Either of a pair of compound bones forming the lateral (left and right) surfaces and base of the skull which contains the organs of hearing. It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull).
A specialized CONNECTIVE TISSUE that is the main constituent of the SKELETON. The principle cellular component of bone is comprised of OSTEOBLASTS; OSTEOCYTES; and OSTEOCLASTS, while FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS and hydroxyapatite crystals form the BONE MATRIX.
The posterior part of the temporal bone. It is a projection of the petrous bone.
Surgery performed on the external, middle, or internal ear.
The dense rock-like part of temporal bone that contains the INNER EAR. Petrous bone is located at the base of the skull. Sometimes it is combined with the MASTOID PROCESS and called petromastoid part of temporal bone.
A mobile chain of three small bones (INCUS; MALLEUS; STAPES) in the TYMPANIC CAVITY between the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and the oval window on the wall of INNER EAR. Sound waves are converted to vibration by the tympanic membrane then transmitted via these ear ossicles to the inner ear.
The narrow passage way that conducts the sound collected by the EAR AURICLE to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
The continuous turnover of BONE MATRIX and mineral that involves first an increase in BONE RESORPTION (osteoclastic activity) and later, reactive BONE FORMATION (osteoblastic activity). The process of bone remodeling takes place in the adult skeleton at discrete foci. The process ensures the mechanical integrity of the skeleton throughout life and plays an important role in calcium HOMEOSTASIS. An imbalance in the regulation of bone remodeling's two contrasting events, bone resorption and bone formation, results in many of the metabolic bone diseases, such as OSTEOPOROSIS.
Neoplasms of the bony part of the skull.
Fenestra of the cochlea, an opening in the basal wall between the MIDDLE EAR and the INNER EAR, leading to the cochlea. It is closed by a secondary tympanic membrane.
The space and structures directly internal to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and external to the inner ear (LABYRINTH). Its major components include the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat.
Tumors or cancer of any part of the hearing and equilibrium system of the body (the EXTERNAL EAR, the MIDDLE EAR, and the INNER EAR).
The amount of mineral per square centimeter of BONE. This is the definition used in clinical practice. Actual bone density would be expressed in grams per milliliter. It is most frequently measured by X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY or TOMOGRAPHY, X RAY COMPUTED. Bone density is an important predictor for OSTEOPOROSIS.
One of the three ossicles of the middle ear. It transmits sound vibrations from the INCUS to the internal ear (Ear, Internal see LABYRINTH).
Transmission of sound waves through vibration of bones in the SKULL to the inner ear (COCHLEA). By using bone conduction stimulation and by bypassing any OUTER EAR or MIDDLE EAR abnormalities, hearing thresholds of the cochlea can be determined. Bone conduction hearing differs from normal hearing which is based on air conduction stimulation via the EAR CANAL and the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE.
The essential part of the hearing organ consists of two labyrinthine compartments: the bony labyrinthine and the membranous labyrinth. The bony labyrinth is a complex of three interconnecting cavities or spaces (COCHLEA; VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH; and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS) in the TEMPORAL BONE. Within the bony labyrinth lies the membranous labyrinth which is a complex of sacs and tubules (COCHLEAR DUCT; SACCULE AND UTRICLE; and SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS) forming a continuous space enclosed by EPITHELIUM and connective tissue. These spaces are filled with LABYRINTHINE FLUIDS of various compositions.
An implant used to replace one or more of the ear ossicles. They are usually made of plastic, Gelfoam, ceramic, or stainless steel.
Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the external auditory meatus or through the eustachian tube into the nasopharynx. This is usually associated with CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE involving the TEMPORAL BONE;), NEUROSURGICAL PROCEDURES; or other conditions, but may rarely occur spontaneously. (From Am J Otol 1995 Nov;16(6):765-71)
Bone loss due to osteoclastic activity.
A mass of KERATIN-producing squamous EPITHELIUM that resembles an inverted (suck-in) bag of skin in the MIDDLE EAR. It arises from the eardrum (TYMPANIC MEMBRANE) and grows into the MIDDLE EAR causing erosion of EAR OSSICLES and MASTOID that contains the INNER EAR.
Pathological processes of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which contains the essential apparatus of hearing (COCHLEA) and balance (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS).
The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.
Inflammation of the honeycomb-like MASTOID BONE in the skull just behind the ear. It is usually a complication of OTITIS MEDIA.
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.
An oval semitransparent membrane separating the external EAR CANAL from the tympanic cavity (EAR, MIDDLE). It contains three layers: the skin of the external ear canal; the core of radially and circularly arranged collagen fibers; and the MUCOSA of the middle ear.
A usually benign tumor composed of cells which arise from chondroblasts or their precursors and which tend to differentiate into cartilage cells. It occurs primarily in the epiphyses of adolescents. It is relatively rare and represents less than 2% of all primary bone tumors. The peak incidence is in the second decade of life; it is about twice as common in males as in females. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1846)
The part of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is concerned with hearing. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth, as a snail-like structure that is situated almost horizontally anterior to the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH.
Fractures of the skull which may result from penetrating or nonpenetrating head injuries or rarely BONE DISEASES (see also FRACTURES, SPONTANEOUS). Skull fractures may be classified by location (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, BASILAR), radiographic appearance (e.g., linear), or based upon cranial integrity (e.g., SKULL FRACTURE, DEPRESSED).
The blind pouch at the end of the endolymphatic duct. It is a storage reservoir for excess ENDOLYMPH, formed by the blood vessels in the membranous labyrinth.
A small bony canal linking the vestibule of the inner ear to the posterior part of the internal surface of the petrous TEMPORAL BONE. It transmits the endolymphatic duct and two small blood vessels.
Three long canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral) of the bony labyrinth. They are set at right angles to each other and are situated posterosuperior to the vestibule of the bony labyrinth (VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH). The semicircular canals have five openings into the vestibule with one shared by the anterior and the posterior canals. Within the canals are the SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS.
A disease of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) that is characterized by fluctuating SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; episodic VERTIGO; and aural fullness. It is the most common form of endolymphatic hydrops.
The growth and development of bones from fetus to adult. It includes two principal mechanisms of bone growth: growth in length of long bones at the epiphyseal cartilages and growth in thickness by depositing new bone (OSTEOGENESIS) with the actions of OSTEOBLASTS and OSTEOCLASTS.
Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.
Severe or complete loss of facial muscle motor function. This condition may result from central or peripheral lesions. Damage to CNS motor pathways from the cerebral cortex to the facial nuclei in the pons leads to facial weakness that generally spares the forehead muscles. FACIAL NERVE DISEASES generally results in generalized hemifacial weakness. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION DISEASES and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause facial paralysis or paresis.
A surgical specialty concerned with the study and treatment of disorders of the ear, nose, and throat.
Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.
Diseases of BONES.
The technique of placing cells or tissue in a supporting medium so that thin sections can be cut using a microtome. The medium can be paraffin wax (PARAFFIN EMBEDDING) or plastics (PLASTIC EMBEDDING) such as epoxy resins.
The 7th cranial nerve. The facial nerve has two parts, the larger motor root which may be called the facial nerve proper, and the smaller intermediate or sensory root. Together they provide efferent innervation to the muscles of facial expression and to the lacrimal and SALIVARY GLANDS, and convey afferent information for TASTE from the anterior two-thirds of the TONGUE and for TOUCH from the EXTERNAL EAR.
Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.
Hearing loss due to interference with the mechanical reception or amplification of sound to the COCHLEA. The interference is in the outer or middle ear involving the EAR CANAL; TYMPANIC MEMBRANE; or EAR OSSICLES.
The lower chamber of the COCHLEA, extending from the round window to the helicotrema (the opening at the apex that connects the PERILYMPH-filled spaces of scala tympani and SCALA VESTIBULI).
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.
Diseases of the facial nerve or nuclei. Pontine disorders may affect the facial nuclei or nerve fascicle. The nerve may be involved intracranially, along its course through the petrous portion of the temporal bone, or along its extracranial course. Clinical manifestations include facial muscle weakness, loss of taste from the anterior tongue, hyperacusis, and decreased lacrimation.
Pathological processes of the ear, the hearing, and the equilibrium system of the body.
Surgical insertion of an electronic hearing device (COCHLEAR IMPLANTS) with electrodes to the COCHLEAR NERVE in the inner ear to create sound sensation in patients with residual nerve fibers.
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.
A dead body, usually a human body.
The part of the membranous labyrinth that traverses the bony vestibular aqueduct and emerges through the bone of posterior cranial fossa (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR) where it expands into a blind pouch called the endolymphatic sac.
Fenestra or oval opening on the lateral wall of the vestibular labyrinth adjacent to the MIDDLE EAR. It is located above the cochlear round window and normally covered by the base of the STAPES.
Renewal or repair of lost bone tissue. It excludes BONY CALLUS formed after BONE FRACTURES but not yet replaced by hard bone.
Hearing loss due to damage or impairment of both the conductive elements (HEARING LOSS, CONDUCTIVE) and the sensorineural elements (HEARING LOSS, SENSORINEURAL) of the ear.
Surgery performed in which part of the STAPES, a bone in the middle ear, is removed and a prosthesis is placed to help transmit sound between the middle ear and inner ear.
An infraorder of PRIMATES comprised of the families CERCOPITHECIDAE (old world monkeys); HYLOBATIDAE (siamangs and GIBBONS); and HOMINIDAE (great apes and HUMANS). With the exception of humans, they all live exclusively in Africa and Asia.
Large endothelium-lined venous channels situated between the two layers of DURA MATER, the endosteal and the meningeal layers. They are devoid of valves and are parts of the venous system of dura mater. Major cranial sinuses include a postero-superior group (such as superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, transverse, and occipital) and an antero-inferior group (such as cavernous, petrosal, and basilar plexus).
Extracellular substance of bone tissue consisting of COLLAGEN fibers, ground substance, and inorganic crystalline minerals and salts.
A benign, painful, tumor of bone characterized by the formation of osteoid tissue, primitive bone and calcified tissue. It occurs frequently in the spine of young persons. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)
Electronic hearing devices typically used for patients with normal outer and middle ear function, but defective inner ear function. In the COCHLEA, the hair cells (HAIR CELLS, VESTIBULAR) may be absent or damaged but there are residual nerve fibers. The device electrically stimulates the COCHLEAR NERVE to create sound sensation.
An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.
The transference of BONE MARROW from one human or animal to another for a variety of purposes including HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION or MESENCHYMAL STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION.
Three-dimensional representation to show anatomic structures. Models may be used in place of intact animals or organisms for teaching, practice, and study.
The grafting of bone from a donor site to a recipient site.
Surgery performed on the ear and its parts, the nose and nasal cavity, or the throat, including surgery of the adenoids, tonsils, pharynx, and trachea.
A delicate membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord. It lies between the PIA MATER and the DURA MATER. It is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid cavity which is filled with CEREBROSPINAL FLUID.
The separation and isolation of tissues for surgical purposes, or for the analysis or study of their structures.
A spiral thickening of the fibrous lining of the cochlear wall. Spiral ligament secures the membranous COCHLEAR DUCT to the bony spiral canal of the COCHLEA. Its spiral ligament fibrocytes function in conjunction with the STRIA VASCULARIS to mediate cochlear ion homeostasis.
A nonspecific symptom of hearing disorder characterized by the sensation of buzzing, ringing, clicking, pulsations, and other noises in the ear. Objective tinnitus refers to noises generated from within the ear or adjacent structures that can be heard by other individuals. The term subjective tinnitus is used when the sound is audible only to the affected individual. Tinnitus may occur as a manifestation of COCHLEAR DISEASES; VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; and other conditions.
Surgical reconstruction of the hearing mechanism of the middle ear, with restoration of the drum membrane to protect the round window from sound pressure, and establishment of ossicular continuity between the tympanic membrane and the oval window. (Dorland, 28th ed.)
Synthetic or natural materials for the replacement of bones or bone tissue. They include hard tissue replacement polymers, natural coral, hydroxyapatite, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and various other biomaterials. The bone substitutes as inert materials can be incorporated into surrounding tissue or gradually replaced by original tissue.
Sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days. It varies in severity from mild to total deafness. Sudden deafness can be due to head trauma, vascular diseases, infections, or can appear without obvious cause or warning.
The upper chamber of the COCHLEA that is filled with PERILYMPH. It is connected to SCALA TYMPANI via helicotrema at the apex of the cochlea.
Metabolic bone diseases are a group of disorders that affect the bones' structure and strength, caused by disturbances in the normal metabolic processes involved in bone formation, resorption, or mineralization, including conditions like osteoporosis, osteomalacia, Paget's disease, and renal osteodystrophy.
A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of iron in the mining dust or welding fumes.
Breaks in bones.
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)
The inferior region of the skull consisting of an internal (cerebral), and an external (basilar) surface.
An oval, bony chamber of the inner ear, part of the bony labyrinth. It is continuous with bony COCHLEA anteriorly, and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS posteriorly. The vestibule contains two communicating sacs (utricle and saccule) of the balancing apparatus. The oval window on its lateral wall is occupied by the base of the STAPES of the MIDDLE EAR.

Spontaneous CSF otorrhea caused by abnormal development of the facial nerve canal. (1/406)

In two patients with surgically proved CSF fistula through the facial nerve canal, MR and CT examinations showed smooth enlargement of the geniculate fossa with CSF signal. In the clinical setting of CSF otorrhea or rhinorrhea, the presence of an enlarged labyrinthine facial nerve canal and enlarged geniculate fossa on CT scans and CSF intensity on MR images strongly suggests a CSF fistula through the facial nerve canal.  (+info)

Evaluation of CSF leaks: high-resolution CT compared with contrast-enhanced CT and radionuclide cisternography. (2/406)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Radiologic evaluation of CSF leaks is a diagnostic challenge that often involves multiple imaging studies with the associated expense and patient discomfort. We evaluated the use of screening noncontrast high-resolution CT in identifying the presence and site of CSF rhinorrhea and otorrhea and compared it with contrast-enhanced CT cisternography and radionuclide cisternography. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the imaging studies and medical records of all patients who were evaluated for CSF leak during a 7-year period. Forty-two patients with rhinorrhea and/or otorrhea underwent high-resolution CT of the face or temporal bone and then had CT cisternography and radionuclide cisternography via lumbar puncture. The results of the three studies were compared and correlated with the surgical findings in 21 patients. RESULTS: High-resolution CT showed bone defects in 30 of 42 patients (71%) with CSF leak. High-resolution, radionuclide cisternography and CT cisternography did not show bone defects or CSF leak for 12 patients (29%) who had clinical evidence of CSF leak. Among the 30 patients with bone defects, 20 (66%) had positive results of their radionuclide cisternography and/or CT cisternography. For the 21 patients who underwent surgical exploration and repair, intraoperative findings correlated with the defects revealed by high-resolution CT in all cases. High-resolution CT identified significantly more patients with CSF leak than did radionuclide cisternography and CT cisternography, with a moderate degree of agreement. CONCLUSION: Noncontrast high-resolution CT showed a defect in 70% of the patients with CSF leak. No radionuclide cisternography or CT cisternography study produced positive results without previous visualization of a defect on high-resolution CT. CT cisternography and radionuclide cisternography may be reserved for patients in whom initial high-resolution CT does not identify a bone defect or for patients with multiple fractures or postoperative defects.  (+info)

The functional shift of the mandible in unilateral posterior crossbite and the adaptation of the temporomandibular joints: a pilot study. (3/406)

Changes in the functional shift of the mandibular midline and the condyles were studied during treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite in six children, aged 7-11 years. An expansion plate with covered occlusal surfaces was used as a reflex-releasing stabilizing splint during an initial diagnostic phase (I) in order to determine the structural (i.e. non-guided) position of the mandible. The same plate was used for expansion and retention (phase II), followed by a post-retention phase (III) without the appliance. Before and after each phase, the functional shift was determined kinesiographically and on transcranial radiographs by concurrent recordings with and without the splint. Transverse mandibular position was also recorded on cephalometric radiographs. Prior to phase I, the mandibular midline deviated more than 2 mm and, in occlusion (ICP), the condyles showed normally centred positions in the sagittal plane. With the splint, the condyle on the crossbite side was displaced 2.4 mm (P < 0.05) forwards compared with the ICP, while the position of the condyle on the non-crossbite side was unaltered. After phase III, the deviation of the midline had been eliminated. Sagittal condylar positions in the ICP still did not deviate from the normal, and the splint position was now obtained by symmetrical forward movement of both condyles (1.3 and 1.4 mm). These findings suggest that the TMJs adapted to displacements of the mandible by condylar growth or surface modelling of the fossa. The rest position remained directly caudal to the ICP during treatment. Thus, the splint position, rather than the rest position should be used to determine the therapeutic position of the mandible.  (+info)

Supporting cells contribute to control of hearing sensitivity. (4/406)

The mammalian hearing organ, the organ of Corti, was studied in an in vitro preparation of the guinea pig temporal bone. As in vivo, the hearing organ responded with an electrical potential, the cochlear microphonic potential, when stimulated with a test tone. After exposure to intense sound, the response to the test tone was reduced. The electrical response either recovered within 10-20 min or remained permanently reduced, thus corresponding to a temporary or sustained loss of sensitivity. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy, stimulus-induced changes of the cellular structure of the hearing organ were simultaneously studied. The cells in the organ were labeled with two fluorescent probes, a membrane dye and a cytoplasm dye, showing enzymatic activity in living cells. Confocal microscopy images were collected and compared before and after intense sound exposure. The results were as follows. (1) The organ of Corti could be divided into two different structural entities in terms of their susceptibility to damage: an inner, structurally stable region comprised of the inner hair cell with its supporting cells and the inner and outer pillar cells; and an outer region that exhibited dynamic structural changes and consisted of the outer hair cells and the third Deiters' cell with its attached Hensen's cells. (2) Exposure to intense sound caused the Deiters' cells and Hensen's cells to move in toward the center of the cochlear turn. (3) This event coincided with a reduced sensitivity to the test tone (i.e., reduced cochlear microphonic potential). (4) The displacement and sensitivity loss could be reversible. It is concluded that these observations have relevance for understanding the mechanisms behind hearing loss after noise exposure and that the supporting cells take an active part in protection against trauma during high-intensity sound exposure.  (+info)

A gene for fluctuating, progressive autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss, DFNA16, maps to chromosome 2q23-24.3. (5/406)

The sixteenth gene to cause autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL), DFNA16, maps to chromosome 2q23-24.3 and is tightly linked to markers in the D2S2380-D2S335 interval. DFNA16 is unique in that it results in the only form of ADNSHL in which the phenotype includes rapidly progressing and fluctuating hearing loss that appears to respond to steroid therapy. This observation suggests that it may be possible to stabilize hearing through medical intervention, once the biophysiology of deafness due to DFNA16 is clarified. Especially intriguing is the localization of several voltage-gated sodium-channel genes to the DFNA16 interval. These cationic channels are excellent positional and functional DFNA16 candidate genes.  (+info)

MRI examination of the masticatory muscles in the gray wolf (Canis lupus), with special reference to the M. temporalis. (6/406)

We examined the head of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) using MRI methods. Although the arising surface of the M. temporalis was not so enlarged in the frontal bone, the small frontal bone did not disturb the M. temporalis from occupying the lateral space of the frontal area in the gray wolf as in the domesticated dog. In the gray wolf, it is suggested that the M. temporalis may not be well-developed in terms of size of arising area, but in the thickness of running bundles. We suggest that the dog has changed the three-dimensional plan of the M. temporalis during the domestication and that the M. temporalis has developed a large arising surface in the frontal bone and lost the thickness of belly in the frontal area in accordance with the enlargement of the frontal bone and the increase in brain size.  (+info)

Chondroblastoma of the temporal bone: a clinicopathologic study of five cases. (7/406)

Chondroblastoma is a rare benign bone tumor. It commonly affects the epiphysis of long bones during the second and third decades of life. Chondroblastoma of the temporal bone is extremely rare. We reviewed five cases of chondroblastoma arising in the temporal bone. Four cases were female and one was male. The ages ranged from 41 to 60 years (mean, 53.6 years). All cases involved the temporal bone. Three involved the left side and two the right. Chief complaints were long-standing localized pain and hearing difficulty. A sharply demarcated lobulated mass was the main radiological finding. Microscopic findings were those of chondroblastoma of usual locations. Two cases showed aneurysmal bone cyst-like areas. Immunohistochemical studies for CD34, CD99, S-100 protein and cytokeratin were performed. Tumor cells were diffusely positive for S-100 protein in three cases and weakly positive for cytokeratin in one case. CD34 and CD99 were negative in all cases. In summary, chondroblastoma of the temporal bone is rare and occurs in older age group than reported cases of chondroblastoma of the usual location in the literature.  (+info)

Sound- and pressure-induced vertigo associated with dehiscence of the roof of the superior semicircular canal. (8/406)

In many types of peripheral vertigo, imaging is not part of the initial evaluation. We present a patient with sound- and pressure-induced vertigo associated with bony dehiscence of the roof of the superior semicircular canal. The diagnosis of this new entity can only be made by high-resolution coronal CT imaging of the temporal bones. In patients with this symptom complex, CT should be performed early in the diagnostic workup.  (+info)

The temporal bone is a paired bone that is located on each side of the skull, forming part of the lateral and inferior walls of the cranial cavity. It is one of the most complex bones in the human body and has several important structures associated with it. The main functions of the temporal bone include protecting the middle and inner ear, providing attachment for various muscles of the head and neck, and forming part of the base of the skull.

The temporal bone is divided into several parts, including the squamous part, the petrous part, the tympanic part, and the styloid process. The squamous part forms the lateral portion of the temporal bone and articulates with the parietal bone. The petrous part is the most medial and superior portion of the temporal bone and contains the inner ear and the semicircular canals. The tympanic part forms the lower and anterior portions of the temporal bone and includes the external auditory meatus or ear canal. The styloid process is a long, slender projection that extends downward from the inferior aspect of the temporal bone and serves as an attachment site for various muscles and ligaments.

The temporal bone plays a crucial role in hearing and balance, as it contains the structures of the middle and inner ear, including the oval window, round window, cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals. The stapes bone, one of the three bones in the middle ear, is entirely encased within the petrous portion of the temporal bone. Additionally, the temporal bone contains important structures for facial expression and sensation, including the facial nerve, which exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen, a small opening in the temporal bone.

"Bone" is the hard, dense connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrate animals. It provides support and protection for the body's internal organs, and serves as a attachment site for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Bone is composed of cells called osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone formation and resorption, respectively, and an extracellular matrix made up of collagen fibers and mineral crystals.

Bones can be classified into two main types: compact bone and spongy bone. Compact bone is dense and hard, and makes up the outer layer of all bones and the shafts of long bones. Spongy bone is less dense and contains large spaces, and makes up the ends of long bones and the interior of flat and irregular bones.

The human body has 206 bones in total. They can be further classified into five categories based on their shape: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and sesamoid bones.

The mastoid is a term used in anatomy and refers to the bony prominence located at the base of the skull, posterior to the ear. More specifically, it's part of the temporal bone, one of the bones that forms the side and base of the skull. The mastoid process provides attachment for various muscles involved in chewing and moving the head.

In a medical context, "mastoid" can also refer to conditions or procedures related to this area. For example, mastoiditis is an infection of the mastoid process, while a mastoidectomy is a surgical procedure that involves removing part or all of the mastoid process.

Otologic surgical procedures refer to a range of surgeries performed on the ear or its related structures. These procedures are typically conducted by otologists, who are specialists trained in diagnosing and treating conditions that affect the ears, balance system, and related nerves. The goal of otologic surgery can vary from repairing damaged bones in the middle ear to managing hearing loss, tumors, or chronic infections. Some common otologic surgical procedures include:

1. Stapedectomy/Stapedotomy: These are procedures used to treat otosclerosis, a condition where the stapes bone in the middle ear becomes fixed and causes conductive hearing loss. The surgeon creates an opening in the stapes footplate (stapedotomy) or removes the entire stapes bone (stapedectomy) and replaces it with a prosthetic device to improve sound conduction.
2. Myringoplasty/Tympanoplasty: These are surgeries aimed at repairing damaged eardrums (tympanic membrane). A myringoplasty involves grafting a piece of tissue over the perforation in the eardrum, while a tympanoplasty includes both eardrum repair and reconstruction of the middle ear bones if necessary.
3. Mastoidectomy: This procedure involves removing the mastoid air cells, which are located in the bony prominence behind the ear. A mastoidectomy is often performed to treat chronic mastoiditis, cholesteatoma, or complications from middle ear infections.
4. Ossiculoplasty: This procedure aims to reconstruct and improve the function of the ossicles (middle ear bones) when they are damaged due to various reasons such as infection, trauma, or congenital conditions. The surgeon uses prosthetic devices made from plastic, metal, or even bone to replace or support the damaged ossicles.
5. Cochlear implantation: This is a surgical procedure that involves placing an electronic device inside the inner ear to help individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. The implant consists of an external processor and internal components that directly stimulate the auditory nerve, bypassing the damaged hair cells in the cochlea.
6. Labyrinthectomy: This procedure involves removing the balance-sensing structures (vestibular system) inside the inner ear to treat severe vertigo or dizziness caused by conditions like Meniere's disease when other treatments have failed.
7. Acoustic neuroma removal: An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor that grows on the vestibulocochlear nerve, which connects the inner ear to the brain. Surgical removal of the tumor is necessary to prevent hearing loss, balance problems, and potential neurological complications.

These are just a few examples of the various surgical procedures performed by otolaryngologists (ear, nose, and throat specialists) to treat conditions affecting the ear and surrounding structures. Each procedure has its specific indications, benefits, risks, and postoperative care requirements. Patients should consult with their healthcare providers to discuss the most appropriate treatment options for their individual needs.

The petrous bone is a part of the temporal bone, one of the 22 bones in the human skull. It is a thick and irregularly shaped bone located at the base of the skull and forms part of the ear and the cranial cavity. The petrous bone contains the cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals of the inner ear, which are responsible for hearing and balance. It also helps protect the brain from injury by forming part of the bony structure surrounding the brain.

The term "petrous" comes from the Latin word "petrosus," meaning "stony" or "rock-like," which describes the hard and dense nature of this bone. The petrous bone is one of the densest bones in the human body, making it highly resistant to fractures and other forms of damage.

In medical terminology, the term "petrous" may also be used to describe any structure that resembles a rock or is hard and dense, such as the petrous apex, which refers to the portion of the petrous bone that points towards the sphenoid bone.

The ear ossicles are the three smallest bones in the human body, which are located in the middle ear. They play a crucial role in the process of hearing by transmitting and amplifying sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The three ear ossicles are:

1. Malleus (hammer): The largest of the three bones, it is shaped like a hammer and connects to the eardrum.
2. Incus (anvil): The middle-sized bone, it looks like an anvil and connects the malleus to the stapes.
3. Stapes (stirrup): The smallest and lightest bone in the human body, it resembles a stirrup and transmits vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.

Together, these tiny bones work to efficiently transfer sound waves from the air to the fluid-filled cochlea of the inner ear, enabling us to hear.

The ear canal, also known as the external auditory canal, is the tubular passage that extends from the outer ear (pinna) to the eardrum (tympanic membrane). It is lined with skin and tiny hairs, and is responsible for conducting sound waves from the outside environment to the middle and inner ear. The ear canal is typically about 2.5 cm long in adults and has a self-cleaning mechanism that helps to keep it free of debris and wax.

Bone remodeling is the normal and continuous process by which bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called formation). This ongoing cycle allows bones to repair microdamage, adjust their size and shape in response to mechanical stress, and maintain mineral homeostasis. The cells responsible for bone resorption are osteoclasts, while the cells responsible for bone formation are osteoblasts. These two cell types work together to maintain the structural integrity and health of bones throughout an individual's life.

During bone remodeling, the process can be divided into several stages:

1. Activation: The initiation of bone remodeling is triggered by various factors such as microdamage, hormonal changes, or mechanical stress. This leads to the recruitment and activation of osteoclast precursor cells.
2. Resorption: Osteoclasts attach to the bone surface and create a sealed compartment called a resorption lacuna. They then secrete acid and enzymes that dissolve and digest the mineralized matrix, creating pits or cavities on the bone surface. This process helps remove old or damaged bone tissue and releases calcium and phosphate ions into the bloodstream.
3. Reversal: After resorption is complete, the osteoclasts undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death), and mononuclear cells called reversal cells appear on the resorbed surface. These cells prepare the bone surface for the next stage by cleaning up debris and releasing signals that attract osteoblast precursors.
4. Formation: Osteoblasts, derived from mesenchymal stem cells, migrate to the resorbed surface and begin producing a new organic matrix called osteoid. As the osteoid mineralizes, it forms a hard, calcified structure that gradually replaces the resorbed bone tissue. The osteoblasts may become embedded within this newly formed bone as they differentiate into osteocytes, which are mature bone cells responsible for maintaining bone homeostasis and responding to mechanical stress.
5. Mineralization: Over time, the newly formed bone continues to mineralize, becoming stronger and more dense. This process helps maintain the structural integrity of the skeleton and ensures adequate calcium storage.

Throughout this continuous cycle of bone remodeling, hormones, growth factors, and mechanical stress play crucial roles in regulating the balance between resorption and formation. Disruptions to this delicate equilibrium can lead to various bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, where excessive resorption results in weakened bones and increased fracture risk.

Skull neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that develop within the skull. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). They can originate from various types of cells, such as bone cells, nerve cells, or soft tissues. Skull neoplasms can cause various symptoms depending on their size and location, including headaches, seizures, vision problems, hearing loss, and neurological deficits. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It is important to note that a neoplasm in the skull can also refer to metastatic cancer, which has spread from another part of the body to the skull.

The round window ( membrana tympani rotunda) is a small, thin membrane-covered opening located in the inner ear between the middle ear and the cochlea. It serves as one of the two openings that lead into the cochlea, with the other being the oval window.

The round window's primary function is to help regulate and dampen the pressure changes within the cochlea that occur when sound waves reach the inner ear. This is accomplished through the movement of the fluid-filled spaces inside the cochlea (the scala vestibuli and scala tympani) caused by vibrations from the stapes bone, which connects to the oval window.

As the stapes bone moves in response to sound waves, it causes a corresponding motion in the perilymph fluid within the cochlea. This movement then creates pressure changes at the round window, causing it to bulge outward or move inward. The flexibility of the round window allows it to absorb and dissipate these pressure changes, which helps protect the delicate structures inside the inner ear from damage due to excessive pressure buildup.

It is important to note that any damage or dysfunction in the round window can negatively impact hearing ability and cause various hearing disorders.

The middle ear is the middle of the three parts of the ear, located between the outer ear and inner ear. It contains three small bones called ossicles (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit and amplify sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The middle ear also contains the Eustachian tube, which helps regulate air pressure in the middle ear and protects against infection by allowing fluid to drain from the middle ear into the back of the throat.

Ear neoplasms refer to abnormal growths or tumors that occur in the ear. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) and can affect any part of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, and the ear canal.

Benign ear neoplasms are typically slow-growing and do not spread to other parts of the body. Examples include exostoses, osteomas, and ceruminous adenomas. These types of growths are usually removed surgically for cosmetic reasons or if they cause discomfort or hearing problems.

Malignant ear neoplasms, on the other hand, can be aggressive and may spread to other parts of the body. Examples include squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and adenoid cystic carcinoma. These types of tumors often require more extensive treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.

It is important to note that any new growth or change in the ear should be evaluated by a healthcare professional to determine the nature of the growth and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

Bone density refers to the amount of bone mineral content (usually measured in grams) in a given volume of bone (usually measured in cubic centimeters). It is often used as an indicator of bone strength and fracture risk. Bone density is typically measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans, which provide a T-score that compares the patient's bone density to that of a young adult reference population. A T-score of -1 or above is considered normal, while a T-score between -1 and -2.5 indicates osteopenia (low bone mass), and a T-score below -2.5 indicates osteoporosis (porous bones). Regular exercise, adequate calcium and vitamin D intake, and medication (if necessary) can help maintain or improve bone density and prevent fractures.

The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body, which is a part of the middle ear. It is also known as the "stirrup" because of its U-shaped structure. The stapes connects the inner ear to the middle ear, transmitting sound vibrations from the ear drum to the inner ear. More specifically, it is the third bone in the series of three bones (the ossicles) that conduct sound waves from the air to the fluid-filled inner ear.

Bone conduction is a type of hearing mechanism that involves the transmission of sound vibrations directly to the inner ear through the bones of the skull, bypassing the outer and middle ears. This occurs when sound waves cause the bones in the skull to vibrate, stimulating the cochlea (the spiral cavity of the inner ear) and its hair cells, which convert the mechanical energy of the vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain and interpreted as sound.

Bone conduction is a natural part of the hearing process in humans, but it can also be used artificially through the use of bone-conduction devices, such as hearing aids or headphones, which transmit sound vibrations directly to the skull. This type of transmission can provide improved hearing for individuals with conductive hearing loss, mixed hearing loss, or single-sided deafness, as it bypasses damaged or obstructed outer and middle ears.

The inner ear is the innermost part of the ear that contains the sensory organs for hearing and balance. It consists of a complex system of fluid-filled tubes and sacs called the vestibular system, which is responsible for maintaining balance and spatial orientation, and the cochlea, a spiral-shaped organ that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The inner ear is located deep within the temporal bone of the skull and is protected by a bony labyrinth. The vestibular system includes the semicircular canals, which detect rotational movements of the head, and the otolith organs (the saccule and utricle), which detect linear acceleration and gravity.

Damage to the inner ear can result in hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (a spinning sensation), and balance problems.

An ossicular prosthesis is a medical device used to replace one or more of the small bones (ossicles) in the middle ear that are involved in hearing. These bones, known as the malleus, incus, and stapes, form a chain responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear.

An ossicular prosthesis is typically made of biocompatible materials such as ceramic, plastic, or metal. The prosthesis is designed to bypass damaged or missing ossicles and reestablish the connection between the eardrum and the inner ear, thereby improving hearing function. Ossicular prostheses are often used in surgeries aimed at reconstructing the middle ear, such as tympanoplasty or stapedectomy, to treat various types of conductive hearing loss.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea is a condition characterized by the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the inner ear into the external auditory canal of the ear. CSF is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is normally contained within the subarachnoid space, which is a space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

CSF otorrhea can occur as a result of a head injury, skull base fracture, or surgical procedure involving the ear or surrounding structures. It can also be caused by congenital defects or tumors in the area. CSF otorrhea is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention, as it can lead to meningitis or other complications if left untreated.

Diagnosis of CSF otorrhea typically involves a physical examination and testing of any fluid draining from the ear for beta-2 transferrin, a protein that is present in CSF but not in other bodily fluids. Imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans may also be used to help identify the underlying cause of the CSF leak. Treatment may involve bed rest, hydration, and antibiotics to prevent infection. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the site of the CSF leak.

Bone resorption is the process by which bone tissue is broken down and absorbed into the body. It is a normal part of bone remodeling, in which old or damaged bone tissue is removed and new tissue is formed. However, excessive bone resorption can lead to conditions such as osteoporosis, in which bones become weak and fragile due to a loss of density. This process is carried out by cells called osteoclasts, which break down the bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the bloodstream.

Cholesteatoma, middle ear is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal growth of skin cells (keratinizing squamous epithelium) within the middle ear space. This skin cells accumulation forms a pearly, white, or gray mass that can erode and destroy surrounding structures such as the ossicles (the tiny bones in the middle ear), the mastoid process (a bony prominence behind the ear), and even the inner ear or brain.

Cholesteatomas can be congenital (present at birth) or acquired (develop later in life). Acquired cholesteatomas are more common and usually result from repeated middle ear infections that cause a retraction pocket of the eardrum, which then traps skin cells leading to their abnormal growth. Symptoms of cholesteatoma may include hearing loss, ear drainage, ear pain, vertigo, or facial weakness. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the cholesteatoma and restoration of any damaged structures.

Labyrinth diseases refer to conditions that affect the inner ear's labyrinth, which is the complex system of fluid-filled channels and sacs responsible for maintaining balance and hearing. These diseases can cause symptoms such as vertigo (a spinning sensation), dizziness, nausea, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Examples of labyrinth diseases include Meniere's disease, labyrinthitis, vestibular neuronitis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medications, physical therapy, or surgery.

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue found inside certain bones in the body, such as the hips, thighs, and vertebrae. It is responsible for producing blood-forming cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. There are two types of bone marrow: red marrow, which is involved in blood cell production, and yellow marrow, which contains fatty tissue.

Red bone marrow contains hematopoietic stem cells, which can differentiate into various types of blood cells. These stem cells continuously divide and mature to produce new blood cells that are released into the circulation. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, white blood cells help fight infections, and platelets play a crucial role in blood clotting.

Bone marrow also serves as a site for immune cell development and maturation. It contains various types of immune cells, such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which help protect the body against infections and diseases.

Abnormalities in bone marrow function can lead to several medical conditions, including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and various types of cancer, such as leukemia and multiple myeloma. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are common diagnostic procedures used to evaluate bone marrow health and function.

Mastoiditis is a medical condition characterized by an infection and inflammation of the mastoid process, which is the bony prominence located behind the ear. The mastoid process contains air cells that are connected to the middle ear, and an infection in the middle ear (otitis media) can spread to the mastoid process, resulting in mastoiditis.

The symptoms of mastoiditis may include:

* Pain and tenderness behind the ear
* Swelling or redness of the skin behind the ear
* Ear drainage or discharge
* Fever and headache
* Hearing loss or difficulty hearing

Mastoiditis is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection, as well as possible surgical intervention if the infection does not respond to medication or if it has caused significant damage to the mastoid process. If left untreated, mastoiditis can lead to complications such as meningitis, brain abscess, or even death.

Bone neoplasms are abnormal growths or tumors that develop in the bone. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Benign bone neoplasms do not spread to other parts of the body and are rarely a threat to life, although they may cause problems if they grow large enough to press on surrounding tissues or cause fractures. Malignant bone neoplasms, on the other hand, can invade and destroy nearby tissue and may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

There are many different types of bone neoplasms, including:

1. Osteochondroma - a benign tumor that develops from cartilage and bone
2. Enchondroma - a benign tumor that forms in the cartilage that lines the inside of the bones
3. Chondrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from cartilage
4. Osteosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from bone cells
5. Ewing sarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops in the bones or soft tissues around the bones
6. Giant cell tumor of bone - a benign or occasionally malignant tumor that develops from bone tissue
7. Fibrosarcoma - a malignant tumor that develops from fibrous tissue in the bone

The symptoms of bone neoplasms vary depending on the type, size, and location of the tumor. They may include pain, swelling, stiffness, fractures, or limited mobility. Treatment options depend on the type and stage of the tumor but may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these treatments.

The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear. It serves to transmit sound vibrations from the air to the inner ear, where they are converted into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain as sound. The tympanic membrane is composed of three layers: an outer layer of skin, a middle layer of connective tissue, and an inner layer of mucous membrane. It is held in place by several small bones and muscles and is highly sensitive to changes in pressure.

Chondroblastoma is a rare, benign (non-cancerous) bone tumor that typically develops in the epiphysis, which is the rounded end of a long bone near a joint. It primarily affects children and adolescents, with around 90% of cases occurring before the age of 20.

The tumor arises from chondroblasts, cells responsible for producing cartilage during bone growth. Chondroblastoma is usually slow-growing and typically causes localized pain, swelling, or tenderness in the affected area. In some cases, it may weaken the bone and lead to fractures.

Treatment generally involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by curettage (scraping) of the surrounding bone tissue and replacement with bone grafts or substitutes. Recurrence is possible but rare, and long-term prognosis is usually favorable.

The cochlea is a part of the inner ear that is responsible for hearing. It is a spiral-shaped structure that looks like a snail shell and is filled with fluid. The cochlea contains hair cells, which are specialized sensory cells that convert sound vibrations into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The cochlea has three main parts: the vestibular canal, the tympanic canal, and the cochlear duct. Sound waves enter the inner ear and cause the fluid in the cochlea to move, which in turn causes the hair cells to bend. This bending motion stimulates the hair cells to generate electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve.

The brain then interprets these signals as sound, allowing us to hear and understand speech, music, and other sounds in our environment. Damage to the hair cells or other structures in the cochlea can lead to hearing loss or deafness.

A skull fracture is a break in one or more of the bones that form the skull. It can occur from a direct blow to the head, penetrating injuries like gunshot wounds, or from strong rotational forces during an accident. There are several types of skull fractures, including:

1. Linear Skull Fracture: This is the most common type, where there's a simple break in the bone without any splintering, depression, or displacement. It often doesn't require treatment unless it's near a sensitive area like an eye or ear.

2. Depressed Skull Fracture: In this type, a piece of the skull is pushed inward toward the brain. Surgery may be needed to relieve pressure on the brain and repair the fracture.

3. Diastatic Skull Fracture: This occurs along the suture lines (the fibrous joints between the skull bones) that haven't fused yet, often seen in infants and young children.

4. Basilar Skull Fracture: This involves fractures at the base of the skull. It can be serious due to potential injury to the cranial nerves and blood vessels located in this area.

5. Comminuted Skull Fracture: In this severe type, the bone is shattered into many pieces. These fractures usually require extensive surgical repair.

Symptoms of a skull fracture can include pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding (if there's an open wound), and in some cases, clear fluid draining from the ears or nose (cerebrospinal fluid leak). Severe fractures may cause brain injury, leading to symptoms like confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or neurological deficits. Immediate medical attention is necessary for any suspected skull fracture.

The endolymphatic sac is a small, fluid-filled structure that is part of the inner ear. It is located near the vestibular aqueduct and is responsible for maintaining the balance of fluids in the inner ear. The endolymphatic sac also plays a role in the resorption of endolymph, which is the fluid that fills the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear. Disorders of the endolymphatic sac can lead to conditions such as Meniere's disease, which is characterized by vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.

The vestibular aqueduct is a bony canal that runs from the inner ear to the brain. It contains a membranous duct, called the endolymphatic duct, which is filled with a fluid called endolymph. The vestibular aqueduct plays a role in the maintenance of balance and hearing by regulating the pressure and composition of the endolymph. Abnormalities or damage to the vestibular aqueduct can lead to conditions such as endolymphatic hydrops, which can cause symptoms like vertigo, dizziness, and hearing loss.

The semicircular canals are part of the vestibular system in the inner ear that contributes to the sense of balance and spatial orientation. They are composed of three fluid-filled tubes, each located in a different plane (anterior, posterior, and horizontal) and arranged at approximately right angles to each other. The semicircular canals detect rotational movements of the head, enabling us to maintain our equilibrium during movement.

When the head moves, the fluid within the semicircular canals moves in response to that motion. At the end of each canal is a structure called the ampulla, which contains hair cells with hair-like projections (stereocilia) embedded in a gelatinous substance. As the fluid moves, it bends the stereocilia, stimulating the hair cells and sending signals to the brain via the vestibular nerve. The brain then interprets these signals to determine the direction and speed of head movement, allowing us to maintain our balance and orientation in space.

Menière disease is an inner ear disorder that is characterized by episodes of vertigo (a spinning sensation), tinnitus (ringing or buzzing in the ear), hearing loss, and aural fullness (a feeling of pressure or blockage in the ear). It is caused by an abnormal accumulation of endolymphatic fluid in the inner ear, which can lead to damage of the vestibular system and cochlea. The exact cause of this fluid buildup is not known, but it may be related to genetics, allergies, or autoimmune disorders. Menière disease is typically a chronic condition, with symptoms that can vary in frequency and severity over time. Treatment options include dietary modifications, diuretics, vestibular rehabilitation therapy, and, in some cases, surgery.

Bone development, also known as ossification, is the process by which bone tissue is formed and grows. This complex process involves several different types of cells, including osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which break down and resorb existing bone tissue.

There are two main types of bone development: intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Intramembranous ossification occurs when bone tissue forms directly from connective tissue, while endochondral ossification involves the formation of a cartilage model that is later replaced by bone.

During fetal development, most bones develop through endochondral ossification, starting as a cartilage template that is gradually replaced by bone tissue. However, some bones, such as those in the skull and clavicles, develop through intramembranous ossification.

Bone development continues after birth, with new bone tissue being laid down and existing tissue being remodeled throughout life. This ongoing process helps to maintain the strength and integrity of the skeleton, allowing it to adapt to changing mechanical forces and repair any damage that may occur.

Bone marrow cells are the types of cells found within the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside certain bones in the body. The main function of bone marrow is to produce blood cells. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red bone marrow is where most blood cell production takes place, while yellow bone marrow serves as a fat storage site.

The three main types of bone marrow cells are:

1. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs): These are immature cells that can differentiate into any type of blood cell, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. They have the ability to self-renew, meaning they can divide and create more hematopoietic stem cells.
2. Red blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into mature red blood cells, also known as erythrocytes. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
3. Myeloid and lymphoid white blood cell progenitors: These are immature cells that will develop into various types of white blood cells, which play a crucial role in the body's immune system by fighting infections and diseases. Myeloid progenitors give rise to granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and megakaryocytes (which eventually become platelets). Lymphoid progenitors differentiate into B cells, T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells.

Bone marrow cells are essential for maintaining a healthy blood cell count and immune system function. Abnormalities in bone marrow cells can lead to various medical conditions, such as anemia, leukopenia, leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, or thrombocytosis, depending on the specific type of blood cell affected. Additionally, bone marrow cells are often used in transplantation procedures to treat patients with certain types of cancer, such as leukemia and lymphoma, or other hematologic disorders.

Facial paralysis is a loss of facial movement due to damage or dysfunction of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII). This nerve controls the muscles involved in facial expressions, such as smiling, frowning, and closing the eyes. Damage to one side of the facial nerve can cause weakness or paralysis on that side of the face.

Facial paralysis can result from various conditions, including:

1. Bell's palsy - an idiopathic (unknown cause) inflammation of the facial nerve
2. Trauma - skull fractures, facial injuries, or surgical trauma to the facial nerve
3. Infections - Lyme disease, herpes zoster (shingles), HIV/AIDS, or bacterial infections like meningitis
4. Tumors - benign or malignant growths that compress or invade the facial nerve
5. Stroke - damage to the brainstem where the facial nerve originates
6. Congenital conditions - some people are born with facial paralysis due to genetic factors or birth trauma

Symptoms of facial paralysis may include:

* Inability to move one or more parts of the face, such as the eyebrows, eyelids, mouth, or cheeks
* Drooping of the affected side of the face
* Difficulty closing the eye on the affected side
* Changes in saliva and tear production
* Altered sense of taste
* Pain around the ear or jaw
* Speech difficulties due to weakened facial muscles

Treatment for facial paralysis depends on the underlying cause. In some cases, such as Bell's palsy, spontaneous recovery may occur within a few weeks to months. However, physical therapy, medications, and surgical interventions might be necessary in other situations to improve function and minimize complications.

Otolaryngology is a specialized branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, management, and treatment of disorders related to the ear, nose, throat (ENT), and head and neck region. It's also known as ENT (Ear, Nose, Throat) specialty. Otolaryngologists are physicians trained in the medical and surgical management of conditions such as hearing and balance disorders, nasal congestion, sinusitis, allergies, sleep apnea, snoring, swallowing difficulties, voice and speech problems, and head and neck tumors.

X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging method that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of the body. These cross-sectional images can then be used to display detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body.

The term "computed tomography" is used instead of "CT scan" or "CAT scan" because the machines take a series of X-ray measurements from different angles around the body and then use a computer to process these data to create detailed images of internal structures within the body.

CT scanning is a noninvasive, painless medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. CT imaging provides detailed information about many types of tissue including lung, bone, soft tissue and blood vessels. CT examinations can be performed on every part of the body for a variety of reasons including diagnosis, surgical planning, and monitoring of therapeutic responses.

In computed tomography (CT), an X-ray source and detector rotate around the patient, measuring the X-ray attenuation at many different angles. A computer uses this data to construct a cross-sectional image by the process of reconstruction. This technique is called "tomography". The term "computed" refers to the use of a computer to reconstruct the images.

CT has become an important tool in medical imaging and diagnosis, allowing radiologists and other physicians to view detailed internal images of the body. It can help identify many different medical conditions including cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, liver tumors, and internal injuries from trauma. CT is also commonly used for guiding biopsies and other minimally invasive procedures.

In summary, X-ray computed tomography (CT or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray images taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of the body. It provides detailed internal views of organs, bones, and soft tissues in the body, allowing physicians to diagnose and treat medical conditions.

Bone diseases is a broad term that refers to various medical conditions that affect the bones. These conditions can be categorized into several groups, including:

1. Developmental and congenital bone diseases: These are conditions that affect bone growth and development before or at birth. Examples include osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), achondroplasia (dwarfism), and cleidocranial dysostosis.
2. Metabolic bone diseases: These are conditions that affect the body's ability to maintain healthy bones. They are often caused by hormonal imbalances, vitamin deficiencies, or problems with mineral metabolism. Examples include osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and Paget's disease of bone.
3. Inflammatory bone diseases: These are conditions that cause inflammation in the bones. They can be caused by infections, autoimmune disorders, or other medical conditions. Examples include osteomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis.
4. Degenerative bone diseases: These are conditions that cause the bones to break down over time. They can be caused by aging, injury, or disease. Examples include osteoarthritis, avascular necrosis, and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH).
5. Tumors and cancers of the bone: These are conditions that involve abnormal growths in the bones. They can be benign or malignant. Examples include osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
6. Fractures and injuries: While not strictly a "disease," fractures and injuries are common conditions that affect the bones. They can result from trauma, overuse, or weakened bones. Examples include stress fractures, compound fractures, and dislocations.

Overall, bone diseases can cause a wide range of symptoms, including pain, stiffness, deformity, and decreased mobility. Treatment for these conditions varies depending on the specific diagnosis but may include medication, surgery, physical therapy, or lifestyle changes.

Tissue embedding is a process in histology (the study of the microscopic structure of tissues) where biological tissue samples are encased in a supporting medium, typically paraffin wax or plastic resins, to maintain their shape and structural integrity during sectioning. This allows for thin slices of the embedded tissue to be cut using a microtome, mounted on slides, and then stained for further examination under a microscope. The embedding process ensures that the tissue remains intact and does not tear or compress during sectioning, providing clear and consistent samples for analysis.

The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII), is a mixed nerve that carries both sensory and motor fibers. Its functions include controlling the muscles involved in facial expressions, taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and secretomotor function to the lacrimal and salivary glands.

The facial nerve originates from the brainstem and exits the skull through the internal acoustic meatus. It then passes through the facial canal in the temporal bone before branching out to innervate various structures of the face. The main branches of the facial nerve include:

1. Temporal branch: Innervates the frontalis, corrugator supercilii, and orbicularis oculi muscles responsible for eyebrow movements and eyelid closure.
2. Zygomatic branch: Supplies the muscles that elevate the upper lip and wrinkle the nose.
3. Buccal branch: Innervates the muscles of the cheek and lips, allowing for facial expressions such as smiling and puckering.
4. Mandibular branch: Controls the muscles responsible for lower lip movement and depressing the angle of the mouth.
5. Cervical branch: Innervates the platysma muscle in the neck, which helps to depress the lower jaw and wrinkle the skin of the neck.

Damage to the facial nerve can result in various symptoms, such as facial weakness or paralysis, loss of taste sensation, and dry eyes or mouth due to impaired secretion.

Otosclerosis is a medical condition that affects the bones in the middle ear. It is characterized by the abnormal growth and hardening (sclerosis) of the otosclerotic bone near the stapes footplate, one of the tiny bones in the middle ear (ossicles). This abnormal bone growth can cause stiffness or fixation of the stapes bone, preventing it from vibrating properly and leading to conductive hearing loss. In some cases, otosclerosis may also result in sensorineural hearing loss due to involvement of the inner ear structures. The exact cause of otosclerosis is not fully understood, but it is believed to have a genetic component and can sometimes be associated with pregnancy. Treatment options for otosclerosis include hearing aids or surgical procedures like stapedectomy or stapedotomy to bypass or remove the affected bone and improve hearing.

Conductive hearing loss is a type of hearing loss that occurs when there is a problem with the outer or middle ear. Sound waves are not able to transmit efficiently through the ear canal to the eardrum and the small bones in the middle ear, resulting in a reduction of sound that reaches the inner ear. Causes of conductive hearing loss may include earwax buildup, fluid in the middle ear, a middle ear infection, a hole in the eardrum, or problems with the tiny bones in the middle ear. This type of hearing loss can often be treated through medical intervention or surgery.

The Scala Tympani is a part of the inner ear's bony labyrinth, specifically within the cochlea. It is one of the two channels (the other being the Scala Vestibuli) that make up the bony duct of the cochlea, through which sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear.

The Scala Tympani starts at the round window, which is a membrane-covered opening located on the cochlea's outer wall. It runs parallel to the Scala Vestibuli and connects with it at the helicotrema, a small opening at the apex or tip of the cochlea.

When sound waves reach the inner ear, they cause vibrations in the fluid-filled Scala Tympani and Scala Vestibuli, which stimulate hair cells within the organ of Corti, leading to the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical signals that are then transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve.

It's important to note that any damage or dysfunction in the Scala Tympani or other parts of the inner ear can lead to hearing loss or other auditory disorders.

Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a type of hearing impairment that occurs due to damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. It can be caused by various factors such as aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, certain medical conditions (like diabetes and heart disease), and ototoxic medications.

SNHL affects the ability of the hair cells in the cochlea to convert sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve. As a result, sounds may be perceived as muffled, faint, or distorted, making it difficult to understand speech, especially in noisy environments.

SNHL is typically permanent and cannot be corrected with medication or surgery, but hearing aids or cochlear implants can help improve communication and quality of life for those affected.

Facial nerve diseases refer to a group of medical conditions that affect the function of the facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve. This nerve is responsible for controlling the muscles of facial expression, and it also carries sensory information from the taste buds in the front two-thirds of the tongue, and regulates saliva flow and tear production.

Facial nerve diseases can cause a variety of symptoms, depending on the specific location and extent of the nerve damage. Common symptoms include:

* Facial weakness or paralysis on one or both sides of the face
* Drooping of the eyelid and corner of the mouth
* Difficulty closing the eye or keeping it closed
* Changes in taste sensation or dryness of the mouth and eyes
* Abnormal sensitivity to sound (hyperacusis)
* Twitching or spasms of the facial muscles

Facial nerve diseases can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

* Infections such as Bell's palsy, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and Lyme disease
* Trauma or injury to the face or skull
* Tumors that compress or invade the facial nerve
* Neurological conditions such as multiple sclerosis or Guillain-Barre syndrome
* Genetic disorders such as Moebius syndrome or hemifacial microsomia

Treatment for facial nerve diseases depends on the underlying cause and severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication, physical therapy, or surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve symptoms.

Ear diseases are medical conditions that affect the ear and its various components, including the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. These diseases can cause a range of symptoms, such as hearing loss, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), vertigo (dizziness), ear pain, and discharge. Some common ear diseases include:

1. Otitis externa (swimmer's ear) - an infection or inflammation of the outer ear and ear canal.
2. Otitis media - an infection or inflammation of the middle ear, often caused by a cold or flu.
3. Cholesteatoma - a skin growth that develops in the middle ear behind the eardrum.
4. Meniere's disease - a disorder of the inner ear that can cause vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus.
5. Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders - problems with the joint that connects the jawbone to the skull, which can cause ear pain and other symptoms.
6. Acoustic neuroma - a noncancerous tumor that grows on the nerve that connects the inner ear to the brain.
7. Presbycusis - age-related hearing loss.

Treatment for ear diseases varies depending on the specific condition and its severity. It may include medication, surgery, or other therapies. If you are experiencing symptoms of an ear disease, it is important to seek medical attention from a healthcare professional, such as an otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat specialist).

Cochlear implantation is a surgical procedure in which a device called a cochlear implant is inserted into the inner ear (cochlea) of a person with severe to profound hearing loss. The implant consists of an external component, which includes a microphone, processor, and transmitter, and an internal component, which includes a receiver and electrode array.

The microphone picks up sounds from the environment and sends them to the processor, which analyzes and converts the sounds into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to the receiver, which stimulates the electrode array in the cochlea. The electrodes directly stimulate the auditory nerve fibers, bypassing the damaged hair cells in the inner ear that are responsible for normal hearing.

The brain interprets these electrical signals as sound, allowing the person to perceive and understand speech and other sounds. Cochlear implantation is typically recommended for people who do not benefit from traditional hearing aids and can significantly improve communication, quality of life, and social integration for those with severe to profound hearing loss.

Hearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear sounds in one or both ears. It can occur due to damage to the structures of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, or nerve pathways that transmit sound to the brain. The degree of hearing loss can vary from mild (difficulty hearing soft sounds) to severe (inability to hear even loud sounds). Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent and may be caused by factors such as exposure to loud noises, genetics, aging, infections, trauma, or certain medical conditions. It is important to note that hearing loss can have significant impacts on a person's communication abilities, social interactions, and overall quality of life.

A cadaver is a deceased body that is used for medical research or education. In the field of medicine, cadavers are often used in anatomy lessons, surgical training, and other forms of medical research. The use of cadavers allows medical professionals to gain a deeper understanding of the human body and its various systems without causing harm to living subjects. Cadavers may be donated to medical schools or obtained through other means, such as through consent of the deceased or their next of kin. It is important to handle and treat cadavers with respect and dignity, as they were once living individuals who deserve to be treated with care even in death.

The endolymphatic duct is a narrow canal in the inner ear that is part of the membranous labyrinth. It connects the utricle and saccule (two sensory structures in the vestibular system responsible for detecting changes in head position and movement) to the endolymphatic sac (a dilated portion of the duct that helps regulate the volume and pressure of endolymph, a fluid found within the membranous labyrinth).

The endolymphatic duct plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance and homeostasis of the inner ear by allowing the absorption and circulation of endolymph. Disorders or abnormalities in this region can lead to various vestibular and hearing dysfunctions, such as Meniere's disease, endolymphatic hydrops, and other inner ear disorders.

The oval window ( fenestra vestibuli ) is a small opening in the inner ear, specifically in the bony labyrinth of the temporal bone. It connects the middle ear to the vestibular system of the inner ear, more precisely to the vestibule. The oval window is covered by the base of the stapes, one of the three smallest bones in the human body, also known as the stirrup. This arrangement allows for the transmission of vibratory energy from the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to the inner ear, which is essential for hearing.

Bone regeneration is the biological process of new bone formation that occurs after an injury or removal of a portion of bone. This complex process involves several stages, including inflammation, migration and proliferation of cells, matrix deposition, and mineralization, leading to the restoration of the bone's structure and function.

The main cells involved in bone regeneration are osteoblasts, which produce new bone matrix, and osteoclasts, which resorb damaged or old bone tissue. The process is tightly regulated by various growth factors, hormones, and signaling molecules that promote the recruitment, differentiation, and activity of these cells.

Bone regeneration can occur naturally in response to injury or surgical intervention, such as fracture repair or dental implant placement. However, in some cases, bone regeneration may be impaired due to factors such as age, disease, or trauma, leading to delayed healing or non-union of the bone. In these situations, various strategies and techniques, including the use of bone grafts, scaffolds, and growth factors, can be employed to enhance and support the bone regeneration process.

Mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss is a type of hearing impairment that involves both conductive and sensorineural components.

Conductive hearing loss occurs when there are problems with the outer or middle ear that prevent sound from being transmitted efficiently to the inner ear. This can be due to various causes, such as damage to the eardrum, blockage in the ear canal, or issues with the bones in the middle ear.

Sensorineural hearing loss, on the other hand, results from damage to the inner ear (cochlea) or the nerve pathways that transmit sound to the brain. This type of hearing loss is typically permanent and can be caused by factors such as aging, exposure to loud noises, genetics, or certain medical conditions.

In mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss, there is a combination of both types of impairment. This means that sound transmission is affected by problems in the outer or middle ear, as well as damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve. As a result, a person with this type of hearing loss may have difficulty hearing faint sounds and understanding speech, particularly in noisy environments. Treatment for mixed conductive-sensorineural hearing loss typically involves addressing both the conductive and sensorineural components of the impairment, which may include medical treatment, surgery, or the use of hearing aids.

Stapes surgery, also known as stapedectomy or stapedotomy, is a surgical procedure performed to correct hearing loss caused by otosclerosis. Otosclerosis is a condition in which the stapes bone in the middle ear becomes fixed and unable to vibrate properly, leading to conductive hearing loss.

During stapes surgery, the surgeon makes an incision behind the ear and creates a small opening in the eardrum. The fixed stapes bone is then removed or modified, and a prosthetic device is inserted in its place to allow sound vibrations to be transmitted to the inner ear. In some cases, a piece of tissue or artificial material may be used to fill the space left by the removed bone.

Stapedectomy involves complete removal of the stapes bone, while stapedotomy involves making a small hole in the stapes bone and inserting a prosthetic device through it. Both procedures are typically performed on an outpatient basis and have a high success rate in restoring hearing. However, as with any surgical procedure, there are risks involved, including infection, permanent hearing loss, and balance problems.

Catarrhini is a taxonomic group within the order Primates, which includes Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. This group is defined by several distinct anatomical features, most notably the presence of a specific type of nose and throat structure that results in a downward-facing nostril and a narrow nasopharynx.

The term "catarrhine" comes from the Greek words "kata," meaning "downwards," and "rhis," meaning "nose." This refers to the distinctive shape of the nose and throat, which is different from that of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), which have a wider nasopharynx and outward-facing nostrils.

Other features that distinguish Catarrhini from other primates include a more complex brain, a greater reliance on color vision, and a more varied diet that includes both plants and animals. Within the Catarrhini group, there are two main subgroups: Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) and Hominoidea (apes and humans).

Overall, the medical definition of "Catarrhini" refers to a specific taxonomic group within the order Primates that includes Old World monkeys, apes, and humans, and is characterized by distinct anatomical features such as downward-facing nostrils and a narrow nasopharynx.

Cranial sinuses are a part of the venous system in the human head. They are air-filled spaces located within the skull and are named according to their location. The cranial sinuses include:

1. Superior sagittal sinus: It runs along the top of the brain, inside the skull, and drains blood from the scalp and the veins of the brain.
2. Inferior sagittal sinus: It runs along the bottom of the brain and drains into the straight sinus.
3. Straight sinus: It is located at the back of the brain and receives blood from the inferior sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein.
4. Occipital sinuses: They are located at the back of the head and drain blood from the scalp and skull.
5. Cavernous sinuses: They are located on each side of the brain, near the temple, and receive blood from the eye and surrounding areas.
6. Sphenoparietal sinus: It is a small sinus that drains blood from the front part of the brain into the cavernous sinus.
7. Petrosquamosal sinuses: They are located near the ear and drain blood from the scalp and skull.

The cranial sinuses play an essential role in draining blood from the brain and protecting it from injury.

Bone matrix refers to the non-cellular component of bone that provides structural support and functions as a reservoir for minerals, such as calcium and phosphate. It is made up of organic and inorganic components. The organic component consists mainly of type I collagen fibers, which provide flexibility and tensile strength to the bone. The inorganic component is primarily composed of hydroxyapatite crystals, which give bone its hardness and compressive strength. Bone matrix also contains other proteins, growth factors, and signaling molecules that regulate bone formation, remodeling, and repair.

Osteoblastoma is a rare, benign (non-cancerous) bone tumor that originates from osteoblasts, which are cells responsible for bone formation. It typically affects children and young adults, with around two-thirds of cases occurring in individuals under 30 years old.

Osteoblastomas usually develop in the long bones of the body, such as the femur (thigh bone) or tibia (shin bone), but they can also occur in the vertebrae of the spine. The tumor tends to grow slowly and may cause symptoms like pain, swelling, or tenderness in the affected area. In some cases, it can lead to pathological fractures (fractures caused by weakened bone structure).

While osteoblastomas are generally not life-threatening, they can be locally aggressive and cause significant morbidity if left untreated. Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the tumor, followed by curettage (scraping) and bone grafting to fill the void created by the tumor excision. In some cases, adjuvant therapies like cryosurgery or radiation therapy may be used to ensure complete tumor eradication.

Cochlear implants are medical devices that are surgically implanted in the inner ear to help restore hearing in individuals with severe to profound hearing loss. These devices bypass the damaged hair cells in the inner ear and directly stimulate the auditory nerve, allowing the brain to interpret sound signals. Cochlear implants consist of two main components: an external processor that picks up and analyzes sounds from the environment, and an internal receiver/stimulator that receives the processed information and sends electrical impulses to the auditory nerve. The resulting patterns of electrical activity are then perceived as sound by the brain. Cochlear implants can significantly improve communication abilities, language development, and overall quality of life for individuals with profound hearing loss.

Endolymphatic hydrops is a term used to describe the abnormal accumulation of fluid (endolymph) within the inner ear. This condition is most commonly associated with Meniere's disease, but can also be seen in other disorders that affect the inner ear.

The inner ear is made up of two main parts: the cochlea, which is responsible for hearing, and the vestibular system, which helps to control balance. Both of these systems are filled with fluid, including endolymph, which is a watery fluid that bathes the sensory hair cells in these structures.

In endolymphatic hydrops, there is an overproduction or decreased absorption of endolymph, leading to an abnormal buildup of fluid within the inner ear. This can cause a variety of symptoms, including vertigo (a spinning sensation), tinnitus (ringing in the ears), hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the affected ear.

The exact cause of endolymphatic hydrops is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to changes in the inner ear's fluid balance. Treatment options may include medications to help control symptoms, as well as surgical procedures to relieve pressure on the inner ear.

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a medical procedure in which damaged or destroyed bone marrow is replaced with healthy bone marrow from a donor. Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside bones that produces blood cells. The main types of BMT are autologous, allogeneic, and umbilical cord blood transplantation.

In autologous BMT, the patient's own bone marrow is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with lymphoma or multiple myeloma who have undergone high-dose chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy their cancerous bone marrow.

In allogeneic BMT, bone marrow from a genetically matched donor is used for the transplant. This type of BMT is often used in patients with leukemia, lymphoma, or other blood disorders who have failed other treatments.

Umbilical cord blood transplantation involves using stem cells from umbilical cord blood as a source of healthy bone marrow. This type of BMT is often used in children and adults who do not have a matched donor for allogeneic BMT.

The process of BMT typically involves several steps, including harvesting the bone marrow or stem cells from the donor, conditioning the patient's body to receive the new bone marrow or stem cells, transplanting the new bone marrow or stem cells into the patient's body, and monitoring the patient for signs of engraftment and complications.

BMT is a complex and potentially risky procedure that requires careful planning, preparation, and follow-up care. However, it can be a life-saving treatment for many patients with blood disorders or cancer.

Anatomic models are three-dimensional representations of body structures used for educational, training, or demonstration purposes. They can be made from various materials such as plastic, wax, or rubber and may depict the entire body or specific regions, organs, or systems. These models can be used to provide a visual aid for understanding anatomy, physiology, and pathology, and can be particularly useful in situations where actual human specimens are not available or practical to use. They may also be used for surgical planning and rehearsal, as well as in medical research and product development.

Bone transplantation, also known as bone grafting, is a surgical procedure in which bone or bone-like material is transferred from one part of the body to another or from one person to another. The graft may be composed of cortical (hard outer portion) bone, cancellous (spongy inner portion) bone, or a combination of both. It can be taken from different sites in the same individual (autograft), from another individual of the same species (allograft), or from an animal source (xenograft). The purpose of bone transplantation is to replace missing bone, provide structural support, and stimulate new bone growth. This procedure is commonly used in orthopedic, dental, and maxillofacial surgeries to repair bone defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital conditions.

Otorhinolaryngologic surgical procedures are surgeries that are performed on the head and neck region, specifically involving the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) regions. This field is also known as otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. The procedures can range from relatively minor ones, such as removing a small nasal polyp or inserting ear tubes, to more complex surgeries like cochlear implantation, endoscopic sinus surgery, or removal of tumors in the head and neck region. These surgical procedures are typically performed by specialized physicians called otorhinolaryngologists (also known as ENT surgeons) who have completed extensive training in this area.

The arachnoid is one of the three membranes that cover the brain and the spinal cord, known as the meninges. It is located between the dura mater (the outermost layer) and the pia mater (the innermost layer). The arachnoid is a thin, delicate membrane that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which provides protection and nutrition to the central nervous system.

The arachnoid has a spider-web like appearance, hence its name, and it is composed of several layers of collagen fibers and elastic tissue. It is highly vascularized, meaning that it contains many blood vessels, and it plays an important role in regulating the flow of cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord.

In some cases, the arachnoid can become inflamed or irritated, leading to a condition called arachnoiditis. This can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, muscle weakness, and sensory changes, and it may require medical treatment to manage.

In medical terms, dissection refers to the separation of the layers of a biological tissue or structure by cutting or splitting. It is often used to describe the process of surgically cutting through tissues, such as during an operation to separate organs or examine their internal structures.

However, "dissection" can also refer to a pathological condition in which there is a separation of the layers of a blood vessel wall by blood, creating a false lumen or aneurysm. This type of dissection is most commonly seen in the aorta and can be life-threatening if not promptly diagnosed and treated.

In summary, "dissection" has both surgical and pathological meanings related to the separation of tissue layers, and it's essential to consider the context in which the term is used.

The spiral ligament of the cochlea is a fibrous structure located in the inner ear, more specifically in the cochlea. It is part of the membranous labyrinth and helps to maintain the shape and tension of the cochlear duct, which is essential for hearing.

The spiral ligament is attached to the bony wall of the cochlea and runs along the entire length of the cochlear duct, spiraling around it in a snail-like fashion. It consists of an outer, highly vascularized fibrous layer (the fibrous cap) and an inner, more cellular layer (the avascular zone).

The spiral ligament plays a crucial role in sound transmission and perception by helping to maintain the mechanical properties of the cochlear duct. The tension on the basilar membrane, where the sensory hair cells are located, is regulated by the spiral ligament's stiffness and elasticity. This tension affects the vibration amplitude and frequency selectivity of the basilar membrane, which in turn influences how we perceive different sounds and pitches.

Damage to the spiral ligament can result in hearing loss or impairment due to disrupted sound transmission and perception.

Tinnitus is the perception of ringing or other sounds in the ears or head when no external sound is present. It can be described as a sensation of hearing sound even when no actual noise is present. The sounds perceived can vary widely, from a whistling, buzzing, hissing, swooshing, to a pulsating sound, and can be soft or loud.

Tinnitus is not a disease itself but a symptom that can result from a wide range of underlying causes, such as hearing loss, exposure to loud noises, ear infections, earwax blockage, head or neck injuries, circulatory system disorders, certain medications, and age-related hearing loss.

Tinnitus can be temporary or chronic, and it may affect one or both ears. While tinnitus is not usually a sign of a serious medical condition, it can significantly impact quality of life and interfere with daily activities, sleep, and concentration.

Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure performed to reconstruct or repair the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and/or the small bones of the middle ear (ossicles). The primary goal of this surgery is to restore hearing, but it can also help manage chronic middle ear infections, traumatic eardrum perforations, or cholesteatoma (a skin growth in the middle ear).

During the procedure, a surgeon may use various techniques such as grafting tissue from another part of the body to rebuild the eardrum or using prosthetic materials to reconstruct the ossicles. The choice of technique depends on the extent and location of the damage. Tympanoplasty is typically an outpatient procedure, meaning patients can return home on the same day of the surgery.

Bone substitutes are materials that are used to replace missing or damaged bone in the body. They can be made from a variety of materials, including natural bone from other parts of the body or from animals, synthetic materials, or a combination of both. The goal of using bone substitutes is to provide structural support and promote the growth of new bone tissue.

Bone substitutes are often used in dental, orthopedic, and craniofacial surgery to help repair defects caused by trauma, tumors, or congenital abnormalities. They can also be used to augment bone volume in procedures such as spinal fusion or joint replacement.

There are several types of bone substitutes available, including:

1. Autografts: Bone taken from another part of the patient's body, such as the hip or pelvis.
2. Allografts: Bone taken from a deceased donor and processed to remove any cells and infectious materials.
3. Xenografts: Bone from an animal source, typically bovine or porcine, that has been processed to remove any cells and infectious materials.
4. Synthetic bone substitutes: Materials such as calcium phosphate ceramics, bioactive glass, and polymer-based materials that are designed to mimic the properties of natural bone.

The choice of bone substitute material depends on several factors, including the size and location of the defect, the patient's medical history, and the surgeon's preference. It is important to note that while bone substitutes can provide structural support and promote new bone growth, they may not have the same strength or durability as natural bone. Therefore, they may not be suitable for all applications, particularly those that require high load-bearing capacity.

Sudden hearing loss, also known as sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSHL), is a type of hearing impairment that occurs suddenly or over a period of up to 3 days. It is typically defined as a hearing reduction of at least 30 decibels in three connected frequencies. The cause of SSHL is often unknown, but it can be associated with viral infections, trauma, neurological disorders, and exposure to certain ototoxic medications. In some cases, the hearing loss may resolve on its own, but prompt medical evaluation and treatment are recommended to improve the chances of recovery. Treatment options include corticosteroids, antiviral medication, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

Scala Vestibuli is a term used in anatomy, particularly in the field of otology (the study of the ear and its diseases). It refers to one of the three bony canals that make up the inner ear's complex system of fluid-filled channels known as the vestibular system.

More specifically, Scala Vestibuli is the uppermost of the three scalae (singular: scala) in the cochlea, a snail-shaped structure in the inner ear responsible for hearing. The other two scalae are Scala Tympani and Scala Media.

Scala Vestibuli and Scala Tympani are connected at the apex of the cochlea through an opening called the helicotrema. The Scala Vestibuli is filled with perilymph, a fluid that helps transmit sound waves to the inner ear.

Please note that while I strive to provide accurate and detailed information, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional or medical textbook for definitive medical definitions and explanations.

Metabolic bone diseases are a group of conditions that affect the bones and are caused by disorders in the body's metabolism. These disorders can result in changes to the bone structure, density, and strength, leading to an increased risk of fractures and other complications. Some common examples of metabolic bone diseases include:

1. Osteoporosis: a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones that are more likely to break, often as a result of age-related bone loss or hormonal changes.
2. Paget's disease of bone: a chronic disorder that causes abnormal bone growth and deformities, leading to fragile and enlarged bones.
3. Osteomalacia: a condition caused by a lack of vitamin D or problems with the body's ability to absorb it, resulting in weak and soft bones.
4. Hyperparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that causes too much parathyroid hormone to be produced, leading to bone loss and other complications.
5. Hypoparathyroidism: a hormonal disorder that results in low levels of parathyroid hormone, causing weak and brittle bones.
6. Renal osteodystrophy: a group of bone disorders that occur as a result of chronic kidney disease, including osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and high turnover bone disease.

Treatment for metabolic bone diseases may include medications to improve bone density and strength, dietary changes, exercise, and lifestyle modifications. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to correct bone deformities or fractures.

Siderosis is a medical condition characterized by the abnormal accumulation of iron in various tissues and organs, most commonly in the lungs. This occurs due to the repeated inhalation of iron-containing dusts or fumes, which can result from certain industrial processes such as welding, mining, or smelting.

In the lungs, this iron deposit can lead to inflammation and fibrosis, potentially causing symptoms like coughing, shortness of breath, and decreased lung function. It is important to note that siderosis itself is not contagious or cancerous, but there may be an increased risk for lung cancer in individuals with severe and prolonged exposure to iron-containing particles.

While siderosis is generally non-reversible, the progression of symptoms can often be managed through medical interventions and environmental modifications to reduce further exposure to iron-containing dusts or fumes.

A bone fracture is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of a bone due to external or internal forces. Fractures can occur in any bone in the body and can vary in severity from a small crack to a shattered bone. The symptoms of a bone fracture typically include pain, swelling, bruising, deformity, and difficulty moving the affected limb. Treatment for a bone fracture may involve immobilization with a cast or splint, surgery to realign and stabilize the bone, or medication to manage pain and prevent infection. The specific treatment approach will depend on the location, type, and severity of the fracture.

Vertigo is a specific type of dizziness characterized by the sensation that you or your surroundings are spinning or moving, even when you're perfectly still. It's often caused by issues with the inner ear or the balance-sensing systems of the body. Vertigo can be brought on by various conditions, such as benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), labyrinthitis, vestibular neuritis, Meniere's disease, and migraines. In some cases, vertigo may also result from head or neck injuries, brain disorders like stroke or tumors, or certain medications. Treatment for vertigo depends on the underlying cause and can include specific exercises, medication, or surgery in severe cases.

The skull base is the lower part of the skull that forms the floor of the cranial cavity and the roof of the facial skeleton. It is a complex anatomical region composed of several bones, including the frontal, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, and ethmoid bones. The skull base supports the brain and contains openings for blood vessels and nerves that travel between the brain and the face or neck. The skull base can be divided into three regions: the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, and posterior cranial fossa, which house different parts of the brain.

The vestibular system is a part of the inner ear that contributes to our sense of balance and spatial orientation. It is made up of two main components: the vestibule and the labyrinth.

The vestibule is a bony chamber in the inner ear that contains two important structures called the utricle and saccule. These structures contain hair cells and fluid-filled sacs that help detect changes in head position and movement, allowing us to maintain our balance and orientation in space.

The labyrinth, on the other hand, is a more complex structure that includes the vestibule as well as three semicircular canals. These canals are also filled with fluid and contain hair cells that detect rotational movements of the head. Together, the vestibule and labyrinth work together to provide us with information about our body's position and movement in space.

Overall, the vestibular system plays a crucial role in maintaining our balance, coordinating our movements, and helping us navigate through our environment.

Position of temporal bone (green). Animation. Shape of temporal bone (left). Cranial bones. Sphenoid and temporal bones Glomus ... Figure 7 : Temporal bone at birth. Outer aspect. Figure 8 : Temporal bone at birth. Inner aspect. Temporal bone fractures were ... It separates zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone. The temporal bone is ossified from eight centers, exclusive ... It separates occipital bone and mastoid portion of temporal bone. Squamosal suture. It separates parietal bone and squama ...
The squamous part of temporal bone, or temporal squama, forms the front and upper part of the temporal bone, and is scale-like ... Its outer surface is smooth and convex; it affords attachment to the temporal muscle, and forms part of the temporal fossa; on ... in the retiring angle between the squamous part and the petrous portion of the temporal bone. The internal surface of the ... The posterior part of the mandibular fossa, formed by the tympanic part of the bone, is non-articular, and sometimes lodges a ...
The tympanic part of the temporal bone is a curved plate of bone lying below the squamous part of the temporal bone, in front ... In most species, it is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone. In all extant and extinct primates, including humans, ... the auditory bulla is formed by the petrosal bone (the petrous part of the temporal bone). This is a diagnostic trait that can ... It originates as a separate bone (tympanic bone), which in some mammals stays separate through life. Evolutionarily, a portion ...
The mastoid part of the temporal bone is the posterior (back) part of the temporal bone, one of the bones of the skull. Its ... sometimes it is situated in the occipital bone, or in the suture between the temporal and the occipital. The mastoid process is ... In addition to these a large irregular cavity is situated at the upper and front part of the bone. It is called the tympanic ... The word "mastoid" is derived from the Greek word for "breast", a reference to the shape of this bone. Its outer surface is ...
Temporal bone Petrous part of the temporal Petrous part of the temporal Pinhasi R, Fernandes D, Sirak K, Novak M, Connell S, ... In other mammals, it is a separate bone, the petrosal bone. The petrous bone is important for studies of ancient DNA from ... The petrous part of the temporal bone is pyramid-shaped and is wedged in at the base of the skull between the sphenoid and ... for teeth and petrous bones, respectively) than parietal skull bone (average of 2.2%)." Consequently, petrous bones are now the ...
... shown in red. Left temporal bone. Inferior surface of left temporal bone. Styloid process shown in red ... The temporal styloid process is a slender bony process of the temporal bone extending downward and forward from the ... and pointed bony process of the temporal bone projecting anteroinferiorly from the inferior surface of the temporal bone just ... Its proximal (tympanohyal) part is ensheathed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone (vaginal process), whereas its distal ( ...
... between the two layers of the temporal fascia, to the lateral angle of the orbit (the eye socket). Left temporal bone. Outer ... perforating the temporal fascia, gives branches to the temporalis, anastomosing with the deep temporal branches of the internal ... In anatomy, the middle temporal artery is a major artery which arises immediately above the zygomatic arch, and, ...
Left temporal bone. Inferior surface. The cartilages of the larynx. Posterior view. Side view of the larynx, showing muscular ... It arises from (the medial side of the base of) the temporal styloid process. It is the only muscle of the pharynx not to ... It originates from the temporal styloid process. Some of its fibres insert onto the thyroid cartilage, while others end by ...
Kamerer, Donald B.; Caparosa, Ralph J. (1982). "Temporal Bone Encephalocele ??? Diagnosis and Treatment". The Laryngoscope. 92 ... This can be done by splitting the maxilla and the frontal bone, remove a triangular shaped piece of bone from the forehead and ... All structures like bone, soft tissue, skin etc. can be affected. Facial clefts are extremely rare congenital anomalies. There ... Bone tissue reconstruction of the midface often occurs later than the soft tissue reconstruction. The most common method to ...
Left temporal bone. Inferior surface. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1139 of the 20th edition of ... is a quadrangular roughened area upon the medial extremity of the inferior aspect of the petrous part of the temporal bone; ... and the vaginal process of sphenoid bone. In the medial third of the soft palate, its fibers spread out between the two strands ...
Left temporal bone. Inner surface. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 889 of the 20th edition of ...
... to collect and study the human temporal bone, and to encourage temporal bone donation. In 1992 the NIDCD National Temporal Bone ... "What is the Registry?". National Temporal Bone Registry. Retrieved 7 January 2013. Edge AS, Chen ZY (2008). "Hair cell ... In 1960, DRF and the American Academy of Otolaryngology created the National Temporal Bone Banks Program, ... of the National Institutes of Health to continue and expand on the activities of the former National Temporal Bone Banks ...
Further temporal bone findings". Archives of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery. 119 (1): 106-8. doi:10.1001/archotol. ... Pedigrees, audiologic findings, and temporal bone findings in two kindreds". Archives of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery. ... in temporal bones from DFNA9 (autosomal dominant nonsyndromic sensorineural deafness 9) patients. Mutations that cause DFNA9 ...
It originates at the styloid process of the temporal bone. It inserts onto the side of the tongue. It acts to elevate and ... Left temporal bone. Outer surface. Muscles of the neck. Anterior view. The internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Right side ... the styloid process of the temporal bone near its apex, and from the stylomandibular ligament.[citation needed] It passes ...
Fossa (anatomy) Left temporal bone. Inferior surface. (Label for jugular fossa at left, sixth from bottom.) Temporal bone One ... The jugular fossa is a deep depression in the inferior part of the temporal bone at the base of the skull. It lodges the bulb ... The jugular fossa is located in the temporal bone, posterior to the carotid canal and the cochlear aqueduct. In the bony ridge ... and articulating with the jugular process of the occipital bone. The jugular fossa has variable depth and size in different ...
Zygomatic bone Temporal bone Position of zygomaticotemporal suture (red). Animation. Cross section (temporal bones removed). ... Zygomaticotemporal suture is suture between zygomatic bone, at left in white, and temporal bone, at center in pink.) Zygomatic ... is the cranial suture between the zygomatic bone and the temporal bone. This is part of the zygomatic arch. Movement at the ... Zygomaticotemporal suture (blue circle) and position of two bones. ...
Its originates from the styloid process of the temporal bone; it inserts onto hyoid bone. It is innervated by a branch of the ... It initiates a swallowing.[citation needed] Left temporal bone. Outer surface. Hyoid bone. Anterior surface. Enlarged. ... The muscle inserts onto the body of hyoid bone at the junction of the body and greater cornu. The site of insertion is situated ... The muscle arises from the posterior surface of the temporal styloid process; it arises near the base of the process. It arises ...
Coltrera MD, Googe PB, Harrist TJ, Hyams VJ, Schiller AL, Goodman ML (1986). "Chondrosarcoma of the temporal bone. Diagnosis ... "A unique multifocal osteoblastoma-like tumor of the bones of a single lower extremity. Report of a case". The Journal of Bone ... Alan L. Schiller, M.D. is an American clinical pathologist and an expert in the effects of space and weightlessness on bone ... Mankin HJ, Connor JF, Schiller AL, Perlmutter N, Alho A, McGuire M (1985). "Grading of bone tumors by analysis of nuclear DNA ...
Coronal section of right temporal bone. The cochlea and vestibule, viewed from above. Transverse section through head of fetal ... and is placed transversely to the long axis of the petrous part of the temporal bone, on the anterior surface of which its arch ... nearly parallel to the posterior surface of the petrous bone. The vestibular aqueduct is immediately medial to it. The ...
The facial canal (also known as the Fallopian canal) is a Z-shaped canal in the temporal bone of the skull. It extends between ... Coronal section of right temporal bone. Prominence of the facial canal labeled at top, fourth from the left. Facial nerve ...
Posteriorly: apex of petrous temporal bone. The cavernous sinus receives blood from: Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins ... creating a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone of the skull and the sphenoid bone, ... It sits on both sides of the sphenoidal bone and pituitary gland, approximately 1 × 2 cm in size in an adult. The carotid ... Laterally: temporal lobe with uncus. Anteriorly: superior orbital fissure, and the apex of the orbit. ...
Direct AMS dating of the temporal bone (NMNH 387961) reveals that the bone is a lot younger than previously thought, giving an ... a fragment of a human right temporal bone, many bone fossils and three fragments of tin and bronze. Unearthed pottery was ... direct dating has revealed that the bone is actually from the Neolithic. Researchers now believe that the temporal bone came ... In 2017, researchers successfully extracted the DNA from both the petrous and squamous part of the Darra-e Kur temporal bone. ...
A histologic human temporal bone study". The Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology. 100 (12): 966-70. doi:10.1177/ ... The first is a disease process of abnormal mineralization of the temporal bone called otosclerosis. The second is a congenital ... It allows for better view of the footplate of the stapes without the need to remove bone which is very common when doing the ... The procedure creates a tiny opening in the stapes (the smallest bone in the human body) in which to secure a prosthetic. The ...
... at the petrous part of the temporal bone. Anteriorly, it is limited by posterior margin of the greater wing of sphenoid bone. ... The carotid canal is a passage in the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull through which the internal carotid artery ... The carotid canal starts on the inferior surface of the temporal bone of the skull at the external opening of the carotid canal ... Coronal section of right temporal bone. Carotid canal. This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 143 of the ...
... the parietal bone. the squamous part of temporal bone. the greater wing of sphenoid bone. the frontal bone. These bones are ... the coronal suture joins the frontal bone to the sphenoid and parietal bones. the squamous suture joins the temporal bone to ... the sphenofrontal suture joins the sphenoid and frontal bones. the sphenosquamosal suture joins the sphenoid and temporal bones ... The pterion is the region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join. It is located on the side of the ...
Left parietal bone. Inner surface. Left temporal bone. Inner surface. Base of the skull. Upper surface. Distribution of the ... The posterior branch curves backward on the squamous part of the temporal bone, and, reaching the parietal bone some distance ... The course and connections of the facial nerve in the temporal bone. Human brain dura mater Wikimedia Commons has media related ... Temporal branches pass through foramina in the great wing of the sphenoid, and anastomose in the temporal fossa with the deep ...
"Facial reanimation surgery." Surgery of the ear and temporal bone. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams and Wilkins (2005): ...
Parietal bones and temporal bones are removed. External occipital protuberance This article incorporates text in the public ... Along the internal surface of the occipital bone, at the point of intersection of the four divisions of the cruciform eminence ... Bones of the head and neck, All stub articles, Musculoskeletal system stubs). ...
Internal acoustic meatus Temporal bone at birth. Inner aspect. Base of the skull. Upper surface. Horizontal section through ... is a canal within the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull between the posterior cranial fossa and the inner ear. The ... near the center of the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone. The size varies considerably. Its outer ... The fundus is subdivided by two thin crests of bone to form three separate canals, through which course the facial and ...
It is also the point where three cranial bones meet: the parietal bone. the occipital bone. the mastoid portion of the temporal ... The asterion is a meeting point between three sutures between bones of the skull. It is an important surgical landmark. In ... bone. In the adult, it lies 4 cm behind and 12 mm above the center of the entrance to the ear canal.[citation needed] Its ...
For temporal bone directed bullets, temporal lobe abscess, meningitis, aphasia, hemianopsia, and hemiplegia are common late ... As many as 50% of people who survive gunshot wounds directed at the temporal bone suffer facial nerve damage, usually due to a ... Backous, Douglas (5 August 1993). "Temporal Bone Gunshot Wounds: Evaluation and Management". Baylor College of Medicine. ... Nonfatal attempts may result in profound injuries, such as multiple bone fractures, amputations, concussion and severe mental ...
Through one week surgical temporal bone courses, thousands of doctors from every continent have come to study ear surgery. In ... and the Temporal Bone Surgical Dissection Courses. Research at the House Institute Foundation currently involves collaborative ...
Position of temporal bone (green). Animation. Shape of temporal bone (left). Cranial bones. Sphenoid and temporal bones Glomus ... Figure 7 : Temporal bone at birth. Outer aspect. Figure 8 : Temporal bone at birth. Inner aspect. Temporal bone fractures were ... It separates zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone. The temporal bone is ossified from eight centers, exclusive ... It separates occipital bone and mastoid portion of temporal bone. Squamosal suture. It separates parietal bone and squama ...
The temporal bone is the most complex bone in the human body. It houses many vital structures, including the cochlear and ... Workup of temporal bone fracture. Contemporary CT imaging will be able to identify temporal bone fractures, including the type ... Temporal bone fracture is a frequent manifestation of head trauma. Most cases of temporal bone fracture involve severe body and ... Temporal bone fractures: longitudinal or oblique? The case for oblique temporal bone fractures. Laryngoscope. 1992 Feb. 102(2): ...
... AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999 Jun; ... whole temporal bone [P = .012], middle ear [p = .033], inner ear [p = .021], ossicles [p = .044], and stapes [p = .010]). The ... with conventional direct axial and coronal CT of the temporal bones. Subjects and methods: Nineteen patients underwent both ... 91 for the whole temporal bone. Conclusion: Helical CT using 0.5-mm technique and reconstruction produces diagnostic images ...
Learn more about becoming a temporal bone donor and how to enroll. ... Collection of Temporal Bones. To ensure that your wish to donate your temporal bones is carried out, the Registry maintains a ... The medical professionals who remove the temporal bones donate their time or are paid by the laboratory receiving the temporal ... National Temporal Bone Registry. 243 Charles Street. Boston, MA 02114. *The Registry keeps a computerized record of all ...
The temporal bone has been cut in three pieces and hinged together. This detailed cast reveals eight patent foramina. The cuts ... Hinged Human Temporal Bone. KO-320 $242.00 The temporal bone has been cut in three pieces and hinged together. This detailed ... The temporal bone, which protects the hearing and balance organs, is one of the most complex bones in the body. Teaching ... All Bone Clones® products are made in the USA. No real/natural bone is available on this site. ...
Temporal bone fracture is described relative to the long axis of the petrous temporal bone, which runs obliquely from the ... Case 2: longitudinal temporal bone fractureCase 2: longitudinal temporal bone fracture ... Case 4: longitudinal temporal bone fractureCase 4: longitudinal temporal bone fracture ... Case 5: transverse temporal bone fractureCase 5: transverse temporal bone fracture ...
LOINC Code 36815-9 CT Temporal bone W contrast IV ... CT Temporal bone W contrast IV Active Fully-Specified Name. ... Head,Temporal bone. Scale. Doc. Method. CT. Additional Names. Short Name. CT Temporal bone W contr IV. Associated Observations ... CT Temporal Bone w IV Contrast. RadLex Playbook 2.4. Basic Attributes. Class. RAD. Type. Clinical. First Released. Version 2.14 ... Changed System from Temporal bone to clarify the region imaged and for conformance with the LOINC/Radlex unified model.. ...
Otopathology of Unilateral Cochlear Implantation in Patients With Bilateral Temporal Bone Fracture. Otol Neurotol. 2019 01; 40( ... Otopathology of Unilateral Cochlear Implantation in Patients With Bilateral Temporal Bone Fracture. ... Otopathology of Unilateral Cochlear Implantation in Patients With Bilateral Temporal Bone Fracture. ...
Lateral Temporal Bone Resection last modified on: Fri, 09/01/2017 - 11:38. Lateral Temporal Bone Resection. return to: Otology ... Extent of spread determines specific degree of temporal bone resection. *Lateral temporal bone resection ... Total Temporal Bone Resection. *Initial procedure is similar to subtotal resection. *Larger temporal craniotomy performed, ... Lateral Temporal Bone Resection. *For malignancies of osseous canal. *Not for malignancies that go past the medial mesotympanum ...
"Temporal Bone" by people in this website by year, and whether "Temporal Bone" was a major or minor topic of these publications ... "Temporal Bone" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject ... Anatomical Relationship of the Middle Cranial Fossa Dura to Surface Landmarks of the Temporal Bone. Otol Neurotol. 2017 10; 38( ... Identification of Novel Candidate Genes and Variants for Hearing Loss and Temporal Bone Anomalies. Genes (Basel). 2021 04 13; ...
... hand-on practice to artificial temporal bone, and complex guide on how to perform dissection ... Temporal Bone Dissection: a unique course Temporal Bone Dissection: a unique course. Time-poor medical practitioners need ... and hand-on practice model of artificial temporal bone. Aimed at ENT surgeons, trainees, otolaryngology nurse groups and those ... and then finally has the opportunity to practise their newly acquired skills using an artificial temporal bone. ...
T1 - Temporal relationship between serum adipokines, biomarkers of bone and cartilage turnover, and cartilage volume loss in a ... Temporal relationship between serum adipokines, biomarkers of bone and cartilage turnover, and cartilage volume loss in a ... Temporal relationship between serum adipokines, biomarkers of bone and cartilage turnover, and cartilage volume loss in a ... Temporal relationship between serum adipokines, biomarkers of bone and cartilage turnover, and cartilage volume loss in a ...
Program: lectures, live surgery (or surgical videos), and temporal bone drilling under the supervision of international and ...
of the temporal bone, related to the titanium implants on it, their. thickness, cortical bone properties, etc.. Also, and the ...
Temporal Bone Fractures - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, diagnosis & prognosis from the MSD Manuals - Medical ... If a temporal bone fracture is suspected, immediate CT of the head with special attention to the temporal bone is recommended. ... Treatment of Temporal Bone Fractures *. Management of facial nerve injury, hearing loss, vestibular dysfunction, and ... Temporal bone fractures can occur after severe blunt trauma to the head and sometimes involve structures of the ear, causing ...
Learn more about what the temporal bone is, its anatomy, its functions and its fundamental role in hearing. ... Definition and anatomy of the temporal bone. An irregularly shaped bone, the temporal bone protects the temporal lobe of the ... the temporal bone is an even and symmetrical bone. Because of its position, this bone protects the temporal lobe of the brain ... The temporal bone can be fractured just like any other bone in our body. Broken bones can cause pain in the right or left ...
... a competency based approach to anatomical temporal bone dissection. A competency based 3 bone training manual has been devised ... so that trainees can complete 10-12 dissections on each temporal bone in a self-paced, structured manner under direct ...
Return to Article Details A rare case of temporal bone chondrosarcoma Download Download PDF ...
Temporal Bone Imaging 2nd Edition PDF ...Download eBooks and CME Videos ... Temporal Bone Imaging 2nd Edition PDF Ebook Format : Epub plus converted PDF ASIN: B086WHX6N9 Publisher: Jaypee Brothers ... Epub plus converted PDF The temporal bone is located at the lower sides of the skull and directly underneath the temple. This ... Clinico Radiological Series: Temporal Bone Imaging 2nd Edition PDF. Ebook Format : Epub plus converted PDF ...
Home , Product Catalogue , Surgical Skills Centre , 2.5 Day Advanced Temporal Bone Course ... Temporal Bone Course 90% Balance Fee Scottish. £360.00. *. Temporal Bone Course Fee 10% deposit Scottish. £40.00. ... Temporal Bone Course Fees - Scottish. *Temporal Bone Dissection for Consultants Course. *Thiel Cadaveric Advanced Laser ... 2.5 Day Temporal Bone Course Full Fee £1200 ... 2.5 Day Advanced Temporal Bone Course. *BAUS Lap Urology Course ...
he Combined 87th Annual Temporal Bone and 8th Annual Endoscopic Ear Dissection Course led by The Otology Group at Vanderbilt ... COMBINED 87th TEMPORAL BONE & ENDOSCOPIC EAR DISSECTION COURSE 2023. Home. COMBINED 87th TEMPORAL BONE & ENDOSCOPIC EAR ... he Combined 87th Annual Temporal Bone and 8th Annual Endoscopic Ear Dissection Course led by The Otology Group at Vanderbilt ...
... imaging is a useful modality for imaging soft tissue lesions of the temporal bone. This article provides an overview of the ... encoded search term (MR Imaging of the Temporal Bone) and MR Imaging of the Temporal Bone What to Read Next on Medscape ... In temporal bone imaging, it is often used to remove high-signal fat found in the inner ear region. Fat suppression can also be ... MR Imaging of the Temporal Bone. Updated: Feb 28, 2012 * Author: Miriam I Redleaf, MD; Chief Editor: Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA ...
The cost of a CECT Temporal Bone Axial and Coronal Scan can vary. Check out our website for the latest price & other details. ... CECT Temporal Bone Axial and Coronal Test is available at Ganesh Diagnostics. ... CECT Temporal Bone Axial and Coronal CECT Temporal bone Axial & Coronal is Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography of Temporal ... Why is CECT Temporal Bone Axial & Coronal?. • To detect/diagnose the temporal bone tumour which causes problems in the inner ...
Find best diagnostic centers for CT Brain and Temporal Bone in Hyderabad. View nearby centers and compare their prices. Find ...
"دانلود کتاب اطلس جراحی استخوان گیجگاهی Atlas of Temporal Bone Surgery, 1ed Beautifully illustrated and comprehensive, this must ... Atlas of Temporal Bone Surgery ، اطلس جراحی استخوان گیجگاهی ، جراحی استخوان گیجگاهی ، دانلود کتاب Atlas of Temporal Bone ... Ear and Temporal Bone Surgery, 1ed دانلود کتاب پزشکی گوش و حلق و بینی و جراحی سر و گردن اسکات-براون: علوم پایه، جراحی غدد، ... Atlas of Temporal Bone Surgery, 1ed. , Beautifully illustrated and comprehensive, this must-have atlas guides readers through ...
Temporal bone Introduction. Malignant small round cell tumor (MSRCT) of temporal bone is very rare, with rapid aggressive ... Temporal bone computed tomography revealed expansile soft tissue densities and diffuse erosive destruction on left temporal ... Tiago, et al.6) reported a case of PNET of temporal bone. Yamazaki, et al.4) reported a case of PNET of jugular foramen. Jones ... A Case of Malignant Small Round Cell Tumor of Temporal Bone with Facial Paralysis. Article information. Korean J Audiol. 2012; ...
Hands-on Temporal Bone Dissection by Delegates. 01:00 pm - 01:30 pm - Lunch. 01:30 pm - 06:00 pm - Hands-on Temporal Bone ... Temporal Bone Dissection (Live demonstration). 01:00 pm - 01:30 pm - Lunch. 01:30 pm - 06:00 pm - Hands-on Temporal Bone ... A 12-Station Temporal Bone Laboratory with HD quality camera, mounted microscopes and a 150-seater auditorium are some of the ... Click here to download brochure of 126th & 127th Hands on Temporal Bone and FESS, and Live Surgical Workshop ...
Twenty-four temporal bones were analyzed. However, CT imaging was not available for 4 temporal bones, and the bony details ... Temporal bone anomaly proposed as a major criteria for diagnosis of CHARGE syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 2001 3 1; 99 2: 124- 127. ... Temporal bone CT findings in the CHARGE association. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1998 10 2; 45 2: 151- 162. pmid:9849683. ... Temporal bone histopathology in CHARGE association. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2002 5; 111 5 Pt 1: 397- 401. pmid:12018323. ...
  • most patients with temporal bone fracture have a computed tomography (CT) scan of these. (medscape.com)
  • CECT Temporal bone Axial & Coronal is Contrast Enhanced Computed Tomography of Temporal bone axial & coronal view. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • As temporal bone computed tomography (CT) has become more sophisticated, more abnormalities of the middle and inner ear have been found. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • At that time, computed tomography (CT) of the head showed complete opacification of the left mastoid air cells, a soft tissue infiltrate within the middle ear chambers involving the epitympanic recess, and thinning of the left mastoid bone without obvious bony destruction or intracranial extension. (cdc.gov)
  • Computed tomography (CT) showed evidence of bone destruction. (hindawi.com)
  • Panoramic radiography revealed an enlargement of the left condyle, whereas computed tomography (CT) sections and three-dimensional CT showed a well-defined bone growth arising from condylar neck. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, we present two cases of early-stage carcinoma of the EAC treated by canal reconstruction using skin grafts after lateral temporal bone resection. (hindawi.com)
  • Lateral temporal bone resection with preservation of the stapes was performed. (hindawi.com)
  • This is also why a thorough understanding of the etiology, classification, complications, and treatment of temporal bone fractures is mandatory for healthcare professionals involved in the care of individuals with such injuries. (medscape.com)
  • The temporal bone consists of four parts- the squamous, mastoid, petrous and tympanic parts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fused with the squamous and mastoid parts and between the sphenoid and occipital bones lies the petrous part, which is shaped like a pyramid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The temporal bone is ossified from eight centers, exclusive of those for the internal ear and the tympanic ossicles: one for the squama including the zygomatic process, one for the tympanic part, four for the petrous and mastoid parts, and two for the styloid process. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the temporal bone includes the squamous part, forming the inferolateral part of the skull vault , generally the term temporal bone fracture refers to the involvement of the petrous part. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Fracture of the petrous temporal bone is usually classified according to the main orientation of the fracture plane and/or involvement of the otic capsule . (radiopaedia.org)
  • Temporal bone fracture is described relative to the long axis of the petrous temporal bone, which runs obliquely from the petrous apex posterolaterally through the mastoid air cells. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Head CT with petrous temporal bone fine slice (≤1 mm) multiplanar bone window reformats is the imaging modality of choice. (radiopaedia.org)
  • It is a large bone formed by the fusion of parts: the squamous (the flattened anterior-superior part), the tympanic (the curved anterior-inferior part), the mastoid (the irregular posterior portion), and the petrous (the part at the base of the skull). (ucdenver.edu)
  • Temporal bone fractures have been classified by orientation with respect to the long axis of the petrous portion of the temporal bone. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The petrous part is located between the sphenoid bone and occipital bone, and it functions to protect the structures of the middle and inner ear. (amplifon.com)
  • The petrous portion of the temporal bone houses the organs for hearing, equilibrium and motion detection. (cdc.gov)
  • The peripheral vestibular system is an integral part of the labyrinth that lies in the otic capsule in the petrous portion of the temporal bone . (medscape.com)
  • Therefore, fractures that involve the temporal bone continue along the skull base with a pattern that follows the weakest points of the anatomy. (medscape.com)
  • In the adult population, approximately 90% of temporal bone fractures are associated with concurrent intracranial injuries and 9% with cervical spine injuries. (medscape.com)
  • Contemporary CT imaging will be able to identify temporal bone fractures, including the type and direction, as well as the presence or absence of otic capsular involvement and the involved segment of temporal bone. (medscape.com)
  • Temporal bone fracture is thought to occur in ~20% (range 14-22%) of all calvarial fractures. (radiopaedia.org)
  • 1. Ishman SL, Friedland DR. Temporal bone fractures: traditional classification and clinical relevance. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Temporal bone fractures can occur after severe blunt trauma to the head and sometimes involve structures of the ear, causing hearing loss, vertigo, balance disturbance, or facial paralysis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, formal audiometric examination is required for all patients with temporal bone fractures. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Fractures and impertrophy can occur in the temporal styloid process. (amplifon.com)
  • Several injuries and health conditions can impact your cranial bones, including fractures and congenital conditions. (healthline.com)
  • People with this condition are more prone to fractures because the affected bone is usually weaker. (healthline.com)
  • [ 12 ] This risk of fractures or bone deformity is higher in the long bones (eg, femur, tibia, and humerus), but all the bones can be affected. (medscape.com)
  • The temporomandibular joint also contains a piece of cartilage called a disc, which keeps the temporal bone and the jawbone from rubbing against each other. (encyclopedia.com)
  • A direct blow to the jaw or the side of the head can result in bone fracture, soft tissue bruising, or a dislocation of the temporomandibular joint itself. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Temporal bone osteoblastoma involving temporomandibular joint diagnosed as simple disc disorders: A case report. (bvsalud.org)
  • It separates zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mowry SE, Woodson E, Gubbels S, Carfrae M, Hansen MR. A simple assessment tool for evaluation of cadaveric temporal bone dissection. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Aimed at ENT surgeons, trainees, otolaryngology nurse groups and those from hearing implant companies, it offers a step-by-step guide on how to perform temporal bone dissection. (edu.au)
  • And the optional artificial bone dissection can also be done in their own time. (edu.au)
  • These one day courses held in the Cuschieri Skills Centre, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee provide, to a maximum of 8 ENT surgical trainees, a competency based approach to anatomical temporal bone dissection. (jlo.co.uk)
  • he Combined 87th Annual Temporal Bone and 8th Annual Endoscopic Ear Dissection Course led by The Otology Group at Vanderbilt University Medical Center, is a 2-day, in-person course on VUMC's campus that combines a didactic lecture series with hands-on dissection lab training. (thepharmadata.com)
  • It separates occipital bone and mastoid portion of temporal bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Occipital bone. (healthline.com)
  • The Axis Scientific occipital bone with C1 and C2 vertebrae anatomy model replicates the trapezoid shaped bone located at the base of the skull, mounted on a white base with the atlas and axis bones. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • The Axis Scientific occipital bone anatomy model replicates the trapezoid shaped bone located at the base of the skull. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • Relating to the occipital bone and the mastoid process. (theodora.com)
  • Anatomical Relationship of the Middle Cranial Fossa Dura to Surface Landmarks of the Temporal Bone. (ucdenver.edu)
  • The bone models have all the structures and bony landmarks of the temporal bone. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • An irregularly shaped bone, the temporal bone protects the temporal lobe of the brain, the cranial nerves that pass through it, as well as the middle ear and inner ear. (amplifon.com)
  • To detect/diagnose the temporal bone tumour which causes problems in the inner and middle ear. (ganeshdiagnostic.com)
  • Due to the intricate anatomical nature of the middle ear and inner ear, radiological assessment of the temporal bone is challenging. (journalajmah.com)
  • and the bones of the middle ear. (medlineplus.gov)
  • To overcome the existing limitations, the TOMCAT beamline offers advanced and unique capabilities to meet the temporal and spatial resolution requirements for middle ear imaging, which have successfully been shown to visualize the sub-micron structure of the human auditory ossicles [5] (see figure). (psi.ch)
  • Axis Scientific temporal bone anatomy models perfectly simulate these important bones located on the base and sides of the skull. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • The objective of the study was to compare helical CT (with reformation of coronal images from the axial data set) with conventional direct axial and coronal CT of the temporal bones. (nih.gov)
  • Mastoid, on the other hand, is the bony portion of the temporal bone behind the ear, which houses a number of important muscles, including the sternocleidomastoid muscle. (amplifon.com)
  • The styloid process is the bony protrusion that arises from the lower portion of the temporal bone. (amplifon.com)
  • Fibrous dysplasia accounts for about 5% of all benign bone tumors. (medscape.com)
  • Osteochondroma (OC), also known as osteocartilagenous exostosis, is one of the most common benign tumor of long bones, constituting approximately 35 to 50% of all benign tumors and 8 to 15% of all primary bone tumors (1,2). (bvsalud.org)
  • The tympanic part of the temporal bone, which has a horseshoe shape, is located under the scaly portion and higher than the styloid process. (amplifon.com)
  • In temporal bone imaging, it is often used to remove high-signal fat found in the inner ear region. (medscape.com)
  • 1 Preoperative assessment of the temporal bone and inner ear structures is crucial to check the feasibility of implantation and predict the outcome. (ajnr.org)
  • However, the initial assessment of the temporal bone trauma in the emergency department by the emergency personnel and the trauma team is critically important. (medscape.com)
  • The lower seven cranial nerves and the major vessels to and from the brain traverse the temporal bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Temporal Bone Neoplasms and Lateral Cranial Base Surgery. (uiowa.edu)
  • The cranial sutures are fibrous joints that join the skull's bones together. (amplifon.com)
  • Among its many functions, it is primarily responsible for protecting the temporal lobe of the brain as well as the cranial nerves. (amplifon.com)
  • What are cranial bones? (healthline.com)
  • The bones in your skull can be divided into the cranial bones, which form your cranium, and facial bones, which make up your face. (healthline.com)
  • Your cranial bones are held together by unique joints called sutures, which are made of thick connective tissue. (healthline.com)
  • They're irregularly shaped, allowing them to tightly join all the uniquely shaped cranial bones. (healthline.com)
  • Explore the interactive 3-D diagram below to learn more about the cranial bones. (healthline.com)
  • A linear fracture in a cranial bone means there's a break in the bone, but the bone itself hasn't moved. (healthline.com)
  • Mutations to a specific gene cause unusual development of the teeth and bones, including the cranial bones. (healthline.com)
  • This is an inherited condition that causes thickening of the cranial bones, which can lead to a protruding forehead and wide-set eyes. (healthline.com)
  • These factors include facial and cranial abnormalities, including of the temporal bone and cochlea. (cdc.gov)
  • Although osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor that rarely arises in cranial and maxillofacial region, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of slow-growing masses of the temporomandibular area and the use of different imaging exams significantly contribute to the correct diagnosis and treatment planning of this pathological condition. (bvsalud.org)
  • Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is a useful modality for imaging soft tissue lesions of the temporal bone. (medscape.com)
  • Various techniques can be used in MR imaging of temporal bone area lesions. (medscape.com)
  • However, we found a mass of bone lesions at the left temporal articular tubercle in MRI and cone beam CT , and it turned out to be an osteoblastoma after surgery . (bvsalud.org)
  • TMJ syndrome, which is also sometimes called TMJ disorder, results from pressure on the facial nerves due to muscle tension or abnormalities of the bones in the area of the hinge joint between the lower jaw and the temporal bone. (encyclopedia.com)
  • Abnormalities in other parts of the body, such as malformed bones of the spine (vertebrae), abnormally shaped kidneys, and heart defects, may also occur in people with craniofacial microsomia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Early identification of temporal bone trauma is essential to managing the injury and avoiding complications. (radiopaedia.org)
  • Les complications orbitaires et endocrâniennes des sinusites aiguës infectieuses posent un problème diagnostique et thérapeutique Le but de notre travail est de proposer un algorithme de prise en charge de ces complications à travers une revue de littérature Les sinusites de la base du crâne (frontal, sphénoïdal et éthmoïdal) sont les plus fréquents en cause de complications endocrâniennes. (ajol.info)
  • Les complications orbitaires sont traitées par des antibiotiques visant les bactéries en cause avec des indications chirurgicales selon la classification scannographique de Chandler. (ajol.info)
  • Apart from size increase, the chief changes from birth through puberty in the temporal bone are as follows: The tympanic ring extends outward and backward to form the tympanic part. (wikipedia.org)
  • The clinical presentations specifically related to temporal bone trauma include facial nerve paralysis (partial or complete), hearing loss (conductive, sensorineural, or mixed), vertigo , dizziness , otorrhagia, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea , tympanic membrane perforation , and hemotympanum and canal laceration. (medscape.com)
  • Because of its position, this bone protects the temporal lobe of the brain and the ear. (amplifon.com)
  • The zygomatic process is a bony protrusion originating on the scaly part of the temporal bone and articulated with the zygomatic bone to form the so-called temporal process. (amplifon.com)
  • Otopathology of Unilateral Cochlear Implantation in Patients With Bilateral Temporal Bone Fracture. (umassmed.edu)
  • 3) The cochlear bone is extremely thin. (cdc.gov)
  • This retrospective multicenter study included 51 patients with cochlear implants and postoperative imaging via temporal bone cone-beam CT ( n = 32 ears) or multidetector CT ( n = 19 ears) between 2012 and 2017. (ajnr.org)
  • Retrospective review of patient outcomes after pediatric cochlear implantation and analysis of temporal bone thickness. (lu.se)
  • The squamous part is the largest and most superiorly positioned relative to the rest of the bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • The zygomatic process is a long, arched process projecting from the lower region of the squamous part and it articulates with the zygomatic bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • We performed a retrospective medical records review of 12 patients with CHARGE syndrome, identified between 1990-2011 at Princess Margaret Hospital for Children in Western Australia, who underwent temporal bone CT for evaluation of hearing loss. (ochsnerjournal.org)
  • To compare between preoperative CT scan findings of the temporal bone with the operative findings in patients with CSOM undergoing tympanomastoidectomy. (journalajmah.com)
  • Although advanced carcinomas of the temporal bone, including the EAC, retain a poor prognosis, a good survival rate in earlier-stage patients was suggested to be possible in 100% of cases [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • As a consequence of this bone fragility, patients have an increased (~50%) risk of fracture. (medscape.com)
  • It separates sphenoid bone and squama portion of temporal bone. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sphenoid bone. (healthline.com)
  • This is an irregular bone located in front of the sphenoid bone. (healthline.com)
  • This type involves a break in one of the bones near the base of your skull, such as the sphenoid bone. (healthline.com)
  • However, in our case, the lesion was located in the left temporal articular tubercle, involving the adjacent skull base , which is extremely rare in the literature . (bvsalud.org)
  • A rolled-up skin graft with a temporal muscle flap was useful for keeping the form and maintaining the postoperative hearing. (hindawi.com)
  • Common symptoms include a sloped forehead, extra bone within skull sutures, and an enlarged skull. (healthline.com)
  • Given the role of adipokines in mediating bone and cartilage homeostasis, we undertook this study to examine the relationship between adipokines and bone and cartilage biomarkers in a population of subjects with OA, and to determine whether adipokine levels predicted 2-year cartilage integrity. (birmingham.ac.uk)
  • In the early 1990s, 3-dimensional constructive interference in steady state (3D CISS) was introduced for imaging temporal bone pathology. (medscape.com)
  • Beautifully illustrated and comprehensive, this must-have atlas guides readers through the delicate, high-risk surgical approaches they need to successfully manage pathology of the temporal bone, the most complex anatomic area in the human body. (bookbaz.ir)
  • Those who decide to donate their temporal bones may also consider donating the brain tissue related to hearing and balance to allow for even more research possibilities. (masseyeandear.org)
  • Removal of temporal bones (and brain) does not change the appearance of the head, face, or outer ear. (masseyeandear.org)
  • 2 ). In those persons, after spherule rupture, endospores may spread hematogenously or through the lymphatic system to virtually all organs, although extrapulmonary clinical disease at sites other than the brain, skin, bone, or psoas muscle is uncommon ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This individual bone model comes without a base to show the oval hole that allows the medulla oblongata to pass from the brain to the. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • For her new patient visit, the correct diagnosis would be S02.200A (fracture of nasal bones initi. (aapc.com)
  • The spectrum of temporal bone trauma is extremely varied, ranging from minor concussion without functional deficits to severe blunt or penetrating trauma with multifunctional deficits that involve the auditory and vestibular nerves, the facial nerve, and the intracranial contents. (medscape.com)
  • Rarely, fluctuating sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction occur with temporal bone fracture and may be due to a perilymph fistula. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Most cases of temporal bone fracture involve severe body and/or head trauma. (medscape.com)
  • This method offers high resolution and contrast and can be extremely useful in showing small structures surrounded by fluid, including detailed delineation of the seventh-eighth nerve complex in the temporal bone as well as the membranous labyrinth. (medscape.com)
  • They are also useful for students who wish to learn more in-depth about the skull's bone structure. (anatomywarehouse.com)
  • Coccidioidomycosis involving the ear, mastoid bone, or both is uncommon. (cdc.gov)
  • The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. (wikipedia.org)
  • Temporal bone fracture is a frequent manifestation of head trauma. (medscape.com)
  • Temporal bone fracture is usually a sequela of significant blunt head injury. (radiopaedia.org)
  • If a temporal bone fracture is suspected, immediate CT of the head with special attention to the temporal bone is recommended. (msdmanuals.com)
  • This a pair of flat bones located on either side of your head, behind the frontal bone. (healthline.com)
  • The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. (wikipedia.org)
  • A temporal bone fracture can involve none or all of these structures. (medscape.com)
  • Cancellous bone maintenance is perturbed, and bone undergoing physiologic remodeling is replaced by an abnormal proliferation of fibrous tissue. (medscape.com)