Th1 cells. Medical search

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Subset of helper-effector T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-22. These cytokines are involved in host defenses and tissue inflammation in autoimmune diseases.

Homeostatic control of the immune system by secretion of different cytokines by the Th1 and Th2 cells. The concentration dependent binding of the various cytokines to specific receptors determines the balance (or imbalance leading to disease).

A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.

A proinflammatory cytokine produced primarily by T-LYMPHOCYTES or their precursors. Several subtypes of interleukin-17 have been identified, each of which is a product of a unique gene.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.

Time period from 1801 through 1900 of the common era.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Time period from 1601 through 1700 of the common era.

Time period from 1901 through 2000 of the common era.

Time period from 1701 through 1800 of the common era.

Time period from 1401 through 1500 of the common era.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

Time period from 1501 through 1600 of the common era.

A GATA transcription factor that is found predominately in LYMPHOID CELL precursors and has been implicated in the CELL DIFFERENTIATION of HELPER T-CELLS. Haploinsufficiency of GATA3 is associated with HYPOPARATHYROIDISM; SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; and renal anomalies syndrome.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of INTERFERON-GAMMA production by T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterin, and oxygen to 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, dihydrobiopterin, and water. EC 1.14.16.2.

Soluble factors which stimulate growth-related activities of leukocytes as well as other cell types. They enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, DNA synthesis, secretion of other biologically active molecules and responses to immune and inflammatory stimuli.

A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.

An orphan nuclear receptor found in the THYMUS where it plays a role in regulating the development and maturation of thymocytes. An isoform of this protein, referred to as RORgammaT, is produced by an alternatively transcribed mRNA.

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

A cytokine synthesized by T-LYMPHOCYTES that produces proliferation, immunoglobulin isotype switching, and immunoglobulin production by immature B-LYMPHOCYTES. It appears to play a role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses.

A cytokine that promotes differentiation and activation of EOSINOPHILS. It also triggers activated B-LYMPHOCYTES to differentiate into IMMUNOGLOBULIN-secreting cells.

CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.

A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-23 is comprised of a unique 19 kDa subunit and 40 kDa subunit that is shared with INTERLEUKIN-12. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells

Proteins containing a region of conserved sequence, about 200 amino acids long, which encodes a particular sequence specific DNA binding domain (the T-box domain). These proteins are transcription factors that control developmental pathways. The prototype of this family is the mouse Brachyury (or T) gene product.

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-4. Stat6 has been shown to partner with NF-KAPPA B and CCAAT-ENHANCER-BINDING PROTEINS to regulate GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION of interleukin-4 responsive GENES.

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).

An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates cellular responses to INTERLEUKIN-12 in T-LYMPHOCYTES. Stat4 is an important signaling molecule for differentiation in TH1 CELLS.

An experimental animal model for central nervous system demyelinating disease. Inoculation with a white matter emulsion combined with FREUND'S ADJUVANT, myelin basic protein, or purified central myelin triggers a T cell-mediated immune response directed towards central myelin. The pathologic features are similar to MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, including perivascular and periventricular foci of inflammation and demyelination. Subpial demyelination underlying meningeal infiltrations also occurs, which is also a feature of ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, ACUTE DISSEMINATED. Passive immunization with T-cells from an afflicted animal to a normal animal also induces this condition. (From Immunol Res 1998;17(1-2):217-27; Raine CS, Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p604-5)

Antigen-type substances that produce immediate hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).

Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis by gene delivery of soluble p75 tumour necrosis factor receptor. (1/5809)

Collagen type II-induced arthritis (CIA) in DBA/1 mice can be passively transferred to SCID mice with spleen B- and T-lymphocytes. In the present study, we show that infection ex vivo of splenocytes from arthritic DBA/1 mice with a retroviral vector, containing cDNA for the soluble form of human p75 receptor of tumour necrosis factor (TNF-R) before transfer, prevents the development of arthritis, bone erosion and joint inflammation in the SCID recipients. Assessment of IgG subclass levels and studies of synovial histology suggest that down-regulating the effector functions of T helper-type 1 (Th1) cells may, at least in part, explain the inhibition of arthritis in the SCID recipients. In contrast, the transfer of splenocytes infected with mouse TNF-alpha gene construct resulted in exacerbated arthritis and enhancement of IgG2a antibody levels. Intriguingly, infection of splenocytes from arthritic DBA/1 mice with a construct for mouse IL-10 had no modulating effect on the transfer of arthritis. The data suggest that manipulation of the immune system with cytokines, or cytokine inhibitors using gene transfer protocols can be an effective approach to ameliorate arthritis. (+info)

Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils. (2/5809)

We have generated mice with a cell type-specific disruption of the Stat3 gene in macrophages and neutrophils. The mutant mice are highly susceptible to endotoxin shock with increased production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF alpha, IL-1, IFN gamma, and IL-6. Endotoxin-induced production of inflammatory cytokines is augmented because the suppressive effects of IL-10 on inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages and neutrophils are completely abolished. The mice show a polarized immune response toward the Th1 type and develop chronic enterocolitis with age. Taken together, Stat3 plays a critical role in deactivation of macrophages and neutrophils mainly exerted by IL-10. (+info)

Interleukin-18 binding protein: a novel modulator of the Th1 cytokine response. (3/5809)

An interleukin-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) was purified from urine by chromatography on IL-18 beads, sequenced, cloned, and expressed in COS7 cells. IL-18BP abolished IL-18 induction of interferon-gamma (IFNgamma), IL-8, and activation of NF-kappaB in vitro. Administration of IL-18BP to mice abrogated circulating IFNgamma following LPS. Thus, IL-18BP functions as an inhibitor of the early Th1 cytokine response. IL-18BP is constitutively expressed in the spleen, belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, and has limited homology to the IL-1 type II receptor. Its gene was localized on human chromosome 11q13, and no exon coding for a transmembrane domain was found in an 8.3 kb genomic sequence. Several Poxviruses encode putative proteins highly homologous to IL-18BP, suggesting that viral products may attenuate IL-18 and interfere with the cytotoxic T cell response. (+info)

Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. (4/5809)

It is not known whether subsets of dendritic cells provide different cytokine microenvironments that determine the differentiation of either type-1 T helper (TH1) or TH2 cells. Human monocyte (pDC1)-derived dendritic cells (DC1) were found to induce TH1 differentiation, whereas dendritic cells (DC2) derived from CD4+CD3-CD11c- plasmacytoid cells (pDC2) induced TH2 differentiation by use of a mechanism unaffected by interleukin-4 (IL-4) or IL-12. The TH2 cytokine IL-4 enhanced DC1 maturation and killed pDC2, an effect potentiated by IL-10 but blocked by CD40 ligand and interferon-gamma. Thus, a negative feedback loop from the mature T helper cells may selectively inhibit prolonged TH1 or TH2 responses by regulating survival of the appropriate dendritic cell subset. (+info)

Enhanced Th1 and dampened Th2 responses synergize to inhibit acute granulomatous and fibrotic responses in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. (5/5809)

In murine schistosomiasis mansoni, CD4(+) Th1 and Th2 cells participate in the ovum-induced granulomatous inflammation. Previous studies showed that the interleukin-12 (IL-12)-induced Th1 response strongly suppressed the Th2-cell-mediated pulmonary granuloma development in naive or primed mice. However, liver granulomas were only moderately suppressed in egg-vaccinated, recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12)-treated infected mice. The present study shows that repeated rIL-12 injections given during early granuloma development at 5 to 7 weeks after infection prolonged the Th1 phase and resulted in gamma interferon-mediated suppression of liver granulomas. The timing is crucial: if given at 6 to 8 weeks, during the Th2-dominated phase of florid granuloma growth, the treatment is ineffective. Daily injections of rIL-12 given between 5 and 7.5 weeks during the period of granuloma growth achieved a somewhat-stronger diminution in granuloma growth with less deposition of collagen but caused 60% mortality and liver pathology. In contrast, combined treatment with rIL-12 and anti-IL-4-anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (MAb) injections given during the Th2 phase strongly inhibited liver granuloma growth without mortality. The diminished inflammatory response was accompanied by less deposition of collagen in the liver. Moreover, neutralization of endogenous IL-12 by anti-IL-12 MAbs effectively decreased the early Th1 phase (between 5 and 6 weeks after infection) but not the developing Th2 phase (5 to 7 weeks) of granuloma development. These studies indicate that the granulomatous response in infected mice can be manipulated by utilizing the Th1-Th2-subset antagonism with potential salutary results in the amelioration of fibrous pathology. (+info)

Interleukin-10 inhibits expression of both interferon alpha- and interferon gamma- induced genes by suppressing tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1. (6/5809)

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) helps maintain polarized T-helper cells in a T-helper lymphocyte 2 (Th2) phenotype. Part of this process involves the prevention of the development of Th1 cells, which are a primary source of interferon gamma (IFNgamma), a potent activator of monocytes and an inhibitor of Th2 proliferation. Because monocytes and macrophages are important mediators of Th1-type responses, such as delayed-type hypersensitivity, we sought to determine if IL-10 could directly mediate inhibition of IFNgamma- and IFNalpha-induced gene expression in these cells. Highly purified monocytes were incubated with IL-10 for 60 to 90 minutes before the addition of IFNgamma or IFNalpha. IL-10 preincubation resulted in the inhibition of gene expression for several IFN-induced genes, such as IP-10, ISG54, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. The reduction in gene expression resulted from the ability of IL-10 to suppress IFN-induced assembly of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors to specific promoter motifs on IFNalpha- and IFNgamma-inducible genes. This was accomplished by preventing the IFN-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1, a component of both IFNalpha- and IFNgamma-induced DNA binding complexes. Therefore, IL-10 can directly inhibit STAT-dependent early response gene expression induced by both IFNalpha and IFNgamma in monocytes by suppressing the tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1. This may occur through the ability of IL-10 to induce expression of the gene, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3). (+info)

Interleukin-12 induces expression of interferon regulatory factor-1 via signal transducer and activator of transcription-4 in human T helper type 1 cells. (7/5809)

IRF-1-deficient mice show a striking defect in the development of T helper 1 (Th1) cells. In the present report, we investigate the expression of IRF-1 during differentiation of human T helper cells. No significant differences of IRF-1 mRNA expression were found in established Th1 and Th2 cells; however, interleukin 12 (IL-12) induced a strong up-regulation of IRF-1 transcripts in Th1 but not in Th2 cells. We demonstrate that IL-12-induced up-regulation of IRF-1 is mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription-4, which binds to the interferon (IFN)-gamma-activated sequence present in the promoter of the IRF-1 gene. Strong IL-12-dependent activation of a reporter gene construct containing the IRF-1 IFN-gamma-activated sequence element provides further evidence for the key role of signal transducer and activator of transcription-4 in the IL-12-induced up-regulation of IRF-1 transcripts in T cells. IRF-1 expression was strongly induced after stimulation of naive CD4(+) T cells via the T cell receptor, irrespective of the cytokines present at priming, indicating that this transcription factor does not play a major role in initiating a Th1-specific transcriptional cascade in differentiating helper T cells. However, our finding that IRF-1 is a target gene of IL-12 suggests that some of the IL-12-induced effector functions of Th1 cells may be mediated by IRF-1. (+info)

Cytokine network and resident renal cells in glomerular diseases. (8/5809)

This review has highlighted the cytokine network which is involved in renal damage from an initial, even transient, stage to extensive glomerular and tubulointerstitial sclerosis. Studies of a variety of different proliferative glomerulonephritides have documented the prominent role of macrophages in infiltrating mesangium, subendothelial area and crescentic formation. Thus, they stimulate crescent glomerular cells to produce other cytokines and growth factors. The identification of other mediators, released by the monocytes in the interstitium, exemplifies the important role of these cells in progressive interstitial scarring through the release of fibrogenic cytokines. In addition, renal tubular cells have been found to produce a vast array of cytokines and growth factors which participate in the generation of renal interstitial scarring. (+info)

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

The disease is typically induced in laboratory animals such as mice or rats by immunizing them with myelin proteins, such as myelin basic protein (MBP) or proteolipid protein (PLP), emulsified in adjuvants. The resulting immune response leads to the production of autoantibodies and activated T cells that cross the blood-brain barrier and attack the CNS.

EAE is used as a model for MS because it shares many similarities with the human disease, including:

1. Demyelination: EAE induces demyelination of nerve fibers in the CNS, which is also a hallmark of MS.
2. Autoimmune response: The immune response in EAE is triggered by autoantigens, similar to MS.
3. Chronic course: EAE is a chronic disease with recurrent relapses, similar to MS.
4. Lesion distribution: EAE lesions are distributed throughout the CNS, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord, which is also true for MS.

EAE has been used extensively in the study of MS to investigate the immunopathogenesis of the disease, to develop new diagnostic markers and treatments, and to test the efficacy of potential therapeutic agents.

Romagnani S (November 1999). "Th1/Th2 cells". Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 5 (4): 285-94. doi:10.1002/ibd.3780050410. PMID ... Integrins mediate adhesion, signaling, and migration in many different types of cells. During active periods of disease, cell ... Also, the cell-based manufacturing process of biologics results in undefinable post-translational modifications. Thus, it is ... IL-12 and IL-23 help with the activation and differentiation of natural killer cells and CD4+ T lymphocyte, both of which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_therapy_for_inflammatory_bowel_disease

The main effector cells of Th1 immunity are macrophages as well as CD8 T cells, IgG B cells, and IFN-γ CD4 T cells. The key Th1 ... IFN-γ drives Th1 cell production while IL-10 and IL-4 inhibit Th1 cell production. Conversely, IL-4 drives Th2 cell production ... Their main effector cells are NK cells as well as CD8 T cells, IgG B cells, and IL-10 CD4 T cells. The key THαβ transcription ... The T helper cells (Th cells), also known as CD4+ cells or CD4-positive cells, are a type of T cell that play an important role ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_cell

Th1; Th2) Unlike other lymphoid lineages, T cell development occurs almost exclusively in the thymus. T-lymphopoiesis does not ... B cells Large Pre-B cells => Small Pre-B cells Immature B cells B Cells => (B1 cells; B2 cells) Plasma cells Pro-T cells T- ... T Cells, B Cells and NK Cells (and all other Innate lymphoid cells) are unique to the lymphocyte family, but dendritic cells ... NK cells Dendritic cells (lymphoid lineage; DC2 ) Progenitor B cells Pro-B cells => Early Pro (or pre-pre)-B cells => Late Pro ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphopoiesis

Th3 cells can also directly suppress Th1 and Th2 cells by secretion of TGF-β and provide help to B cells towards IgA secretion ... Th3 inhibits Th1 and Th2 cells. Th3 cells have different cytokine requirements for their growth from CD25+CD4+ Treg cells. The ... Th3 cells are characterised as CD4+CD25−CD69+FOXP3-LAP+ cells. Unlike the well characterised T regulatory (Treg ) cells, Th3 ... LAG3 acts as a negative regulator of T cell activation and function and can also be expressed on NK cells and other T cells, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_3_cell

... which is important because IL-12 induces differentiation of naïve helper T cells to Th1 cells which produce high levels of IFNγ ... Other cells such as eosinophils and innate lymphoid cells type 2 (ILC2) can promote M2 polarization by cytokine secretion. IL-9 ... M2 cells can also secrete angiogenic and chemotactic factors. These cells can be distinguished based on the different ... Mregs can directly inhibit the proliferation of activated T cells. It has been shown that Mregs co-cultured with T cells have a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_macrophages

Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Gu W, Sun B (2014). "TH1/TH2 cell differentiation and molecular signals". T Helper Cell Differentiation and ... in sarcoma cells and oral cancer cells. BHLHE41 also suppresses cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) in hepatocellular carcinoma cells ... and metastasis in sarcoma cells and hepatocellular carcinoma cells. It has been shown that the normal tissue adjacent to colon ... This is believed to repress cell proliferation, which is not conducive to a hypoxic environment. BHLHE41 can also block a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BHLHE41

examined the role of regulatory T cells in limiting microbe-triggered intestinal inflammation and the T cell compartment. Using ... In germfree mice, Th17 and Th1 response dominate. Bacteria microenvironment is very important in the pathogenesis of clinical ... They used ASF to test the maturation of lymphoid follicles into large B cell clusters by the toll-like receptor signaling. In ... They found IgA producing B cells in the Peyer's patches, intestinal lymphoid tissues and follicles, and mesenteric lymph nodes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_Schaedler_flora

Guy B, Krell T, Sanchez V, Kennel A, Manin C, Sodoyer R (January 2005). "Do Th1 or Th2 sequence motifs exist in proteins? ... This domain carries the immune-responsive amphipathic octa-peptide that is recognised by T cells. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalase-related_immune-responsive_domain

p28/p40 also inhibits the expansion of Th1 cells. Both of those functions could potentially be beneficial in treatment of some ... experimental autoimmune uveitis by inhibiting autoreactive Th1/Th17 cells and promoting expansion of regulatory T cells". The ... That may boost cancer cell expression of cytokines and chemokines, which promote myeloid cell recruitment and tumor progression ... August 2013). "The composite cytokine p28/cytokine-like factor 1 sustains B cell proliferation and promotes plasma cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_30

346 It results from the failure of Th1 cell activation which is necessary to eradicate the mycobacteria (Th1 response is ... the cell-mediated response (TH1) is depressed. Lepromatous leprosy, in contrast to the tuberculoid form of leprosy, is ... lepromatous being the more contagious and severe form in patients with impaired Th1 response). Disease progression is extremely ... characterized by the absence of epithelioid cells in the lesions. In this form of leprosy Mycobacterium leprae are found in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepromatous_leprosy

OPN influences cell-mediated immunity and has Th1 cytokine functions. It enhances B cell immunoglobulin production and ... These integrin receptors are present on a number of immune cells such as mast cells, neutrophils, and T cells. It is also ... OPN blocks the activation-induced cell death of macrophages and T cells as well as fibroblasts and endothelial cells exposed to ... dendritic cells, macrophages, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle myoblasts, endothelial cells, and extraosseous (non-bone) cells in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteopontin

In 16 examined coeliacs, none produced a significant Th1 response. Th1 responses are needed to stimulate T-helper cells that ... DQ2.5/T-cell receptor recognition from 2 Oat-sensitive coeliacs TCR-Site1 Y Q P Y P E Q E~E~P F V TCR-Site2 Q Y Q P Y P E Q Q Q ... prolamins mediate between T-cells and antigen-presenting cells, whereas anti-transglutaminase antibodies confer autoimmunity ... T T T V Q Y D P S E Q Y Q P Y P E Q Q Q P F V Q Q Q P P F The overlap of the antibody and T-cell sites, given trypsin digestion ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat_sensitivity

In particular it is secreted in abundance by Th1 cells. In its normal function, galectin-1 binds to glycans on the CD4 co- ... Both galectin-1 and galectin-9 are secreted by epithelial cells in the thymus and mediate T cell apoptosis. T cell death is ... Thus, they have a broad variety of functions including mediation of cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix adhesion and ... reducing cell-cell interactions. In breast cancer cells, it is hypothesised that galectin-3 has high affinity for cancer- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galectin

... basophils and mast cells, and Th1 cells regulate macrophages and monocytes. Thus, three T helper cell subsets are able to ... Like other T helper cells, Th17 cells closely interact with B cells in response to pathogens. Th17 cells are involved in B cell ... In this way, Th17 cell lineage appears to be one of the three major subsets of effector T cells, as these cells are involved in ... The protective and non-pathogenic Th17 cells induced by IL-6 and TGF-β are termed as Treg17 cells. The pathogenic Th17 cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_helper_17_cell

IL-22 is produced by several populations of immune cells at a site of inflammation. Producers are αβ T cells classes Th1, Th22 ... IL-22 takes effect on non-hematopoietic cells - mainly stromal and epithelial cells. Effects involve stimulation of cell ... Kagami S, Rizzo HL, Lee JJ, Koguchi Y, Blauvelt A (May 2010). "Circulating Th17, Th22, and Th1 cells are increased in psoriasis ... December 2009). "Th22 cells represent a distinct human T cell subset involved in epidermal immunity and remodeling". The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_22

These cells have been shown to secrete IFNg and in vitro to polarise naïve T helper cells towards Th1 phenotype. Populations of ... The function of T-bet is best known in T helper cells (Th cells). In naïve Th cells the gene is not constitutively expressed, ... T-bet also performs function in cytotoxic T cells and B cells. In cytotoxic T cells it promotes IFNg, granzyme B expression and ... has shown increased T regulatory cells (TREGs) and cytotoxic T cells. The vaccination has showed smaller Th1 differentiation, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TBX21

Th1 differentiation is IL-12 dependent, and IFN-γ is the signature cytokine of cells of a Th1 lineage. Th1 cell anti-tumor ... and since IL-12 promotes Th1 cell differentiation, this forms a tumor-suppressing feedback loop. Th1 and NK cells both ... Th1 cells are indirectly responsible for activating tumor-suppressing CTLs by activating the antigen-presenting cells which ... Th1 cells are one of the two main Th cell polarizations first identified. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD4 _T_cells_and_antitumor_immunity

However, in contrast to these findings, MAIT cells have also been found to display a protective role in MS by limiting Th1 cell ... MAIT cells were initially specified as T cells that do not express the TCR co-receptors CD4 or CD8 on the cell surface. However ... Like all T cell subsets, MAIT cells develop in the thymus. Here, T cells rearrange their TCRs and are subjected to TCR affinity ... In total, MAIT cells make up roughly 5% of the peripheral T cell population. MAIT cells are most common in the liver, where ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucosal_associated_invariant_T_cell

Yin XL, Chen S, Gu JX (February 2002). "Identification of TH1 as an interaction partner of A-Raf kinase". Mol. Cell. Biochem. ... Yin XL, Chen S, Gu JX (2002). "Identification of TH1 as an interaction partner of A-Raf kinase". Mol. Cell. Biochem. 231 (1-2 ... A-Raf activates MEK proteins which causes the activation of ERK and ultimately leads to cell cycle progression and cell ... In cancer cells, the ratio between dimeric and tetrameric forms of PKM2 determines what happens to glucose carbons. If PKM2 is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARAF

... -ligand interaction attracts Th1 cells and promotes Th1 cell maturation. As a consequence of chemokine-induced cellular ... and some epithelial cells. CXCR3 and CCR5 are preferentially expressed on Th1 cells, whereas Th2 cells favor the expression of ... CXCR3 ligands that attract Th1 cells can concomitantly block the migration of Th2 cells in response to CCR3 ligands, thus ... A hallmark of CXCR3 is its prominent expression in in vitro cultured effector/memory T cells, and in T cells present in many ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCR3

... and dendritic cell- mediated production of IL-12 and IL-23 promotes differentiation of Th17 cells to Th1 cells, which produce ... Gamma delta T cells (γδ T cells) are T cells that have a γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) on their surface. Most T cells are αβ (alpha ... Naive T cells Memory T cells Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells Natural killer T cells Innate immune system Adaptive immune ... γδ T cells also interact with DCs and develop Th1 response. γδ T cells perform a regulatory and suppressive role in the TME ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_delta_T_cell

The virus activates a subset of T-helper cells called Th1 cells. The result is a proliferation of Th1 cells and overproduction ... including CD8+ T cells, dendritic cells and B cells. HTLV-I entry is mediated through interaction of the surface unit of the ... Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 or human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-I), also called the adult T-cell lymphoma virus type ... Once integrated, HTLV-1 continues to exist only as a provirus which can spread from cell to cell through a viral synapse. Few, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1

Immune cells, like Th1, CTLs, NK cells, and NKT cells, show anti-tumor effect against cancer cells through paracrine CXCL9/ ... For immune cell activation, CXCL9 stimulate immune cells through Th1 polarization and activation. Th1 cells produce IFN-γ, TNF- ... cells, NKT cells, and macrophages. Th1 polarization also activates the immune cells in response to IFN-γ. Tumor-infiltrating ... Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is heavily expressed on T cells at the tumor site than on T cells present in the peripheral ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CXCL9

These T cells become activated and polarised into type I helper T (Th1) cells. Th1 cells reactive towards gliadin have been ... The B cell endocytoses the complex and presents the modified gliadin to the activated Th1 cell's T cell receptor (TCR) via pMHC ... Once the B cell becomes activated, it differentiates into plasma cells that secrete autoantibodies against tTG, which may be ... A naive B cell sequesters tTG-modified gliadin complexes from the surface of cDCs in the lymph nodes (LNs) before they become ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermatitis_herpetiformis

Similarly, the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 ... Antigen-presenting cells in newborns have a reduced capability to activate T cells. Also, T cells of a newborn proliferate ... There is also some evidence that cell surface receptors on B cells and macrophages may detect sex hormones in the system. The ... Suppression of primary M, G, and A plaque-forming cell responses in mouse spleen cell cultures by class-specific antibody to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology

October 2020). "COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses". Nature. 586 (7830): 594-599. ... but some plasma cells will remain as memory cells to produce levels of IgG that will frequently remain detectable for months to ... immunoglobulin class switching will result in IgM-generating B-cells switching to more specific IgG-generating B-cells. Levels ... Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Walter P, Raff M, Roberts K (2002). "Chapter 24". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seroconversion

Kim YJ, Kim SH, Mantel P, Kwon BS (March 1998). "Human 4-1BB regulates CD28 co-stimulation to promote Th1 cell responses". ... CD137 is also expressed on dendritic cells, B cells, NK cells, neutrophils and macrophages. The best characterized activity of ... CD137 is expressed by activated T cells of both the CD4+ and CD8+ lineages. Although it is thought to function mainly in co- ... stimulating those cell types to support their activation by antigen presenting cells expressing its ligand (CD137L), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD137

Martino A, Casetti R, Poccia F (January 2007). "Enhancement of BCG-induced Th1 immune response through Vgamma9Vdelta2 T cell ... CD4+ helper T cells, cytotoxic CD8+ T cells and B cells). This initiates a cytotoxic response against tumour cells expressing ... Loss of T-cell tolerance then unleashes B-cells and other immune effector cells on to the target tissue. The ideal tolerogenic ... Dendritic cells, a type of antigen-presenting cell, are harvested from the person needing the immunotherapy. These cells are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunotherapy

"Autocrine vitamin D signaling switches off pro-inflammatory programs of TH1 cells". Nature Immunology. 23 (1): 62-74. doi: ... Collins FS, Rossant J, Wurst W (January 2007). "A mouse for all reasons". Cell. 128 (1): 9-13. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.12.018. ... Cell. 154 (2): 452-64. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.022. PMC 3717207. PMID 23870131. "Infection and Immunity Immunophenotyping ( ... In T cells, BACH2 is recruited by the transcription factor Vitamin D receptor (VDR) both in vitro and in vivo (for example, in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BACH2

... and Th1 cells". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (32): 13463-13468. Bibcode ... In cell biology, TH9 cells (T helper type 9 cells, CD4+IL-9+IL-13−IFNγ − ) are a sub-population of CD4+T cells that produce ... while TGF-β alone can switch TH2 cells into TH9 cells. IL-2 is critical for interleukin-9 production by TH9 cells. IL-1 may ... TH9 cells contribute to ulcerative colitis, due to the cell's ability to impair cellular repair, as well as due to the ability ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th_9_cell

In terms of Th1 and Th2 cytokine secretion, ICOS-/- CD4+ T cell activated in vitro reduced IL-4 secretion, while maintaining ... It forms homodimers and plays an important role in cell-cell signaling, immune responses and regulation of cell proliferation. ... It is thought to be important for Th2 cells in particular. The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the CD28 and CTLA-4 cell ... Compared to wild-type naïve T cells, ICOS-/- T cells activated with plate-bound anti-CD3 have reduced proliferation and IL-2 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD278

A virus-infected cell releases viral particles that can infect nearby cells. However, the infected cell can protect neighboring ... The previous results in an inhibition of Th2 immune response and a further induction of Th1 immune response. IFN type II binds ... and its expression is restricted to immune cells such as T cells and NK cells. All interferons share several common effects: ... Type II interferons are also released by cytotoxic T cells and type-1 T helper cells. However, they block the proliferation of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon

Evidence is the expression of IL-17RB on Th2 cells, not on Th1 and Th17. In addition, IL-25 is responsible for the decrease in ... These cells include T cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, epithelial cells and Paneth ... Th9 cells can arise not only from naive T cells but also from differentiated Th2 cells. Another function of IL-25 is the ... "IL-25 causes apoptosis of IL-25R-expressing breast cancer cells without toxicity to nonmalignant cells". Science Translational ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_25

Th1-type cell-mediated immunity (CMI) is required for clearance of a fungal infection. Candida albicans is a kind of diploid ... Infecting C. neoformans cells are usually phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages in the lung. The invading C. neoformans cells ... Studies have shown that hosts with higher levels of immune response cells such as monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and ... However some C. neoformans cells may survive within the macrophages. The ability of the pathogen to survive within the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathogenic_fungus

Type 1 immunity consists of these cells: CD4+ TH1 cells CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (Tc1) T-Bet+ interferon gamma producing group 1 ... CHILp cells may be induced to differentiate into ILC1 cells by IL-15, into ILC2 cells by IL-7 or ILC3 cells by IL-7 as well. T- ... T-bet is a distinctive transcription factor of TH1 cells. TH1 cells are also characterized by the expression of chemokine ... CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells may also be differentiated into two main categories: Tc1 cells Tc2 Cells Similarly to CD4+ TH cells, a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity

Resting human Tr1 cells express Th1 associated chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5, and Th2-associated CCR3, CCR4 and CCR8. Upon ... cells are a class of regulatory T cells participating in peripheral immunity as a subsets of CD4+ T cells. Tr1 cells regulate ... The suppressing and tolerance-inducing effect of Tr1 cells is mediated mainly by cytokines. The other mechanism as cell to cell ... LAG-3 activates dendritic cells (DCs) and enhances the antigen-specific T-cell response which is necessary for Tr1 cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_1_regulatory_T_cell

IL-12 is a signal that helps send naive CD4 T cells towards a Th1 phenotype. The ultimate consequence is priming and activation ... Here they act as antigen-presenting cells: they activate helper T-cells and killer T-cells as well as B-cells by presenting ... Whereas mature dendritic cells are able to activate antigen-specific naive CD8+ T cells, the formation of CD8+ memory T cells ... Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen-presenting cells (also known as accessory cells) of the mammalian immune system. Their main ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_cell

Type 1 and type 2 helper T cell (Th1/Th2) response on 77 randomly selected participants (66 in vaccine group and 11 in placebo ... Type 1 helper T cell (Th1) response of 84 randomly selected participants (28 for each vaccine group and 14 for placebo group) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocovax

Type IV reactions are further subdivided into type IVa, IVb, IVc, and IVd based on the type of T cell (Th1, Th17 and CTLs) ... These cells then release cytokines and chemokines, which can cause tissue damage and may result in illnesses.[citation needed] ... Omalizumab is a monoclonal antibody that interacts with the binding site of the high-affinity IgE receptor on mast cells. It is ... The antigen engulfed by the macrophages and monocytes is presented to T cells, which then becomes sensitized and activated. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersensitivity

Noxa has been shown to be involved in the maintenance of memory CD4+ T Th1/Th2 cell homeostasis where in the absence of Noxa, ... causing cell death in cancer cells, but not normal cells. 3) E4orf4 may use oncogenes that have been activated in cancer cells ... specific retinal cells, and smooth muscle cells as well as in certain cancer cells such as renal cancers, neuroblastoma, and ... control cell growth, and initiate apoptosis in cells with damaged DNA. Consequently, cells containing erroneous DNA can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticancer_gene

... myeloid suppression while inducible Treg cells prevent activation and clonal expansion of the autoreactive Th1 and Th17 cells ... Autoreactive T cells must normally be held in check by the suppressive environment produced by microglia and dendritic cells in ... Uveitis is driven by the Th17 T cell sub-population that bear T-cell receptors specific for proteins found in the eye. These ... to prevent damage to the eye by reducing inflammation and causing T cells to differentiate to inducible T reg cells. Innate ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uveitis

... focused on the action of Th1 T-helper cells. Some of the major products are IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), ... T-cell binding region of the SAg interacts with the Variable region on the Beta chain of the T-cell Receptor. A given SAg can ... SAg activation in T-cells leads to production of CD40 ligand which activates isotype switching in B cells to IgG and IgM and ... Low levels of Zap-70 have been found in T-cells activated by SAgs, indicating that the normal signaling pathway of T-cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superantigen

... cells toward a Th1-dominant phenotype and ameliorate murine tracheal eosinophilia". American Journal of Respiratory Cell and ... It is secreted from the cell, targeted by an internal signal sequence (residues 21-47), rather than the N-terminal signal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovalbumin

1993). "Leishmania donovani-reactive TH1-like T Cell Clones from Individuals Who Have Recovered from Visceral Leishmaniasis". ... Co-culture of T cells with B cells decreased the percentage of CD4+ T cell proliferation and IFN-γ secretion four-fold.[ ... Blocking IL-10 or programmed cell death receptors on B cells increased Leishmania antigen specific T cell proliferation and IFN ... Regulatory B cells are known to favor development of regulatory T cells and suppress development of Type 1 T helper cells by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis

Th1) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. It can also be secreted by antigen presenting cells (APCs) ... IL-12 in turn promotes the secretion of IFN-γ by NK cells and Th1 cells, and it signals naive T helper cells (Th0) to ... Th1) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. The expression of type II IFN is upregulated and ... Type II IFN enhances Th1 cell, cytotoxic T cell, and APC activities, which results in an enhanced immune response against the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_type_II

Cell. 128 (4): 669-81. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.033. PMID 17320505. S2CID 2722988. Faghihi MA, Modarresi F, Khalil AM, Wood ... Its mechanism for such has been observed in rats by shifting Th1 and Th17 to Th2 (responsible for inducing inflammation), ... oftentimes in B-cells and T-cells of the immunological process. With respect to myasthenia gravis, abnormal miRNA function is ... The CTLA-4 gene produces an antigen of the same name that is presented on killer T-cells and allows for the suppression of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_neurodegenerative_diseases

The immune system does not recognize the affected cells as normal parts of the body, causing a T-cell-mediated immune response ... It is thought that reduced bacterial and viral infections early in life direct the maturing immune system away from TH1 type ... In type IV hypersensitivity, there is activation of certain types of T cells (CD8+) that destroy target cells on contact, as ... These TH2 cells interact with other lymphocytes called B cells, whose role is production of antibodies. Coupled with signals ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy

Activated dendritic cells initiate immune responses and induce the expression of IP-10, a chemokine which promotes a Th1 ... IFN-α8 enhances the proliferation of human B cells, as well as being able to activate NK cells. The subtypes α10 and α2, along ... However, it is a poor activator of NK cells, has relatively little antiviral activity, does not induce B cell proliferation, ... IFN-α-mediated activation of memory CD8 cells and increased cytolytic action against virally infected cells and tumor cells ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interferon_alfa

... and graft-versus-leukemia-causing T cells by interfering with the production of Th1 or Th1 cytotoxic cytokines". Journal of ... It is a mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) inhibitor that inhibits activation of T cells and B cells by reducing ... inhibiting cytotoxic T cells and lowering the differentiation of effector T cells. Rapamycin is used in biology research as an ... Akt signalling promotes cell survival in Akt-positive lymphomas and acts to prevent the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy drugs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirolimus

IFNγ signaling can initially originate from Natural Killer (NK) cells, but adaptive immune cells are required to sustain a ... Mills CD, Kincaid K, Alt JM, Heilman MJ, Hill AM (2000). "M-1/M-2 macrophages and the Th1/Th2 paradigm". J Immunol. 164 (12): ... Macrophages have been classified as M1 or M2 depending on the adaptive immune response that elicited the phenotype: Th1 or Th2 ... Interleukin 4, secreted by granulocytes after tissue damage or by adaptive immune cells within a Th2 response, causes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophage-activating_factor

In the dermis, it is expressed by the smooth muscle cells of the panniculus carnosus. Breast: mS100a7a15 is weakly expressed in ... an increased infiltration of CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes into the skin that was associated with an increased production of Th1 ... Breast cancer: mS100a7a15 is upregulated in DMBA induced mammary gland tumors confined to epithelial tumor cells. mS100a7a15 ... cell migration, and the antimicrobial host defense as antimicrobial peptides. mS100a7a15 was first cloned as mS100a15 from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS100a7a15

Other transcription factors include Ikaros (B cell development), and Gfi1 (promotes Th2 development and inhibits Th1) or IRF8 ( ... The lymphoid lineage is composed of T-cells, B-cells and natural killer cells. This is lymphopoiesis. Cells of the myeloid ... All blood cells are divided into three lineages. Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, are the oxygen-carrying cells. ... Each successive change moves the cell closer to the final cell type and further limits its potential to become a different cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haematopoiesis

Other CD4+ helper T-cell pathways thought to be involved in atopic dermatitis inflammation include the Th1, Th17, and Th22 ... Keratinocytes, mast cells, eosinophils and T-cells release pruritogens in the skin; leading to activation of Aδ fibers and ... Filaggrin stimulates skin cells to release moisturizing factors and lipid matrix material, which cause adhesion of adjacent ... The Th2 helper T cells become activated, leading to the release of inflammatory cytokines including IL-4, IL-13 and IL-31 which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis

... th1 cells MeSH A11.118.637.555.567.569.200.400.905 - th2 cells MeSH A11.118.637.555.567.569.220 - cd8-positive t-lymphocytes ... cho cells MeSH A11.251.210.505 - l cells (cell line) MeSH A11.251.210.520 - llc-pk1 cells MeSH A11.251.210.700 - 3t3 cells MeSH ... l cells MeSH A11.329.228.900 - 3t3 cells MeSH A11.329.228.900.080 - balb 3t3 cells MeSH A11.329.228.900.550 - nih 3t3 cells ... hela cells MeSH A11.251.210.190.400.500 - kb cells MeSH A11.251.210.190.465 - hl-60 cells MeSH A11.251.210.190.475 - ht29 cells ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MeSH_codes_(A11)

IL-13 is a cytokine secreted by T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, CD4 cells, natural killer T cell, mast cells, basophils, ... An emerging concept is that IL-13 may antagonize Th1 responses that are required to resolve intracellular infections. In this ... Most normal cells, such as immune cells or endothelial cells, express very low or undetectable levels of IL-13 receptors. ... Goblet cells are filled with mucin (MUC). MUC5AC Mucin 5AC is a gel-like mucin product of goblet cells. Interleukin-13 induces ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interleukin_13

... only the HSV-tk transfected Hela cells were killed by the granciclovir, leaving the nonviral cells unharmed. The Hela cells ... of treated patients and improvement of Th1-dependent immunity. The Russian vaccine Vitagerpavak - the only polyvalent vaccine ... When Hela cells were transfected with the HSV-tk gene, and were then put in a culture with nontransfected cells, ... The miRNAs effect on apoptosis has affected cancer development by the regulation of cell proliferation, as well as cell ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_research

In a spinal cord, strong cellular immune response consisting of granulocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and T-cells develops ... Lymphocytes from their skin draining lymph nodes exhibit mixed Th1/Th2 polarization after exposure to parasite antigens. On the ... No cell reaction was noted in the vicinity of adult worms. The records on cellular immune response to T. regenti in ducks are ... Cell infiltration of affected skin sites in repeatedly infected ducks was only noted, however, lacking further characterization ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichobilharzia_regenti

T-cell mediated immunity after AZD1222 vaccination: A polyfunctional spike-specific Th1 response with a diverse TCR repertoire ... T-cell mediated immunity after AZD1222 vaccination: A polyfunctional spike-specific Th1 response with a diverse TCR repertoire ... T-cell mediated immunity after AZD1222 vaccination: A polyfunctional spike-specific Th1 response with a diverse TCR repertoire ... T-cell mediated immunity after AZD1222 vaccination: A polyfunctional spike-specific Th1 response with a diverse TCR repertoire ...

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.06.17.21259027v2.article-info

To examine how Th17 and Th1 cells are regulated at inflammatory sites, we used Th1-dominant CD4+CD45RB high T cell-transferred ... To examine how Th17 and Th1 cells are regulated at inflammatory sites, we used Th1-dominant CD4+CD45RB high T cell-transferred ... To examine how Th17 and Th1 cells are regulated at inflammatory sites, we used Th1-dominant CD4+CD45RB high T cell-transferred ... To examine how Th17 and Th1 cells are regulated at inflammatory sites, we used Th1-dominant CD4+CD45RB high T cell-transferred ...

https://keio.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/competition-between-colitogenic-th1-and-th17-cells-contributes-to

... cell and dendritic-cell potential. We also show that such T-cell progenitors can give rise to macrophages in the thymic ... T cells are produced by an early population in the thymus that has lost the ability to produce B cells, but still produces ... It is shown that T cells are produced by an early population in the thymus that has lost the ability to produce B cells, but ... T-cell and B-cell progenitors subsequently arise from common myelo-lymphoid progenitors through myeloid-T and myeloid-B stages ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06839?error=cookies_not_supported&code=84253f12-da0d-4a47-83ad-3a932915a224

... cells. Naïve CD4+ T cells isolated from splenocytes of GAT-2 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were cultured; Th1 cell ... Transcriptomic Analysis of the Effect of GAT-2 Deficiency on Differentiation of Mice Naïve T Cells Into Th1 Cells In Vitro. ... We found that GAT-2 deficiency promoted the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 cells. RNA sequencing revealed 2984 ... GAT-2 deficiency; Th1 cell differentiation; metabolic processes; qRT-PCR; signal transduction; transcriptomic analysis ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/brasil/resource/pt/mdl-34149704

The percentage of Th1 CD4+ IFN-γ+ cells was determined on PBMC by flow cytometry and the number of IFN-γ secreting cells by ... Our results showed that the percentage of Th1 CD4+ IFN-γ+ cells and the number of IFN-γ secreting cells were significantly ... Wang S, Li J, Xie A, Wang G, Xia N, Ye P, et al.Dynamic changes in Th1, Th17, and FoxP3+ T cells in patients with acute ... Comparison of the Th1, IFN-γ Secreting Cells and FoxP3 Expression between Patients with Stable Graft Function and Acute ...

https://ijaai.tums.ac.ir/index.php/ijaai/article/view/504

Th1 and Th2 cytokine balance of cultured placental trophoblast cells; oxidative enzyme status of the placenta and erythrocyte ... Th1/Th2 cytokine response of mononuclear cells (MNC) from maternal peripheral blood and cord blood to food and inhalant ... Concentrations of the selected Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IL-4. IL-5, IL-10, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma) were measured in the placental ...

https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/QLK4-CT-2000-00279/results/fr

Safranal induces DNA double-strand breakage and ER-stress-mediated cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Nov 15, 2018. ... Diseases : Immune Dysregulation: TH1/TH2 imbalance. Pharmacological Actions : Immunomodulatory, Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) ... Pubmed Data : Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2016 Dec 30 ;62(14):11-17. Epub 2016 Dec 30. PMID: 28145852 ... Anticancer activity of safranal against colon carcinoma is due to induction of apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest.Dec 31, ...

https://greenmedinfo.com/substance/safranal

We then reconstructed a refined protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) of infected cells to elucidate the rabies-implicated ... We then reconstructed a refined protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) of infected cells to elucidate the rabies-implicated ... CXCL10 is a major chemo-attractant of Th-1 cells. The up-regulation of interferon, chemokines, interleukin (IL), and IL-related ... Cell Culture and Virus. The Neuro-2a cell line, a murine neuroblastoma cell line, and CVS-11 strain of the RABV (the challenge ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01688/full

COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses. Nature. 2020;586(7830):594-599.. View this article ... Spike-specific B cells were predominantly CD27+IgG+ cells, but CD27+ B cells of the IgM and IgA isotype could also be ... Robust T cell immunity in convalescent individuals with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19. Cell. 2020;183(1):158-168.. View this ... Mazzoni and Di Lauria and colleagues characterized B cell and T cell kinetics in whole blood after one and two doses of vaccine ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/149150

Antigen presenting cells (ie, dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages) present antigens to CD4+ Th1 and Th17 cells. This ... Regulatory T cells suppress the Th1 and Th2 cell immune responses. In experimental studies, the inability to suppress such T- ... Subacute and chronic forms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis are thought to transition more towards type IV, T-cell mediated, ... The milieu of cytokines and chemokines ultimately results in sustained infiltration of mononuclear cells, macrophages, and ...

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/299174-overview

Assessment of Cell-Mediated (T helper 1 [Th1]/T helper 2 [Th2]) Pathways - Phase 1 [ Time Frame: 28 days ]. Cell-mediated (Th1/ ... Assessment of Cell-Mediated (Th1/Th2) Pathways - Phase 2 [ Time Frame: 28 days ]. Assessment of cell-mediated (Th1/Th2) ... Th2) pathways as measured by whole blood (flow cytometry) and/or in vitro peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) stimulation ...

https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368988?term=vaccine&recrs=a&cond=covid-19&draw=2&rank=10

T cells (26) Pathways. Innate Immunity (26) Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (26) TH1 Pathway (Cellular Immune Response) (26) ... Cell Type. B cells (26) Dendritic cells (26) Endothelial cells (26) Fibroblasts (26) Granulocytes (26) Hematopoietic stem and ...

https://www.biolegend.com/de-at/search-results?Clone=Y1/82A

Research identifies Th1 memory CD4+ T cells as key to protect against emerging poxvirus skin infections ... Tags: Arthritis, B Cell, Cancer, Cardiology, Cell, Children, Diabetes, Drug Discovery, Endocrinology, Food, Heart, Heart ... Unlocking the Secrets of Multiple Sclerosis Progression: Brain-Immune Cell Communication. Dr. Cameron McAlpine ... T-Cell, Technology, Type 1 Diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes, Type I Diabetes ...

https://www.news-medical.net/news/20151109/St-Jude-and-Scripps-Research-Institute-scientists-help-launch-Human-Dark-Proteome-Initiative.aspx

Secreted cytokine analysis was then performed using a ProcartaPlex essential Th1/Th2 human cytokine immunoplex assay according ... Percentage of cells expressing GFP (B) and total GFP+ cell count (C) of cells 4 days after electroporation with mRNA (black ... Many other primary cell types, such as NK cells and B cells, require activation for long term culture and expansion21, 28. It ... D) Percentage of cells expressing IFNγ, TNF, or IL2 following coculture with K562 cells or Raji target cells, as well as, PMA+ ...

https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.12.468427v1.full

A Higher Dose of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin B Led to More Th1 and Lower Th2/Th1 Ratio in Th Cells by Jin Yuan ... A higher SEB dose could induce more Th1 and a lower Th2/Th1 ratio in Th cells co-cultured with BMDCs. This different tendency ... or DO11.10 CD4 T cells co-cultured with bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs). We found that the balance of Th1/Th2 could be ... When using a 0.22 µm membrane to capture and resuspend cells, the assay was consistently able to identify a single cell of A. ...

https://www.mdpi.com/journal/Toxins

IL-12 and IFN-gamma make Naive CD4+ T cells highly express T-bet and STAT4 and differentiate to TH1 cells, while IL-4 make … ... CAR-T cells are generated by the T cell … Chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells (CAR-T cells) have achieved inspiring ... T cell infiltration. The high expression of markers for B cells, activated CD4(+) T cells, and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells ... After being transduced in Jurkat cells, natural killer cells, or primary T cells, the resulting nanobody-based CAR-T or CAR-NK ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?cmd=Search&term=T.%20Zhang

Functional-and-Pathogenic-Differences-of-Th1-and-Th17-Cells-in-Experimental-Autoimmune-pone.0015531.s003.ogv 1.6 s, 640 × 480; ... Functional-and-Pathogenic-Differences-of-Th1-and-Th17-Cells-in-Experimental-Autoimmune-pone.0015531.s004.ogv 7.6 s, 975 × 258; ... Functional-and-Pathogenic-Differences-of-Th1-and-Th17-Cells-in-Experimental-Autoimmune-pone.0015531.s005.ogv 7.6 s, 975 × 258; ... Functional-and-Pathogenic-Differences-of-Th1-and-Th17-Cells-in-Experimental-Autoimmune-pone.0015531.s006.ogv 7.6 s, 975 × 258; ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrocytes

The function of CXCL10 is to act as a chemoattractant for Th1 cells in the activation of cell-mediated immune response. Its ... Chikungunya virus obtained from the patients viremic sera was grown in Vero E6 cells, which were then fixed onto glass slides ... Thus, the cytokine profile demonstrates that the levels of Th1 chemokine CXCL10 was highly elevated and that the levels of ... Th1/2 cytokines (interferon-γ [IFN-γ] and interleukin 10 [IL-10]), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/11/06-0574

Graphs show the total Th1 and single cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-2) producing cells within the CD4+ (C) and CD8+ (D) T-cell ... Memory T-cell phenotype in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after the booster dose (T3). (A-D) T-cell phenotype in HCWs (n=15) and PwMS (n ... In PwMS, the CD4+ T-cell memory phenotype presented a significant reduction of naïve and TCM cells, while TEM and TEMRA cells ... Robust induction of B cell and T cell responses by a third dose of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Cell Discov 2022;8:10.doi: ...

https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/94/4/290.full

Th17 cells, Jurkat human acute T cell leukemia cells, Human Platelets and Th1 CD4+ ... Western blot shows lysates of Jurkat human acute T cell leukemia cells, Human Platelets and Th1 CD4+. PVDF membrane was probed ... and also found in other types of cells, like NK cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. Human CD40L shares 78% amino acid ... Regulation of B Cell Activation and Homeostasis by TNF Superfamily Members * Regulation of Natural Killer Cell Co-stimulation ...

https://www.rndsystems.com/products/human-cd40-ligand-tnfsf5-antibody_af617

T-cells have 2 subsets of helper cells: T-helper type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2). Th1 cells are effectors of cell-mediated ... also found that IFNγ production by Th1 cells was significantly higher in HD patients yet, in contrast, they showed that ... Sester U, Sester M, Hauk M. T-cell activation follows Th1 rather than Th2 pattern in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology, ... Th2 cells produce cytokine interleukins IL-4 and IL-10, which inhibit IFNγ secretion and cell immunity [1]. An altered balance ...

https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-15-2009/volume-15-issue-4/t-cell-cytokine-production-and-endothelial-dysfunction-in-type-2-diabetic-patients-with-nephropathy.html

Frequency of beryllium-specific, TH1-type cytokine-expressing CD4+ T cells in patients with beryllium-induced disease. J ... Partial IL-10 inhibition of the cell-mediated immune response in chronic beryllium disease. J Immunol 163(5):2747-53. ... TNF polymorphism and bronchoalveolar lavage cell TNF-alpha levels in chronic beryllium disease and beryllium sensitization. ...

https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/beryllium/literature_cited.html

... dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, CD4/CD8 T cells, mast cells, NK and NKT cells. A sophisticated trafficking system supports this ... 18 19 RA was historically considered a Th1 disease. Studies of very early RA challenge this notion, implicating a more fluid T ... It has long been recognised that activated CD4 and CD8 T cell subsets, B cells, plasmablasts and plasma cells are abundant in ... IL-33 is a novel IL-1-like cytokine that acts to integrate synovial mast cell and T cell activation,22 BLyS and APRIL are ...

https://ard.bmj.com/content/69/11/1898?ijkey=7cbd54ea79087f8c93bff0d5059b643245705469&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

They also elicit a Th1-type of CD4 T-cell response that would have more interferon gamma and less IL-4. Those kinds of vaccines ... It helps fuse the viral membrane to the host cell or target membrane, and thats how the viral genome gets into the cell to ... As it approaches the cell, the top of it unfolds, and it inserts itself into the target cell membrane. ... They get whats called a Th2 response or a CD4 T-cell response. That includes IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which means you get a lot ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/985981

This suppression of arthritis was associated with significant alterations in the T cell proliferative and cytokine responses as ... L. Adorini, J.-C. Guéry, and S. Trembleau, "Manipulation of the Th1/Th2 cell balance: an approach to treat human autoimmune ... P. Romagnani, F. Annunziato, M. P. Piccinni, E. Maggi, and S. Romagnani, "Th1/Th2 cells, their associated molecules and role in ... Ci/well) was added to these LNCs and the cells cultured for another 16 h [33, 35], and then the cells were harvested onto a ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2011/642027/

Neither TH1- nor TH2-dependent IgG subclass-secreting cells were selectively enhanced. Our findings suggest that TH1 activation ... Using an ELISPOT assay, we found increased IgG-secreting spot-forming cells of all IgG subclasses in lung-associated lymph ... 1 pattern of T-cell activation in the lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes after silica inhalation, which are also the sites ... therefore hypothesized that the subclass distribution of IgG production occurring in experimental silicosis would suggest TH1 ...

http://www2a.cdc.gov/nioshtic-2/BuildQyr.asp?s1=silica&t3=2&f1=TI&Startyear=&t1=1&s2=silicosis&terms=4&Adv=1&ct=&B1=Search&f2=TI&t2=2&Limit=500&Sort=DP+DESC&s3=animals&f3=TI&s4=rats&EndYear=&f4=TI&whichdate=DP&D1=10&PageNo=51&RecNo=503&View=f&

In the beginning, there were Th1 and Th2 helper cells. These are soldiers of our immune system, called lymphocytes, with ... The tricky wicket is that mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death leads to more inflammation, dysfunction, and cell death. The ... The paper continues on to talk about cell death, mitochondria, and the cell "executioners" called capases. They are cysteine ... As we know, these are the energy factories of the cells, and their primary mission is to make the cellular equivalent of ...

https://evolutionarypsychiatry.blogspot.com/2011/

The percentage of Th1 CD4+ IFN-γ+ cells was determined on PBMC by flow cytometry and the number of IFN-γ secreting cells by ELISPOT method. (ac.ir)
Antibody response was measured by anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD)-IgG detection, cell-mediated response by an interferon (IFN)-γ release assay (IGRA), Th1 cytokines and T-cell memory profile by flow cytometry. (bmj.com)
Methods: By using flow cytometry, we analyzed the frequency of senescent T cells (Tsens) in the peripheral blood from 100 elderly patients hospitalized for COVID-19 and compared the difference between mild/moderate and severe/critical illness. (bvsalud.org)

CD4+ memory T cells from multiple sclerosis patients had significantly higher levels of p-STAT3/p-STAT4, and p-STAT3/p-STAT4 heterodimers were observed upon IL-23 signaling, suggesting that p-STAT3/p-STAT4 induced by IL-23 signaling orchestrate the generation of pathogenic T cells in CNS autoimmunity, regardless of Th1 or Th17 phenotype. (jci.org)
Western blot shows conditioned media (CM) from Th17 cells. (rndsystems.com)
In addition to Th1 and Th2 cells, Th17, Treg and T Fh cells have also been described 7 , Treg cells are associated with reduction of clinical scores of disease in soft and hard tissues 8 . (bvsalud.org)
Usually, protective and destructive roles are assigned to the Th1 and Th17 3,9-11 cells, while Th2 and Treg cells are more involved in processes that reduce the destruction of the periodontium 10 . (bvsalud.org)
The immune response, orchestrated by helper (Th1, Th2, and Th17) and regulatory (Treg) T cells, is modulated by stress and Vitamin D (Vit-D). Although the immunomodulatory functions of both are known, their specific roles on Th cells have not been fully clarified, yet. (who.int)
Th17 and Treg cells were lower in subchronic stress exposed mice. (who.int)

However, T-bet represses Tfh cell functionalities, promoting full Th1 cell differentiation. (elsevier.com)
The classical model of haematopoiesis postulates that, in the first step of differentiation, the stem cell generates common myelo-erythroid progenitors and common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs). (nature.com)
This study investigated the role of GABA transporter (GAT)-2 in the differentiation of type 1 helper T (Th1) cells . (bvsalud.org)
Th1 cell differentiation was induced and transcriptome and bioinformatics analyses were carried out. (bvsalud.org)
We found that GAT-2 deficiency promoted the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 cells . (bvsalud.org)
Such information is mediated immunity, secreting the cytokine crucial to determine the optimal approach interferon-gamma (IFN) that inhibits Th2 to improve the immune response of DN cell differentiation. (who.int)
The factors that promote the differentiation of pathogenic T cells in autoimmune diseases are poorly defined. (jci.org)
Iron performs an essential position in host-pathogen interactions, in being an important ingredient for each pathogen and host metabolism, but in addition by impacting immune cell differentiation and anti-microbial effector pathways. (holliseden.com)
Differentiation into Th1 depends on the presence of IFN-γ and IL-12, which bind to receptors on the surface of CD4 T cells 5 . (bvsalud.org)
This binding initiates a cascade of events that culminates in differentiation into Th1 cells, by increasing the transcription factor T-bet 12 . (bvsalud.org)
Th2 cells have a differentiation process which is dependent on IL-4, which causes the activation of the transcription factor STAT 6 . (bvsalud.org)

They secrete cytokines to stimulate various effector cells, such as cytotoxic T cells, B cells and macrophages. (biolegend.com)
This panel allows simultaneous quantification of 5 human cytokines, including IL-2, 6, 10, IFN-γ and TNF-α, which are collectively secreted by Th1. (biolegend.com)
Firstly, adaptive immune responses may be broadly categorised into two antagonistic subtypes (Th1 and Th2), each with its own set of molecular mediators or cytokines. (bmj.com)
Expression of cytokines and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was quite different in mice exposed to four particle types, as well as expression of antigen presentation-related surface proteins on BAL cells. (cdc.gov)
CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes play an import role in the inflammatory response, as these cells may manage the profile of cytokines produced against an infectious agent 4 . (bvsalud.org)
Progression of periodontal lesions is caused by dysregulation of molecules (cytokines) released by specific cell populations 5 . (bvsalud.org)
They can be distinguished based on the profile of cytokines produced: Th1 cells produce characteristic cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-β, IL-12, while active Th2 cells secrete IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-136. (bvsalud.org)

Compared with HCWs, PwMS presented a higher frequency of CD4 + and CD8 + terminally differentiated effector memory cells and of CD4 + effector memory (T EM ) cells, independently of the stimulus suggesting the association of this phenotype with MS status. (bmj.com)
Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. (bvsalud.org)

We also assessed correlations between the percentage of Tsens and the quantity and quality of spike-specific antibodies by ELISA, neutralizing antibody test kit and Elispot assay respectively, cytokine production profile of COVID-19 reactive T cells as well as plasma soluble factors by cytometric bead array (CBA). (bvsalud.org)

Oxytocin may specifically inactivate SARS-COV-2 spike protein and block viral entry into cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 by suppressing serine protease and increasing interferon levels and number of T-lymphocytes. (frontiersin.org)
CD40 ligand, CD40L (also known as CD154, TRAP or gp39), is a 261 amino acid type II transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the TNF family, CD40L is expressed predominantly on activated CD4 + T lymphocytes, and also found in other types of cells, like NK cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. (rndsystems.com)
CD40 is expressed on B lymphocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells and thymic epithelium. (rndsystems.com)
Total cell number, mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and LDH levels were significantly increased in ASB and CNT-exposed mice. (cdc.gov)

There are limited clinical investigations identifying the percentage of T helper 1 (Th1) and T regulatory (Treg) cells in stable as well as rejected kidney allografts, a concept which needs to be more studied. (ac.ir)
Stress exposure caused differential Th and Treg responses, acute stress shifting the response to Th1, and subchronic stress shifting the response to Th2. (who.int)

The higher percentage of CD4+ IFN-γ+Th1 subset and number of IFN-γ secreting cells and also the lower expression of Foxp3 could prone the patients to acute rejection episode post transplantation. (ac.ir)

With ChIP-seq, we defined the genome-wide targets of T-bet and found that it repressed Bcl6 and other markers of Tfh cells, thereby attenuating the nascent Tfh cell-like phenotype in the late phase of Th1 cell specification. (elsevier.com)

Our results provide evidence for the immunomodulatory function of GABA signaling in T cell -mediated immunity and can guide future studies on the etiology and management of autoimmune diseases . (bvsalud.org)
Many point to regulation of adaptive immunity, including ptpn22 (protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 22 which regulates lymphocyte activation), ctla4 and cd40 (both implicated in co-stimulation of T cells). (bmj.com)

Herein, we showed interleukin-12 acting via the transcription factor STAT4 induced both Il21 and Bcl6 genes, generating cells with features of both Tfh and Th1 cells. (elsevier.com)
Our data argue that Tfh and Th1 cells share a transitional stage through the signal mediated by STAT4, which promotes both phenotypes. (elsevier.com)

Regulatory T cells suppress the Th1 and Th2 cell immune responses. (medscape.com)
Lastly, a positive correlation was observed between FANCI expression and tumor-infiltration levels of CD8+ T cells, B cells, regulatory T (Tregs), CD4+ T helper 2 (Th2), and macrophage M2 cells. (medsci.org)

Tfh-like cells were rapidly generated after Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice, but T-bet constrained Tfh cell expansion and consequent germinal center formation and antibody production. (elsevier.com)
To define the minimum signals required for development of encephalitogenic T cells that cause CNS autoimmunity, myelin-specific T cells were differentiated with various cytokine cocktails, and pathogenicity was determined by transfer into mice. (jci.org)
A ) Cells were collected and adoptively transferred into B10.PL mice (10 × 10 6 cells per mouse). (jci.org)

This study investigated effects of four fibrous materials, i.e. nanofibrillar/nanocrystalline celluloses (NCF and CNC), single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and crocidolite asbestos (ASB), on pulmonary inflammation and immune responses found in the lungs, as well as the effects on spleen and peripheral blood immune cell subsets. (cdc.gov)

My research on biomarkers and T cells (immune cells that guard against infections and cancers) has been translated into clinical trials affecting the treatment of patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplantation for leukemia. (jci.org)
While the number of available receptors targeting tumor specific antigens continues to grow, the current reliance on viral vectors for clinical production of engineered immune cells remains a significant bottleneck limiting translation of promising new therapies. (biorxiv.org)
Importantly, our method is readily adaptable to cGMP compliant manufacturing and clinical scale-up, offering a near-term alternative to the use of viral vectors for production of genetically engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy. (biorxiv.org)
For Cohort 3: Advanced HIV disease (defined as CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3 or WHO HIV clinical stage 3 or 4) prior to initiation (or re-initiation) of ART. (who.int)

In experimental studies, the inability to suppress such T-cell proliferation was associated with disease progression. (medscape.com)
Aim: To evaluate the involvement of Th2 cells in different periods of the active phase of experimental periodontal disease and expression of the R1 subunit of the receptor for IFN-γ during the early and advanced progression of the disease. (bvsalud.org)
However, whether the senescence of T cells impact the progression to severe COVID-19 in the elderly individuals remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)

The mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (Bhsp65) is one of the major antigenic targets of the T cell response of arthritic rats [ 28 - 31 ]. (hindawi.com)

RNA sequencing revealed 2984 differentially expressed genes including 1616 that were up-regulated and 1368 that were down-regulated in GAT-2 KO cells compared to WT cells , which were associated with 950 enriched Gene Ontology terms and 33 enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. (bvsalud.org)
Polymorphisms in Th1-type cell-mediated response genes and risk of gastric cancer. (cdc.gov)

The transcriptional profiles of these individual cells, coupled with assembled T cell receptor (TCR) sequences, enable us to identify 11 T cell subsets based on their molecular and functional properties and delineate their developmental trajectory. (nih.gov)
T-cells have 2 subsets of betic patients with and without nephropathy. (who.int)
T-cells have 2 subsets of helper cells: T-helper type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2). (who.int)

We therefore hypothesized that the subclass distribution of IgG production occurring in experimental silicosis would suggest TH1 activation as the primary stimulus for IgG production. (cdc.gov)

Chimeric antigen receptor redirected T cells (CAR- T cells) have achieved inspiring outcomes in patients with B cell malignancies, and are now being investigated in other hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. (nih.gov)
Redirecting T cell specificity by introduction of exogenous tumor antigen specific receptor molecules has created a paradigm shift in adoptive cell therapy for cancer. (biorxiv.org)
IL-6+IL-23 or IL-12+IL-23 generated encephalitogenic T cells and recapitulated the essential cytokine signals provided by antigen-presenting cells, and both IL-6 and IL-12 induced IL-23 receptor expression on both mouse and human naive T cells. (jci.org)
Although all monomeric, dimeric and trimeric forms of soluble CD40L can bind to CD40, the trimeric form of soluble CD40L has the most potent biological activity through oligomerization of cell surface CD40, a common feature of TNF receptor family members. (rndsystems.com)
This signal together with the T Cell Receptor (TCR) induces the expression of GATA-3. (bvsalud.org)

experimental transfer of DNA has shown that the variant significantly upregulates the IL-4Rα response to IL-4 stimulation resulting in increased Th2 cell growth and IgE synthesis. (bmj.com)
Recent studies using rodent models have shown that experimental silicosis is associated with a T-helper (TH)1 pattern of T-cell activation in the lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes after silica inhalation, which are also the sites of increased IgG production. (cdc.gov)

Differently, T-cell response evaluated by IGRA remained stable in PwMS independently of therapy. (bmj.com)
This suppression of arthritis was associated with significant alterations in the T cell proliferative and cytokine responses as well as the antibody response against the disease-related antigen, mycobacterial heat-shock protein 65 (Bhsp65). (hindawi.com)
The results revealed that pulmonary exposure to fibrous materials led to discrete local immune cell polarization patterns with a TH2-like response caused by ASB and TH1-like immune reaction to NCF, while CNT and CNC caused non-classical or non-uniform responses. (cdc.gov)
The T cell response, crucial for immune system function, differs on the basis of stress exposure as such the Vit-D treatment. (who.int)

The aim of our study was to compare the percentage of CD4+ IFN-γ+ cells, the number of IFN-γ secreting cells and the amount of FoxP3 expression in patients with or without stable graft function, to determine the roles of these immunological factors in stable and rejected renal allografts. (ac.ir)
T helper (Th) cells play important roles in regulating immune responses. (biolegend.com)

In general, strong viral promot- mals against an idiotypic antibody of a B- ers such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Rous cell lymphoma, carcinoembryonic antigen, sarcoma virus (RSV) have been employed human Ig V region, MHC class I molecules, and have proven effective in animal models. (who.int)
Furthermore, this antiarthritic activity of HLXL is associated with changes in both the T cell and the antibody responses against Bhsp65. (hindawi.com)
The percentage of CD4+ Tsens was negatively correlated with spike-specific antibody titers, neutralization ability and COVID-19 reactive IL-2+ CD4+ T cells. (bvsalud.org)
Additionally, IL-2 producing T cells and plasma levels of IL-2 were positively correlated with antibody levels. (bvsalud.org)

Safranal alleviated OVA-induced asthma model and inhibits mast cell activation. (greenmedinfo.com)
The epidemiological relationship between helminth infestation and atopy in currently underdeveloped countries is complex and unresolved, with suggestions that atopic individuals may suffer less parasitisation and that helminthic infection may moderate atopic disorder, perhaps by saturating mast cell IgE receptors with non-allergen directed IgE. (bmj.com)

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading selectin), and soluble thrombomodulin--are cause of chronic renal failure and is a grow- providing further evidence of the relation- ing concern given the increasing incidence ship between endothelial cell activation and of type 2 diabetes. (who.int)
For RSV, it's mostly the ciliated, bronchial, or epithelial cells, and the type I pneumocytes in the alveolar space. (medscape.com)

Kawamoto, H., Ohmura, K. & Katsura, Y. Direct evidence for the commitment of hematopoietic stem cells to T, B and myeloid lineages in murine fetal liver. (nature.com)
I was pleased to again care for patients receiving hematopoietic cell transplantation, the most effective form of immunotherapy before the advent of T cell therapies. (jci.org)

Antibodies against terest in cells of the vaccinated animal, but is the viral influenza proteins nucleoprotein unable to replicate in this species (1,2). (who.int)
Here, we describe an optimized methodology for efficient CRISPR-Cas9 based, non-viral engineering of primary human T cells that overcomes key limitations of previous approaches. (biorxiv.org)
It helps fuse the viral membrane to the host cell or target membrane, and that's how the viral genome gets into the cell to start the replication process. (medscape.com)
The three identical protomers grab the host cell, and then the two ends - the one end inserted into the host and the other end inserted into the viral membrane - come back together, they're pulled together, and that creates a fusion core that allows the virus replication process to start. (medscape.com)

Here we provide clonal evidence that the early cell populations in the adult thymus contain progenitors that have lost the potential to generate B cells but retain substantial macrophage potential as well as T-cell, natural killer (NK)-cell and dendritic-cell potential. (nature.com)
T-cell progenitors in adult thymus that have lost B-cell potential retain macrophage potential. (nature.com)
T-cell progenitors retain macrophage potential after B-cell potential has been shut off. (nature.com)

During haematopoiesis, pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells are sequentially restricted to give rise to a variety of lineage-committed progenitors. (nature.com)
Interleukin-1 alpha genotype and outcome of unrelated donor haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for chronic myeloid leukaemia. (cdc.gov)

In PwMS, total Th1 and IFN-γ CD4 + T-cell responders to spike protein were increased from T2 to T3. (bmj.com)

The autoimmune nature of diabetes and inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (as markers the major contribution of lymphocyte T- of inflammatory changes) and the soluble cells are well established. (who.int)

We also show that such T-cell progenitors can give rise to macrophages in the thymic environment in vivo . (nature.com)

The autoimmune nature of diabetes and the major contribution of lymphocyte T-cells are well established. (who.int)

As it approaches the cell, the top of it unfolds, and it inserts itself into the target cell membrane. (medscape.com)

Th2 cells produce cy- patients which might reduce the morbidity tokine interleukins IL-4 and IL-10, which and mortality due to infection. (who.int)
If you can prevent that F protein from doing its job, then you can largely prevent infection at the next cell. (medscape.com)

Adoptive cellular therapy using genetically engineered immune cells holds tremendous promise for the treatment of advanced cancers. (biorxiv.org)

In order to differentiate into Th1 or Th2 cells, CD4 T cells must become antigen-activated. (bvsalud.org)

The neurotransmitter Î³- aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) is known to affect the activation and function of immune cells . (bvsalud.org)

Les IFN et les IL-10 étaient signi cativement élevés chez ceux qui présentaient une néphropathie diabétique (ND) et une maladie rénale en phase terminale (MRPT) par rapport aux témoins et aux patients diabétiques sans ND. (who.int)
Here, we characterised the kinetics of B-cell and T-cell immune responses in patients with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) after the booster dose. (bmj.com)

On the native virus that's budding off of cells, the protein starts as a prefusion. (medscape.com)

DEGs that were positively correlated with FANCI were involved in various processes, including the cell cycle, VEGF pathway, immune system processes, and biogenesis of ribonucleoproteins. (medsci.org)

found evidence and they did not require insulin therapy of endothelial cell injury in renal failure for glucose control. (who.int)

IFN-γ R1 was detected at an early stage during the active phase of disease, but the expression of positive cells remained unaltered during the remaining period of the study. (bvsalud.org)

200 cells/mm3 or WHO stage 3 or 4. (who.int)

Anatomy10

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Humanities6

Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis by gene delivery of soluble p75 tumour necrosis factor receptor. (1/5809)

Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils. (2/5809)

Interleukin-18 binding protein: a novel modulator of the Th1 cytokine response. (3/5809)

Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. (4/5809)

Enhanced Th1 and dampened Th2 responses synergize to inhibit acute granulomatous and fibrotic responses in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. (5/5809)

Interleukin-10 inhibits expression of both interferon alpha- and interferon gamma- induced genes by suppressing tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1. (6/5809)

Interleukin-12 induces expression of interferon regulatory factor-1 via signal transducer and activator of transcription-4 in human T helper type 1 cells. (7/5809)

Cytokine network and resident renal cells in glomerular diseases. (8/5809)

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Th2 Cells

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Interferon-gamma

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Prevention of collagen-induced arthritis by gene delivery of soluble p75 tumour necrosis factor receptor. (1/5809)

Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils. (2/5809)

Interleukin-18 binding protein: a novel modulator of the Th1 cytokine response. (3/5809)

Reciprocal control of T helper cell and dendritic cell differentiation. (4/5809)

Enhanced Th1 and dampened Th2 responses synergize to inhibit acute granulomatous and fibrotic responses in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. (5/5809)

Interleukin-10 inhibits expression of both interferon alpha- and interferon gamma- induced genes by suppressing tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1. (6/5809)

Interleukin-12 induces expression of interferon regulatory factor-1 via signal transducer and activator of transcription-4 in human T helper type 1 cells. (7/5809)

Cytokine network and resident renal cells in glomerular diseases. (8/5809)

Biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

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