Thalidomide
Multiple Myeloma
Angiogenesis Inhibitors
Leprostatic Agents
Pyrazines
Immunosuppressive Agents
Ectromelia
Erythema Nodosum
Angiodysplasia
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
Treatment Outcome
Melphalan
Maintenance Chemotherapy
Salvage Therapy
Stomatitis, Aphthous
Pentoxifylline
Leprosy, Lepromatous
Limb Deformities, Congenital
Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
Immunologic Factors
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
Longitudinal limb deficiencies and the sclerotomes. An analysis of 378 dysmelic malformations induced by thalidomide. (1/1054)
The pathogenesis of longitudinal reduction deformities of the limbs, or dysmelia, is still a matter of debate. Their morphological pattern was defined from a large collection of radiographs of children with dysmelia following the thalidomide disaster. We compared radiographs of 378 of these limbs with the sclerotomes which are areas of segmental sensory innervation of the limb skeleton defined by the radiation of referred pain. The pattern of dysmelia matched the sclerotomes closely in 279 limbs (73.5%). The principles of skeletal reduction in dysmelia are explained by the arrangement of the sclerotomes. The congruence between two separate and independent data sets shows that both patterns are expressions of the underlying segmental sensory innervation of the skeleton, and that the sensory nervous system is involved in the process of limb morphogenesis and teratogenesis. (+info)Thalidomide for the treatment of esophageal aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease AIDS Clinical Trials Group. (2/1054)
A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of thalidomide for treating esophageal aphthous ulceration in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Twenty-four HIV-infected patients with biopsy-confirmed aphthous ulceration of the esophagus were randomly assigned to receive either oral thalidomide, 200 mg/day, or oral placebo daily for 4 weeks. Eight (73%) of 11 patients randomized to receive thalidomide had complete healing of aphthous ulcers at the 4-week endoscopic evaluation, compared with 3 (23%) of 13 placebo-randomized patients (odds ratio, 13.82; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-823.75; P=.033). Odynophagia and impaired eating ability caused by esophageal aphthae were improved markedly by thalidomide treatment. Adverse events among patients receiving thalidomide included somnolence (4 patients), rash (2 patients), and peripheral sensory neuropathy (3 patients). Thalidomide is effective in healing aphthous ulceration of the esophagus in patients infected with HIV. (+info)Protein kinase C-dependent effects on leukocyte migration of thalidomide. (3/1054)
Thalidomide is effective in the treatment of some tumor necrosis factor-related diseases, but its cellular target is not known. Effects of thalidomide were investigated on lymphocytes and monocytes. Cell migration was examined in a Boyden chamber. Effects on protein kinase C (PKC) were investigated functionally by use of PKC inhibitor and in purified enzyme preparations. Thalidomide itself showed no direct chemotactic effect on lymphocytes or monocytes. Preincubation with the drug significantly enhanced random migration of both cell types. This effect was bisindolylmaleimide-reversible, suggesting involvement of PKC. Preincubation with thalidomide diminished the chemotactic response of monocytes towards formyl peptide but failed to influence lymphocyte chemotaxis towards RANTES or interleukin-8. In a cell-free assay, inhibition of PKC activation by bisindolylmaleimide could be reversed by thalidomide, indicating direct interactions of thalidomide with PKC. Results suggest that effects of thalidomide in chronic inflammation may be related to actions on leukocyte functions. (+info)The puzzle of autism: an ophthalmologic contribution. (4/1054)
PURPOSE: A previous study of 86 thalidomide-affected subjects with ophthalmic manifestations revealed the unexpected finding of autism in 4 of the 5 severely retarded individuals. The subjects had anomalies associated with an early gestational effect of thalidomide, including facial nerve palsy and incomitant strabismus. Because autism has been observed in a few cases of Mobius sequence (Mobius syndrome), a condition characterized by involvement of the sixth and seventh cranial nerves, the similarity to early thalidomide embryopathy suggested a relation between cranial nerve involvement and autism. The present study was undertaken to further evaluate the association of autism with patients manifesting findings of Mobius syndrome. METHODS: A prospective study of 25 Swedish patients with Mobius sequence was conducted. The patients had a complete multidisciplinary evaluation, including ophthalmologic and psychiatric examinations and standard testing for autism. Findings associated with autism were compared with the ocular and systemic anomalies of the 4 thalidomide-affected subjects. RESULTS: In the Mobius group 6 patients had autism, achieving the criteria for autism according to all the diagnostic manuals that were used. One patient showed autistic-like conditions meeting fewer numbers of the criteria. A few were too young to be meeting evaluated. Incomitant strabismus ranging from primary abduction defects alone to a horizontal gaze paresis pattern was noted in these patients, in addition to characteristic findings of seventh nerve paresis. Aberrant lacrimation was observed in many cases, especially often associated with autism. CONCLUSION: The common group of anomalies noted in both cases of thalidomide embryopathy and Mobius sequence suggests that brain-stem damage probably early in embryogenesis can sometimes be associated with autism. (+info)Thalidomide increases both intra-tumoural tumour necrosis factor-alpha production and anti-tumour activity in response to 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid. (5/1054)
5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid (DMXAA), synthesized in this laboratory and currently in phase I clinical trial, is a low molecular weight inducer of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Administration of DMXAA to mice with established transplantable tumours elicits rapid vascular collapse selectively in the tumour, followed by extensive haemorrhagic necrosis mediated primarily through the production of TNF-alpha. In this report we have investigated the synthesis of TNF-alpha mRNA in hepatic, splenic and tumour tissue. Co-administration of thalidomide with DMXAA increased anti-tumour activity and increased intra-tumoural TNF-alpha production approximately tenfold over that obtained with DMXAA alone. Thalidomide increased splenic TNF-alpha production slightly but significantly decreased serum and hepatic levels of TNF-alpha induced with DMXAA. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced 300-fold higher serum TNF-alpha than did DMXAA at the maximum tolerated dose, but induced similar amounts of TNF-alpha in spleen, liver and tumour. Splenic TNF-alpha activity induced with LPS was slightly increased with thalidomide, but serum and liver TNF-alpha levels were suppressed. Thalidomide did not increase intra-tumoural TNF-alpha production induced with LPS, in sharp contrast to that obtained with DMXAA. While thalidomide improved the anti-tumour response to DMXAA, it had no effect on the anti-tumour action of LPS that did not induce a significant growth delay or cures against the Colon 38 tumour. The increase in the anti-tumour action by thalidomide in combination with DMXAA corresponded to an increase in intra-tumoural TNF-alpha production. Co-administration of thalidomide may represent a novel approach to improving selective intra-tumoural TNF-alpha production and anti-tumour efficacy of DMXAA. (+info)Protective effect of pentoxifylline plus thalidomide against septic shock in mice. (6/1054)
Mortality caused by septic shock in experimental animals is reduced by thalidomide, an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor alpha. Another drug that could act on the pathophysiological mechanisms of septic shock is pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of platelet aggregation that increases the flexibility of the erythrocyte membrane and has fibrinolytic activity. We studied the effect of pentoxifylline alone and combined with thalidomide in septic shock; 97 NIH mice were injected with lipopolysaccharides of Salmonella abortus equi and D galactosamine. Animals were separated in 4 groups; group A (n = 20) was used as control, group B (n = 15) received thalidomide 50 mg/kg, group C (n = 20) received pentoxifylline 40 mg/kg, and group D (n = 15) received thalidomide plus pentoxifylline. Mortality was recorded every hour. Additionally, 5 animals from each group were sacrificed 8 h after the induction of septic shock for histological analysis of heart, lung, brain, kidney, small intestine, adrenal glands and liver. Microscopic findings were rated as absent, mild, moderate and severe damage. In control animals histological analysis showed intense haemorrhage and necrosis in all organs studied. When compared with controls, treatment with pentoxifylline plus thalidomide reduced mortality (P < 0.03). The tissue damage was less severe in animals from the groups that received pentoxifylline or pentoxifylline plus thalidomide (P < 0.05). Pentoxifylline seems to potentiate the beneficial effects of thalidomide, reducing mortality and attenuating the pathological changes produced by septic shock. (+info)Differential cytokine modulation and T cell activation by two distinct classes of thalidomide analogues that are potent inhibitors of TNF-alpha. (7/1054)
TNF-alpha mediates both protective and detrimental manifestations of the host immune response. Our previous work has shown thalidomide to be a relatively selective inhibitor of TNF-alpha production in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, we have recently reported that thalidomide exerts a costimulatory effect on T cell responses. To develop thalidomide analogues with increased anti-TNF-alpha activity and reduced or absent toxicities, novel TNF-alpha inhibitors were designed and synthesized. When a selected group of these compounds was examined for their immunomodulatory activities, different patterns of cytokine modulation were revealed. The tested compounds segregated into two distinct classes: one class of compounds, shown to be potent phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors, inhibited TNF-alpha production, increased IL-10 production by LPS-induced PBMC, and had little effect on T cell activation; the other class of compounds, similar to thalidomide, were not phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors and markedly stimulated T cell proliferation and IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. These compounds inhibited TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 and greatly increased IL-10 production by LPS-induced PBMC. Similar to thalidomide, the effect of these agents on IL-12 production was dichotomous; IL-12 was inhibited when PBMC were stimulated with LPS but increased when cells were stimulated by cross-linking the TCR. The latter effect was associated with increased T cell CD40 ligand expression. The distinct immunomodulatory activities of these classes of thalidomide analogues may potentially allow them to be used in the clinic for the treatment of different immunopathological disorders. (+info)Combination oral antiangiogenic therapy with thalidomide and sulindac inhibits tumour growth in rabbits. (8/1054)
Neovascularization facilitates tumour growth and metastasis formation. In our laboratory, we attempt to identify clinically available oral efficacious drugs for antiangiogenic activity. Here, we report which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can inhibit corneal neovascularization, induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This antiangiogenic activity may contribute to the known effects of NSAIDs on gastric ulcers, polyps and tumours. We found that sulindac was one of the most potent antiangiogenic NSAIDs, inhibiting bFGF-induced neovascularization by 50% and VEGF-induced neovascularization by 55%. Previously, we reported that thalidomide inhibited growth factor-induced corneal neovascularization. When we combined sulindac with thalidomide, we found a significantly increased inhibition of bFGF- or VEGF-induced corneal neovascularization (by 63% or 74% respectively) compared with either agent alone (P < 0.01). Because of this strong antiangiogenic effect, we tested the oral combination of thalidomide and sulindac for its ability to inhibit the growth of V2 carcinoma in rabbits. Oral treatment of thalidomide or sulindac alone inhibited tumour growth by 55% and 35% respectively. When given together, the growth of the V2 carcinoma was inhibited by 75%. Our results indicated that oral antiangiogenic combination therapy with thalidomide and sulindac may be a useful non-toxic treatment for cancer. (+info)Thalidomide is a pharmaceutical drug that was initially developed and marketed as a sedative and treatment for morning sickness in pregnant women. However, it was later found to cause severe birth defects when given during pregnancy, particularly damage to the limbs, ears, and eyes of the developing fetus. As a result, thalidomide was banned in many countries in the 1960s.
In recent years, thalidomide has been reintroduced as a treatment for certain medical conditions, including multiple myeloma (a type of cancer that affects plasma cells) and leprosy. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for other diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease.
Thalidomide works by suppressing the immune system and inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). However, its use is tightly regulated due to its teratogenic effects, meaning it can cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy. Women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant should not take thalidomide, and healthcare providers must follow strict guidelines when prescribing the drug to ensure that it is used safely and effectively.
Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that forms in a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Plasma cells help your body fight infection by producing antibodies. In multiple myeloma, cancerous plasma cells accumulate in the bone marrow and crowd out healthy blood cells. Rather than producing useful antibodies, the cancer cells produce abnormal proteins that can cause complications such as kidney damage, bone pain and fractures.
Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer called a plasma cell neoplasm. Plasma cell neoplasms are diseases in which there is an overproduction of a single clone of plasma cells. In multiple myeloma, this results in the crowding out of normal plasma cells, red and white blood cells and platelets, leading to many of the complications associated with the disease.
The abnormal proteins produced by the cancer cells can also cause damage to organs and tissues in the body. These abnormal proteins can be detected in the blood or urine and are often used to monitor the progression of multiple myeloma.
Multiple myeloma is a relatively uncommon cancer, but it is the second most common blood cancer after non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It typically occurs in people over the age of 65, and men are more likely to develop multiple myeloma than women. While there is no cure for multiple myeloma, treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation can help manage the disease and its symptoms, and improve quality of life.
Angiogenesis inhibitors are a class of drugs that block the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). They work by targeting specific molecules involved in the process of angiogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. By blocking these molecules, angiogenesis inhibitors can prevent the development of new blood vessels that feed tumors, thereby slowing or stopping their growth.
Angiogenesis inhibitors are used in the treatment of various types of cancer, including colon, lung, breast, kidney, and ovarian cancer. They may be given alone or in combination with other cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Some examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include bevacizumab (Avastin), sorafenib (Nexavar), sunitinib (Sutent), and pazopanib (Votrient).
It's important to note that while angiogenesis inhibitors can be effective in treating cancer, they can also have serious side effects, such as high blood pressure, bleeding, and damage to the heart or kidneys. Therefore, it's essential that patients receive careful monitoring and management of these potential side effects while undergoing treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors.
Teratogens are substances, such as certain medications, chemicals, or infectious agents, that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in the developing fetus when a woman is exposed to them during pregnancy. They can interfere with the normal development of the fetus and lead to a range of problems, including physical deformities, intellectual disabilities, and sensory impairments. Examples of teratogens include alcohol, tobacco smoke, some prescription medications, and infections like rubella (German measles). It is important for women who are pregnant or planning to become pregnant to avoid exposure to known teratogens as much as possible.
Leprosstatic agents are substances or drugs that have a specific effect on the bacterium that causes leprosy, also known as Mycobacterium leprae. These agents are used in the treatment and prevention of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosal surfaces of the upper respiratory tract.
The most common leprostatic agents are antibiotics, which target the bacterial cells and inhibit their growth or kill them. The two main antibiotics used to treat leprosy are dapsone and rifampicin, which are often given in combination with other drugs such as clofazimine to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of the bacteria.
Leprosstatic agents are usually administered orally or by injection, and the duration of treatment can vary depending on the severity of the disease and the patient's response to therapy. It is important to note that early detection and treatment of leprosy can help prevent the progression of the disease and reduce the risk of transmission to others.
Boronic acids are organic compounds that contain a boron atom bonded to two carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group. The general formula for a boronic acid is RB(OH)2, where R represents a organic group. Boronic acids are important reagents in organic synthesis and have been used in the preparation of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science. They can also form stable complexes with many diols and phenols, which is the basis for their use in the detection and quantification of sugars, as well as in the design of boronic acid-based drugs that target diseases such as cancer and diabetes.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "pyrazines" is not a term commonly used in medical definitions. Pyrazines are actually a class of organic compounds that contain a ring made up of two nitrogen atoms and three carbon atoms. They are found in various foods and contribute to their flavors. If you have any questions about organic chemistry or food science, I'd be happy to try to help!
Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.
Dexamethasone is a type of corticosteroid medication, which is a synthetic version of a natural hormone produced by the adrenal glands. It is often used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system in a variety of medical conditions, including allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain skin conditions.
Dexamethasone works by binding to specific receptors in cells, which triggers a range of anti-inflammatory effects. These include reducing the production of chemicals that cause inflammation, suppressing the activity of immune cells, and stabilizing cell membranes.
In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, dexamethasone can also be used to treat other medical conditions, such as certain types of cancer, brain swelling, and adrenal insufficiency. It is available in a variety of forms, including tablets, liquids, creams, and injectable solutions.
Like all medications, dexamethasone can have side effects, particularly if used for long periods of time or at high doses. These may include mood changes, increased appetite, weight gain, acne, thinning skin, easy bruising, and an increased risk of infections. It is important to follow the instructions of a healthcare provider when taking dexamethasone to minimize the risk of side effects.
Ectromelia is a medical term that refers to the congenital absence or malformation of a limb or extremity. It is also known as "congenital amputation" or "limb reduction defect." This condition can affect any extremity, including arms, legs, hands, or feet, and can range from mild, such as a missing finger or toe, to severe, such as the absence of an entire limb.
Ectromelia can be caused by various factors, including genetic mutations, environmental factors, or a combination of both. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. Treatment options for ectromelia depend on the severity and location of the malformation and may include prosthetics, physical therapy, or surgery.
Erythema nodosum is a type of inflammation that occurs in the fatty layer of the skin, causing painful, red or purple bumps (nodules) to form. It is a type of panniculitis, which refers to any condition that causes inflammation of the fatty layer of tissue beneath the skin.
Erythema nodosum is often associated with a variety of underlying conditions, such as infections (e.g., streptococcus, tuberculosis), medications (e.g., sulfa drugs, oral contraceptives), inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), and pregnancy.
The bumps associated with erythema nodosum typically appear on the shins, ankles, knees, or other areas of the legs, although they can also occur on the arms, hands, or face. The bumps may be tender to the touch, warm, and swollen, and they may cause pain or discomfort when walking or standing for prolonged periods.
In most cases, erythema nodosum resolves on its own within a few weeks to several months, although symptoms can be managed with medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids. Treating the underlying condition is also important for resolving erythema nodosum and preventing recurrences.
Angiodysplasia is a vascular disorder characterized by the dilation and abnormal formation of blood vessels, particularly in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. These abnormal blood vessels are prone to leakage or rupture, which can lead to bleeding. Angiodysplasia is most commonly found in the colon but can occur in other parts of the GI tract as well. It is more common in older adults and can cause symptoms such as anemia, fatigue, and bloody stools. The exact cause of angiodysplasia is not known, but it may be associated with chronic low-grade inflammation or increased pressure in the blood vessels. Treatment options include endoscopic therapies to stop bleeding, medications to reduce acid production in the stomach, and surgery in severe cases.
"Drug-induced abnormalities" refer to physical or physiological changes that occur as a result of taking medication or drugs. These abnormalities can affect various organs and systems in the body and can range from minor symptoms, such as nausea or dizziness, to more serious conditions, such as liver damage or heart rhythm disturbances.
Drug-induced abnormalities can occur for several reasons, including:
1. Direct toxicity: Some drugs can directly damage cells and tissues in the body, leading to abnormalities.
2. Altered metabolism: Drugs can interfere with normal metabolic processes in the body, leading to the accumulation of harmful substances or the depletion of essential nutrients.
3. Hormonal imbalances: Some drugs can affect hormone levels in the body, leading to abnormalities.
4. Allergic reactions: Some people may have allergic reactions to certain drugs, which can cause a range of symptoms, including rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing.
5. Interactions with other drugs: Taking multiple medications or drugs at the same time can increase the risk of drug-induced abnormalities.
It is important for healthcare providers to monitor patients closely for signs of drug-induced abnormalities and to adjust medication dosages or switch to alternative treatments as necessary. Patients should also inform their healthcare providers of any symptoms they experience while taking medication, as these may be related to drug-induced abnormalities.
Antineoplastic combined chemotherapy protocols refer to a treatment plan for cancer that involves the use of more than one antineoplastic (chemotherapy) drug given in a specific sequence and schedule. The combination of drugs is used because they may work better together to destroy cancer cells compared to using a single agent alone. This approach can also help to reduce the likelihood of cancer cells becoming resistant to the treatment.
The choice of drugs, dose, duration, and frequency are determined by various factors such as the type and stage of cancer, patient's overall health, and potential side effects. Combination chemotherapy protocols can be used in various settings, including as a primary treatment, adjuvant therapy (given after surgery or radiation to kill any remaining cancer cells), neoadjuvant therapy (given before surgery or radiation to shrink the tumor), or palliative care (to alleviate symptoms and prolong survival).
It is important to note that while combined chemotherapy protocols can be effective in treating certain types of cancer, they can also cause significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, hair loss, fatigue, and an increased risk of infection. Therefore, patients undergoing such treatment should be closely monitored and managed by a healthcare team experienced in administering chemotherapy.
Phthalimides are organic compounds that contain a phthalimide functional group. The phthalimide group consists of a pair of fused rings, a benzene ring and a five-membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms, with one of the nitrogen atoms being part of a carbonyl group.
Phthalimides are commonly used as intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and dyes. They can also exhibit various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and anticancer properties. However, some phthalimides have been found to have toxic effects and may pose environmental and health concerns.
Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.
Melphalan is an antineoplastic agent, specifically an alkylating agent. It is used in the treatment of multiple myeloma and other types of cancer. The medical definition of Melphalan is:
A nitrogen mustard derivative that is used as an alkylating agent in the treatment of cancer, particularly multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer. Melphalan works by forming covalent bonds with DNA, resulting in cross-linking of the double helix and inhibition of DNA replication and transcription. This ultimately leads to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (programmed cell death) in rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells.
Melphalan is administered orally or intravenously, and its use is often accompanied by other anticancer therapies, such as radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Common side effects of Melphalan include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone marrow suppression, which can lead to anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia. Other potential side effects include hair loss, mucositis, and secondary malignancies.
It is important to note that Melphalan should be used under the close supervision of a healthcare professional, as it can cause serious adverse reactions if not administered correctly.
Maintenance chemotherapy is a type of cancer treatment that is given to help prevent the return of cancer cells after the primary tumor has been removed or reduced in size. It usually involves the use of lower doses of chemotherapy drugs over a longer period of time, with the aim of maintaining remission and improving overall survival.
The goal of maintenance chemotherapy is to kill any remaining cancer cells that may have survived initial treatment, reduce the risk of recurrence, and prolong the duration of response. This type of therapy is often used in conjunction with other treatments, such as surgery or radiation therapy, and may be given to patients who have responded well to initial chemotherapy but are at high risk of relapse.
It's important to note that maintenance chemotherapy can have side effects, just like any other form of cancer treatment. These side effects can vary depending on the specific drugs used, the dosage, and the duration of treatment. Patients should discuss the potential benefits and risks of maintenance chemotherapy with their healthcare provider to determine whether it is an appropriate treatment option for them.
Salvage therapy, in the context of medical oncology, refers to the use of treatments that are typically considered less desirable or more aggressive, often due to greater side effects or lower efficacy, when standard treatment options have failed. These therapies are used to attempt to salvage a response or delay disease progression in patients with refractory or relapsed cancers.
In other words, salvage therapy is a last-resort treatment approach for patients who have not responded to first-line or subsequent lines of therapy. It may involve the use of different drug combinations, higher doses of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation therapy. The goal of salvage therapy is to extend survival, improve quality of life, or achieve disease stabilization in patients with limited treatment options.
Aphthous stomatitis, also known simply as canker sores, is a medical condition that involves the development of small, painful ulcers in the mouth. These ulcers typically appear on the inside of the lips or cheeks, under the tongue, or on the gums. They are usually round or oval with a white or yellow center and a red border.
Aphthous stomatitis is not contagious and is thought to be caused by a variety of factors, including stress, hormonal changes, nutritional deficiencies, and injury to the mouth. The ulcers typically heal on their own within one to two weeks, although larger or more severe sores may take longer to heal.
Treatment for aphthous stomatitis is generally focused on relieving symptoms, as there is no cure for the condition. This may include using over-the-counter mouth rinses or topical gels to numb the area and reduce pain, as well as avoiding spicy, acidic, or hard foods that can irritate the ulcers. In some cases, prescription medications may be necessary to help manage more severe or persistent cases of aphthous stomatitis.
Pentoxifylline is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs known as xanthines. Medically, it is defined as a methylxanthine derivative that acts as a vasodilator and improves blood flow by reducing the viscosity of blood. It is used in the treatment of intermittent claudication (pain in the legs due to poor circulation) and may also be used for other conditions that benefit from improved blood flow, such as preventing kidney damage in people with diabetes.
Pentoxifylline works by increasing the flexibility of red blood cells, allowing them to move more easily through narrowed blood vessels, improving oxygen supply to tissues and organs. It also has anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to its therapeutic benefits.
Common side effects of pentoxifylline include gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Less commonly, it can cause dizziness, headache, or skin rashes. Rare but serious side effects include decreased blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, and liver damage. It is essential to follow the prescribing physician's instructions carefully when taking pentoxifylline and report any unusual symptoms promptly.
Lepromatous leprosy is a type of leprosy, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae. In this form of the disease, there is a widespread and diffuse involvement of the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves. The bacteria multiply slowly and spread to the skin, upper respiratory tract, and peripheral nerves.
In lepromatous leprosy, the immune response is weak, allowing for extensive bacterial multiplication and widespread tissue damage. The skin lesions are typically numerous, pale, and have a smooth surface. Nerve involvement can lead to loss of sensation, muscle weakness, and deformities, particularly in the hands and feet.
Lepromatous leprosy is a more severe form of the disease compared to tuberculoid leprosy, which has a stronger immune response and localized skin lesions. Both forms of the disease are treatable with multidrug therapy (MDT), recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for all leprosy patients. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent disability and reduce transmission.
Congenital limb deformities refer to abnormalities in the structure, position, or function of the arms or legs that are present at birth. These deformities can vary greatly in severity and may affect any part of the limb, including the bones, muscles, joints, and nerves.
Congenital limb deformities can be caused by genetic factors, exposure to certain medications or chemicals during pregnancy, or other environmental factors. Some common types of congenital limb deformities include:
1. Clubfoot: A condition in which the foot is twisted out of shape, making it difficult to walk normally.
2. Polydactyly: A condition in which a person is born with extra fingers or toes.
3. Radial clubhand: A rare condition in which the radius bone in the forearm is missing or underdeveloped, causing the hand to turn inward and the wrist to bend.
4. Amniotic band syndrome: A condition in which strands of the amniotic sac wrap around a developing limb, restricting its growth and leading to deformities.
5. Agenesis: A condition in which a limb or part of a limb is missing at birth.
Treatment for congenital limb deformities may include surgery, bracing, physical therapy, or other interventions depending on the severity and nature of the deformity. In some cases, early intervention and treatment can help to improve function and reduce the impact of the deformity on a person's daily life.
Antineoplastic agents are a class of drugs used to treat malignant neoplasms or cancer. These agents work by inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells, either by killing them or preventing their division and replication. Antineoplastic agents can be classified based on their mechanism of action, such as alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topoisomerase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and targeted therapy agents.
Alkylating agents work by adding alkyl groups to DNA, which can cause cross-linking of DNA strands and ultimately lead to cell death. Antimetabolites interfere with the metabolic processes necessary for DNA synthesis and replication, while topoisomerase inhibitors prevent the relaxation of supercoiled DNA during replication. Mitotic inhibitors disrupt the normal functioning of the mitotic spindle, which is essential for cell division. Targeted therapy agents are designed to target specific molecular abnormalities in cancer cells, such as mutated oncogenes or dysregulated signaling pathways.
It's important to note that antineoplastic agents can also affect normal cells and tissues, leading to various side effects such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and myelosuppression (suppression of bone marrow function). Therefore, the use of these drugs requires careful monitoring and management of their potential adverse effects.
A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.
The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.
The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.
In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.
Immunologic factors refer to the elements of the immune system that contribute to the body's defense against foreign substances, infectious agents, and cancerous cells. These factors include various types of white blood cells (such as lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils), antibodies, complement proteins, cytokines, and other molecules involved in the immune response.
Immunologic factors can be categorized into two main types: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is the non-specific defense mechanism that provides immediate protection against pathogens through physical barriers (e.g., skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (e.g., stomach acid, enzymes), and inflammatory responses. Adaptive immunity, on the other hand, is a specific defense mechanism that develops over time as the immune system learns to recognize and respond to particular pathogens or antigens.
Abnormalities in immunologic factors can lead to various medical conditions, such as autoimmune disorders, immunodeficiency diseases, and allergies. Therefore, understanding immunologic factors is crucial for diagnosing and treating these conditions.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine, a type of small signaling protein involved in immune response and inflammation. It is primarily produced by activated macrophages, although other cell types such as T-cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells can also produce it.
TNF-α plays a crucial role in the body's defense against infection and tissue injury by mediating inflammatory responses, activating immune cells, and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in certain types of cells. It does this by binding to its receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are found on the surface of many cell types.
In addition to its role in the immune response, TNF-α has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and psoriasis, as well as cancer, where it can promote tumor growth and metastasis.
Therapeutic agents that target TNF-α, such as infliximab, adalimumab, and etanercept, have been developed to treat these conditions. However, these drugs can also increase the risk of infections and other side effects, so their use must be carefully monitored.
Thalidomide
Thalidomide scandal
Thalidomide!! A Musical
List of thalidomide side effects
Wonder Drug: The Secret History of Thalidomide in America and its Hidden Victims
NoBody's Perfect
Pyoderma gangrenosum
Philip Venables
Theresia Degener
Erythema nodosum
2005 in British music
Chiral drugs
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Health crisis
VigiBase
Racemization
Enantioselective synthesis
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Lesley Florence
Chiral inversion
Thalidomide - Wikipedia
BBC News - Apology to thalidomide survivors
Thalidomide Embryopathy: An Enigmatic Challenge
Deuterating-Chiral-Centers-Stabilizes-Thalidomide
Clinical Assessment of Bortezomib for Multiple Myeloma in Comparison with Thalidomide - DOAJ
Thalidomide in the treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus]
No answers from Ottawa on financial support for thalidomide survivors - The Globe and Mail
Members' Area | Thalidomide
Thalidomide Shows Promising Results in Patients With Multiple Myeloma
Thalidomide in Treating Patients With Gynecologic Sarcomas
Thalidomide fails to extend survival in multiple myeloma - PharmaTimes
thalidomide - Blue and Green Tomorrow
Thalidomide inhibits the intractable cough of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | Thorax
Saint-Laurent Emissions, Barricade Breakers, Thalidomide Survivors. | CJLO 1690AM
Films Media Group - Beyond Thalidomide-Against the Odds: Inspiring Stories of Disability
Woman stopped thalidomide in America - Upworthy
Thalidomide's Resurgence and its Contemporary Uses EMRA
Study of Combination PS-341 and Thalidomide in Multiple Myeloma
Thalidomide: Poster Child for Drug Repurposing
BDY FL Thalidomide Supplier | CAS 2740620-18-0 | Tocris Bioscience
Frances Kelsey, FDA Officer Who Blocked Thalidomide, Dies At 101 | KCUR - Kansas City news and NPR
Thalidomide
Expect thousands of US babies to be born with birth defects if their carrying mothers get injected with a thalidomide-laced...
Thalidomide 4'-ether-alkylC5-acid Supplier | CAS 2087490-48-8 | Tocris Bioscience
Thalidomide may impede cell migration in primates by down-regulating integrin beta-chains: potential therapeutic utility in...
House of Commons - Register Of All-Party Parliamentary Groups as at 3 June 2016: Thalidomide
Dynamic Contrast-enhanced T2*-weighted MR Imaging of Recurrent Malignant Gliomas Treated with Thalidomide and Carboplatin |...
Cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone as induction therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients destined...
Studies of Thalidomide's Effects on Rodent Embryos from 1962-2008
Safety and efficacy of bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide followed by bortezomib-thalidomide maintenance (VMPT-VT)...
Survivors10
- His public statement follows the decision by the government to make more money available to the 466 thalidomide survivors in the UK. (bbc.co.uk)
- However, thalidomide has also been linked to causing a new generation of thalidomide survivors in Brazil, where the drug is used to treat leprosy. (hindawi.com)
- The federal government sent out lump-sum cheques to thalidomide survivors last month for $125,000 - half of what the victims' association had asked for - but has provided few answers about what the group considers the far more crucial long-term support. (theglobeandmail.com)
- Saint-Laurent Emissions, Barricade Breakers, Thalidomide Survivors. (cjlo.com)
- This week, US Thalidomide Survivors launches a nationwide Facebook campaign to try to locate -- as many as possible -- thalidomide survivors in our country! (usthalidomide.org)
- Daisy Polido, LMFT, will deliver a seminar specially tailored for Thalidomide survivors, who often deal with unresolved childhood trauma. (usthalidomide.org)
- You do not want to miss this next session of the US Thalidomide Survivors 2021 Online Speaker Series! (usthalidomide.org)
- It's time to register for the 1st session of the US Thalidomide Survivors 2020-21 Online Speaker Series! (usthalidomide.org)
- US Thalidomide Survivors, a nonprofit organization based in St. Paul, Minnesota, is looking for people born between 1957 and 1963 with defects possibly caused by their mother taking thalidomide in the first trimester of pregnancy. (usthalidomide.org)
- Learn more about the American thalidomide survivors' quest for justice more than 60 years after their mothers unwittingly took samples of the. (usthalidomide.org)
Dexamethasone10
- Thalidomide is used as a first-line treatment for multiple myeloma in combination with dexamethasone or with melphalan and prednisone to treat acute episodes of erythema nodosum leprosum, as well as for maintenance therapy. (wikipedia.org)
- His current medications include metformin 500 mg BID, dexamethasone 40 mg, and thalidomide 250 mg qHS. (emra.org)
- There are a lot of new drug treatments being researched right now for Multiple Myeloma including drug cocktails that involve thalidomide and dexamethasone in lieu of chemotherapy. (collaborativedrug.com)
- Design and Methods Oral cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone was compared with infusional cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. (haematologica.org)
- Cyclophosphamide-thalidomide-dexamethasone was non-inferior to cyclophosphamide-vincristine-doxorubicin-dexamethasone for progression-free and overall survival, and there was a trend toward a late survival benefit with cyclophosphamide-thalidomide-dexamethasone in responders. (haematologica.org)
- A trend toward an overall survival advantage for cyclophosphamide-thalidomide-dexamethasone over cyclophosphamide-vincristine-doxorubicin-dexamethasone was also observed in a subgroup of patients with favorable interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. (haematologica.org)
- Compared with cyclophosphamide-vincristine-doxorubicin-dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide-thalidomide-dexamethasone was associated with more constipation and somnolence, but a lower incidence of cytopenias. (haematologica.org)
- Conclusions The cyclophosphamide-thalidomide-dexamethasone regimen showed improved response rates and was not inferior in terms of survival outcomes to the standard infusional regimen of cyclophosphamide-vincristine-doxorubicin-dexamethasone. (haematologica.org)
- 2 , 16 Having developed an oral induction regimen comprising cyclophosphamide, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (CTD), 17 , 18 we compared its efficacy and safety to that of cyclophosphamide plus VAD (CVAD) in a large randomized trial setting whereby, apart from the difference in the mode of administration, thalidomide was in effect an alternative to vincristine plus doxorubicin. (haematologica.org)
- Combination of bortezomib, thalidomide, and dexamethasone (VTD) as a consolidation therapy after autologous stem cell transplantation for symptomatic multiple myeloma in Japanese patients. (stembook.org)
Morning sickness10
- Thalidomide was marketed as very safe with no untoward side effects [ 1 ] and quickly became something of a wonder drug between 1957 and 1961 in the treatment of a range of conditions, in particular morning sickness. (hindawi.com)
- Thalidomide, originally used as a treatment for morning sickness, was taken off the market in the 1960s because women who took it during pregnancy had a much higher rate of severe birth defects. (pharmatimes.com)
- Because his mother took Thalidomide for morning sickness, he was born with no arms and short legs. (films.com)
- Thalidomide , infamous for producing so called "thalidomide babies" in the 1950's when used for morning sickness, today is widely used for Leprosy and multiple myeloma. (collaborativedrug.com)
- Thalidomide had already been sold to pregnant women in Europe and elsewhere as an anti-nausea drug to treat morning sickness, and Merrell wanted a license to do the same in the U.S. (kcur.org)
- In everybody's frenzy, especially parents of young children and pregnant women, to get injected with anything that might stave off coronavirus 2.1, let's all remember (or learn if you don't know history) that back in the 1950s and '60s, more than 20,000 prescriptions of thalidomide were dished out to pregnant women for their morning sickness, though it was never tested on pregnant women at all. (naturalnews.com)
- Based on the record of the time, thalidomide was approved for use in Germany, so doctors prescribed it to treat morning sickness in pregnant women. (asu.edu)
- Chemie Grünenthal hailed Thalidomide as multipurpose drug capable of treating morning sickness, restlessness in children, loss of vision, and some forms of cancer. (asu.edu)
- Doctors also found that thalidomide was an effective antiemetic which had an inhibitory effect on morning sickness. (oncozine.com)
- Introduction: Thalidomide is an old well-known drug firstly used as morning sickness relief in pregnant women and then withdrawn from the market due to its severe side effects on fetal normal development. (currentmedicinalchemistry.com)
Representing Canadian thalidomide1
- Mercédes Benegbi, head of group representing Canadian thalidomide victims pictured after meeting with Health Canada officials March 9, 2015 in Ottawa. (theglobeandmail.com)
Pregnant women7
- Following the thalidomide disaster new legislation was introduced around the world that changed the way drugs are tested and their approval for human use, especially for pregnant women. (hindawi.com)
- Marketed as a sedative for pregnant women, thalidomide was already available in Canada, Germany, and several African countries. (upworthy.com)
- When Chemie Grünenthal released thalidomide in West Germany years earlier, they called it a ' wonder drug ' for pregnant women. (upworthy.com)
- One of the horrific and still negligently under-reported legacies of the Baby Boom era was the widespread use of thalidomide by pregnant women, which led to countless, yet still vastly undocumented, cases of children born in the United States and abroad with severe deformities, including the lack of limbs, hands, fingers and toes. (healthworldnet.com)
- Yes, thalidomide was tested on a mass target market of naive pregnant women, and the result was 20 thousand babies born with horrific birth defects, like shortened limbs, and the drug was then quickly pulled from market, too little, way too late. (naturalnews.com)
- Pregnant women who take Thalidomide are at greater than normal risk for spontaneous abortion and for giving birth to children with developmental anomalies such as shortened, absent, or extra limbs, as well as a variety of heart, ear, and internal organ defects. (asu.edu)
- In humans limb truncation in offspring is a common congenital abnormality arising from Thalidomide use by pregnant women. (asu.edu)
19614
- Thalidomide was finally withdrawn in November 1961. (hindawi.com)
- Thalidomide was not licensed for use in the USA between 1957 and 1961 as Dr Frances Kelsey, a physician working for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) had concerns about the drug's safety [ 5 , 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
- In 1961, the health effects of thalidomide weren't well-known. (upworthy.com)
- In early 1961 doctors noticed an extraordinary increase in documented cases of children with a verity of birth defects, and they soon hypothesized that maternal exposure to Thalidomide during pregnancy caused these often-severe congenital abnormalities. (asu.edu)
Leprosy9
- Thalidomide, sold under the brand names Contergan and Thalomid among others, is an oral medication used to treat a number of cancers (e.g. multiple myeloma), graft-versus-host disease, and many skin disorders (e.g. complications of leprosy such as skin lesions). (wikipedia.org)
- In 1965 thalidomide was found to be very effective in reducing the lesions associated with leprosy and (ENL), erythema nodosum leprosum, a complication of leprosy involving a chronic skin and nerve infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae [ 27 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Dr. Kaplan and her team have shown that thalidomide treatment modifies TNF-Alpha and IL-12 production and can improve outcome in humans with lepromatous leprosy, TB or HIV infection, in animal models of inhalational TB (in mice) and TB meningitis (in rabbits), and in vitro in M.tuberculosis -infected human monocytes. (collaborativedrug.com)
- Thalidomide, despite its sordid past is undergoing a sort of renaissance and is being manufactured and used worldwide for a variety of illnesses including leprosy. (healthworldnet.com)
- Thalidomide has recently been approved for limited use in dermatologic complications of leprosy. (ajnr.org)
- Following thalidomide tragedy, Jacob Sheskin , a Professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem at Hadassah University Hospital and the chief staff and manager of Hansen Leper Hospital in Jerusalem, noted that the drug offered treatment related benefits to patients with erythema nodosum leprosum or ENL, a painful complication of leprosy, in an attempt to relieve pain in spite of the ban. (oncozine.com)
- From the 1970s Grünenthal supplied thalidomide tablets to support leprosy hospitals around the world in the management of ENL. (oncozine.com)
- The FDA has recommended the thalidomide 100 mg uses for the treatment of skin tumors associated with leprosy. (glareahealthcare.com)
- Finally, we looked at the impact of the tragedy on regulation , women's fear about taking medicines during pregnancy, and how thalidomide is used today to treat conditions such as leprosy and bone cancer. (theconversation.com)
Pack of thalidomide2
- A sample pack of thalidomide. (upworthy.com)
- A sample pack of thalidomide sent to doctors in the U.K. While more than 10,000 babies worldwide were born with thalidomide-related birth defects, FDA historian John Swann credits Dr. Kelsey with limiting the number of American babies affected to just 17. (upworthy.com)
History of thalidomide2
- The history of thalidomide shows a dark past. (oncozine.com)
- Cleveland Radio host and comedian Jimmy Malone talks with author Jennifer Vanderbes about the hidden history of thalidomide in America. (usthalidomide.org)
Sedative4
- Thalidomide was produced and released as a nonaddictive, nonbarbiturate sedative in 1957 by Chemie-Grunenthal. (hindawi.com)
- Created in the 1950s by German pharmaceutical company, Chemie-Grunenthal, thalidomide was initially marketed as a non-addictive, nonbarbiturate sedative. (emra.org)
- In 1960, Kelsey was the new medical officer at the Food and Drug Administration when an application for FDA approval of the sedative Kevadon, the trade name of thalidomide, manufactured by drug company William S. Merrell Company of Cincinnati. (kcur.org)
- Thalidomide is a sedative drug introduced to European markets on 1 October 1957 after claims of extensive testing on rodent embryos to ensure its safety. (asu.edu)
Efficacy7
- Purpose: We studied the efficacy and safety of bortezomib (BOR) for treatment of multiple myeloma in comparison with thalidomide (THAL) by reference to adverse events, and searched for laboratory markers that could be used for prognostication of patients. (doaj.org)
- This study confirms the efficacy of low dose thalidomide in the treatment of chronic lupus erythematosus. (nih.gov)
- Dr. Barlogie, the principal investigator of the thalidomide projects, added: We are extremely pleased with the efficacy of thalidomide in these patients that had failed all other therapies. (cancernetwork.com)
- It is likely that dietary fish oil-as well as selective inhibitors of urokinase, when and if they become clinically available-will complement the efficacy of thalidomide in most if not all of these applications. (nih.gov)
- 6 , 9 The demonstrated efficacy, lack of myelosuppression, and overall tolerability of thalidomide provide a strong rationale for its incorporation in standard induction regimens for patients presenting with NDMM who may be eligible for ASCT. (haematologica.org)
- We assessed efficacy, safety, and reversal of renal impairment (RI) in untreated patients with multiple myeloma given bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone-thalidomide followed by bortezomib-thalidomide (VMPT-VT) maintenance or bortezomib-melphalan-prednisone (VMP). (eurekamag.com)
- The authors conclude that although thalidomide shows excellent efficacy for CLE, this impressive result needs to be balanced against severe adverse events. (dermcast.tv)
Analogues4
- Dr. Kaplan and her team have since developed two classes of novel, synthetic analogues of thalidomide that reduce TNF-Alpha production by 50,000 times more than the parent drug, thalidomide, and with fewer deleterious side effects. (collaborativedrug.com)
- For this reason, research efforts are geared toward the synthesis and optimization of new thalidomide analogues lacking in toxic effects, able to erase these limits and improve the pharmacological profile. (currentmedicinalchemistry.com)
- Aims: This review aims to examine the state-of-the-art concerning the current studies on thalidomide and its analogues towards cancer diseases focusing the attention on the possible mechanisms of action involved and the lack of toxicity. (currentmedicinalchemistry.com)
- Conclusion: In the light of the collected data, thalidomide analogues and their ongoing optimization could lead, in the future, to the realization of a promising therapeutic alternative for fighting cancer. (currentmedicinalchemistry.com)
Autologous stem cell trans2
- The study of 668 patients with newly-diagnosed multiple myeloma compared treatment with two courses of Celgene's Alkeran (melphalan) to the combination of Alkeran and Celgene's Thalomid brand of thalidomide alongside autologous stem cell transplantation. (pharmatimes.com)
- Background Thalidomide is active in multiple myeloma and is associated with minimal myelosuppression, making it a good candidate for induction therapy prior to high-dose therapy with autologous stem-cell transplantation. (haematologica.org)
Pregnancy5
- Use of thalidomide in pregnancy can cause fetal abnormalities such as phocomelia (malformation of the limbs). (wikipedia.org)
- The total number of infants affected by thalidomide use during pregnancy is estimated at 10,000, of whom about 40% died around the time of birth. (wikipedia.org)
- There were no tests showing thalidomide was safe for human use, particularly during pregnancy. (upworthy.com)
- Taking thalidomide early in their pregnancy was the one thing connecting them. (upworthy.com)
- It has taken half a century for the victims of birth defect pregnancy drug Thalidomide to receive an apology from its German inventors. (healthworldnet.com)
Tragedy3
- The belief that America avoided the thalidomide tragedy has persisted for nearly 50 years now, but we believe we have discovered evidence that casts doubt on the story. (healthworldnet.com)
- Martin discovered that a Heinrich Muckter , a former Nazi doctor, was paid large bonuses before thalidomide tragedy broke. (oncozine.com)
- Globe & Mail published an excellent special report on the Canadian Thalidomide tragedy. (cfmlawyers.ca)
Marketed in 19572
- Thalidomide was first marketed in 1957 in West Germany, where it was available over the counter. (wikipedia.org)
- Questions still remain about the testing carried out on Thalidomide before it was marketed in 1957 and whether the testing was stringent enough as well as whether the disaster was preventable. (hindawi.com)
Chemotherapy6
- He also noted that thalidomide was also effective in patients with high grade myeloma, including those who had chromosome 13 deletion, which is usually refractory to high-dose chemotherapy and transplantation. (cancernetwork.com)
- In addition, preliminary results indicate that the combination of thalidomide and chemotherapy appears to be effective in treating plasma cell leukemia and fulminant multiple myeloma. (cancernetwork.com)
- Adding thalidomide to a standard regimen of high-dose chemotherapy in patients with the cancer multiple myeloma improved complete responses but did not give any advantage in five-year survival, according to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine (March 9). (pharmatimes.com)
- The ironic part of this story is that thalidomide was developed by Nazi Germany's chemical industrial complex, just like American chemotherapy today. (naturalnews.com)
- Now they literally use thalidomide in chemotherapy for cancer patients in the US. (naturalnews.com)
- None of the patients had received prior adjuvant chemotherapy with thalidomide or carboplatin. (ajnr.org)
Causes birth defects3
- Those allergic to thalidomide should not take it, and it should be used with caution in people with chronic infections such as HIV or hepatitis B. Thalidomide causes birth defects. (wikipedia.org)
- Surprisingly how thalidomide causes birth defects and how it acts in the treatment of clinical conditions are still far from clear. (hindawi.com)
- The purpose of this review is to look at the recent work carried out into understanding how thalidomide causes birth defects, it's molecular targets and the challenges that remain to be elucidated. (hindawi.com)
Erythema nodosum leprosum4
- Although thalidomide is a U.S. Food and Drug Admistration (FDA) approved medication for erythema nodosum leprosum and multiple myeloma, it has many off-label uses, including for discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), Behçet's disease, apththous ulcers in HIV patients, and prurigo nodularis. (escholarship.org)
- In 1998, U.S. based Celgene Corporation (now part of Bristol Meyers Squibb/BMS) received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market thalidomide in the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum or ENL. (oncozine.com)
- Deep Venous Thrombosis in Patients with Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in the Use of Thalidomide and Systemic Corticosteroid in Reference Service in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. (bvsalud.org)
- Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is a type of lepra reaction treated with corticosteroids and thalidomide , but this association increases the risk of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). (bvsalud.org)
Drug19
- The birth defects caused by thalidomide led to the development of greater drug regulation and monitoring in many countries. (wikipedia.org)
- Thalidomide, a racemic drug, is remembered for the birth defects it caused in the 1960s, but thalidomide analogs are now being developed and marketed as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. (acs.org)
- Victims of the drug thalidomide came away from a two-hour meeting with Health Canada on Monday voicing "grave concerns" over Ottawa's failure to provide key details about how the federal government's promised financial-support package will work. (theglobeandmail.com)
- Research investigating the use of thalidomide in multiple myeloma report that 34% of patients treated with the drug experienced a reduction in tumor burden. (cancernetwork.com)
- Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey had only been with the Food and Drug Administration for about a month when she was tasked with reviewing a drug named thalidomide for distribution in America. (upworthy.com)
- Later that year, the FDA approved new, tougher regulations for companies seeking drug approval, inspired in large part by Kelsey's work on thalidomide. (upworthy.com)
- Throughout the world, more than 10,000 children were affected by the use of thalidomide, and it prompted the establishment of more stringent methods of drug testing and screening, including the incorporation of multiple species in clinical trials due to the realization that differences in species sensitivity impact outcomes. (emra.org)
- Thalidomide is approaching a billion dollar drug for Celegene and provides a nice example of the collaborative insights from multiple researchers. (collaborativedrug.com)
- Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey, whose tireless efforts uncovered a link between the drug thalidomide and severe birth defects, has died at age 101. (kcur.org)
- In the early 1960s, Kelsey -- a doctor and research scientist with the FDA -- saved thousands of babies from severe birth defects by stopping a big pharmaceutical company from marketing the drug thalidomide. (healthworldnet.com)
- Victims of thalidomide said on Saturday an apology from the German inventor of the drug that caused birth defects in thousands of babies around the world was too little too late. (healthworldnet.com)
- A growing number of human inflammatory disorders are reported to respond to treatment with thalidomide, and recently this drug has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis in the rabbit, in doses which can elicit teratogenicity in this species. (nih.gov)
- To provide support to those whose lives were affected by exposure to the drug Thalidomide. (parliament.uk)
- A 1962 study titled "Thalidomide and Congenital Abnormalities," by Victor Knapp, George Christie, and Mary Seller, all working in the UK, looked at the teratogenic effects of Thalidomide on rats, mice, and rabbits, and the study reported no abnormalities in the offspring of these animals after researchers had exposed the pregnant females to the drug. (asu.edu)
- The differing stories about the origin of Thalidomide: A drug that was treated as casually as aspirin. (oncozine.com)
- The program called System for Thalidomide Education and Prescribing Safety or S.T.E.P.S. limits the prescription and dispensing rights of the drug only to authorized prescribers and pharmacies, requires a registry of all patients prescribed the drug. (oncozine.com)
- According to data published in a report by Martin Johnson, director of The Thalidomide Trust in the United Kingdom, the drug was developed at the end of World War II in Nazi Germany, more than 10 years before Grünenthal secured a patent in 1954, as an antidote to nerve gases such as Sarin. (oncozine.com)
- It features interviews with individuals whose lives have been impacted upon as a result of Thalidomide, as well as some of the historical stuff surrounding the manufacture and marketing of the drug (possibly how it's being used today also? (flidfit.com)
- This month we ran a 13-part series on thalidomide , the drug that caused thousands of miscarriages in the late 1950s and early '60s and left more than 10,000 children severely disabled. (theconversation.com)
America1
- Then, the FDA approved thalidomide, knowing it was dangerous and created mutant babies all across America. (naturalnews.com)
1950s1
- By the late 1950s, the company was marketing Thalidomide in forty-six countries. (asu.edu)
Multiple myeloma patients1
- Last year, Celgene was forced to discontinue a trial of a thalidomide derivative - Revlimid (lenalidomide) - in multiple myeloma patients after patients developed blood clots. (pharmatimes.com)
Tumor1
- Although researchers have not identified the mechanism by which thalidomide treats multiple myeloma, they suspect several actions are involved, including the possibility that thalidomide suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha production, and that it increases the body s production of interleukin-10. (cancernetwork.com)
Patients19
- However soon after the drug's release in Europe reports linked thalidomide to causing peripheral neuropathy in adult patients (which prevented its licensing and general release in the USA) as well as being behind the occurrence of a high and sudden increase of rare birth defects [ 3 , 5 - 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Dr. Kelsey was concerned about the peripheral neuropathy side effect that had been experienced and reported in some patients in Europe following thalidomide exposure [ 3 , 5 , 25 , 26 ]. (hindawi.com)
- We present the data of a single-center retrospective studied among 18 patients with chronic lupus erythematosus, treated with thalidomide from 1998 to 2003. (nih.gov)
- In 13 out of 18 patients, thalidomide had been prescribed because of failure with prior treatments. (nih.gov)
- Fifteen patients were improved by thalidomide (83.3 p. 100), with 11 (61 p. 100) complete and 4 (22 p. 100) partial remissions. (nih.gov)
- These recent findings are consistent with the results of an earlier analysis of 26 patients, which determined that over half of all patients with advanced disease developed either stable disease or improved with thalidomide therapy. (cancernetwork.com)
- Current clinical trials at MTRC, under the leadership of Bart Barlogie, MD, address the usefulness of adding thalidomide to primary induction therapy for newly diagnosed patients with myeloma, followed by tandem transplant and consolidation therapy. (cancernetwork.com)
- Determine the impact on survival and the antitumor effects of thalidomide in patients with sarcomas or carcinosarcoma (mixed mesodermal tumors) of gynecologic origin. (knowcancer.com)
- OUTLINE: Patients receive oral thalidomide daily. (knowcancer.com)
- The first six patients in each group will receive PS-341 alone for the first cycle, and thalidomide will be added on day 22. (knowcancer.com)
- Initially, these patients will receive PS-341 alone and thalidomide will be added subsequently, if deemed safe based on the first 6 patients in each thalidomide dose cohort. (knowcancer.com)
- And I think of the AIDS and cancer patients for whom thalidomide is the last bastion of hope. (healthworldnet.com)
- Serial MR imaging was performed in 18 consecutive patients with recurrent malignant gliomas receiving both thalidomide and carboplatin for 12-month periods. (ajnr.org)
- MR imaging studies were performed in 18 consecutive patients with recurrent malignant gliomas who were enrolled in a trial to investigate treatment with thalidomide and carboplatin (9) . (ajnr.org)
- Six patients (three men and three women, 27-64 years old, mean age, 46 years) undergoing high-dose carboplatin therapy without thalidomide for recurrent malignant gliomas served as a control group. (ajnr.org)
- Based on its oral administration and the reduced incidence of infection and cytopenia, cyclophosphamide-thalidomide-dexa-methasone may be considered an effective induction therapy option for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. (haematologica.org)
- Thalidomide for Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: Which Patients Benefit? (dermcast.tv)
- A recent systematic review and meta-analysis sought to assess the overall rate of response to thalidomide in patients with CLE, to compare rates of response to thalidomide between CLE subtypes, and to assess the rate of thalidomide withdrawal related to adverse events and the prevalence of severe adverse events, particularly peripheral neuropathy and thromboembolic events. (dermcast.tv)
- They suggest that use of thalidomide should therefore be limited to patients with severe, refractory CLE or who are at high risk for severe scarring. (dermcast.tv)
19625
- Thalidomide remains one of the world's most notorious drugs due to the severe birth defects it induced in children between 1957 and 1962. (hindawi.com)
- Thalidomide-damaged children were still born throughout 1962, but the number of children affected dramatically declined following thalidomide withdrawal [ 7 , 22 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Dr. Kelsey undoubtedly prevented an epidemic of thalidomide-induced birth defects in the USA and for her efforts was subsequently given the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service by President John F. Kennedy in 1962 [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Thalidomide was taken off the market worldwide in 1962. (emra.org)
- By March 1962 many countries had banned Thalidomide, however by then greater than 10,000 babies worldwide were born with birth defects attributed to Thalidomide. (asu.edu)
Cereblon1
- Ready for conjugation to a target protein ligand to form PROTACs containing Thalidomide as cereblon ligand. (tenovapharma.com)
Inhibits1
- Since integrins are crucial for cell-matrix interactions, and the beta 2 integrins of leukocytes mediate adhesion to endothelium, it is reasonable to postulate that thalidomide inhibits cell migration in susceptible species, and that this accounts for its anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and teratogenic activity. (nih.gov)
Victims7
- The government has expressed its 'sincere regret' and 'deep sympathy' to the victims of the thalidomide scandal. (bbc.co.uk)
- It's an apology not just to thalidomide victims but to the parents who lost their children in the early days. (bbc.co.uk)
- At the start of last year, the Thalidomide Victims Association of Canada had 97 members. (theglobeandmail.com)
- However, aside from the $125,000 cheques, the Thalidomide Victims Association has received few specifics. (theglobeandmail.com)
- Victims of thalidomide are struggling with growing physical pain as their disabled bodies age, forcing many of them to abandon jobs and fight to maintain their independence. (theglobeandmail.com)
- Donations allow us to fulfill our commitment to victims of thalidomide throughout Canada. (thalidomide.ca)
- Newly uncovered and translated documents, combined with new medical advances that help us to better understand how thalidomide works, suggests that there may be many victims in the United States that were never identified. (healthworldnet.com)
Defects6
- Because it crosses the placental barrier between fetus and mother, thalidomide causes devastating - often fatal - physical defects. (upworthy.com)
- During the five years it was on the market, an estimated 10,000 babies globally were born with thalidomide-caused defects. (upworthy.com)
- Thalidomide "was causing thousands of babies in Europe, Britain, Canada and the Middle East to be born with flipperlike arms and legs and other defects. (kcur.org)
- The broad strokes of thalidomide causing thousands of birth defects are well known. (healthworldnet.com)
- In 1963, Joseph A. DiPaolo, working in the US, discussed various birth defects found in mice fetuses whose mothers were fed Thalidomide daily, but he found only one kind of anamoly called fetal resorption, or the partial or complete dissolution of fetal tissues after some embryos had died in utero . (asu.edu)
- Then, in the early 1960's the Australian obstetrician William McBride and the German pediatrician Widukind Lenz suspected a link between an increase in numerous devastating cases of birth defects and thalidomide. (oncozine.com)
Babies1
- Many other babies died from thalidomide around their time of birth, and others suffered heart, eye, ear and urinary tract problems. (naturalnews.com)
Corticosteroids1
- Thalidomide may be helpful in some cases where standard TB drugs and corticosteroids are not sufficient to resolve severe inflammation in the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Dose2
- 1.0 mg/m2) and different dose levels of thalidomide (50, 100, 150, and 200 mg). (knowcancer.com)
- What if you missed a dose of thalidomide 100 mg? (glareahealthcare.com)
Severe1
- Thalidomide can cause liver damage and severe skin reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
Combination1
- The article illustrates the incidence increase of DVT because of the thalidomide / corticosteroid combination in ENL. (bvsalud.org)
Fetal1
- However, in humans Thalidomide interfered with embryonic and fetal development in ways not observed in rodent tests. (asu.edu)
Discoid1
- Herein, we present a patient with an overlap of discoid lupus erythematosus and lichen planus who was successfully treated with thalidomide for over 19 years without significant side effects. (escholarship.org)
Revlimid1
- Revlimid is one of the derivatives of thalidomide that you mentioned. (collaborativedrug.com)
Capsules3
- What are the precautions and warnings of Thalidomide Capsules 100 mg? (glareahealthcare.com)
- How are Thalidomide Capsules given to adults? (glareahealthcare.com)
- Thalidomide Capsules USP is highly demanded by our clients due to its quick result. (oncoindiamedicine.com)
Teratogenic1
- Studies in marmosets and humans indicate that thalidomide, and a teratogenic analogue, decrease the expression of beta integrin subunits, most notably beta 3 and the beta 2 produced by leukocytes. (nih.gov)
Cancer3
- Dr. Barlogie added that additional studies are beginning at the MTRC, to evaluate the role of thalidomide in the treatment of acute leukemia, amyloidosis, and Waldenström s macroglobulinemia, a cancer closely related to multiple myeloma. (cancernetwork.com)
- Thalidomide capsule 100 mg's well-defined mechanism of the act on cancer cells is not exact. (glareahealthcare.com)
- Thalidomide 100mg changes the activity of the body's immune system and improves indirectly attacking the cancer cells. (glareahealthcare.com)
Treatment7
- Thalidomide is the second line treatment of chronic lupus erythematosus. (nih.gov)
- Inclusion criteria were: the presence of clinical lesions evoking the disease, confirmed by histological examination and direct immunofluorescence and treatment with thalidomide for more than 2 months. (nih.gov)
- Studies are continuing at the ACRC to evaluate the potential role of thalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma. (cancernetwork.com)
- thalidomide is, in fact, still used as an effective component of treatment today. (emra.org)
- This perspective suggests that thalidomide will show utility in the prevention or treatment of a wide range of disorders, including solid tumors, proliferative retinopathies, many inflammatory diseases, neointimal hyperplasia, and osteoporosis. (nih.gov)
- The purpose of our study was therefore to compare postcontrast T1-weighted imaging with dynamic, contrast-enhanced T2*-weighted echo-planar imaging in monitoring the response of recurrent malignant gliomas to treatment with thalidomide and carboplatin. (ajnr.org)
- Thalidomide shows promise for treating cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) when the first-line treatment has failed. (dermcast.tv)
Toxicity2
- Did you consider thalidomide toxicity as a possible etiology? (emra.org)
- Thalidomide is active in MM 3 - 7 and produces little hematologic toxicity, indicating that it may be preferred for use as induction therapy. (haematologica.org)
Versus1
- A snapshot of 2015: health reviews, Health Check series, thalidomide series, Medicare versus private health insurance. (theconversation.com)
Scandal1
- Mail Online UK Government apologises for thalidomide scandal. (bbc.co.uk)
Vincristine1
- I took thalidomide pre-transplant instead of the more standard (at the time) chemo (vincristine & adriomycin), and took thalidomide for a year afterwards as maintenance. (collaborativedrug.com)
Drugs2
- To move away from the business aspects, to a more personal account, we are sharing this story from John Sanguinetti on what it is like to live with multiple myeloma thanks to thalidomide and other drugs. (collaborativedrug.com)
- The authors noted that the study provided no grounds to think that drugs containing Thalidomide were safe for human use, and they argued that the only method guaranteed to safely deal with drugs of unknown teratogenicity would be to completely refrain from using them unless absolutely necessary. (asu.edu)
Earn rewards2
- Be the first to review BDY FL Thalidomide and earn rewards! (tocris.com)
- Be the first to review Thalidomide 4'-ether-alkylC5-acid and earn rewards! (tocris.com)
Pharmaceutical company2
- Thalidomide was first marketed on 1 October 1957 by the West German pharmaceutical company Chemie Grünenthal, headquartered in Achen, Germany. (asu.edu)
- Otto Ambros , who became an advisor for the British pharmaceutical company The Distillers Company (Biochemicals) Ltd , a subsidiary of Distillers Co. Ltd ., was another convicted Nazis war criminal linked to Grünenthal and thalidomide. (oncozine.com)
Years2
- Thalidomide had been initiated a mean of 10.6 years after diagnosis of chronic lupus erythematosus. (nih.gov)
- DIGGLE, G. E. Thalidomide: 40 years on. (bvsalud.org)
Adverse1
- Thalidomide also appears to be well tolerated in this setting and is associated with an acceptable rate of adverse events. (haematologica.org)
Nazis1
- Is this the last war crime of the Nazis, or was it thalidomide? (naturalnews.com)