scheme 2 ) is a molecule that performs various functions in the body, the most important being the gastric acid secretion and the triggering of the symptoms of an allergic reaction such as vasodilatation, bronchoconstriction, bronchial muscle contraction, pain, and itching. (hindawi.com)

Solvents1

• S N 1 reaction occurs in polar protic solvents. (bartleby.com)

Alkyl10

• A few reactions of alkyl- and phenylcarbimidates with sulfonamides have been also described. (springer.com)
• Alkylation is a chemical reaction that entails transfer of an alkyl group. (wikipedia.org)
• [3] On a laboratory scale the Friedel-Crafts reaction uses alkyl halides , as these are often easier to handle than their corresponding alkenes, which tend to be gasses. (wikipedia.org)
• In the Menshutkin reaction , a tertiary amine is converted into a quaternary ammonium salt by reaction with an alkyl halide . (wikipedia.org)
• Similar reactions occur when tertiary phosphines are treated with alkyl halides, the products being phosphonium salts. (wikipedia.org)
• Metals react with aryl halides and alkyl halides and they also go through nucleophilic substitution reactions and elimination reactions. (bartleby.com)
• The reaction of an alkyl halide with Mg happens in dry ether. (bartleby.com)
• Alkene is obtained in the elimination reaction of alkyl halides. (bartleby.com)
• The alkyl halide containing a partial +ve charge on the C atom linked to the halogen interacts with a nucleophile, a substitution reaction occurs and a halide ion is produced as the atom of halogen departs as the leaving group. (bartleby.com)
• In S N 2 reactions, the reactivity of primary alkyl halides is more when compared to secondary alkyl halides along with tertiary alkyl halides. (bartleby.com)

Urine2

• The glycation compound pyrraline, which originates from the advanced Maillard reaction, appears in urine after consumption of pyrraline-containlng food. (lookchem.com)
• 30 units/muL urine) or liquid beta-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase (Helix pomatia, 30 units/muL urine [i.e., 30 muL/100muL urine]) in the presence of 100muL methanol for 100muL urine completely hydrolyzed N-glucuronide triclocarban and the conjugates of several phenols and parabens, without cleaving the ester bond of the parabens to form p-hydroxybenzoic acid. (cdc.gov)

Products4

• The reaction products were mainly H 2 and CO 2 with traces of CO. (confex.com)
• That means methanol, the desired product (instead of CO or CO 2 ), makes up 30% of the products of the reaction when it runs without water. (bnl.gov)
• Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions necessary for life , in which substrate molecules are converted into products . (wikipedia.org)
• This report presents laboratory results of studies to determine the optimum leaching conditions for the reaction products of several domestic chromite concentrates. (cdc.gov)

Conversion2

• shows the methanol conversion for various feed conditions. (confex.com)
• The gas is then fed into the reactor, where a catalytic conversion transforms it into crude methanol, sending it to the distillation unit for purification. (elsevier.com)

Substitution reactions1

• The ligand substitution reactions of hydrophobic vitamin B12 derivatives. (scielo.org.za)

Situ3

• We combined two in situ spectroscopic techniques (ultraviolet-visible and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopies) with online product analysis to obtain the time- and space time-resolved evolution of the entire reaction media. (ehu.eus)
• An important element of the chosen synthetic route is that there is no need for isolation of carbimidates and they are used in situ after generation from the corresponding carbonitriles in methanol in the presence of DBU (1,8-diazabicycloundec-7-ene). (springer.com)
• This two volume set of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane and Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Technology covers the fundamentals, performance, and in situ characterisation of PEMFCs and DMFCs. (chipsbooks.com)

Formation1

• A basic medium used for CO 2 capture, polyethyleneimine (PEI 600 ), is shown to facilitate the formation of a key reaction intermediate, cyclic carbonates. (osti.gov)

Steam2

• Plus, at the temperatures and in the amounts required for this reaction, the water exists as large quantities of steam, which would have to be controlled in an industrial setting. (bnl.gov)
• I remembered that coal and steam where also used to create methanol. (newmars.com)

Water4

• Adding water to the reaction can address certain challenges, but it also complicates the process. (bnl.gov)
• Water is like a trick that people have been using for a long time to get this reaction going-and it definitely helps. (bnl.gov)
• 3). The octanol-water partition coefficient for Reaction mass of 2-ethylpropane-1,3-diol (DMP) and 5-ethyl-1,3-dioxane-5-methanol (CTF) and propylidynetrimethanol (TMP) components are log Pow = 0.19 (CTF), -0.2 (DMP) and -0.8 (TMP). (europa.eu)
• The reaction product is leached with methanol to recover the majority of the unreacted naoh, then with water to extract the na2cr04, and the remainder of the naoh. (cdc.gov)

Exothermic2

• Supercritical fluid (SCF) reaction media have been successfully employed in other exothermic and mass transfer limited reactions, such as Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis and Higher Alcohol Synthesis, to mitigate the problems associated with traditional gas phase operation. (auburn.edu)
• All of the formaldehyde is produced from an exothermic reaction occurring at atmospheric pressure and 300-400 EC. (cdc.gov)

Partial1

• The reaction (2) is partial oxidation (POX) and (3) is total oxidation (TOX) of methanol. (confex.com)

Subsequent1

• I think, the first step should be a protonation at the furan 3- or 5-position with a subsequent attack of methanol on the carbonyl group that was formed followed by an acetal cleavage. (stackexchange.com)

Polymerase1

• c PCR, polymerase chain reaction assay, at the mitochondrial large sub-unit rRNA gene. (cdc.gov)

Compounds1

• 1,4-Dicarbonyl compounds are known to cyclise to form furans in acidic solution, so this should simply be the microscopic reverse of that reaction. (stackexchange.com)

Combination1

• Combination of either of the reactions, POX or TOX, with SRM can make an autothermal reaction (ATR) system. (confex.com)

SURFACES2

• For much the same reason, the temperature has been maintained around 300 K. On the other side, the behavior of flat surfaces (with a low density of surface steps) has been compared to that of modified surfaces in which a high density of surface steps has been introduced in a controlled way and the role of these defects in activating new reactions paths investigated. (ucm.es)
• The chemical reaction will then take place on the particle surfaces. (lu.se)

Heterocyclic1

• The subject of this work was to study the reactions of heterocyclic carbimidates with sulfonamides that have a chlorine atom as a substituent in the ortho position to the sulfonamide group. (springer.com)

Readily1

• Thiols are readily alkylated to give thioethers via the thiol-ene reaction . (wikipedia.org)

Mmol1

• In their study of 38 patients from a Czech methanol mass poisoning in 2012, S-formate levels ≥3.7 mmol/L were seen to lead to the first clinical signs of visual toxicity, indicating hemodialysis. (medscape.com)

Product2

• Theoretically, four possible product channels of the C6H5 + CH 3OH reaction producing C6H6 + CH3O, C6H6 + CH2OH, C6H5OH + CH3 and C6H5OCH3 + H and five possible product channels of the C6H5 + C 2H5OH reaction producing C6H6 + C2H5O, C6H6 + CH2CH 2OH, C6H6 + CH3CHOH, C 6H5OH + CH3CH2 and C 6H5OCH2CH3 + H have been computed at the G2M//B3LYP/6-311+G(d, p) level of theory. (nycu.edu.tw)
• For example, when 2-bromopentane undergoes an elimination reaction, 2-pentene is the major product and the minor product is 1-pentene. (bartleby.com)

Presence2

• [4] The reaction is typically conducted in the presence of a base or using the conjugate base of the thiol. (wikipedia.org)
• The reaction is only possible in the presence of a catalytic material such as Au or Cu nanoparticles supported on zinc oxide. (lu.se)

Investigation1

• To the best of the author's knowledge, this work reports the first investigation of SCF application in the MTH reaction. (auburn.edu)

Enzyme3

• [1] An enzyme facilitates a specific chemical reaction by binding the substrate to its active site , a specialized area on the enzyme that accelerates the most difficult step of the reaction . (wikipedia.org)
• A low concentration of the enzyme inhibitor reduces the risk for liver and kidney damage and other adverse drug reactions in humans. (wikipedia.org)
• These results highlight the relevance of method validation procedures that include optimizing the hydrolysis of phase II urinary conjugates (e.g., enzyme type and amount used, reaction time, temperature) to quantify accurately and concurrently multiple exposure biomarkers for biomonitoring purposes. (cdc.gov)

Chemical1

• In the present study, Professor Sundström and his colleagues have developed and studied a special molecule that can serve as a model for the type of chemical reactions that can be employed in a solar fuel cell. (lu.se)

Liquid1

• DMFCs are also much safer to operate because they deal with liquid fuel (methanol). (dst.gov.in)