A drug that is derived from opium, which contains from 0.3-1.5% thebaine depending on its origin. It produces strychnine-like convulsions rather than narcosis. It may be habit-forming and is a controlled substance (opiate) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Part 1308.12 (1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
An opioid analgesic related to MORPHINE but with less potent analgesic properties and mild sedative effects. It also acts centrally to suppress cough.
A genus of Eurasian herbaceous plants, the poppies (family PAPAVERACEAE of the dicotyledon class Magnoliopsida), that yield OPIUM from the latex of the unripe seed pods.
Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.
The air-dried exudate from the unripe seed capsule of the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, or its variant, P. album. It contains a number of alkaloids, but only a few - MORPHINE; CODEINE; and PAPAVERINE - have clinical significance. Opium has been used as an analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, and antispasmodic.
The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiate analgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in the central nervous system and on smooth muscle.
A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed)
Control of drug and narcotic use by international agreement, or by institutional systems for handling prescribed drugs. This includes regulations concerned with the manufacturing, dispensing, approval (DRUG APPROVAL), and marketing of drugs.
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with improving and maintaining farm income and developing and expanding markets for agricultural products. Through inspection and grading services it safeguards and insures standards of quality in food supply and production.
(Note: 'North Carolina' is a place, not a medical term. However, I can provide a fun fact related to health and North Carolina.)
Persons who are enrolled in research studies or who are otherwise the subjects of research.
Laws concerned with manufacturing, dispensing, and marketing of drugs.
A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).
A cabinet department in the Executive Branch of the United States Government concerned with administering those agencies and offices having programs pertaining to domestic national security.
The state of being deprived of sleep under experimental conditions, due to life events, or from a wide variety of pathophysiologic causes such as medication effect, chronic illness, psychiatric illness, or sleep disorder.
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or "seizure disorder."
Solid dosage forms, of varying weight, size, and shape, which may be molded or compressed, and which contain a medicinal substance in pure or diluted form. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Recording of electric currents developed in the brain by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain, or placed within the substance of the brain.
A childhood seizure disorder characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)
Printed publications usually having a format with no binding and no cover and having fewer than some set number of pages. They are often devoted to a single subject.
A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.

Effects of antitussive drugs on the activity of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in cats. (1/17)

Reflex responses in the recurrent laryngeal (RL) nerve to stimulation of superior laryngeal (SL) nerve and the effects of antitussive drugs on these reflex responses were studied in order to elucidate the site of action of these drugs in encephale isole cats. The RL nerve fibers were classified into four types by discharge patterns in respect to phases of artificial ventilation; type I: no spontaneous discharges, type II: discharges in phase with inflation of the lung, type III: discharges in phase with deflation of the lung, type IV: tonic discharges. Repetitive stimulation of the SL nerve elicited tonic burst discharges or short burst discharges in all types of RL nerve elicited tonic burst discharges or short burts discharges in all types of RL nerve, while the same procedure inhibited ongoing discharges of the type III and IV fibers only. The inhibited fibers tended to have slow conduction velocities (20-80 m/sec). Administration of antitussive drugs such as codeine, dextro methorphan and oxymetebanol as well as pentobarbital decreased the frequency of the after spike discharges in the RL nerves evoked following repetitive shocks to the SL nerve, but had no effects on the inhibition of RL nerve discharges evoked by the stimulation of the same nerve. The neuropharmacological implication of these findings as related to the cough reflex are discussed.  (+info)

Endogenous formation of morphine in human cells. (2/17)

Morphine is a plant (opium poppy)-derived alkaloid and one of the strongest known analgesic compounds. Studies from several laboratories have suggested that animal and human tissue or fluids contain trace amounts of morphine. Its origin in mammals has been believed to be of dietary origin. Here, we address the question of whether morphine is of endogenous origin or derived from exogenous sources. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids present in human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and human pancreas carcinoma cells (DAN-G) were identified by GC/tandem MS (MS/MS) as norlaudanosoline (DAN-G), reticuline (DAN-G and SH-SY5Y), and morphine (10 nM, SH-SY5Y). The stereochemistry of reticuline was determined to be 1-(S). Growth of the SH-SY5Y cell line in the presence of (18)O(2) led to the [(18)O]-labeled morphine that had the molecular weight 4 mass units higher than if grown in (16)O(2), indicating the presence of two atoms of (18)O per molecule of morphine. Growth of DAN-G cells in an (18)O(2) atmosphere yielded norlaudanosoline and (S)-reticuline, both labeled at only two of the four oxygen atoms. This result clearly demonstrates that all three alkaloids are of biosynthetic origin and suggests that norlaudanosoline and (S)-reticuline are endogenous precursors of morphine. Feeding of [ring-(13)C(6)]-tyramine, [1-(13)C, N-(13)CH(3)]-(S)-reticuline and [N-CD(3)]-thebaine to the neuroblastoma cells led each to the position-specific labeling of morphine, as established by GC/MS/MS. Without doubt, human cells can produce the alkaloid morphine. The studies presented here serve as a platform for the exploration of the function of "endogenous morphine" in the neurosciences and immunosciences.  (+info)

Cinnamoyl derivatives of 7alpha-aminomethyl-6,14-endo-ethanotetrahydrothebaine and 7alpha-aminomethyl-6,14-endo-ethanotetrahydrooripavine and related opioid ligands. (3/17)

A new series of ligands has been synthesized where the cinnamoyl group of the 14-cinnamoylamino morphinones has been introduced to the 7alpha-substituent of the 6,14-bridged oripavine series. In vitro the compounds were mostly low efficacy partial agonists or antagonists with some selectivity for the mu opioid receptor, with evidence of micro efficacy in vivo. The similarity in SAR between these 6,14-bridged oripavines and the 14-cinnamoylamino series suggests a similar mode of interaction with the micro opioid receptor.  (+info)

Designation of oripavine as a basic class of controlled substance. Final rule. (4/17)

This is a final rule issued by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) designating oripavine (3-O-demethylthebaine or 6,7,8,14-tetradehydro-4,5-alpha-epoxy-6-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3-ol) as a basic class in schedule II of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). Although oripavine was not previously listed in schedule II of the CSA, it has been controlled in the United States as a derivative of thebaine and, as such, is controlled as a schedule II controlled substance which includes "Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate." Oripavine is a derivative of thebaine, a natural constituent of opium, hence oripavine has been and continues to be, by virtue of the definition of "narcotic drug", a schedule II controlled substance. International control of oripavine in schedule I of the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs (1961 Convention) during the 50th session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) in 2007 prompted the DEA to specifically designate oripavine as a basic class of controlled substance in schedule II of the CSA.  (+info)

Urinary excretion of morphine and biosynthetic precursors in mice. (5/17)

 (+info)

The biosynthesis of papaverine proceeds via (S)-reticuline. (6/17)

 (+info)

Consensus 3D model of mu-opioid receptor ligand efficacy based on a quantitative Conformationally Sampled Pharmacophore. (7/17)

 (+info)

Fatality involving the ingestion of phenazepam and poppy seed tea. (8/17)

Phenazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative that has been in clinical use in Russia since 1978 and is not available by prescription in the United States; however, it is attainable through various internet websites, sold either as tablets or as a reference grade crystalline powder. Presented here is the case of a 42-year old Caucasian male who died as the result of combined phenazepam, morphine, codeine, and thebaine intoxication. A vial of white powder labeled "Phenazepam, Purity 99%, CAS No. 51753-57-2, Research Sample", a short straw, and several poppy seed pods were found on the scene. Investigation revealed that the decedent had a history of ordering medications over the internet and that he had consumed poppy seed tea prior to his death. Phenazepam, morphine, codeine, and thebaine were present in the blood at 386, 116, 85, and 72 ng/mL, respectively.  (+info)

Thebaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found in the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) and is defined medically as follows:

A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, Thebaine is a potent opioid agonist with complex pharmacology. It acts as an antagonist at mu and delta receptors while exhibiting agonist activity at kappa receptors. Due to its strong physiological effects and potential for abuse, thebaine has limited therapeutic use. However, it serves as a crucial intermediate in the semi-synthesis of various opioid analgesics, such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, and nalbuphine.

Please note that this definition is intended for informational purposes only and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

Codeine is a opiate analgesic, commonly used for its pain-relieving and cough suppressant properties. It is typically prescribed for mild to moderately severe pain, and is also found in some over-the-counter cold and cough medications. Codeine works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which helps to reduce the perception of pain. Like other opiates, codeine can produce side effects such as drowsiness, constipation, and respiratory depression, and it carries a risk of dependence and addiction with long-term use. It is important to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully when taking codeine, and to inform them of any other medications you are taking, as well as any medical conditions you may have.

"Papaver" is the genus name for the poppy plant family, which includes several species of plants that are known for their showy flowers and often contain medicinal alkaloids. The most well-known member of this family is probably Papaver somniferum, also known as the opium poppy. This particular species contains a number of pharmacologically active compounds, including morphine, codeine, and papaverine, which have been used in various medical contexts for their analgesic, sedative, and vasodilatory effects. However, it's worth noting that the use of Papaver somniferum and its derivatives is tightly regulated due to their potential for abuse and addiction.

Morphinans are a class of organic compounds that share a common skeletal structure, which is based on the morphine molecule. The morphinan structure consists of a tetracyclic ring system made up of three six-membered benzene rings (A, C, and D) fused to a five-membered dihydrofuran ring (B).

Morphinans are important in medicinal chemistry because many opioid analgesics, such as morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, and levorphanol, are derived from or structurally related to morphinans. These compounds exert their pharmacological effects by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, which are involved in pain perception, reward, and addictive behaviors.

It is worth noting that while all opiates (drugs derived from the opium poppy) are morphinans, not all morphinans are opiates. Some synthetic or semi-synthetic morphinans, such as fentanyl and methadone, do not have a natural origin but still share the same basic structure and pharmacological properties.

Opium is defined as the dried latex obtained from incisions made in the unripe seedpods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). It contains a number of alkaloids, including morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opium has been used for its pain-relieving, euphoric, and sedative effects since ancient times. However, its use is highly regulated due to the risk of addiction and other serious side effects.

Morphine is a potent opioid analgesic (pain reliever) derived from the opium poppy. It works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking the transmission of pain signals and reducing the perception of pain. Morphine is used to treat moderate to severe pain, including pain associated with cancer, myocardial infarction, and other conditions. It can also be used as a sedative and cough suppressant.

Morphine has a high potential for abuse and dependence, and its use should be closely monitored by healthcare professionals. Common side effects of morphine include drowsiness, respiratory depression, constipation, nausea, and vomiting. Overdose can result in respiratory failure, coma, and death.

Heroin is a highly addictive drug that is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed pod of the Asian opium poppy plant. It is a "downer" or depressant that affects the brain's pleasure systems and interferes with the brain's ability to perceive pain.

Heroin can be injected, smoked, or snorted. It is sold as a white or brownish powder or as a black, sticky substance known as "black tar heroin." Regardless of how it is taken, heroin enters the brain rapidly and is highly addictive.

The use of heroin can lead to serious health problems, including fatal overdose, spontaneous abortion, and infectious diseases like HIV and hepatitis. Long-term use of heroin can lead to physical dependence and addiction, a chronic disease that can be difficult to treat.

"Drug and narcotic control" refers to the regulation and oversight of drugs and narcotics, including their production, distribution, and use. This is typically carried out by governmental agencies in order to ensure public safety, prevent abuse and diversion, and protect the health of individuals. The goal of drug and narcotic control is to strike a balance between making sure that medications are available for legitimate medical purposes while also preventing their misuse and illegal sale.

Drug control policies may include measures such as licensing and registration of manufacturers, distributors, and pharmacies; tracking and monitoring of controlled substances; setting standards for prescription practices; and enforcement of laws and regulations related to drug use and trafficking. Narcotic control specifically refers to the regulation of drugs that have a high potential for abuse and are subject to international treaties, such as opioids.

It's important to note that while these regulations aim to protect public health and safety, they can also be controversial and have unintended consequences, such as contributing to drug shortages or creating barriers to access for people who need controlled substances for legitimate medical reasons.

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is not a medical organization or entity, so it does not provide medical definitions. However, I can give you some information about what the USDA is and what it does.

The USDA is a federal executive department of the U.S. government responsible for developing and executing federal laws related to farming, forestry, and food. It was established in 1862 by President Abraham Lincoln and is headed by the Secretary of Agriculture, who is a member of the President's cabinet.

The USDA has several key missions, including:

* Promoting agricultural trade and production
* Ensuring the safety of the food supply
* Providing nutrition assistance to vulnerable populations
* Protecting natural resources and the environment
* Promoting rural development and economic stability

In terms of food and nutrition, the USDA plays an important role in setting dietary guidelines for Americans, establishing standards for school meals and other federal food programs, and regulating the safety of meat, poultry, and egg products. The agency also conducts research on agricultural and food-related topics and provides education and outreach to farmers, ranchers, and consumers.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "North Carolina" is a geographical location and not a medical term or condition. It is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or conditions, I'd be happy to help with those!

A research subject, also commonly referred to as a "human subject" or "participant," is an individual who takes part in a research study or clinical trial. Research subjects are essential for the advancement of medical and scientific knowledge, as they provide data that can help researchers understand various phenomena, develop new treatments, and improve existing ones.

The term "research subject" emphasizes the ethical considerations involved in conducting research with human participants. It highlights the importance of protecting their rights, dignity, and well-being throughout the study. Researchers must obtain informed consent from subjects before enrolling them in a study, ensuring that they understand the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits associated with the research.

Additionally, researchers are required to follow strict guidelines and regulations to minimize any harm or discomfort to the research subjects during the study. These guidelines may include requirements for data confidentiality, privacy protection, and monitoring of adverse events. Overall, treating research subjects with respect and care is crucial in maintaining the integrity of medical research and ensuring its societal benefits.

'Drug legislation' refers to the laws and regulations that govern the production, distribution, sale, possession, and use of medications and pharmaceutical products within a given jurisdiction. These laws are designed to protect public health and safety by establishing standards for drug quality, ensuring appropriate prescribing and dispensing practices, preventing drug abuse and diversion, and promoting access to necessary medications. Drug legislation may also include provisions related to clinical trials, advertising, packaging, labeling, and reimbursement. Compliance with these regulations is typically enforced through a combination of government agencies, professional organizations, and legal penalties for non-compliance.

Methyltestosterone is a synthetic form of the hormone testosterone, which is primarily used in the treatment of low testosterone levels (hypogonadism) in men. It has a methyl group attached to it, which allows it to be taken orally and still have significant effects on the body.

Testosterone is an androgen hormone that plays important roles in the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics, such as deepening of the voice, growth of facial and body hair, and increased muscle mass. It also helps maintain bone density, red blood cell production, and sex drive.

Methyltestosterone is available in various forms, including tablets and capsules, and its use should be under the supervision of a healthcare professional due to potential side effects and risks associated with its use, such as liver toxicity, increased risk of cardiovascular events, and changes in cholesterol levels.

It's important to note that methyltestosterone is not approved for use in women, as it can cause virilization (development of male sex characteristics) and other side effects.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but the 'United States Department of Homeland Security' (DHS) is not a medical term or concept. It's a cabinet department of the U.S. federal government, created in response to the September 11 attacks, with the primary responsibilities of protecting the United States from terrorism and managing border control. The DHS includes several components, including the U.S. Coast Guard, Transportation Security Administration (TSA), Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Customs and Border Protection (CBP), and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), among others.

If you have any medical questions or terms you would like defined, I'd be happy to help!

Sleep deprivation is a condition that occurs when an individual fails to get sufficient quality sleep or the recommended amount of sleep, typically 7-9 hours for adults. This can lead to various physical and mental health issues. It can be acute, lasting for one night or a few days, or chronic, persisting over a longer period.

The consequences of sleep deprivation include:

1. Fatigue and lack of energy
2. Difficulty concentrating or remembering things
3. Mood changes, such as irritability or depression
4. Weakened immune system
5. Increased appetite and potential weight gain
6. Higher risk of accidents due to decreased reaction time
7. Health problems like high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease over time

Sleep deprivation can be caused by various factors, including stress, shift work, sleep disorders like insomnia or sleep apnea, poor sleep hygiene, and certain medications. It's essential to address the underlying causes of sleep deprivation to ensure proper rest and overall well-being.

A seizure is an uncontrolled, abnormal firing of neurons (brain cells) that can cause various symptoms such as convulsions, loss of consciousness, altered awareness, or changes in behavior. Seizures can be caused by a variety of factors including epilepsy, brain injury, infection, toxic substances, or genetic disorders. They can also occur without any identifiable cause, known as idiopathic seizures. Seizures are a medical emergency and require immediate attention.

In the context of medical terminology, tablets refer to pharmaceutical dosage forms that contain various active ingredients. They are often manufactured in a solid, compressed form and can be administered orally. Tablets may come in different shapes, sizes, colors, and flavors, depending on their intended use and the manufacturer's specifications.

Some tablets are designed to disintegrate or dissolve quickly in the mouth, making them easier to swallow, while others are formulated to release their active ingredients slowly over time, allowing for extended drug delivery. These types of tablets are known as sustained-release or controlled-release tablets.

Tablets may contain a single active ingredient or a combination of several ingredients, depending on the intended therapeutic effect. They are typically manufactured using a variety of excipients, such as binders, fillers, and disintegrants, which help to hold the tablet together and ensure that it breaks down properly when ingested.

Overall, tablets are a convenient and widely used dosage form for administering medications, offering patients an easy-to-use and often palatable option for receiving their prescribed treatments.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a medical procedure that records electrical activity in the brain. It uses small, metal discs called electrodes, which are attached to the scalp with paste or a specialized cap. These electrodes detect tiny electrical charges that result from the activity of brain cells, and the EEG machine then amplifies and records these signals.

EEG is used to diagnose various conditions related to the brain, such as seizures, sleep disorders, head injuries, infections, and degenerative diseases like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's. It can also be used during surgery to monitor brain activity and ensure that surgical procedures do not interfere with vital functions.

EEG is a safe and non-invasive procedure that typically takes about 30 minutes to an hour to complete, although longer recordings may be necessary in some cases. Patients are usually asked to relax and remain still during the test, as movement can affect the quality of the recording.

Absence epilepsy is a type of epilepsy characterized by recurrent brief episodes of "absences," or staring spells, that can last from a few seconds to several minutes. These episodes are often accompanied by subtle body movements such as lip smacking or eyelid flutters. Absence epilepsy is most commonly diagnosed in children and adolescents, and it is more common in girls than boys.

The seizures in absence epilepsy are caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain, specifically in a part of the brain called the cortex. These abnormal electrical discharges occur in a pattern that involves both sides of the brain simultaneously. This differs from other types of epilepsy, which may involve only one side of the brain or specific areas within a single hemisphere.

Absence seizures are typically brief and do not cause confusion or disorientation after they end. However, if they occur frequently, they can interfere with learning and social development. In some cases, absence epilepsy may be associated with other types of seizures, such as generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures or myoclonic jerks.

The diagnosis of absence epilepsy is usually made based on the characteristic symptoms and the results of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which can detect the abnormal electrical activity in the brain during a seizure. Treatment typically involves medication to control the seizures, such as ethosuximide or valproic acid. In some cases, a ketogenic diet may also be recommended as an alternative treatment option.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pamphlets" is not a medical term. It refers to a small paper booklet or leaflet that can be used to provide information on various topics, including non-medical subjects. If you have any questions about medical terminology or concepts, I'd be happy to help with those!

Neurology is a branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of diseases and disorders of the nervous system, which includes the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, and autonomic nervous system. Neurologists are medical doctors who specialize in this field, diagnosing and treating conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and various types of headaches and pain disorders. They use a variety of diagnostic tests, including imaging studies like MRI and CT scans, electrophysiological tests like EEG and EMG, and laboratory tests to evaluate nerve function and identify any underlying conditions or abnormalities. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, rehabilitation, or lifestyle modifications.

... thebaine. While thebaine is not used therapeutically, it is the main alkaloid extracted from Papaver bracteatum (Iranian opium ... is coordinating a national recall of a number of poppy seed products due to the potential presence of thebaine. Thebaine has ... Thebaine is controlled under international law, is listed as a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 in the United ... Thebaine (paramorphine), also known as codeine methyl enol ether, is an opiate alkaloid, its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, ...
... (EC 1.14.11.31, T6ODM) is an enzyme with systematic name thebaine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase ... Thebaine+6-O-demethylase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Portal: Biology (EC 1.14.11) ... CO2 Thebaine 6-O-demethylase contains Fe2+. Hagel JM, Facchini PJ (April 2010). "Dioxygenases catalyze the O-demethylation ... 6-O-demethylating). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction thebaine + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 ⇌ {\displaystyle \ ...
... specifically thebaine. Other series of codeine derivatives include isocodeine and its derivatives, which were developed in ... the important opioid precursor thebaine differs from codeine only slightly in structure. Pseudocodeine and some other similar ...
... and to a lesser extent thebaine has been greatly increased. In modern times, much of the thebaine, which often serves as the ... Oxycodone, a thebaine derivative similar to codeine, was introduced by Bayer in 1916 and promoted as a less-addictive analgesic ... "Production of thebaine and oripavine". April 20, 2004. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2007 ... The latex also contains the closely related opiates codeine and thebaine, and non-analgesic alkaloids such as papaverine and ...
Gulland JM, Robinson R (1925). "Constitution of codeine and thebaine". Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of ... and thebaine via a highly stereocontrolled intramolecular 4 + 2 cycloaddition leading to a phenanthrofuran system". Journal of ... and thebaine and the closely related semisynthetic analogs methorphan, buprenorphine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, isocodeine, ...
Gulland, J.M.; Robinson, R. (1925). "Constitution of codeine and thebaine". Memoirs and Proceedings of the Literary and ...
Yanagita T, Miyasato K, Oinuma N, Yiyohara H (1977). "Dependence potential of drotebanol, codeine and thebaine tested in rhesus ... It is synthesised from thebaine. Drotebanol has powerful antitussive (cough suppressant) effects, and is around 10x more potent ...
... tetrahydro-thebaine, and hydrocodone (these compounds are rather synthesized from thebaine and oripavine). In the brain of ... Thebaine has been produced by GMO E. coli Morphine is a precursor in the manufacture in a number of opioids such as ... This species is rather a source of thebaine. Occurrence of morphine in other Papaverales and Papaveraceae, as well as in some ... In August 2015 the first complete synthesis of thebaine and hydrocodone in yeast were reported, but the process would need to ...
"Production of thebaine and oripavine". US Patent US6376221. 2002. "India" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. ... A notable exception is thebaine, which is present in far larger fractions in opium than in poppy straw.[citation needed] ... Poppies of the Norman and Przemko strains contain much higher amounts of thebaine and oripavine and have morphine ... At least one manufacturer, Tasmanian Alkaloids, produces both high-morphine and high-thebaine/oripavine types of poppy straw ...
Bentley, K. W.; Cardwell, H. M. E. (1955). "The Morphine-Thebaine group of alkaloids. Part V. The absolute stereochemistry of ...
It can also be produced from thebaine. Etorphine is available legally only for veterinary use and is strictly governed by law. ... "Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. 3. Alcohols of the 6,14-endo- ...
Capart, J. (1950). Tout-Ankh-Amon Baud, M. (1935). Les dessins ébauches de la necropole thebaine. Baud, M. and Parisot, M. ( ... Her book, Les dessins ébauches de la necropole thebaine, which was published in 1935, remains a key volume studying the ...
Ramanathan, V. S.; Chandra, P. (1980). "Recovery of thebaine and cryptopine from Indian opium". Bulletin on Narcotics. 32 (2): ...
When ingested, thebaine causes nausea, vomiting, and myoclonus. Thebaine is an important precursor for manufacture of ... and Thebaine in Home-Brewed Poppy Seed Tea by LC-MS/MS". Journal of Forensic Sciences. 63 (4): 1229-1235. doi:10.1111/1556- ... contain significantly lower quantities of thebaine than opium made from latex as well as somewhat more codeine. ...
1-Benzylisoquinolines as precursors of thebaine, codeine, and morphine". J Chem Soc: 3600. Benzylisoquinoline biosynthesis by ...
The latter can also be synthesized from thebaine, however. Codeinone can be described as the methylether of morphinone: 3- ...
The 6,7,8,14 tetradehydro 3,6 methyl di-ether of morphine is thebaine. Heterocodeine is 6 times more potent than morphine due ... US 2058521 Barber RB, Rapoport H (November 1975). "Synthesis of thebaine and oripavine from codeine and morphine". Journal of ...
... especially thebaine. In 2015 researches reported successful biosynthesis of thebaine and hydrocodone using genetically modified ... The psychoactive compounds found in the opium plant include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Opiates have long been used for a ... The major psychoactive opiates are morphine, codeine, and thebaine. Papaverine, noscapine, and approximately 24 other alkaloids ...
... was first made in Germany in 1916 from thebaine. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines ... and Pseudomonas putida to turn a thebaine input into other opiates and opioids. Oxycodone and/or its major metabolites may be ... Edmund Speyer of the University of Frankfurt in Germany published the first synthesis of oxycodone from thebaine in 1916. When ...
"Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. 3. Alcohols of the 6,14-endo- ...
Bentley, K. W.; Hardy, D. G. (1967). "Novel Analgesics and Molecular Rearrangements in the Morphine-Thebaine group. I. Ketones ... Bentley, K. W.; Hardy, D. G.; Meek, B. (1967). "Novel Analgesics and Molecular Rearrangements in the Morphine-Thebaine Group. ... Bentley, K. W.; Hardy, D. G.; Meek, B. (1967). "Novel Analgesics and Molecular Rearrangements in the Morphine-Thebaine Group. ... Bentley, K. W.; Hardy, D. G. (1967). "Novel Analgesics and Molecular Rearrangements in the Morphine-Thebaine Group. III. ...
Bentley KW, Hardy DG, Meek B (June 1967). "Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. II. ... Lewis JW, Readhead MJ (May 1970). "Novel analgetics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. 18. 3-deoxy-6, ...
The Turkish tulip contains the alkaloids morphine, codeine and thebaine. Nevertheless, its blossom and foliage are only used ...
The enzyme catalyzing the formation of thebaine in morphine biosynthesis". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (52): 31091-6. doi:10.1074/jbc. ...
... is an opioid and the major metabolite of thebaine. It is the parent compound from which a series of semi-synthetic ... In both mice and rats, toxic doses caused tonic-clonic seizures followed by death, similar to thebaine. Oripavine has a ... Bentley, K. W.; Hardy, D. G.; Meek, B (1967). "Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. II ... Bentley, K. W.; Hardy, D. G.; Meek, B (1967). "Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. IV ...
"Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. 3. Alcohols of the 6,14-endo- ...
They usually have thebaine or oripavine as their precursor in their syntheses (and are thus termed "thevinols" and "orvinols", ... "Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. III. Alcohols of the 6,14-endo- ...
Salutaridine can then be transformed progressively to thebaine, oripavine, and morphine. 1,2-dehydroreticulinium reductase ( ...
For example, naloxone, an opioid receptor antagonist, is a derivative of thebaine that is present in opium. Thebaine Naloxone ... Thebaine is used in the synthesis of many painkillers such as oxycodone. Amine Base (chemistry) List of poisonous plants ...
... is most commonly synthesized from thebaine, a constituent of opium latex from the dried poppy plant. Once thebaine ... ISBN 978-92-1-148355-0. Thebaine itself is not used in therapy, but it is an important starting material for the manufacture of ... ISBN 978-0-692-77499-1. Carroll RJ, Leisch H, Rochon L, Hudlicky T, Cox DP (January 2009). "One-pot conversion of thebaine to ... Hydrocodone is a semisynthetic opioid, converted from codeine or less often from thebaine. Production using genetically ...
... thebaine. While thebaine is not used therapeutically, it is the main alkaloid extracted from Papaver bracteatum (Iranian opium ... is coordinating a national recall of a number of poppy seed products due to the potential presence of thebaine. Thebaine has ... Thebaine is controlled under international law, is listed as a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 in the United ... Thebaine (paramorphine), also known as codeine methyl enol ether, is an opiate alkaloid, its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, ...
q. Thebaine.. 2. Any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of a substance which is chemically equivalent to or identical ...
Thebaine.. 17. Dihydroetorphine.. b. Any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or ...
Thebaine synthase 1 UniProtKBInterProInteractive Modelling. 180 aa; Sequence (Fasta) Press Ctrl to Zoom ...
... thebaine (extracts, infusions and brews with active substance content in any amount). ...
Opium and opiate, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of opium or opiate, excluding apomorphine, thebaine- ...
Thebaine actually is a stimulant and keeps tea drinkers awake where Heroin users tend to nod off. Poppy tea usually lasts for ... Tassie Devil, thats a great point about thebaine. I knew that it was used as a starting material for the semi-synthesis of ... Opium extracted in this way can also contain thebaine, a nasty compound with a propensity to cause seizures and even cardiac ...
PCP, cocaine, natural opiates (morphine/ codeine/thebaine but without differentiation). Heroin is metabolized to morphine and ...
HCl, psilocine, thebaine base and thebaine,HCl. Comments and Responses to this Article ...
Thebaine. Thebaine is the most toxic of the opium alkaloids, but it is used to manufacture important semi-synthetic medications ... Tincture of opium, or laudanum, is still occasionally used as a prescription, but thebaine is often removed from the mixture ... These include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. The term opiate may also refer to semi-synthetic compounds derived from these ... Some definitions of opiate are stricter and include only the natural alkaloids morphine, codeine, and thebaine. The remaining ...
Thebaine Market- by Applications Oxymorphone, Nalbuphine, Naltrexone Launch of new campaigns to promote drug abuse treatment is ... expected to be a major driver for growth of global thebaine market. For instance, in 2018, Trump administration i.e. White ...
Their constituents include thebaine. It is possible to derive codeine and other pain-killing substances from thebaine. Unlike ... opium alkaloids, thebaine does not have additive narcotic properties, it cannot be used directly and it thus poses no dancer of ...
Oxycodone is a medicine processed from thebaine, of Opium. Certification: Online pharmacies must be certified by Google in ...
II Thebaine (9333)............................ II Dihydroetorphine (9334).................... II Levo-alphacetylmethadol (9648 ...
II Thebaine (9333)............................ II Opium, raw (9600).......................... II Noroxymorphone (9668 ...
Oxycodone is a white, odorless crystalline powder derived from the opium alkaloid, thebaine. Oxycodone hydrochloride dissolves ...
thebaine. Common synthetic opioids are prescription pain medications like hydrocodone, oxycodone, ... of the deaths as a result ...
Naturally occurring opioids: The following 6 opium alkaloids occur naturally: morphine, narcotine, codeine, thebaine, ...
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Oxycodone hydrochloride is a white, odorless crystalline powder derived from the opium alkaloid, thebaine. Oxycodone ...
Thebaine is a naturally occurring plant chemical. ​. Poppy varieties rich in thebaine are used for the production of medicines ... The presence of thebaine is linked to unsafe poppy seeds entering the supply chain. The cause is being investigated by state ... Symptoms of thebaine poisoning can include increased respiratory rate and muscle spasms, which can progress to seizures, ... Thebaine itself cannot be used as a drug and is toxic to humans in sufficient quantities. ...
Cassella, G., Wu, A. H., Shaw, B. R., and Hill, D. W. The analysis of thebaine in urine for the detection of poppy seed ... Cassella, G., Wu, A. H., Shaw, B. R., and Hill, D. W. The analysis of thebaine in urine for the detection of poppy seed ... Quantification of morphine, codeine, and thebaine in home-brewed poppy seed tea by LC-MS/MS. J Forensic Sci. 2018;63(4):1229- ... and thebaine in seeds of Papaver somniferum. Planta Med 1996;62(6):544-547. View abstract. ...
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  • A minor constituent of opium, thebaine is chemically similar to both morphine and codeine, but has stimulatory rather than depressant effects. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thebaine is the most toxic of the opium alkaloids, but it is used to manufacture important semi-synthetic medications, including oxycodone and hydrocodone. (altamirarecovery.com)
  • Tincture of opium, or laudanum, is still occasionally used as a prescription, but thebaine is often removed from the mixture because of its toxicity. (altamirarecovery.com)
  • Oxycodone is a medicine processed from thebaine, of Opium. (apsia.org)
  • Freund and Speyer of the University of Frankfurt in Germany first synthesized oxycodone from thebaine (an alkaloid derived from the opium poppy plant) in 1916, a few years after the German pharmaceutical company Bayer had stopped the mass production of heroin due to addiction and dependence among its users. (treatment4addiction.com)
  • Oxycodone, or oxycontin , is an opioid analgesic medication synthesized from opium-derived thebaine. (treatment4addiction.com)
  • Oxycodone hydrochloride is a white, odorless crystalline powder derived from the opium alkaloid, thebaine. (prescriptiondrugs.com)
  • Long before thebaine was identified and synthesized from opium poppies is illegal to possess or supply. (barnmice.com)
  • Buprenorphine is a semisynthetic analogue of the opiate alkaloid thebaine, which is found to a somewhat lesser extent than morphine and codeine in poppy resin or opium. (medscape.com)
  • PCP, cocaine, natural opiates (morphine/ codeine/thebaine but without differentiation). (cdc.gov)
  • These include morphine, codeine, and thebaine. (altamirarecovery.com)
  • It was hoped that a thebaine-derived drug would retain the analgesic effects of morphine and heroin with less dependence. (treatment4addiction.com)
  • Does thebaine get metabolized into codeine or morphine in the human body? (healthtap.com)
  • Thebaine (paramorphine), also known as codeine methyl enol ether, is an opiate alkaloid, its name coming from the Greek Θῆβαι, Thēbai (Thebes), an ancient city in Upper Egypt. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2013, Australia was the main producer of poppy straw rich in thebaine, followed by Spain and then France. (wikipedia.org)
  • Poppy varieties rich in thebaine are used for the production of medicines and are grown in Australia to supply the pharmaceutical industry. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
  • The 2013 US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) aggregate manufacturing quota for thebaine (ACSCN 9333) was unchanged from the previous year at 145 metric tons. (wikipedia.org)
  • For instance, on the island's northwest corner stands Tasmanian Alkaloids, a factory that produces 80 percent of the world's thebaine poppies. (naturalnews.com)
  • The synthetic enantiomer (+)-thebaine does show analgesic effects apparently mediated through opioid receptors, unlike the inactive natural enantiomer (−)-thebaine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thebaine itself cannot be used as a drug and is toxic to humans in sufficient quantities. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
  • As of 15 November 2022, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) is coordinating a national recall of a number of poppy seed products due to the potential presence of thebaine. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of thebaine is linked to unsafe poppy seeds entering the supply chain. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
  • The Canberra Times of 16 November 2022 reported that four batches of Hoyts brand poppy seeds were being recalled due to unusually high levels of thebaine, and that at least twelve people in New South Wales had required medical attention after ingesting them. (wikipedia.org)
  • You cannot tell which poppy seeds have high thebaine content by looking at the seeds. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
  • By 2017, worldwide thebaine production dropped to 2,008 kg. (wikipedia.org)
  • Symptoms of thebaine poisoning can include increased respiratory rate and muscle spasms, which can progress to seizures, breathing difficulty and unconsciousness. (foodstandards.govt.nz)
  • Thebaine is controlled under international law, is listed as a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 in the United Kingdom, is controlled as an analog of a Schedule II drug per the Analog Act in the United States, and is controlled with its derivatives and salts, as a Schedule I substance of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act in Canada. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thebaine is controlled under international law, is listed as a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 in the United Kingdom, is controlled as an analog of a Schedule II drug per the Analog Act in the United States, and is controlled with its derivatives and salts, as a Schedule I substance of the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act in Canada. (wikipedia.org)
  • THS is a missing component that is crucial to the development of fermentation-based opiate production and dramatically improves thebaine yield in engineered yeast. (pacb.com)
  • Thebaine is converted into painkillers and opiate addiction treatments, the latter requiring a chemical reaction called N-demethylation. (phys.org)
  • The synthetic enantiomer (+)-thebaine does show analgesic effects apparently mediated through opioid receptors, unlike the inactive natural enantiomer (−)-thebaine. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2013, Australia was the main producer of poppy straw rich in thebaine, followed by Spain and then France. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Canberra Times of 16 November 2022 reported that four batches of Hoyts brand poppy seeds were being recalled due to unusually high levels of thebaine, and that at least twelve people in New South Wales had required medical attention after ingesting them. (wikipedia.org)
  • As of 15 November 2022, Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) is coordinating a national recall of a number of poppy seed products due to the potential presence of thebaine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thebaine is a natural chemical in poppy seeds that can be toxic in high concentrations. (foodsafetynews.com)
  • Naturally occurring opiates, such as morphine and thebaine, are produced in poppy species. (phys.org)
  • Thebacon 6,14-Endoethenotetrahydrooripavine - the central nucleus of the Bentley compound class of opioids which are derived from thebaine Mikus, G. (wikipedia.org)
  • They created two different microbial assembly lines, each of which converted sugar into one of two medicinal compounds: thebaine or hydrocodone. (stanford.edu)
  • Many of today's popular pain relievers contain Thebaine. (drugnet.net)