Tetraethyl Lead
Thorium
Lead Radioisotopes
Thorium Dioxide
Uranium
Actinium
Radioactivity
Severe neurotoxicity following ingestion of tetraethyl lead. (1/8)
(+info)Excretion of tetramethyllead, trimethyllead, dimethyllead and inorganic lead after injection of tetramethyllead to rabbits. (2/8)
Rabbits were divided to groups of 3, and injected either 9.9 mg of tetramethyllead (Me4Pb)/kg of body weight (7.7 mg Pb/kg) or 39.7 mg/kg (30.8 mg Pb/kg) into the ear vein once only, respectively, and urinary and fecal excretions of lead were studied for chemical species and total lead during the following 7 days. In the group injected 9.9 mg/kg, the urinary total lead excretion was composed of about 73% dimethyllead (Me2Pb2+), about 19% trimethyllead (Me3Pb+), about 6% inorganic lead (Pb2+), and about 2% Me4Pb on the day following the injection, and 100% Me3Pb+ 7 days after the injection. In the group injected 39.7 mg/kg, the urinary total lead excretion was composed of about 67% Me2Pb2+, about 14% Me3Pb+, about 17% Pb2+, and about 2% Me4Pb on the day following the injection, and about 8% Me2Pb2+, about 74% Me3Pb+, about 17% Pb2+, and about 1% Me4Pb 7 days after the injection. In both groups, the fecal total lead excretion during 7 days after the injection was entirely composed of Pb2+. During the 7 days, 1-3% of either administered dose was excreted in the urine, and 7-19% in the feces. The urinary total lead excretion in the rabbits injected Me4Pb was similar to that in the rabbits injected tetraethyllead, but the fecal total lead excretion in the former was extremely smaller. This extremely small fecal excretion of total lead appeared to have resulted from the less elimination of lead into the bile of Me4Pb-injected rabbits. (+info)Dynamics of diethyllead excretion in the urine of rabbits after tetraethyllead administration. (3/8)
The dynamics of diethyllead excretion in rabbit urine according to the dose and method of administration of tetraethyllead were studied. Investigations were made on male rabbits which were given two doses of tetraethyllead (12 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg) using intravenous and intragastric methods. Rabbits were also exposed for five hours to tetraethyllead at a concentration of 200 micrograms/m3 in the air. The results show the relation of the diethyllead excretion in rabbit urine to the dose and method of administration. (+info)Diethyllead as a specific indicator of occupational exposure to tetraethyllead. (4/8)
In a group of 26 workers exposed to tetraethyllead a correlation was found between the concentration of tetraethyllead in the air and the concentration of diethyllead (r = 0.70) and total lead (r = 0.84) in the urine and also between the excretion of diethyllead and total lead (r = 0.68). The results obtained indicate that diethyllead may be used as a specific indicator of occupational exposure to tetraethyllead. (+info)Operation of platinum-palladium catalysts with leaded gasoline. (5/8)
The effect of various fuel additives on the ability of platinum-palladium catalytic converters to remove the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon components of automotive exhaust has been examined. Engine dynamometer studies suggest that these catalysts may be successfully used in conjunction with fuels of relatively high tetraethyllead concentrations, provided the ethylene dibromide portion of the scavenger is excluded. (+info)A new method for the analysis of tetramethyllead in blood. (6/8)
In this paper a method for the determination of alkyllead compounds in blood is described. The method is based on extraction of the aklyllead compounds into an organic solvent, followed by separation by high-resolution gas chromatography. A graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer is used as the detector. A detection limit of 0.01 micrograms/ml for tetramethyllead was obtained in blood samples. The method was used for the investigation of occupational exposure to tetramethyllead in gasoline. Blood samples from tank cleaners and gasoline pump servicemen showed detectable amounts of tetramethyllead. The reference group did not show any detectable levels of tetramethyllead. (+info)Gasoline sniffing and lead encephalopathy. (7/8)
Gasoline sniffing is endemic in northern Manitoba and perhaps throughout much of northern Canada. Its most serious complication is lead encephalopathy, which can be fatal. Most of the toxic effects are thought to be due to tetraethyl lead and its metabolites. The specific treatment is chelation therapy, for which a protocol has been developed at the Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg. Lead encephalopathy, however, is a manifestation of social, cultural and psychologic malaise. (+info)Tetramethyl lead absorption: a report of human exposure to a high level of tetramethyl lead. (8/8)
Accidental human exposure to a high level of tetramethyl lead is described. Tetramethyl lead is blended with petrol as an antiknock agent, and it has similar physical properties to tetraethyl lead. The patient had high levels of lead in urine, averaging 4-75 mumol (983 mug) daily for the first four days after exposure and he continued to have raised levels of urinary lead for six months. He had no symptoms or physical signs of lead poisoning and comparisons are made between this case and previously reported cases of poisoning by tetraethyl lead. In the cases of tetraethyl lead poisoning all the patients had symptoms, some severe, yet in no instance did the urinary lead levels approach those described in this patient. The effects of chelation therapy with calcium disodium versenate are discussed and the results are similar to those found in tetraethyl lead poisoning. Blood lead levels of up to 3-91 mumol/l (81 mug/100 g) occurred but these levels were not raised commensurate with the urinary lead output. The levels of deltaaminolaevulinic acid (ALA) in the urine were not significantly raised and this report shows that the urinary lead levels give a better guide to the degree of absorption of tetramethyl lead compared with the blood lead or urinary ALA levels. The report illustrates that tetramethyl lead is less toxic to man than tetraethyl lead. (+info)Tetraethyl lead (TEL) is not typically defined in a medical context as it is primarily an industrial chemical. However, it's important to note that Tetraethyl lead was used as an antiknock agent in gasoline but its use has been phased out in many countries due to its harmful health effects.
Tetraethyl lead is defined chemically as a colorless, volatile, and highly toxic liquid with a sweetish odor. Its chemical formula is (C2H5)4Pb or C8H20Pb. It's an organolead compound, which means it contains carbon-lead bonds. Exposure to tetraethyl lead can cause serious health problems, including damage to the nervous system, kidneys, and blood cells, as well as interference with the development of the brain in fetuses and young children.
Thorium is not a medical term, but it is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. It's a naturally occurring, slightly radioactive metal that is found in small amounts in soil, rocks, and water. While thorium has no direct medical applications or definitions, it is worth noting that it has been studied for its potential use in nuclear medicine due to its alpha-emitting properties. However, the use of thorium in medical applications remains highly experimental and not widely adopted.
Lead radioisotopes refer to specific types of radioactive isotopes (or radionuclides) of the element lead. These isotopes have unstable nuclei and emit radiation as they decay over time, changing into different elements in the process. Examples of lead radioisotopes include lead-210, lead-212, and lead-214. These isotopes are often found in the decay chains of heavier radioactive elements such as uranium and thorium, and they have various applications in fields like nuclear medicine, research, and industrial radiography. However, exposure to high levels of radiation from lead radioisotopes can pose significant health risks, including damage to DNA and increased risk of cancer.
Thorium dioxide, also known as thorium(IV) oxide or Thorotrast, is a radioactive compound with the chemical formula ThO2. It is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that is insoluble in water and most organic solvents.
Thorium dioxide was historically used as a contrast agent for X-ray radiography, particularly for angiography and myelography, due to its high density and radioopacity. However, its use has been discontinued in many countries due to the recognition of its harmful health effects. Long-term exposure to thorium dioxide can lead to fibrosis, cancer, and other radiation-induced diseases.
It is important to note that the handling and disposal of thorium dioxide require special precautions due to its radioactivity and potential health hazards.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Uranium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol "U" and atomic number 92. Uranium is a dense, silvery-gray metal that is hard and brittle at room temperature. It's primarily used as a fuel in nuclear power plants and in the manufacture of weapons.
While uranium does not have direct medical applications, it does pose potential health risks due to its radioactivity. Exposure to high levels of radiation from uranium can lead to acute radiation sickness, anemia, and an increased risk of cancer. However, under normal circumstances, the general public is not exposed to significant amounts of uranium, so it's not a common health concern.
Actinium is a naturally occurring radioactive metallic element with the symbol Ac and atomic number 89. It was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, who isolated it from uranium ore. Actinium is one of the actinides, a series of elements in the periodic table that are characterized by their radioactivity and their position in the f-block of the periodic table.
Actinium has no biological role in humans or other organisms, and exposure to its radiation can be harmful. It is not found in significant quantities in the environment, but it can be produced artificially through nuclear reactions. Actinium has a few potential medical applications, including as a component of radioactive compounds used for cancer treatment. However, its use in medicine is limited due to its radioactivity and toxicity.
Radioactivity is not typically considered within the realm of medical definitions, but since it does have medical applications and implications, here is a brief explanation:
Radioactivity is a natural property of certain elements (referred to as radioisotopes) that emit particles or electromagnetic waves due to changes in their atomic nuclei. This process can occur spontaneously without any external influence, leading to the emission of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or neutrons. These emissions can penetrate various materials and ionize atoms along their path, which can cause damage to living tissues.
In a medical context, radioactivity is used in both diagnostic and therapeutic settings:
1. Diagnostic applications include imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) scans and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), where radioisotopes are introduced into the body to visualize organ function or detect diseases like cancer.
2. Therapeutic uses involve targeting radioisotopes directly at cancer cells, either through external beam radiation therapy or internal radiotherapy, such as brachytherapy, where a radioactive source is placed near or within the tumor.
While radioactivity has significant medical benefits, it also poses risks due to ionizing radiation exposure. Proper handling and safety measures are essential when working with radioactive materials to minimize potential harm.
In the context of medicine, "lead" most commonly refers to lead exposure or lead poisoning. Lead is a heavy metal that can be harmful to the human body, even at low levels. It can enter the body through contaminated air, water, food, or soil, and it can also be absorbed through the skin.
Lead poisoning occurs when lead builds up in the body over time, causing damage to the brain, nervous system, red blood cells, and kidneys. Symptoms of lead poisoning may include abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue, headache, irritability, memory problems, and in severe cases, seizures, coma, or even death.
Lead exposure is particularly dangerous for children, as their developing bodies are more sensitive to the harmful effects of lead. Even low levels of lead exposure can cause learning disabilities, behavioral problems, and developmental delays in children. Therefore, it's important to minimize lead exposure and seek medical attention if lead poisoning is suspected.