Tetrachloroethylene
Laundering
Trichloroethylene
Trichloroethanes
Maximum Allowable Concentration
Solvents
Hydrocarbons, Halogenated
Dichloroethylenes
Gas Poisoning
Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated
Water Pollutants, Chemical
Water Pollutants
Massachusetts
Air Pollutants, Occupational
Environmental Exposure
Biodegradation, Environmental
Quantitative aspects in the assessment of liver injury. (1/158)
Liver function data are usually difficult to use in their original form when one wishes to compare the hepatotoxic properties of several chemical substances. However, procedures are available for the conversion of liver function data into quantal responses. These permit the elaboration of dose-response lines for the substances in question, the calculation of median effective doses and the statistical analysis of differences in liver-damaging potency. These same procedures can be utilized for estimating the relative hazard involved if one compares the liver-damaging potency to the median effective dose for some other pharmacologie parameter. Alterations in hepatic triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, and the activities of various hepatic enzymes can also be quantitiated in a dose-related manner. This permits the selection of equitoxic doses required for certain comparative studies and the selection of doses in chemical interaction studies. The quantitative problems involved in low-frequency adverse reactions and the difficulty these present in the detection of liver injury in laboratory animals are discussed. (+info)Tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water in Massachusetts and the risk of colon-rectum, lung, and other cancers. (2/158)
We conducted a population-based case-control study to evaluate the relationship between cancer of the colon-rectum (n = 326), lung (n = 252), brain (n = 37), and pancreas (n = 37), and exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE) from public drinking water. Subjects were exposed to PCE when it leached from the vinyl lining of drinking-water distribution pipes. Relative delivered dose of PCE was estimated using a model that took into account residential location, years of residence, water flow, and pipe characteristics. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for lung cancer were moderately elevated among subjects whose exposure level was above the 90th percentile whether or not a latent period was assumed [ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), 3.7 (1.0-11.7), 3.3 (0.6-13.4), 6.2 (1.1-31.6), and 19.3 (2.5-141.7) for 0, 5, 7, and 9 years of latency, respectively]. The adjusted ORs for colon-rectum cancer were modestly elevated among ever-exposed subjects as more years of latency were assumed [OR and CI, 1.7 (0.8-3.8) and 2.0 (0.6-5.8) for 11 and 13 years of latency, respectively]. These elevated ORs stemmed mainly from associations with rectal cancer. Adjusted ORs for rectal cancer among ever-exposed subjects were more elevated [OR and CI, 2.6 (0. 8-6.7) and 3.1 (0.7-10.9) for 11 and 13 years of latency, respectively] than were corresponding estimates for colon cancer [OR and CI, 1.3 (0.5-3.5) and 1.5 (0.3-5.8) for 11 and 13 years of latency, respectively]. These results provide evidence for an association between PCE-contaminated public drinking water and cancer of the lung and, possibly, cancer of the colon-rectum. (+info)Reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene to cis-1, 2-dichloroethene by a thermophilic anaerobic enrichment culture. (3/158)
Thermophilic anaerobic biodegradation of tetrachloroethene (PCE) was investigated with various inocula from geothermal and nongeothermal areas. Only polluted harbor sediment resulted in a stable enrichment culture that converted PCE via trichloroethene to cis-1, 2-dichloroethene at the optimum temperature of 60 to 65 degrees C. After several transfers, methanogens were eliminated from the culture. Dechlorination was supported by lactate, pyruvate, fructose, fumarate, and malate as electron donor but not by H2, formate, or acetate. Fumarate and L-malate led to the highest dechlorination rate. In the absence of PCE, fumarate was fermented to acetate, H2, CO2, and succinate. With PCE, less H2 was formed, suggesting that PCE competed for the reducing equivalents leading to H2. PCE dechlorination, apparently, was not outcompeted by fumarate as electron acceptor. At the optimum dissolved PCE concentration of approximately 60 microM, a high dechlorination rate of 1.1 micromol h-1 mg-1 (dry weight) was found, which indicates that the dechlorination is not a cometabolic activity. Microscopic analysis of the fumarate-grown culture showed the dominance of a long thin rod. Molecular analysis, however, indicated the presence of two dominant species, both belonging to the low-G+C gram positives. The highest similarity was found with the genus Dehalobacter (90%), represented by the halorespiring organism Dehalobacter restrictus, and with the genus Desulfotomaculum (86%). (+info)Optimization of simultaneous chemical and biological mineralization of perchloroethylene. (4/158)
Optimization of the simultaneous chemical and biological mineralization of perchloroethylene (PCE) by modified Fenton's reagent and Xanthobacter flavus was investigated by using a central composite rotatable experimental design. Concentrations of PCE, hydrogen peroxide, and ferrous iron and the microbial cell number were set as variables. Percent mineralization of PCE to CO2 was investigated as a response. A second-order, quadratic response surface model was generated and fit the data adequately, with a correlation coefficient of 0.72. Analysis of the results showed that the PCE concentration had no significant effect within the tested boundaries of the model, while the other variables, hydrogen peroxide and iron concentrations and cell number, were significant at alpha = 0.05 for the mineralization of PCE. The 14C radiotracer studies showed that the simultaneous chemical and biological reactions increased the extent of mineralization of PCE by more than 10% over stand-alone Fenton reactions. (+info)Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes and 1, 2-dichloroethane by "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes" 195. (5/158)
"Dehalococcoides ethenogenes" 195 can reductively dechlorinate tetrachloroethene (PCE) completely to ethene (ETH). When PCE-grown strain 195 was transferred (2% [vol/vol] inoculum) into growth medium amended with trichloroethene (TCE), cis-dichloroethene (DCE), 1,1-DCE, or 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA) as an electron acceptor, these chlorinated compounds were consumed at increasing rates over time, which indicated that growth occurred. Moreover, the number of cells increased when TCE, 1,1-DCE, or DCA was present. PCE, TCE, 1,1-DCE, and cis-DCE were converted mainly to vinyl chloride (VC) and then to ETH, while DCA was converted to ca. 99% ETH and 1% VC. cis-DCE was used at lower rates than PCE, TCE, 1,1-DCE, or DCA was used. When PCE-grown cultures were transferred to media containing VC or trans-DCE, products accumulated slowly, and there was no increase in the rate, which indicated that these two compounds did not support growth. When the intermediates in PCE dechlorination by strain 195 were monitored, TCE was detected first, followed by cis-DCE. After a lag, VC, 1,1-DCE, and trans-DCE accumulated, which is consistent with the hypothesis that cis-DCE is the precursor of these compounds. Both cis-DCE and 1,1-DCE were eventually consumed, and both of these compounds could be considered intermediates in PCE dechlorination, whereas the small amount of trans-DCE that was produced persisted. Cultures grown on TCE, 1,1-DCE, or DCA could immediately dechlorinate PCE, which indicated that PCE reductive dehalogenase activity was constitutive when these electron acceptors were used. (+info)Fraction of electrons consumed in electron acceptor reduction and hydrogen thresholds as indicators of halorespiratory physiology. (6/158)
Measurements of the hydrogen consumption threshold and the tracking of electrons transferred to the chlorinated electron acceptor (f(e)) reliably detected chlororespiratory physiology in both mixed cultures and pure cultures capable of using tetrachloroethene, cis-1, 2-dichloroethene, vinyl chloride, 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorobenzoate, 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate, or 1,2-dichloropropane as an electron acceptor. Hydrogen was consumed to significantly lower threshold concentrations of less than 0.4 ppmv compared with the values obtained for the same cultures without a chlorinated compound as an electron acceptor. The f(e) values ranged from 0.63 to 0.7, values which are in good agreement with theoretical calculations based on the thermodynamics of reductive dechlorination as the terminal electron-accepting process. In contrast, a mixed methanogenic culture that cometabolized 3-chlorophenol exhibited a significantly lower f(e) value, 0.012. (+info)Adhesion of biodegradative anaerobic bacteria to solid surfaces. (7/158)
In order to exploit the ability of anaerobic bacteria to degrade certain contaminants for bioremediation of polluted subsurface environments, we need to understand the mechanisms by which such bacteria partition between aqueous and solid phases, as well as the environmental conditions that influence partitioning. We studied four strictly anaerobic bacteria, Desulfomonile tiedjei, Syntrophomonas wolfei, Syntrophobacter wolinii, and Desulfovibrio sp. strain G11, which theoretically together can constitute a tetrachloroethylene- and trichloroethylene-dechlorinating consortium. Adhesion of these organisms was evaluated by microscopic determination of the numbers of cells that attached to glass coverslips exposed to cell suspensions under anaerobic conditions. We studied the effects of the growth phase of the organisms on adhesion, as well as the influence of electrostatic and hydrophobic properties of the substratum. Results indicate that S. wolfei adheres in considerably higher numbers to glass surfaces than the other three organisms. Starvation greatly decreases adhesion of S. wolfei and Desulfovibrio sp. strain G11 but seems to have less of an effect on the adhesion of the other bacteria. The presence of Fe(3+) on the substratum, which would be electropositive, significantly increased the adhesion of S. wolfei, whereas the presence of silicon hydrophobic groups decreased the numbers of attached cells of all species. Measurements of transport of cells through hydrophobic-interaction and electrostatic-interaction columns indicated that all four species had negatively charged cell surfaces and that D. tiedjei and Desulfovibrio sp. strain G11 possessed some hydrophobic cell surface properties. These findings are an early step toward understanding the dynamic attachment of anaerobic bacteria in anoxic environments. (+info)Influence of different electron donors and acceptors on dehalorespiration of tetrachloroethene by Desulfitobacterium frappieri TCE1. (8/158)
Strain TCE1, a strictly anaerobic bacterium that can grow by reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE), was isolated by selective enrichment from a PCE-dechlorinating chemostat mixed culture. Strain TCE1 is a gram-positive, motile, curved rod-shaped organism that is 2 to 4 by 0.6 to 0.8 microm and has approximately six lateral flagella. The pH and temperature optima for growth are 7.2 and 35 degrees C, respectively. On the basis of a comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis, this bacterium was identified as a new strain of Desulfitobacterium frappieri, because it exhibited 99.7% relatedness to the D. frappieri type strain, strain PCP-1. Growth with H(2), formate, L-lactate, butyrate, crotonate, or ethanol as the electron donor depends on the availability of an external electron acceptor. Pyruvate and serine can also be used fermentatively. Electron donors (except formate and H(2)) are oxidized to acetate and CO(2). When L-lactate is the growth substrate, strain TCE1 can use the following electron acceptors: PCE and TCE (to produce cis-1,2-dichloroethene), sulfite and thiosulfate (to produce sulfide), nitrate (to produce nitrite), and fumarate (to produce succinate). Strain TCE1 is not able to reductively dechlorinate 3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenylacetate. The growth yields of the newly isolated bacterium when PCE is the electron acceptor are similar to those obtained for other dehalorespiring anaerobes (e.g., Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE1 and Desulfitobacterium hafniense) and the maximum specific reductive dechlorination rates are 4 to 16 times higher (up to 1.4 micromol of chloride released. min(-1). mg of protein(-1)). Dechlorination of PCE and TCE is an inducible process. In PCE-limited chemostat cultures of strain TCE1, dechlorination is strongly inhibited by sulfite but not by other alternative electron acceptors, such as fumarate or nitrate. (+info)Tetrachloroethylene, also known as perchloroethylene or "perc," is an organic compound with the formula C2Cl4. It is a colorless, volatile liquid with a sweet and somewhat unpleasant smell and taste. It is widely used for dry cleaning of clothing and textiles, and as a solvent in various industrial applications.
In a medical context, tetrachloroethylene is primarily known as a potential occupational hazard and environmental contaminant. Exposure to high levels of this chemical can cause a range of adverse health effects, including irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, dizziness, headaches, and respiratory problems. Long-term exposure has been linked to an increased risk of certain types of cancer, such as bladder, kidney, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
It is important for individuals who work with tetrachloroethylene or are exposed to it in their environment to take appropriate precautions to minimize their exposure and protect their health. This may include using proper ventilation, wearing protective equipment, and following established safety protocols.
In the context of medical billing and healthcare, "laundering" is not a term that has a specific or widely accepted definition. It may be used informally to refer to illegal activities such as submitting false claims for reimbursement or engaging in kickback schemes, but it does not have a recognized medical meaning.
In general, the term "money laundering" is used to describe the process of making illegally-gained proceeds appear legal by disguising the true origin of the money. It typically involves three steps: placement, layering, and integration. Placement is the act of introducing the illicit money into the financial system, often by breaking it up into smaller amounts and depositing it into various accounts. Layering is the process of moving the money through a series of transactions to make it difficult to trace back to its original source. Integration is the final step, in which the laundered money is mixed with legitimate funds and used for normal business or personal expenses.
It's important to note that engaging in any form of illegal activity, including money laundering, is a serious crime and can result in severe penalties, including fines and imprisonment.
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a volatile, colorless liquid with a chloroform-like odor. In the medical field, it is primarily used as a surgical anesthetic and an analgesic. However, its use in medicine has significantly decreased due to the availability of safer alternatives.
In a broader context, TCE is widely used in various industries as a solvent for cleaning metal parts, degreasing fabrics and other materials, and as a refrigerant. It's also present in some consumer products like paint removers, adhesives, and typewriter correction fluids.
Prolonged or repeated exposure to TCE can lead to various health issues, including neurological problems, liver and kidney damage, and an increased risk of certain cancers. Therefore, its use is regulated by environmental and occupational safety agencies worldwide.
Trichloroethanes are not a medical term, but rather a group of chemical compounds that include 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 1,1,2-trichloroethane. These chemicals have been used as solvents, degreasing agents, and refrigerants.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane, also known as methyl chloroform, is a colorless liquid with a sweet, mild odor. It has been used as a solvent for cleaning electronic components, removing adhesives, and degreasing metals. It can also be found in some consumer products such as spray paints, aerosol cleaners, and spot removers.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane, also known as aerothane, is a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor. It has been used as a solvent for cleaning and degreasing metals, plastics, and other surfaces. It can also be found in some consumer products such as typewriter correction fluids and spot removers.
Exposure to trichloroethanes can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. Short-term exposure to high levels of these chemicals can cause irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, dizziness, headache, and nausea. Long-term exposure to lower levels can lead to liver and kidney damage, neurological effects, and an increased risk of cancer.
It is important to handle trichloroethanes with care and follow proper safety precautions, including using appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and respirators, and ensuring adequate ventilation in the work area.
The Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) is a term used in occupational health to refer to the highest concentration of a hazardous substance (usually in air) that should not cause harmful effects to most workers if they are exposed to it for a typical 8-hour workday, 5 days a week. It's important to note that MAC values are based on average population data and may not protect everyone, particularly those who are sensitive or susceptible to the substance in question.
It's also crucial to differentiate MAC from other similar terms such as the Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) or Threshold Limit Value (TLV), which are used in different regulatory contexts and may have slightly different definitions and criteria.
Please consult with a certified industrial hygienist, occupational health professional, or other appropriate experts for specific guidance related to hazardous substance exposure limits.
Solvents, in a medical context, are substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing other materials, often used in the preparation of medications and solutions. They are commonly organic chemicals that can liquefy various substances, making it possible to administer them in different forms, such as oral solutions, topical creams, or injectable drugs.
However, it is essential to recognize that solvents may pose health risks if mishandled or misused, particularly when they contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Prolonged exposure to these VOCs can lead to adverse health effects, including respiratory issues, neurological damage, and even cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to handle solvents with care and follow safety guidelines to minimize potential health hazards.
Halogenated hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and one or more halogens, such as fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I). These compounds are formed when halogens replace one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule.
Halogenated hydrocarbons can be further categorized into two groups:
1. Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons: These include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes with halogen atoms replacing hydrogen atoms. Examples include chloroform (trichloromethane, CHCl3), methylene chloride (dichloromethane, CH2Cl2), and trichloroethylene (C2HCl3).
2. Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons: These consist of aromatic rings, such as benzene, with halogen atoms attached. Examples include chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl), bromobenzene (C6H5Br), and polyhalogenated biphenyls like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs).
Halogenated hydrocarbons have various industrial applications, including use as solvents, refrigerants, fire extinguishing agents, and intermediates in chemical synthesis. However, some of these compounds can be toxic, environmentally persistent, and bioaccumulative, posing potential health and environmental risks.
Dichloroethylenes are a group of chemical compounds that contain two chlorine atoms and two hydrogen atoms bonded to a pair of carbon atoms. The two carbon atoms are arranged in a double-bonded configuration, resulting in a geometric isomerism known as cis-trans isomerism.
Therefore, there are two main types of dichloroethylenes:
1. cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (also known as (Z)-1,2-dichloroethylene): This is a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor. It is used as a solvent and in the production of other chemicals.
2. trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (also known as (E)-1,2-dichloroethylene): This is also a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor. It is used as a refrigerant, solvent, and in the production of other chemicals.
Both cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethylenes can be harmful if ingested, inhaled, or come into contact with the skin. They can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, and prolonged exposure can lead to more serious health effects such as damage to the liver and kidneys.
Gas poisoning, also known as carbon monoxide poisoning or toxic inhalation, is a condition that results from exposure to harmful gases. This can occur through inhaling fumes from faulty heating systems, stoves, generators, or motor vehicles, especially in enclosed spaces. The gas interferes with the body's ability to transport oxygen, leading to symptoms such as headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, and confusion. In severe cases, it can cause loss of consciousness, brain damage, or even death. Immediate medical attention is required for diagnosis and treatment, which may include oxygen therapy and supportive care.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons are a group of organic compounds that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and chlorine (Cl) atoms. These chemicals are formed by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon molecule with chlorine atoms. The properties of chlorinated hydrocarbons can vary widely, depending on the number and arrangement of chlorine and hydrogen atoms in the molecule.
Chlorinated hydrocarbons have been widely used in various industrial applications, including as solvents, refrigerants, pesticides, and chemical intermediates. Some well-known examples of chlorinated hydrocarbons are:
1. Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) - a colorless liquid with a mild sweet odor, used as a solvent in various industrial applications, including the production of pharmaceuticals and photographic films.
2. Chloroform - a heavy, volatile, and sweet-smelling liquid, used as an anesthetic in the past but now mainly used in chemical synthesis.
3. Carbon tetrachloride - a colorless, heavy, and nonflammable liquid with a mildly sweet odor, once widely used as a solvent and fire extinguishing agent but now largely phased out due to its ozone-depleting properties.
4. Vinyl chloride - a flammable, colorless gas, used primarily in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and other synthetic materials.
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - a group of highly stable and persistent organic compounds that were widely used as coolants and insulating fluids in electrical equipment but are now banned due to their toxicity and environmental persistence.
Exposure to chlorinated hydrocarbons can occur through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion, depending on the specific compound and its physical state. Some chlorinated hydrocarbons have been linked to various health effects, including liver and kidney damage, neurological disorders, reproductive issues, and cancer. Therefore, proper handling, use, and disposal of these chemicals are essential to minimize potential health risks.
Chemical water pollutants refer to harmful chemicals or substances that contaminate bodies of water, making them unsafe for human use and harmful to aquatic life. These pollutants can come from various sources, including industrial and agricultural runoff, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and improper disposal of hazardous materials.
Examples of chemical water pollutants include heavy metals (such as lead, mercury, and cadmium), pesticides and herbicides, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and petroleum products. These chemicals can have toxic effects on aquatic organisms, disrupt ecosystems, and pose risks to human health through exposure or consumption.
Regulations and standards are in place to monitor and limit the levels of chemical pollutants in water sources, with the aim of protecting public health and the environment.
Water pollutants refer to any substances or materials that contaminate water sources and make them unsafe or unsuitable for use. These pollutants can include a wide range of chemicals, microorganisms, and physical particles that can have harmful effects on human health, aquatic life, and the environment as a whole. Examples of water pollutants include heavy metals like lead and mercury, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, agricultural runoff containing pesticides and fertilizers, sewage and wastewater, oil spills, and microplastics. Exposure to water pollutants can cause a variety of health problems, ranging from minor irritations to serious illnesses or even death in extreme cases. Additionally, water pollution can have significant impacts on the environment, including harming or killing aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems, and reducing biodiversity.
I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Massachusetts" is not a medical term. It is the name of a state located in the northeastern region of the United States. If you have any questions about medical terms or concepts, I would be happy to help clarify those for you.
Occupational air pollutants refer to harmful substances present in the air in workplaces or occupational settings. These pollutants can include dusts, gases, fumes, vapors, or mists that are produced by industrial processes, chemical reactions, or other sources. Examples of occupational air pollutants include:
1. Respirable crystalline silica: A common mineral found in sand, stone, and concrete that can cause lung disease and cancer when inhaled in high concentrations.
2. Asbestos: A naturally occurring mineral fiber that was widely used in construction materials and industrial applications until the 1970s. Exposure to asbestos fibers can cause lung diseases such as asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.
3. Welding fumes: Fumes generated during welding processes can contain harmful metals such as manganese, chromium, and nickel that can cause neurological damage and respiratory problems.
4. Isocyanates: Chemicals used in the production of foam insulation, spray-on coatings, and other industrial applications that can cause asthma and other respiratory symptoms.
5. Coal dust: Fine particles generated during coal mining, transportation, and handling that can cause lung disease and other health problems.
6. Diesel exhaust: Emissions from diesel engines that contain harmful particulates and gases that can cause respiratory and cardiovascular problems.
Occupational air pollutants are regulated by various government agencies, including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, to protect workers from exposure and minimize health risks.
Environmental exposure refers to the contact of an individual with any chemical, physical, or biological agent in the environment that can cause a harmful effect on health. These exposures can occur through various pathways such as inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. Examples of environmental exposures include air pollution, water contamination, occupational chemicals, and allergens. The duration and level of exposure, as well as the susceptibility of the individual, can all contribute to the risk of developing an adverse health effect.
Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.
Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.
Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.
Occupational exposure refers to the contact of an individual with potentially harmful chemical, physical, or biological agents as a result of their job or occupation. This can include exposure to hazardous substances such as chemicals, heavy metals, or dusts; physical agents such as noise, radiation, or ergonomic stressors; and biological agents such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
Occupational exposure can occur through various routes, including inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, or injection. Prolonged or repeated exposure to these hazards can increase the risk of developing acute or chronic health conditions, such as respiratory diseases, skin disorders, neurological damage, or cancer.
Employers have a legal and ethical responsibility to minimize occupational exposures through the implementation of appropriate control measures, including engineering controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment, and training programs. Regular monitoring and surveillance of workers' health can also help identify and prevent potential health hazards in the workplace.
Tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene (data page)
Bissinger Wool Pullery
Laundry
Groundwater pollution
Carbon tetrachloride
Dry cleaning
Desulfuromonas chloroethenica
Hookworm infection
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
Moyer's Landfill
Pentachloroethane
Dichlorocarbene
VOC contamination of groundwater
Spherosome
1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptachloropropane
Karshi-Khanabad Air Base
Brake cleaner
Weston, Runcorn
Trichloroethylene
Solvent
Tetrachloro-1,2-difluoroethane
Air pollution
Tennessee Gas Pipeline
CRC Industries
Tetraiodoethylene
Cometabolism
List of pipeline accidents in the United States in 2017
Ann Aschengrau
List of Ghostwriter characters
Tetrachloroethylene - Wikipedia
Tetrachloroethylene (PERC) | ToxFAQsâ„¢ | ATSDR
Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene) (76-185) | NIOSH | CDC
TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (BEI) - ACGIH
Tetrachloroethylene | Harvard Catalyst Profiles | Harvard Catalyst
CDC Online Newsroom - Press Release - Marine-Base Housing Contained Drinking Water Contaminated with Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)...
Tetrachloroethylene Toxicity: Section 1.3. What Are the Primary Routes of Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene? | Environmental...
Pneumotox » Drug » Tetrachloroethylene - Perchlorethylene (C2Cl4) » I.an - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis pattern
Reanalysis of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene Metabolism to Glutathione Conjugates Using Human, Rat, and Mouse Liver ...
IARC Publications Website - Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene, and Some Other Chlorinated Agents
Tetrachloroethylene tenders
tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene
EWG Tap Water Database | South Bend Water Works
EWG Tap Water Database | City of Talladega Water and Sewer Board
Tetrachloroethylene (PERC) - H2O Distributors
Fully enclosed tetrachloroethylene dry cleaners instruction
DHS Search Results | Wisconsin Department of Health Services
Tetrachloroethylene Sensidyne Colorimetric Gas Detection Tubes
- www.ereinc.com
Toxicogenetics of tetrachloroethylene - Texas A&M University (TAMU) Scholar
Registration Dossier - ECHA
Uniphos Ste-3 | Tetrachloroethylene | Short Term Gas Detector Tubes | Gasdetectorseu
Establishment of an exposure level to tetrachloroethylene in ambient air in Vermont.
About ChemTRAC
Camp Lejeune Lawsuit | Camp Lejeune Lawyer | Advocacy For Patientsâ„¢
Toxic Neuropathy: Practice Essentials, Background, Pathophysiology
NJDEP New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection
Search Odors
Cross-border Movement of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Recyclable Material Regulations
Digital performance refractometer: Abbemat | Anton Paar
Perchloroethylene2
- Tetrachloroethylene, also known under the systematic name tetrachloroethene, or perchloroethylene, and abbreviations such as "perc" (or "PERC"), and "PCE", is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2. (wikipedia.org)
- Trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene or tetrachloroethylene (PCE) are high-production volume chemicals with numerous industrial applications. (so-ella.com)
Trichloroethylene10
- Although in very small amounts, tetrachloroethylene occurs naturally in volcanoes along with trichloroethylene. (wikipedia.org)
- Reanalysis of Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene Metabolism to Glutathione Conjugates Using Human, Rat, and Mouse Liver Models to Improve Precision in Risk Characterization. (stembook.org)
- This Volume of the IARC Monographs provides an assessment of the carcinogenic hazards associated with exposure to seven chlorinated solvents, including trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, and their metabolites (dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and chloral hydrate). (iarc.fr)
- Trichloroethylene has been used in several industries, such as manufacture and repair of aircraft and automobiles, and in screw-cutting, while tetrachloroethylene is widely used in dry-cleaning and as a feedstock for the production of chlorinated chemicals. (iarc.fr)
- Trichloroethylene (TCE) and Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) Exposures and Vapor Intrusion INFORMATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS This nfi ormatoi n is about very low -el ve lexposures to TCE and PCE due to vapor intrusoi n. (so-ella.com)
- The reduction of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) catalyzed by vitamin B12 was examined in homogeneous and heterogeneous (B12 bound to agarose) batch systems using titanium(III) citrate as the bulk reductant. (so-ella.com)
- Tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene fatality: case report and simple headspace SPME-capillary gas chromatographic determination in tissues. (so-ella.com)
- the EPA has classified tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene as likely to be carcinogenic to humans. (so-ella.com)
- The coefficient of non-determination (k2) is 4×10 -5 for tetrachloroethylene and 7×10 -5 for trichloroethylene … Effects of Multiple Doses of Dichloroacetate on GSTZ1 Expression and Activity in Liver and Extrahepatic Tissues of Young and Adult Rats. (so-ella.com)
- As a result of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive and the Groundwater Directive, and the consequent restriction of Polish law regulations, groundwater contamination with trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was detected at numerous sites in Poland, including groundwater in the vicinity of the waterworks in Nowa Dęba. (rsc.org)
Likely to be carcinogenic to humans1
- EPA considers tetrachloroethylene likely to be carcinogenic to humans by all routes of exposure. (cdc.gov)
Solvent7
- Tetrachloroethylene is an excellent nonpolar solvent for organic materials. (wikipedia.org)
- Tetrachloroethylene is used as a dry cleaning agent and metal degreasing solvent. (cdc.gov)
- Tetrachloroethylene is used as a dry cleaning agent and locations may be exposed to higher levels than the metal degreasing solvent. (cdc.gov)
- Studies in humans suggest that exposure to · Tetrachloroethylene is widely used as a scouring solvent tetrachloroethylene might lead to a higher risk of getting that removes oils from fabrics, as a carrier solvent, as a bladder cancer, multiple myeloma, or non-Hodgkin's fabric finish or water repellant, and as a metal lymphoma. (cdc.gov)
- ATLANTA - Water in the drinking water system for the Tarawa Terrace family housing area at U.S. Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, affecting possibly 75,000 residents, was contaminated with tetrachloroethylene (PCE), a dry cleaning solvent, during the period November 1957 through February 1987, an analysis by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) concludes. (cdc.gov)
- Tetrachloroethylene is also used on organic materials as a solvent, degreaser for automotive parts, and used in some spot removers and paint strippers. (h2odistributors.com)
- A few years later, a nearby dry cleaning company called One Hour Dry Cleaner used a toxic cleaning solvent known as PCE (Tetrachloroethylene), further contaminating the well water. (advocacyforpatients.org)
High levels of tetrachloroethylene1
- It was contaminated with high levels of tetrachloroethylene (PCE). (cdc.gov)
Exposure18
- better source needed] Tetrachloroethylene exposure can be evaluated by a breath test, analogous to breath-alcohol measurements. (wikipedia.org)
- Tetrachloroethylene can be detected in the breath for weeks following a heavy exposure. (wikipedia.org)
- In Europe, the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) recommends for tetrachloroethylene an occupational exposure limit (8-hour time-weighted average) of 20 ppm and a short-term exposure limit (15 min) of 40 ppm. (wikipedia.org)
- Exposure for longer periods to low levels of tetrachloroethylene may cause changes in mood, memory, attention, reaction time, and vision. (cdc.gov)
- Studies in humans suggest that exposure to tetrachloroethylene might lead to a higher risk of getting bladder cancer, multiple myeloma, or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (cdc.gov)
- A few studies in humans have suggested that exposure to tetrachloroethylene increased the numbers of babies with birth defects, but these studies were not large enough to clearly answer the question. (cdc.gov)
- How can families reduce the risk of exposure to tetrachloroethylene? (cdc.gov)
- Exposure for longer periods to low levels of · Tetrachloroethylene evaporates quickly from water into tetrachloroethylene may cause changes in mood, memory, air. (cdc.gov)
- In animals, tetrachloroethylene has been shown to cause labels to minimize exposure to tetrachloroethylene. (cdc.gov)
- Reproductive and developmental health effects of prenatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene-contaminated drinking water. (harvard.edu)
- Association of prenatal and early life exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE) with polycystic ovary syndrome and other reproductive disorders in the cape cod health study: A retrospective cohort study. (harvard.edu)
- Prenatal drinking-water exposure to tetrachloroethylene and ischemic placental disease: a retrospective cohort study. (harvard.edu)
- Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging in an adult cohort following prenatal and early postnatal exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water. (harvard.edu)
- What Are the Primary Routes of Exposure to Tetrachloroethylene? (cdc.gov)
- Inhalation is a major route of exposure to tetrachloroethylene. (cdc.gov)
- Absorption through skin can also be a route of tetrachloroethylene exposure in the workplace and among the general public. (cdc.gov)
- Establishment of an exposure level to tetrachloroethylene in ambient air in Vermont. (cdc.gov)
- [8] Like many chlorinated hydrocarbons , tetrachloroethylene is a central nervous system depressant and can enter the body through respiratory or dermal exposure. (boingboing.net)
Nonflammable colorless liquid1
- Tetrachloroethylene is a nonflammable colorless liquid. (cdc.gov)
Carcinogenic to humans3
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) considers tetrachloroethylene probably carcinogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
- Research on Cancer (IARC) considers tetrachloroethylene metabolites cannot predict the kind of health effects that probably carcinogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
- The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified tetrachloroethylene as a Group 2A carcinogen , which means that it is probably carcinogenic to humans. (boingboing.net)
Hydrocarbons1
- Most tetrachloroethylene is produced by high-temperature chlorinolysis of light hydrocarbons. (wikipedia.org)
C2Cl41
- C2Cl6 → C2Cl4 + Cl2 Faraday was previously falsely credited for the synthesis of tetrachloroethylene, which in reality, was carbon tetrachloride. (wikipedia.org)
Exposures1
- Also, for acute exposures, tetrachloroethylene in expired air can be measured. (wikipedia.org)
Trichloroacetic acid1
- Tetrachloroethylene and its metabolite trichloroacetic acid, can be detected in the blood. (wikipedia.org)
Toxicity2
- The acute toxicity of tetrachloroethylene is moderate to low. (wikipedia.org)
- Tetrachloroethylene Toxicity: Section 1.3. (cdc.gov)
Small amounts2
Enters2
- What happens to tetrachloroethylene when it enters the environment? (cdc.gov)
- Tetrachloroethylene enters water supplies from dry cleaners and factories discharging waste. (h2odistributors.com)
Cleaners1
- The company research and development of the dry cleaners, the use of tetrachloroethylene (C 2 cl4) as a detergent, is mainly used for washing all kinds of fur, fur, or fabric.We recommend the use of PERKLONE DX PLUS tetrachloroethylene as detergent. (yinaijin.net)
Water7
- Tetrachloroethylene can be released into air, water, and soil at places where it is produced or used. (cdc.gov)
- Tetrachloroethylene evaporates quickly from water into air. (cdc.gov)
- When you drink water containing tetrachloroethylene, you are exposed to it. (cdc.gov)
- Tetrachloroethylene has also been detected in drinking water supplies from contaminated groundwater sources. (so-ella.com)
- Tetrachloroethylene has been detected in both groundwater and surface water, the air, the soil, food, and breast milk. (so-ella.com)
- Is There Tetrachloroethylene in My Water? (h2odistributors.com)
- How to Remove Tetrachloroethylene from Your Drinking Water? (h2odistributors.com)
Tubes2
- Uniphos 2-BOXES Gas Detector Tubes for Tetrachloroethylene 5-100 ppm Standard range, 10 tubes per box, 5-mm diameter tubes for use with piston hand pumps. (gasdetectorseu.com)
- KwikDraw 2-BOXES Gas Detector Tubes for Tetrachloroethylene Warning Marks 10 tubes per box, 7-mm diameter tubes for use with bellows hand pump. (gasdetectorseu.com)
Drugs1
- Fever due to other illnesses or certain drugs (eg, albendazole , mebendazole , tetrachloroethylene) may trigger aberrant migration of adult worms. (msdmanuals.com)
Soil2
- In addition to bioremediation, tetrachloroethylene hydrolyzes on contact with soil. (wikipedia.org)
- Tetrachloroethylene may evaporate quickly from shallow soils or may filter through the soil and into the groundwater below. (cdc.gov)
Liver2
Intermediate1
- Tetrachloroethylene was once extensively used as an intermediate in the manufacture of HFC-134a and related refrigerants. (wikipedia.org)
Found1
- Tetrachloroethylene has been found in at least 949 of the 1,854 National Priorities List sites identified by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (cdc.gov)
Environment1
- The document focuses on describing and evaluating the risks of tetrachloroethylene for human health and the environment. (unep.org)
People6
- Most people can smell tetrachloroethylene when it is present in the air at a level of 1 part in 1 million parts of air (1 ppm) or more. (cdc.gov)
- People working in the dry cleaning industries or using metal degreasing products may be exposed to elevated levels of tetrachloroethylene. (cdc.gov)
- Most people can smell tetrachloroethylene when you are exposed to it. (cdc.gov)
- This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Tetrachloroethylene" by people in Harvard Catalyst Profiles by year, and whether "Tetrachloroethylene" was a major or minor topic of these publication. (harvard.edu)
- Below are the most recent publications written about "Tetrachloroethylene" by people in Profiles. (harvard.edu)
- After completing this section, you will be able to describe how people are exposed to tetrachloroethylene. (cdc.gov)
Include1
- Victor Regnault stated "According to Faraday, the chloride of carbon boiled around 70 °C (158 °F) to 77 °C (171 °F) degrees Celsius but mine did not begin to boil until 120 °C (248 °F) ". Tetrachloroethylene can be made by passing chloroform vapour through a red-hot tube, the side products include hexachlorobenzene and hexachloroethane, as reported in 1886. (wikipedia.org)
Filter1
- Tetrachloroethylene can be removed by using filter cartridges containing GAC (granular activated carbon). (h2odistributors.com)
Sources1
- and tetrachloroethylene) that originated from several sources. (cdc.gov)
Page1
- You can Find up to date Tetrachloroethylene online tenders in this page. (biddingsource.com)
Skin1
- [9] Tetrachloroethylene dissolves fats from the skin, potentially resulting in skin irritation. (boingboing.net)
