AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
TemperatureBody TemperatureHot TemperatureCold TemperatureSkin TemperatureBody Temperature RegulationThermometersThermographyHumidityTransition TemperatureThermodynamicsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSeasonsKineticsHypothermiaTime FactorsWaterFreezingClimateThermosensingHeatingCalorimetry, Differential ScanningFeverMutationMolecular Sequence DataThermoreceptorsShiveringCold ClimateEnzyme StabilityEscherichia coliHeat Stress DisordersClimate ChangeGlobal WarmingAdaptation, PhysiologicalHypothermia, InducedThermal ConductivityProtein DenaturationPhase TransitionInfrared RaysWeatherHyperthermia, InducedSweatingLightRefrigerationIceDrug StabilityEcosystemEnvironment, ControlledRainAntarctic RegionsModels, BiologicalCulture MediaCarbon DioxideDrug StorageAmino Acid SequenceHeat-Shock ResponseCircadian RhythmThermometryEnvironmentBacterial ProteinsProtein ConformationSodium ChlorideSeawaterSpecies SpecificityGreenhouse EffectNucleic Acid DenaturationBase SequenceAirHibernationClothingMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCalorimetryMicroclimateCircular DichroismMicrowavesRectumStress, PhysiologicalTelemetryCattleModels, ChemicalSolutionsHeat-Shock ProteinsPreservation, BiologicalViscosityDNA, BacterialModels, MolecularHeat StrokeImmersionFood PreservationTropical ClimateSolventsSpecimen HandlingWater MicrobiologyOsmolar ConcentrationOxygen ConsumptionPhenotypeProtein FoldingSpectrometry, FluorescencePlant LeavesMolecular ConformationSpectrophotometryRewarmingFishesPressureDesiccationPhotosynthesisModels, TheoreticalOxygenFreeze DryingTympanic MembraneX-Ray DiffractionLipid BilayersScrotumBacteriaBiophysicsPhotoperiodSoilFood MicrobiologyBiophysical PhenomenaSpectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraredIncubators, InfantSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSwineEnergy MetabolismFresh WaterRabbitsSpectrophotometry, UltravioletPhylogenyBiomassAtmosphereArctic RegionsCloning, MolecularPhosphatidylcholinesThermogenesisSequence Analysis, DNAWindEquipment DesignMembrane LipidsGeographyMathematicsAnalysis of VarianceGelsCold-Shock ResponseMembrane FluidityGerminationTreesProtein BindingFood HandlingPhysicochemical PhenomenaChemistry, PhysicalOceans and SeasAnthozoaCarbonElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopySeedsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SOxidation-ReductionSurface PropertiesComputer SimulationCell MembraneSteamHydrostatic PressureMolecular WeightDimyristoylphosphatidylcholineFungal ProteinsScattering, RadiationElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelLarvaSpectrum AnalysisRNA, BacterialWater Loss, InsensibleSpectrophotometry, InfraredGasesMagnesiumMolecular StructureGene Expression Regulation, BacterialSnowSaltsCell LineRespirationSoil MicrobiologySubstrate SpecificityCrystallizationBacillusLiposomesGenes, BacterialDNAGenetic Complementation TestMicroscopy, ElectronRemote Sensing Technology1,2-DipalmitoylphosphatidylcholineRecombinant ProteinsSporesNitrogenSkinBinding SitesHousing, AnimalAir MovementsFatty AcidsCarpsCalcium
Temperature: The property of objects that determines the direction of heat flow when they are placed in direct thermal contact. The temperature is the energy of microscopic motions (vibrational and translational) of the particles of atoms.Body Temperature: The measure of the level of heat of a human or animal.Hot Temperature: Presence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably higher than an accustomed norm.Cold Temperature: An absence of warmth or heat or a temperature notably below an accustomed norm.Skin Temperature: The TEMPERATURE at the outer surface of the body.Body Temperature Regulation: The processes of heating and cooling that an organism uses to control its temperature.Thermometers: Measuring instruments for determining the temperature of matter. Most thermometers used in the field of medicine are designed for measuring body temperature or for use in the clinical laboratory. (From UMDNS, 1999)Thermography: Imaging the temperatures in a material, or in the body or an organ. Imaging is based on self-emanating infrared radiation (HEAT WAVES), or on changes in properties of the material or tissue that vary with temperature, such as ELASTICITY; MAGNETIC FIELD; or LUMINESCENCE.Humidity: A measure of the amount of WATER VAPOR in the air.Transition Temperature: The temperature at which a substance changes from one state or conformation of matter to another.Thermodynamics: A rigorously mathematical analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, temperature, and equilibrium). It describes systems whose states are determined by thermal parameters, such as temperature, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic parameters. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed)Hydrogen-Ion Concentration: The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Seasons: Divisions of the year according to some regularly recurrent phenomena usually astronomical or climatic. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Kinetics: The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.Hypothermia: Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Water: A clear, odorless, tasteless liquid that is essential for most animal and plant life and is an excellent solvent for many substances. The chemical formula is hydrogen oxide (H2O). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Freezing: Liquids transforming into solids by the removal of heat.Climate: The longterm manifestations of WEATHER. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Thermosensing: The sensation of cold, heat, coolness, and warmth as detected by THERMORECEPTORS.Heating: The application of heat to raise the temperature of the environment, ambient or local, or the systems for accomplishing this effect. It is distinguished from HEAT, the physical property and principle of physics.Calorimetry, Differential Scanning: Differential thermal analysis in which the sample compartment of the apparatus is a differential calorimeter, allowing an exact measure of the heat of transition independent of the specific heat, thermal conductivity, and other variables of the sample.Fever: An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Thermoreceptors: Cellular receptors which mediate the sense of temperature. Thermoreceptors in vertebrates are mostly located under the skin. In mammals there are separate types of thermoreceptors for cold and for warmth and NOCICEPTORS which detect cold or heat extreme enough to cause pain.Shivering: Involuntary contraction or twitching of the muscles. It is a physiologic method of heat production in man and other mammals.Cold Climate: A climate characterized by COLD TEMPERATURE for a majority of the time during the year.Enzyme Stability: The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Heat Stress Disorders: A group of conditions that develop due to overexposure or overexertion in excessive environmental heat.Climate Change: Any significant change in measures of climate (such as temperature, precipitation, or wind) lasting for an extended period (decades or longer). It may result from natural factors such as changes in the sun's intensity, natural processes within the climate system such as changes in ocean circulation, or human activities.Global Warming: Increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns.Adaptation, Physiological: The non-genetic biological changes of an organism in response to challenges in its ENVIRONMENT.Hypothermia, Induced: Abnormally low BODY TEMPERATURE that is intentionally induced in warm-blooded animals by artificial means. In humans, mild or moderate hypothermia has been used to reduce tissue damages, particularly after cardiac or spinal cord injuries and during subsequent surgeries.Thermal Conductivity: The heat flow across a surface per unit area per unit time, divided by the negative of the rate of change of temperature with distance in a direction perpendicular to the surface. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Protein Denaturation: Disruption of the non-covalent bonds and/or disulfide bonds responsible for maintaining the three-dimensional shape and activity of the native protein.Phase Transition: A change of a substance from one form or state to another.Infrared Rays: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum usually sensed as heat. Infrared wavelengths are longer than those of visible light, extending into the microwave frequencies. They are used therapeutically as heat, and also to warm food in restaurants.Weather: The state of the ATMOSPHERE over minutes to months.Hyperthermia, Induced: Abnormally high temperature intentionally induced in living things regionally or whole body. It is most often induced by radiation (heat waves, infra-red), ultrasound, or drugs.Sweating: The process of exocrine secretion of the SWEAT GLANDS, including the aqueous sweat from the ECCRINE GLANDS and the complex viscous fluids of the APOCRINE GLANDS.Light: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared range.Refrigeration: The mechanical process of cooling.Ice: The solid substance formed by the FREEZING of water.Drug Stability: The chemical and physical integrity of a pharmaceutical product.Ecosystem: A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment. (McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Environment, Controlled: A state in which the environs of hospitals, laboratories, domestic and animal housing, work places, spacecraft, and other surroundings are under technological control with regard to air conditioning, heating, lighting, humidity, ventilation, and other ambient features. The concept includes control of atmospheric composition. (From Jane's Aerospace Dictionary, 3d ed)Rain: Water particles that fall from the ATMOSPHERE.Antarctic Regions: The continent lying around the South Pole and the southern waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. It includes the Falkland Islands Dependencies. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p55)Models, Biological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Carbon Dioxide: A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.Drug Storage: The process of keeping pharmaceutical products in an appropriate location.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Heat-Shock Response: A constellation of responses that occur when an organism is exposed to excessive heat. Responses include synthesis of new proteins and regulation of others.Circadian Rhythm: The regular recurrence, in cycles of about 24 hours, of biological processes or activities, such as sensitivity to drugs and stimuli, hormone secretion, sleeping, and feeding.Thermometry: Measurement of the temperature of a material, or of the body or an organ by various temperature sensing devices which measure changes in properties of the material that vary with temperature, such as ELASTICITY; MAGNETIC FIELDS; or LUMINESCENCE.Environment: The external elements and conditions which surround, influence, and affect the life and development of an organism or population.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Protein Conformation: The characteristic 3-dimensional shape of a protein, including the secondary, supersecondary (motifs), tertiary (domains) and quaternary structure of the peptide chain. PROTEIN STRUCTURE, QUATERNARY describes the conformation assumed by multimeric proteins (aggregates of more than one polypeptide chain).Sodium Chloride: A ubiquitous sodium salt that is commonly used to season food.Seawater: The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.Greenhouse Effect: The effect of GLOBAL WARMING and the resulting increase in world temperatures. The predicted health effects of such long-term climatic change include increased incidence of respiratory, water-borne, and vector-borne diseases.Nucleic Acid Denaturation: Disruption of the secondary structure of nucleic acids by heat, extreme pH or chemical treatment. Double strand DNA is "melted" by dissociation of the non-covalent hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. Denatured DNA appears to be a single-stranded flexible structure. The effects of denaturation on RNA are similar though less pronounced and largely reversible.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Air: The mixture of gases present in the earth's atmosphere consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and small amounts of other gases.Hibernation: The dormant state in which some warm-blooded animal species pass the winter. It is characterized by narcosis and by sharp reduction in body temperature and metabolic activity and by a depression of vital signs.Clothing: Fabric or other material used to cover the body.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).Calorimetry: The measurement of the quantity of heat involved in various processes, such as chemical reactions, changes of state, and formations of solutions, or in the determination of the heat capacities of substances. The fundamental unit of measurement is the joule or the calorie (4.184 joules). (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Microclimate: The climate of a very small area.Circular Dichroism: A change from planar to elliptic polarization when an initially plane-polarized light wave traverses an optically active medium. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Microwaves: That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum from the UHF (ultrahigh frequency) radio waves and extending into the INFRARED RAYS frequencies.Rectum: The distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE, between the SIGMOID COLON and the ANAL CANAL.Stress, Physiological: The unfavorable effect of environmental factors (stressors) on the physiological functions of an organism. Prolonged unresolved physiological stress can affect HOMEOSTASIS of the organism, and may lead to damaging or pathological conditions.Telemetry: Transmission of the readings of instruments to a remote location by means of wires, radio waves, or other means. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Cattle: Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.Models, Chemical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of chemical processes or phenomena; includes the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Solutions: The homogeneous mixtures formed by the mixing of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance (solute) with a liquid (the solvent), from which the dissolved substances can be recovered by physical processes. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Heat-Shock Proteins: Proteins which are synthesized in eukaryotic organisms and bacteria in response to hyperthermia and other environmental stresses. They increase thermal tolerance and perform functions essential to cell survival under these conditions.Preservation, Biological: The process of protecting various samples of biological material.Viscosity: The resistance that a gaseous or liquid system offers to flow when it is subjected to shear stress. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Models, Molecular: Models used experimentally or theoretically to study molecular shape, electronic properties, or interactions; includes analogous molecules, computer-generated graphics, and mechanical structures.Heat Stroke: A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.Immersion: The placing of a body or a part thereof into a liquid.Food Preservation: Procedures or techniques used to keep food from spoiling.Tropical Climate: A climate which is typical of equatorial and tropical regions, i.e., one with continually high temperatures with considerable precipitation, at least during part of the year. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Solvents: Liquids that dissolve other substances (solutes), generally solids, without any change in chemical composition, as, water containing sugar. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Specimen Handling: Procedures for collecting, preserving, and transporting of specimens sufficiently stable to provide accurate and precise results suitable for clinical interpretation.Water Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Osmolar Concentration: The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per liter of solution. Osmolality is expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent.Oxygen Consumption: The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Protein Folding: Processes involved in the formation of TERTIARY PROTEIN STRUCTURE.Spectrometry, Fluorescence: Measurement of the intensity and quality of fluorescence.Plant Leaves: Expanded structures, usually green, of vascular plants, characteristically consisting of a bladelike expansion attached to a stem, and functioning as the principal organ of photosynthesis and transpiration. (American Heritage Dictionary, 2d ed)Molecular Conformation: The characteristic three-dimensional shape of a molecule.Spectrophotometry: The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.Rewarming: Application of heat to correct hypothermia, accidental or induced.Fishes: A group of cold-blooded, aquatic vertebrates having gills, fins, a cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, and elongated bodies covered with scales.Pressure: A type of stress exerted uniformly in all directions. Its measure is the force exerted per unit area. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Desiccation: Removal of moisture from a substance (chemical, food, tissue, etc.).Photosynthesis: The synthesis by organisms of organic chemical compounds, especially carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide using energy obtained from light rather than from the oxidation of chemical compounds. Photosynthesis comprises two separate processes: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In higher plants; GREEN ALGAE; and CYANOBACTERIA; NADPH and ATP formed by the light reactions drive the dark reactions which result in the fixation of carbon dioxide. (from Oxford Dictionary of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2001)Models, Theoretical: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of systems, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Oxygen: An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.Freeze Drying: Method of tissue preparation in which the tissue specimen is frozen and then dehydrated at low temperature in a high vacuum. This method is also used for dehydrating pharmaceutical and food products.Tympanic Membrane: An oval semitransparent membrane separating the external EAR CANAL from the tympanic cavity (EAR, MIDDLE). It contains three layers: the skin of the external ear canal; the core of radially and circularly arranged collagen fibers; and the MUCOSA of the middle ear.X-Ray Diffraction: The scattering of x-rays by matter, especially crystals, with accompanying variation in intensity due to interference effects. Analysis of the crystal structure of materials is performed by passing x-rays through them and registering the diffraction image of the rays (CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, X-RAY). (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Lipid Bilayers: Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.Scrotum: A cutaneous pouch of skin containing the testicles and spermatic cords.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Biophysics: The study of PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and PHYSICAL PROCESSES as applied to living things.Photoperiod: The time period of daily exposure that an organism receives from daylight or artificial light. It is believed that photoperiodic responses may affect the control of energy balance and thermoregulation.Soil: The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.Food Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in food and food products. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms: the presence of various non-pathogenic bacteria and fungi in cheeses and wines, for example, is included in this concept.Biophysical Phenomena: The physical characteristics and processes of biological systems.Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared: A spectroscopic technique in which a range of wavelengths is presented simultaneously with an interferometer and the spectrum is mathematically derived from the pattern thus obtained.Incubators, Infant: Electrically powered devices that are intended to assist in the maintenance of the thermal balance of infants, principally by controlling the air temperature and humidity in an enclosure. (from UMDNS, 1999)Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A species of the genus SACCHAROMYCES, family Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, known as "baker's" or "brewer's" yeast. The dried form is used as a dietary supplement.Swine: Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).Energy Metabolism: The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.Fresh Water: Water containing no significant amounts of salts, such as water from RIVERS and LAKES.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet: Determination of the spectra of ultraviolet absorption by specific molecules in gases or liquids, for example Cl2, SO2, NO2, CS2, ozone, mercury vapor, and various unsaturated compounds. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Biomass: Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.Atmosphere: The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Arctic Regions: The Arctic Ocean and the lands in it and adjacent to it. It includes Point Barrow, Alaska, most of the Franklin District in Canada, two thirds of Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Lapland, Novaya Zemlya, and Northern Siberia. (Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p66)Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of phosphatidic acids in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a choline moiety. Complete hydrolysis yields 1 mole of glycerol, phosphoric acid and choline and 2 moles of fatty acids.Thermogenesis: The generation of heat in order to maintain body temperature. The uncoupled oxidation of fatty acids contained within brown adipose tissue and SHIVERING are examples of thermogenesis in MAMMALS.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Wind: The motion of air relative to the earth's surface.Equipment Design: Methods of creating machines and devices.Membrane Lipids: Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.Geography: The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)Mathematics: The deductive study of shape, quantity, and dependence. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Analysis of Variance: A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.Gels: Colloids with a solid continuous phase and liquid as the dispersed phase; gels may be unstable when, due to temperature or other cause, the solid phase liquefies; the resulting colloid is called a sol.Cold-Shock Response: A constellation of responses that occur when an organism is exposed to excessive cold. In humans, a fall in skin temperature triggers gasping, hypertension, and hyperventilation.Membrane Fluidity: The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.Germination: The initial stages of the growth of SEEDS into a SEEDLINGS. The embryonic shoot (plumule) and embryonic PLANT ROOTS (radicle) emerge and grow upwards and downwards respectively. Food reserves for germination come from endosperm tissue within the seed and/or from the seed leaves (COTYLEDON). (Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990)Trees: Woody, usually tall, perennial higher plants (Angiosperms, Gymnosperms, and some Pterophyta) having usually a main stem and numerous branches.Protein Binding: The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.Food Handling: Any aspect of the operations in the preparation, processing, transport, storage, packaging, wrapping, exposure for sale, service, or delivery of food.Physicochemical Phenomena: The physical phenomena describing the structure and properties of atoms and molecules, and their reaction and interaction processes.Chemistry, Physical: The study of CHEMICAL PHENOMENA and processes in terms of the underlying PHYSICAL PHENOMENA and processes.Oceans and Seas: A great expanse of continuous bodies of salt water which together cover more than 70 percent of the earth's surface. Seas may be partially or entirely enclosed by land, and are smaller than the five oceans (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic).Anthozoa: A class in the phylum CNIDARIA, comprised mostly of corals and anemones. All members occur only as polyps; the medusa stage is completely absent.Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy: A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.Seeds: The encapsulated embryos of flowering plants. They are used as is or for animal feed because of the high content of concentrated nutrients like starches, proteins, and fats. Rapeseed, cottonseed, and sunflower seed are also produced for the oils (fats) they yield.RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Surface Properties: Characteristics or attributes of the outer boundaries of objects, including molecules.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Cell Membrane: The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.Steam: Water in its gaseous state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Hydrostatic Pressure: The pressure due to the weight of fluid.Molecular Weight: The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine: A synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers for the study of biological membranes.Fungal Proteins: Proteins found in any species of fungus.Scattering, Radiation: The diversion of RADIATION (thermal, electromagnetic, or nuclear) from its original path as a result of interactions or collisions with atoms, molecules, or larger particles in the atmosphere or other media. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel: Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.Larva: Wormlike or grublike stage, following the egg in the life cycle of insects, worms, and other metamorphosing animals.Spectrum Analysis: The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)RNA, Bacterial: Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.Water Loss, Insensible: Loss of water by diffusion through the skin and by evaporation from the respiratory tract.Spectrophotometry, Infrared: Spectrophotometry in the infrared region, usually for the purpose of chemical analysis through measurement of absorption spectra associated with rotational and vibrational energy levels of molecules. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Gases: The vapor state of matter; nonelastic fluids in which the molecules are in free movement and their mean positions far apart. Gases tend to expand indefinitely, to diffuse and mix readily with other gases, to have definite relations of volume, temperature, and pressure, and to condense or liquefy at low temperatures or under sufficient pressure. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Magnesium: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.Molecular Structure: The location of the atoms, groups or ions relative to one another in a molecule, as well as the number, type and location of covalent bonds.Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial: Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.Snow: Frozen water crystals that fall from the ATMOSPHERE.Salts: Substances produced from the reaction between acids and bases; compounds consisting of a metal (positive) and nonmetal (negative) radical. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Respiration: The act of breathing with the LUNGS, consisting of INHALATION, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of EXHALATION, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more CARBON DIOXIDE than the air taken in (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= OXYGEN CONSUMPTION) or cell respiration (= CELL RESPIRATION).Soil Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the soil. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Substrate Specificity: A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.Crystallization: The formation of crystalline substances from solutions or melts. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Bacillus: A genus of BACILLACEAE that are spore-forming, rod-shaped cells. Most species are saprophytic soil forms with only a few species being pathogenic.Liposomes: Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Genetic Complementation Test: A test used to determine whether or not complementation (compensation in the form of dominance) will occur in a cell with a given mutant phenotype when another mutant genome, encoding the same mutant phenotype, is introduced into that cell.Microscopy, Electron: Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.Remote Sensing Technology: Observation and acquisition of physical data from a distance by viewing and making measurements from a distance or receiving transmitted data from observations made at distant location.1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Spores: The reproductive elements of lower organisms, such as BACTERIA; FUNGI; and cryptogamic plants.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.Skin: The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.Binding Sites: The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.Housing, AnimalAir Movements: The motion of air currents.Fatty Acids: Organic, monobasic acids derived from hydrocarbons by the equivalent of oxidation of a methyl group to an alcohol, aldehyde, and then acid. Fatty acids are saturated and unsaturated (FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)Carps: Common name for a number of different species of fish in the family Cyprinidae. This includes, among others, the common carp, crucian carp, grass carp, and silver carp.Calcium: A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

A comparison of affinity constants for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in guinea-pig atrial pacemaker cells at 29 degrees C and in ileum at 29 degrees C and 37 degrees C. (1/37801)

1 The affinity of 17 compounds for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in atrial pacemaker cells and ileum of the guinea-pig has been measured at 29 degrees C in Ringer-Locke solution. Measurements were also made at 37 degrees C with 7 of them. 2 Some of the compounds had much higher affinity for the receptors in the ileum than for those in the atria. For the most selective compound, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, the difference was approximately 20-fold. The receptors in the atria are therefore different the structure from those in the ileum. 3 The effect of temperature on affinity are not the same for all the compounds, tested indicating different enthalpies and entropies of adsorption and accounting for some of the difficulty experienced in predicting the affinity of new compounds.  (+info)

Temperature sensitivity studies on selected strains on Mycoplasma gallisepticum. (2/37801)

Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG324), a tylosin resistant strain of low virulence, was compared with four other strains with respect to their survival at temperatures from 46.1 to 48.9 degrees C. MG324 was found to be more resistant than the other strains tested.  (+info)

Improved medium for recovery and enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from water using membrane filters. (3/37801)

A modified mPA medium, designated mPA-C, was shown to recover Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a variety of water sources with results comparable to those with mPA-B and within the confidence limits of a most-probable-number technique. Enumeration of P. aeruginosa on mPA-C was possible after only 24 h of incubation at 41.5 degrees C, compared with 72 h of incubation required for mPA-B and 96 h of incubation for a presumptive most probable number.  (+info)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ETH1 gene, an inducible homolog of exonuclease III that provides resistance to DNA-damaging agents and limits spontaneous mutagenesis. (4/37801)

The recently sequenced Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome was searched for a gene with homology to the gene encoding the major human AP endonuclease, a component of the highly conserved DNA base excision repair pathway. An open reading frame was found to encode a putative protein (34% identical to the Schizosaccharomyces pombe eth1(+) [open reading frame SPBC3D6.10] gene product) with a 347-residue segment homologous to the exonuclease III family of AP endonucleases. Synthesis of mRNA from ETH1 in wild-type cells was induced sixfold relative to that in untreated cells after exposure to the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). To investigate the function of ETH1, deletions of the open reading frame were made in a wild-type strain and a strain deficient in the known yeast AP endonuclease encoded by APN1. eth1 strains were not more sensitive to killing by MMS, hydrogen peroxide, or phleomycin D1, whereas apn1 strains were approximately 3-fold more sensitive to MMS and approximately 10-fold more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide than was the wild type. Double-mutant strains (apn1 eth1) were approximately 15-fold more sensitive to MMS and approximately 2- to 3-fold more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and phleomycin D1 than were apn1 strains. Elimination of ETH1 in apn1 strains also increased spontaneous mutation rates 9- or 31-fold compared to the wild type as determined by reversion to adenine or lysine prototrophy, respectively. Transformation of apn1 eth1 cells with an expression vector containing ETH1 reversed the hypersensitivity to MMS and limited the rate of spontaneous mutagenesis. Expression of ETH1 in a dut-1 xthA3 Escherichia coli strain demonstrated that the gene product functionally complements the missing AP endonuclease activity. Thus, in apn1 cells where the major AP endonuclease activity is missing, ETH1 offers an alternate capacity for repair of spontaneous or induced damage to DNA that is normally repaired by Apn1 protein.  (+info)

In vivo chaperone activity of heat shock protein 70 and thermotolerance. (5/37801)

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is thought to play a critical role in the thermotolerance of mammalian cells, presumably due to its chaperone activity. We examined the chaperone activity and cellular heat resistance of a clonal cell line in which overexpression of Hsp70 was transiently induced by means of the tetracycline-regulated gene expression system. This single-cell-line approach circumvents problems associated with clonal variation and indirect effects resulting from constitutive overexpression of Hsp70. The in vivo chaperone function of Hsp70 was quantitatively investigated by using firefly luciferase as a reporter protein. Chaperone activity was found to strictly correlate to the level of Hsp70 expression. In addition, we observed an Hsp70 concentration dependent increase in the cellular heat resistance. In order to study the contribution of the Hsp70 chaperone activity, heat resistance of cells that expressed tetracycline-regulated Hsp70 was compared to thermotolerant cells expressing the same level of Hsp70 plus all of the other heat shock proteins. Overexpression of Hsp70 alone was sufficient to induce a similar recovery of cytoplasmic luciferase activity, as does expression of all Hsps in thermotolerant cells. However, when the luciferase reporter protein was directed to the nucleus, expression of Hsp70 alone was not sufficient to yield the level of recovery observed in thermotolerant cells. In addition, cells expressing the same level of Hsp70 found in heat-induced thermotolerant cells containing additional Hsps showed increased resistance to thermal killing but were more sensitive than thermotolerant cells. These results suggest that the inducible form of Hsp70 contributes to the stress-tolerant state by increasing the chaperone activity in the cytoplasm. However, its expression alone is apparently insufficient for protection of other subcellular compartments to yield clonal heat resistance to the level observed in thermotolerant cells.  (+info)

The influence of junction conformation on RNA cleavage by the hairpin ribozyme in its natural junction form. (6/37801)

In the natural form of the hairpin ribozyme the two loop-carrying duplexes that comprise the majority of essential bases for activity form two adjacent helical arms of a four-way RNA junction. In the present work we have manipulated the sequence around the junction in a way known to perturb the global folding properties. We find that replacement of the junction by a different sequence that has the same conformational properties as the natural sequence gives closely similar reaction rate and Arrhenius activation energy for the substrate cleavage reaction. By comparison, rotation of the natural sequence in order to alter the three-dimensional folding of the ribozyme leads to a tenfold reduction in the kinetics of cleavage. Replacement with the U1 four-way junction that is resistant to rotation into the antiparallel structure required to allow interaction between the loops also gives a tenfold reduction in cleavage rate. The results indicate that the conformation of the junction has a major influence on the catalytic activity of the ribozyme. The results are all consistent with a role for the junction in the provision of a framework by which the loops are presented for interaction in order to create the active form of the ribozyme.  (+info)

Single atom modification (O-->S) of tRNA confers ribosome binding. (7/37801)

Escherichia coli tRNALysSUU, as well as human tRNALys3SUU, has 2-thiouridine derivatives at wobble position 34 (s2U*34). Unlike the native tRNALysSUU, the full-length, unmodified transcript of human tRNALys3UUU and the unmodified tRNALys3UUU anticodon stem/loop (ASLLys3UUU) did not bind AAA- or AAG-programmed ribosomes. In contrast, the completely unmodified yeast tRNAPhe anticodon stem/loop (ASLPheGAA) had an affinity (Kd = 136+/-49 nM) similar to that of native yeast tRNAPheGmAA (Kd = 103+/-19 nM). We have found that the single, site-specific substitution of s2U34 for U34 to produce the modified ASLLysSUU was sufficient to restore ribosomal binding. The modified ASLLysSUU bound the ribosome with an affinity (Kd = 176+/-62 nM) comparable to that of native tRNALysSUU (Kd = 70+/-7 nM). Furthermore, in binding to the ribosome, the modified ASLLys3SUU produced the same 16S P-site tRNA footprint as did native E. coli tRNALysSUU, yeast tRNAPheGmAA, and the unmodified ASLPheGAA. The unmodified ASLLys3UUU had no footprint at all. Investigations of thermal stability and structure monitored by UV spectroscopy and NMR showed that the dynamic conformation of the loop of modified ASLLys3SUU was different from that of the unmodified ASLLysUUU, whereas the stems were isomorphous. Based on these and other data, we conclude that s2U34 in tRNALysSUU and in other s2U34-containing tRNAs is critical for generating an anticodon conformation that leads to effective codon interaction in all organisms. This is the first example of a single atom substitution (U34-->s2U34) that confers the property of ribosomal binding on an otherwise inactive tRNA.  (+info)

The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae. (8/37801)

According to the current theory of synaptic transmission, the amplitude of evoked synaptic potentials correlates with the number of synaptic vesicles released at the presynaptic terminals. Synaptic vesicles in presynaptic boutons constitute two distinct pools, namely, exo/endo cycling and reserve pools (). We defined the vesicles that were endocytosed and exocytosed during high K+ stimulation as the exo/endo cycling vesicle pool. To determine the role of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool in synaptic transmission, we estimated the quantal content electrophysiologically, whereas the pool size was determined optically using fluorescent dye FM1-43. We then manipulated the size of the pool with following treatments. First, to change the state of boutons of nerve terminals, motoneuronal axons were severed. With this treatment, the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool decreased together with the quantal content. Second, we promoted the FM1-43 uptake using cyclosporin A, which inhibits calcineurin activities and enhances endocytosis. Cyclosporin A increased the total uptake of FM1-43, but neither the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool nor the quantal content changed. Third, we increased the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool by forskolin, which enhances synaptic transmission. The forskolin treatment increased both the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool and the quantal content. Thus, we found that the quantal content was closely correlated with the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool but not necessarily with the total uptake of FM1-43 fluorescence by boutons. The results suggest that vesicles in the exo/endo cycling pool primarily participate in evoked exocytosis of vesicles.  (+info)

The effect of different incubation temperatures on the adenine nucleot by J D. Dawson and L A. Sauer"The effect of different incubation temperatures on the adenine nucleot" by J D. Dawson and L A. Sauer
Dawson, J D. and Sauer, L A., "The effect of different incubation temperatures on the adenine nucleotide content of ehrlich-lettre ascites tumor cells." (1970). Subject Strain Bibliography 1970. 33 ...
Temperature coefficient - WikipediaTemperature coefficient - Wikipedia
A temperature coefficient describes the relative change of a physical property that is associated with a given change in temperature. For a property R that changes by dR when the temperature changes by dT, the temperature coefficient α is defined by the following equation: d R R = α d T {\displaystyle {\frac {dR}{R}}=\alpha \,dT} Here α has the dimension of an inverse temperature and can be expressed e.g. in 1/K or K−1. If the temperature coefficient itself does not vary too much with temperature, a linear approximation will be useful in estimating the value R of a property at a temperature T, given its value R0 at a reference temperature T0: R ( T ) = R ( T 0 ) ( 1 + α Δ T ) , {\displaystyle R(T)=R(T_{0})(1+\alpha \Delta T),} where ΔT is the difference between T and T0. For strongly temperature-dependent α, this approximation is only useful for small temperature differences ΔT. Temperature coefficients are specified for various applications, including electric and magnetic properties ...
How Temperature Affects the Movement of Pigment Through Cell Membranes - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.comHow Temperature Affects the Movement of Pigment Through Cell Membranes - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com
Introduction. How Temperature Affects the Movement of Pigment Through Cell Membranes Aim: To use beetroot to examine the effect of temperature on cell membranes and relate the effects observed to membrane structure. Hypothesis: An increase in temperature will damage and denature the membrane and cause the substances contained within it to leak out. Overview: The experiment below displays the effects of temperature on the pigment in uncooked beetroot cells. The pigment in beetroot cells lies within the cell vacuole and is called betalain, each vacuole is surrounded by a tonoplast membrane and outside it, the cytoplasm is surrounded by the plasma membrane, therefore the foundation of this experiment lies with the temperature at which the membranes will rupture and therefore leak the pigment. To do this a series of uncooked beetroot cylinders will be exposed to different temperatures and then to distilled water at room temperature (20�C). The colour of the distilled water is the variable here. ...
Brevet US5361982 - Temperature control system having central control for thermostats - Google BrevetsBrevet US5361982 - Temperature control system having central control for thermostats - Google Brevets
Disclosed herein is a temperature control system for multi-zone temperature control with setback control. The system includes a thermostat associated with each zone of a building, and a central control unit which communicates with each thermostat to send temperature setpoint values to each thermostat for the purpose of conserving energy and reducing energy consumption during certain times of the day. Each thermostat is associated with either a heating or cooling device, where setup temperature values are sent from the central control unit to the thermostats where cooling devices are used in place of heating devices. The thermostats are designed to operate as stand-alone units which control the temperature within a zone based upon a temperature setpoint stored at the unit. The temperature setpoint values are replaced by the higher or lower temperature setpoint values transmitted to the thermostats by the control units during setback or setup time periods. To avoid the requirement of installing
Influence of growth temperature on the production of antibody Fab fragments in different microbes: A host comparative analysis<...Influence of growth temperature on the production of antibody Fab fragments in different microbes: A host comparative analysis<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Influence of growth temperature on the production of antibody Fab fragments in different microbes: A host comparative analysis. AU - Dragosits, Martin. AU - Frascotti, Gianni. AU - Bernard-Granger, Lise. AU - Vázquez, Felícitas. AU - Giuliani, Maria. AU - Baumann, Kristin. AU - Rodríguez-Carmona, Escarlata. AU - Tokkanen, Jaana. AU - Parrilli, Ermenegilda. AU - Wiebe, Marilyn G.. AU - Kunert, Renate. AU - Maurer, Michael. AU - Gasser, Brigitte. AU - Sauer, Michael. AU - Branduardi, Paola. AU - Pakula, Tiina. AU - Saloheimo, Markku. AU - Penttilä, Merja. AU - Ferrer, Pau. AU - Luisa Tutino, Maria. AU - Villaverde, Antonio. AU - Porro, Danilo. AU - Mattanovich, Diethard. PY - 2011/1/1. Y1 - 2011/1/1. N2 - Microorganisms encounter diverse stress conditions in their native habitats but also during fermentation processes, which have an impact on industrial process performance. These environmental stresses and the physiological reactions they trigger, including changes in the ...
Atmospheric temperature - WikipediaAtmospheric temperature - Wikipedia
Atmospheric temperature is a measure of temperature at different levels of the Earths atmosphere. It is governed by many factors, including incoming solar radiation, humidity and altitude. When discussing surface temperature, the annual atmospheric temperature range at any geographical location depends largely upon the type of biome, as measured by the Köppen climate classification. In the Earths atmosphere, temperature varies greatly at different heights relative to the Earths surface. The coldest temperatures lie near the mesopause, an area approximately 80 km above the surface. In contrast, some of the warmest temperatures can be found in the thermosphere, which receives strong ionizing radiation at the level of the Van Allen radiation belt. Temperature varies as one moves vertically upwards from the Earths surface. It also depends on the change of latitude. The variation in temperature that occurs from the highs of the day to the cool of nights is called diurnal temperature variation. ...
Similar temperature dependencies of glycolytic enzymes: an evolutionary adaptation to temperature dynamics? | BMC Systems...Similar temperature dependencies of glycolytic enzymes: an evolutionary adaptation to temperature dynamics? | BMC Systems...
Temperature strongly affects microbial growth, and many microorganisms have to deal with temperature fluctuations in their natural environment. To understand regulation strategies that underlie microbial temperature responses and adaptation, we studied glycolytic pathway kinetics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during temperature changes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was grown under different temperature regimes and glucose availability conditions. These included glucose-excess batch cultures at different temperatures and glucose-limited chemostat cultures, subjected to fast linear temperature shifts and circadian sinoidal temperature cycles. An observed temperature-independent relation between intracellular levels of glycolytic metabolites and residual glucose concentration for all experimental conditions revealed that it is the substrate availability rather than temperature that determines intracellular metabolite profiles. This observation corresponded with predictions generated in silico with a kinetic
How Temperature Affects Catalase Activity. - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.comHow Temperature Affects Catalase Activity. - GCSE Science - Marked by Teachers.com
Introduction. How Temperature Affects Catalase Activity. Aim: In this experiment I aim to investigate how altering the temperature exposed to the yeast catalase and the hydrogen peroxide, will affect the reaction and the gas product produced. Scientific background knowledge lets us know that there are 6 variables that usually affect the rate of a reaction, and they are as follows: * Concentration of enzymes * Concentration of hydrogen peroxide * Temperature condition of reaction * Pressure condition of reaction * Physical state of solid substrate (e.g. surface area of particles) [Some material reproduced from Biology 1 endorsed by OCR] In order to ensure fairness and accuracy, I will see to it that all the necessary and vital measurements are taken precise to the mark, and Ill aim to maintain all other latent variables constant. Hypothesis: Via my observation, I intend to prove that as the temperature of both the yeast catalase and the hydrogen peroxide id equally increased, the rate of which ...
Integration of industrial solar and gaseous waste heat into heat recovery loops using constant and variable temperature storageIntegration of industrial solar and gaseous waste heat into heat recovery loops using constant and variable temperature storage
Solar is a renewable energy that can be used to provide process heat to industrial sites but require thermal storage. HRLs (heat recovery loops) are an indirect method for transferring heat from one process to another using an intermediate fluid. With HRLs thermal storage is also necessary to effectively meet the stop/start time dependent nature of the multiple source and sink streams. Combining solar heating with HRLs is a cost effective way to share common storage and piping infrastructure. The conventional HRL design method based on a CTS (constant temperature storage) and a new HRL design method using VTS (variable temperature storage) are applied to demonstrate the potential benefits of inter-plant heat integration and installing solar heating. The dairy case study had available 12 source streams including four spray dryer exhausts and six sink streams. The addition of the dryer exhausts as heat sources was a critical factor in gaining a heat recovery of 10.8 MW for the variable ...
IJERPH | Free Full-Text | The Lag Effects and Vulnerabilities of Temperature Effects on Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in a...IJERPH | Free Full-Text | The Lag Effects and Vulnerabilities of Temperature Effects on Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in a...
This research quantifies the lag effects and vulnerabilities of temperature effects on cardiovascular disease in Changsha-a subtropical climate zone of China. A Poisson regression model within a distributed lag nonlinear models framework was used to examine the lag effects of cold- and heat-related CVD mortality. The lag effect for heat-related CVD mortality was just 0-3 days. In contrast, we observed a statistically significant association with 10-25 lag days for cold-related CVD mortality. Low temperatures with 0-2 lag days increased the mortality risk for those ≥65 years and females. For all ages, the cumulative effects of cold-related CVD mortality was 6.6% (95% CI: 5.2%-8.2%) for 30 lag days while that of heat-related CVD mortality was 4.9% (95% CI: 2.0%-7.9%) for 3 lag days. We found that in Changsha city, the lag effect of hot temperatures is short while the lag effect of cold temperatures is long. Females and older people were more sensitive to extreme hot and cold temperatures than males and
Investigation into how temperature affects the rate of respiration in yeast Example | GraduatewayInvestigation into how temperature affects the rate of respiration in yeast Example | Graduateway
Get help on 【 Investigation into how temperature affects the rate of respiration in yeast 】 on Graduateway ✅ Huge assortment of FREE essays & assignments ✅ The best writers!
Chapter10blackrw2 - 10 Gases Visualizing Concepts 10.2 At constant temperature and volume pressure depends on total number of...Chapter10blackrw2 - 10 Gases Visualizing Concepts 10.2 At constant temperature and volume pressure depends on total number of...
View Notes - Chapter10blackrw2 from CHEM 102 at UNC. 10 Gases Visualizing Concepts 10.2 At constant temperature and volume, pressure depends on total number of particles (Charles Law). In order to
1\ Effects of Population Density and Temperature on Growth and Develop by Eduardo Matinelli Rodriguez"1\ Effects of Population Density and Temperature on Growth and Develop" by Eduardo Matinelli Rodriguez
Rodriguez, Eduardo Matinelli, "1\ Effects of Population Density and Temperature on Growth and Development of Rana sylvatica" (2005). Introductory Biology: Independent Project Research Papers. Paper 143 ...
Temperature Tolerance In Crustaceans: Critical Temperatures And The He by Lindsay Haupt (Murray-Miller)"Temperature Tolerance In Crustaceans: Critical Temperatures And The He" by Lindsay Haupt (Murray-Miller)
At certain upper and lower threshold temperatures (critical temperatures (Tc) crustaceans switch to anaerobic metabolism despite sufficient oxygen availability in the environment. I tested the hypothesis that failure of the heart at critical temperatures leads to insufficient oxygen delivery and subsequent anaerobiosis in peripheral tissues. I exposed rock crabs, Cancer irroratus, as whole animals, and their buffer-perfused semi-isolated hearts to a progressive temperature increase, while monitoring heart rate and lactate accumulation. The whole animals heart rate increased with temperature following a Q10 of 2.8. An abrupt decline in heart rate occurred at 25°C and lactate accumulation occurred between 25°C and 30°C. The semi-isolated hearts followed a Q10 of only 1.2 during temperature increase. A second set of semi-isolated hearts were perfused and paced at a heart rate comparable to the whole animals at each temperature. The lactate concentration in the paced semi-isolated hearts did not
Temperature-insensitive laser frequency locking near absorption linesTemperature-insensitive laser frequency locking near absorption lines
Combined magnetically induced circular dichroism and Faraday rotation of an atomic vapor are used to develop a variant of the dichroic atomic vapor laser lock that eliminates lock sensitivity to temperature fluctuations of the cell. Operating conditions that eliminate first-order sensitivity to temperature fluctuations can be determined by low-frequency temperature modulation. This temperature-insensitive gyrotropic laser lock can be accurately understood with a simple model, that is in excellent agreement with observations in potassium vapor at laser frequencies in a 2 GHz range about the 770.1 nm absorption line. The methods can be readily adapted for other absorption lines ...
Temperature Effect on Preconsolidation Pressure on Environmental XPRTTemperature Effect on Preconsolidation Pressure on Environmental XPRT
Article Temperature Effect on Preconsolidation Pressure. A change in temperature is known to affect the deformation properties of a clay specimen. In order to study the effect quantitative y and its dependence on clay type a number of oedometer tests...
Patent US20100076299 - Inducing Desirable Temperature Effects On Body Tissue Using Alternate Energy ... - Google PatentsuchePatent US20100076299 - Inducing Desirable Temperature Effects On Body Tissue Using Alternate Energy ... - Google Patentsuche
A system for inducing desirable temperature effects on body tissue, the body tissue being disposed about a lumen. The system includes an elongate catheter having a proximal end and a distal end with an axis therebetween with an energy delivery portion for transmission of energy. A tissue analyzer configured to characterize the body tissue in the lumen proximate the energy delivery portion and an energy source coupled to the energy delivery portion transmitting tissue treatment energy, wherein the energy is non-RF energy. A processor coupled to the tissue analyzer and energy source, the processor configured to determine an appropriate treatment energy for the characterized body tissue so as to mildly heat the body tissue with the energy delivery portion without ablating.
eCite - Temperature effects on the dynamics of gonad and oocyte development in captive wild-caught blacklip (Haliotis rubra)...eCite - Temperature effects on the dynamics of gonad and oocyte development in captive wild-caught blacklip (Haliotis rubra)...
Temperature effects on the dynamics of gonad and oocyte development in captive wild-caught blacklip (|i|Haliotis rubra|/i|) and greenlip (|i|H. laevigata|/i|) abalone
How does surface temperature affect the clarity of a fingerprint? by Nikki M on PreziHow does surface temperature affect the clarity of a fingerprint? by Nikki M on Prezi
Research Question How does surface temperature affect the clarity of a fingerprint on a glass? Hypothesis If I change the surface temperature of each glass and put a fingerprint on them then the coldest glass would have the most clarity because the fingerprint cant evaporate as fast with colder surface temperature. Purpose The purpose of my experiment was the fact that I love forensics or criminal sciences. I have been interested in forensics since I was little and want to learn more about the subject. Materials 6 glass ...
Temperature-independent giant dielectric response in transitional BaTiO3 thin films - Research database - University of...Temperature-independent giant dielectric response in transitional BaTiO3 thin films - Research database - University of...
Ferroelectric materials exhibit the largest dielectric permittivities and piezoelectric responses in nature, making them invaluable in applications from supercapacitors or sensors to actuators or electromechanical transducers. The origin of this behavior is their proximity to phase transitions. However, the largest possible responses are most often not utilized due to the impracticality of using temperature as a control parameter and to operate at phase transitions. This has motivated the design of solid solutions with morphotropic phase boundaries between different polar phases that are tuned by composition and that are weakly dependent on temperature. Thus far, the best piezoelectrics have been achieved in materials with intermediate (bridging or adaptive) phases. But so far, complex chemistry or an intricate microstructure has been required to achieve temperature-independent phase-transition boundaries. Here, we report such a temperature-independent bridging state in thin films of chemically ...
Patente US6194899 - Temperature monitoring method, temperature monitoring apparatus and magnetic ... - Google PatentesPatente US6194899 - Temperature monitoring method, temperature monitoring apparatus and magnetic ... - Google Patentes
An absolute temperature measuring pulse sequence is executed and, subsequently, a relative temperature measuring pulse sequence is repeatedly executed. Since while a relative temperature can be measured from phase information, an absolute temperature requires frequency information, a time required in the relative temperature measuring pulse can be made shorter than that required in the absolute temperature measuring pulse sequence. Since the relative temperature reveals a temperature variation, if an absolute temperature at a given time is known, an absolute temperature at a subsequent time can be calculated from the relative temperature. Thus, a local internal temperature of the subject can be measured, with a shorter temporal resolution, with the use of the absolute temperature and relative temperature.
Popular Baby Bath Temperature-Buy Cheap Baby Bath Temperature lots from China Baby Bath Temperature suppliers on Aliexpress.comPopular Baby Bath Temperature-Buy Cheap Baby Bath Temperature lots from China Baby Bath Temperature suppliers on Aliexpress.com
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Heat Stress From Enclosed Vehicles: Moderate Ambient Temperatures Cause Significant Temperature Rise in Enclosed Vehicles |...Heat Stress From Enclosed Vehicles: Moderate Ambient Temperatures Cause Significant Temperature Rise in Enclosed Vehicles |...
We demonstrated that on sunny days, even when the ambient temperature is mild or relatively cool, there is rapid and significant heating of the interior of vehicles. On days when the ambient temperature was 72°F, we showed that the internal vehicle temperature can reach 117°F within 60 minutes, with 80% of the temperature rise occurring in the first 30 minutes. In general, after 60 minutes, one can expect an ∼40°F increase in internal temperatures for ambient temperatures spanning 72 to 96°F, putting children and pets at significant risk. We also determined that cracking open windows is not effective in decreasing either the rate of heat rise or the maximum temperature attained.. The exact affect of such temperatures on infants is unknown, but from case reports, we know that they can be devastating. We do know that heat illness is a continuum that is divided into 3 phases. The mildest form is heat stress, the physical discomfort and physiologic strain as a result of a hot environment. Next ...
How does increased temperature affect rate of dissolving? | eNotesHow does increased temperature affect rate of dissolving? | eNotes
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1NC 1NO AC 250/380V 16A -30-30C Temperature Control Switch Capillary Thermostat1NC 1NO AC 250/380V 16A -30-30C Temperature Control Switch Capillary Thermostat
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What causes fluctuating temperatures and lack of appetite?What causes fluctuating temperatures and lack of appetite?
Question - What causes fluctuating temperatures and lack of appetite?. Ask a Doctor about diagnosis, treatment and medication for Lack of appetite, Ask a General & Family Physician
Global and Chinese Polymer Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistor Industry, 2009-2019Global and Chinese Polymer Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistor Industry, 2009-2019
Press Release issued Mar 23, 2015: This is a professional and in-depth study on the current state of the global Polymer Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistor (Polymer PTCs) industry with a focus on the Chinese market. The report provides key statistics on the market status of the Polymer Positive Temperature Coefficient Thermistor (Polymer PTCs) manufacturers and is a valuable source of guidance and direction for companies and individuals interested in the industry.
Temperature effects on Membranes of cells - Revision Notes in A Level and IB BiologyTemperature effects on Membranes of cells - Revision Notes in A Level and IB Biology
Temperature affects how much the phospholipids in the bilayer can move, which in turn affect the membrane structure.. 1. Temperatures below 0 degrees. The phospholipids do not have very much energy, meaning that they dont move around a lot. They are packed closely together and the membrane is more rigid. The channel proteins and carrier proteins in the membrane denature and this increases the permeability of the membrane - ice may also…. ...
Kernel reconstruction methods for Doppler broadening - Temperature interpolation by linear combination of reference cross...Kernel reconstruction methods for Doppler broadening - Temperature interpolation by linear combination of reference cross...
This paper establishes a new family of methods to perform temperature interpolation of nuclear interactions cross sections, reaction rates, or cross sections times the energy. One of these quantities at temperature T is approximated as a linear combination of quantities at reference temperatures (T j). The problem is formalized in a cross section independent fashion by considering the kernels of the different operators that convert cross section related quantities from a temperature T 0 to a higher temperature T - namely the Doppler broadening operation. Doppler broadening interpolation of nuclear cross sections is thus here performed by reconstructing the kernel of the operation at a given temperature T by means of linear combination of kernels at reference temperatures (T j). The choice of the L 2 metric yields optimal linear interpolation coefficients in the form of the solutions of a linear algebraic system inversion. The optimization of the choice of reference temperatures (T j) is then ...
Temperature control system Manufacturers & Suppliers, China temperature control system Manufacturers & FactoriesTemperature control system Manufacturers & Suppliers, China temperature control system Manufacturers & Factories
temperature control system manufacturer/supplier, China temperature control system manufacturer & factory list, find qualified Chinese temperature control system manufacturers, suppliers, factories, exporters & wholesalers quickly on Made-in-China.com.
sample temperature control Equipment | Environmental XPRTsample temperature control Equipment | Environmental XPRT
Results for sample temperature control equipment from Altech, AMETEK PI, Analytik Jena and other leading brands. Compare and contact a supplier near you
Sea-surface temperature estimation | Open LibrarySea-surface temperature estimation | Open Library
Sea-surface temperature estimation by Anderson, Eric; 1 edition; First published in 1967; Subjects: Ocean temperature, Time-series analysis, Accessible book
1601.02031] Atomistic Description for Temperature-Driven Phase Transitions in BaTiO$ 3$1601.02031] Atomistic Description for Temperature-Driven Phase Transitions in BaTiO$ 3$
Abstract: Barium titanate (BaTiO$_3$) is a prototypical ferroelectric perovskite that undergoes the rhombohedral-orthorhombic-tetragonal-cubic phase transitions as the temperature increases. In this work, we develop a classical interatomic potential for BaTiO$_3$ within the framework of the bond-valence theory. The force field is parameterized from first-principles results, enabling accurate large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations at finite temperatures. Our model potential for BaTiO$_3$ reproduces the temperature-driven phase transitions in isobaric-isothermal ensemble (NPT) MD simulations. This potential allows the analysis of BaTiO$_3$ structures with atomic resolution. By analyzing the local displacements of Ti atoms, we demonstrate that the phase transitions of BaTiO$_3$ exhibit a mix of order-disorder and displacive characters. Besides, from detailed observation of structural dynamics during phase transition, we discover that the global phase transition is associated with changes ...
Antibiotics shift the temperature response curve of Escherichia coli growth | MetaAntibiotics shift the temperature response curve of Escherichia coli growth | Meta
Temperature variation--through time and across climatic gradients--affects individuals, populations, and communities. Yet how the thermal response of biological systems is altered by environmental stressors is poorly understood. Here we quantify two key features--optimal temperature and temperature breadth--to investigate how temperature responses vary in the presence of antibiotics. We use high-throughput screening to measure growth of Escherichia coli under single and pairwise combinations of 12 antibiotics across seven temperatures that range from 22{degrees}C to 46{degrees}C. We find that antibiotic stress often results in considerable changes in the optimal temperature for growth and a narrower temperature breadth. The direction of the optimal temperature shifts can be explained by the similarities between antibiotic-induced and temperature-induced damage to the physiology of the bacterium. We also find that the effects of pairs of stressors in the temperature response can often be ...
GAMMAFLUX INTRODUCES ALL-NEW HOT RUNNER TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM AT NPE 2012 | Gammaflux | Hot Runner Temperature Control...GAMMAFLUX INTRODUCES ALL-NEW HOT RUNNER TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM AT NPE 2012 | Gammaflux | Hot Runner Temperature Control...
Applications. While most Gammaflux temperature controllers are used on hot runner injection molding applications, they are also increasingly being used for controlling thermoset, liquid injection molding (LIM), reaction injection molding (RIM), blow molding, thermoforming, and extrusion (profile and sheet) applications.. "Each of these processes requires reliable temperature control," said Mike Brostedt, Gammaflux Director of Market Development. "If the temperature controller fails, the process either stops or is crippled. When selecting a temperature control supplier, processors are selecting a partner who is critical to their product quality and profitability.". The new G24 is the most flexible temperature controller Gammaflux has ever produced, and is designed for ease of use across all of these platforms.. About Gammaflux. Based in Sterling, Va. U.S.A., Gammaflux L.P. is a leading supplier of temperature and sequential valve gate control systems to the plastics industry. Long known for ...
Eu Diy Programmable Touch Heating Thermostat Italy Temperature Controller With Child Lock - Buy Wall On Room Thermostat,Touch...Eu Diy Programmable Touch Heating Thermostat Italy Temperature Controller With Child Lock - Buy Wall On Room Thermostat,Touch...
Eu Diy Programmable Touch Heating Thermostat Italy Temperature Controller With Child Lock , Find Complete Details about Eu Diy Programmable Touch Heating Thermostat Italy Temperature Controller With Child Lock,Wall On Room Thermostat,Touch Screen Heating Thermostat,Room Heating Thermostat from Supplier or Manufacturer-Anbang Electric Co., Ltd.
Effects of temperature changes on thymidine kinase in heat-and cold-se by E Schneider, B Muller et al."Effects of temperature changes on thymidine kinase in heat-and cold-se" by E Schneider, B Muller et al.
Schneider, E; Muller, B; and Schindler, R, "Effects of temperature changes on thymidine kinase in heat-and cold-sensitive cell-cycle mutanta and wild-type murine p-815 cells." (1983). Subject Strain Bibliography 1983. 1696 ...
Functionality of Genetic Circuits at Fluctuating TemperaturesFunctionality of Genetic Circuits at Fluctuating Temperatures
First, we focused on the effects of temperature shifts on the dynamics of a synthetic genetic clock, the above mentioned Elowitz-Leibler low-copy repressilator (LCR). By studying its fluorescence over time, we observed a loss of functionality (fraction of cells exhibiting oscillations) and robustness (fraction of expected oscillations that do occur) for higher-than-optimal temperatures. We hypothesized that this is due to a loss of functionality of the CI repressor, which is one of the proteins composing the structure of this circuit. To test this, we made use of a genetic switch (CICro, where CI is also a component of the circuits structure), which we subjected to the same temperature shifts. We found a behavioral change at the same temperature. Namely, as temperature is increased, at a given value, the kinetics of RNA production of the PRM promoter changes from sub-Poissonian to super-Poissonian, consistent with the emergence of tangible repression by the opposing protein, Cro. These ...
MicrocircuitDB: Interaction of leak and IMI conductance on the STG over broad temperature range (Stadele et al 2015)MicrocircuitDB: Interaction of leak and IMI conductance on the STG over broad temperature range (Stadele et al 2015)
PROGRAM: BIOSIM FILENAME: GB.channel.description PURPOSE: description of all parameters used in the GB.channel file 133 parameter ************************************************************************************************************************/ GB_CA_INITIAL - initial calcium concentration GB_K_ICA - cell volume dependend, formula: (1/(2*Faraday-constant*cell_volume)) GB_K_CA - speed of calcium restitution GB_C0_CA - constant background concentration of calcium GB_CA_CA - extracellular calcium concentration GB_TEMP - absolute temperature GB_M_POWER - power of gate variable m GB_M_INITIAL - initial value of gate variable m GB_H_POWER - power of gate variable h GB_H_INITIAL - initial value of gate variable h GB_NA_G - conductance of sodium channel GB_NA_E - equilibrium potential of sodium channel GB_Form_Alpha_M - form parameter for gate variable m, alpha term GB_AalphaM - rate constant GB_V0alphaM - half maximum potential GB_BalphaM - step width GB_Form_Beta_M - form parameter for gate ...
Cooler Temperatures Destabilize RNA Interference and Increase Susceptibility of Disease Vector Mosquitoes to Viral InfectionCooler Temperatures Destabilize RNA Interference and Increase Susceptibility of Disease Vector Mosquitoes to Viral Infection
Background: The impact of global climate change on the transmission dynamics of infectious diseases is the subject of extensive debate. The transmission of mosquito-borne viral diseases is particularly complex, with climatic variables directly affecting many parameters associated with the prevalence of disease vectors. While evidence shows that warmer temperatures often decrease the extrinsic incubation period of an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus), exposure to cooler temperatures often predisposes disease vector mosquitoes to higher infection rates. RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are essential to antiviral immunity in the mosquito; however, few experiments have explored the effects of temperature on the RNAi machinery. Methodology/Principal Findings: We utilized transgenic "sensor strains of Aedes aegypti to examine the role of temperature on RNA silencing. These "sensor strains express EGFP only when RNAi is inhibited; for example, after knockdown of the effector proteins Dicer-2 ...
ESA - Global sea-surface temperature 1991-2010ESA - Global sea-surface temperature 1991-2010
An animation showing changes in global sea-surface temperature between 1991 and 2010, developed through ESAs Climate Change Initiative. The animation is based on data from ESAs ERS and Envisat Along Track Scanning Radiometers, and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers carried on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites and Eumetsats MetOp satellites.. ...
chemical photo reactorchemical photo reactor
Selective photocatalytic transformations of chemicals derived from biomass, such as isobutanol, have been long envisioned for a sustainable chemical production. A strong temperature dependence in the reaction selectivity is found for isobutanol photo-oxidation on rutile TiO2(110). The strong temperature dependence is attributed to competition between thermal desorption of the primary photo .. ...
Effect Temperature Treatment on Physicochemical and Water Permeability Properties of Polisulfon Modified MembranesEffect Temperature Treatment on Physicochemical and Water Permeability Properties of Polisulfon Modified Membranes
The temperature treatment on casting of Polysulfon (PSF) modified membranes have investigated to study physicochemical and water permeability membrane properties. The PSF modified membranes was prepared by UV-photografting technique with different temperature treatment (25 - 100 oC). The physical and chemical characterization of membranes include functional group analysis, degree of grafting, whereas water permeabily was carried by water flux test. As the result, the functional group analysis showed that there were the new functional group in modified membranes. Increase temperature treatment, increasing degree of grafting, whereas the water flux decrease with increase temperature treatment ...
Insects feel the heat: scientists reveal rise in temperature affects ability to reproduce - Latest - News - The University of...Insects feel the heat: scientists reveal rise in temperature affects ability to reproduce - Latest - News - The University of...
The research also revealed the extent of the negative effects varied depending on where the insect population is based. Insects which evolve in countries at low latitudes - such as Spain - cope better with above average temperature rises compared to those living at high latitudes, such as Sweden.. This means insects in high latitude countries are more vulnerable to climate change, which could lead to a decline in population.. Dr Rhonda Snook, lead investigator of the study from the University of Sheffields Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, said: "We already knew that insects are feeling the effect of climate change but we now know they are felt at much lower temperatures.. "Our study is unique as we only exposed the insects to mild heat but tested the long-term impact this had on them as both juveniles and when they reached adulthood. The results show that even small increases in temperature may still cause populations to decline because - while these insects dont die because of the ...
China Ksd Thermostats Heater Temperture Controller Sensor - China Thermostats, Digital ThermostatChina Ksd Thermostats Heater Temperture Controller Sensor - China Thermostats, Digital Thermostat
China Ksd Thermostats Heater Temperture Controller Sensor, Find details about China Thermostats, Digital Thermostat from Ksd Thermostats Heater Temperture Controller Sensor - Lianyungang Jialei Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.
Reduction of Aedes aegypti Vector Competence for Dengue Virus under Large Temperature Fluctuations | The American Journal of...Reduction of Aedes aegypti Vector Competence for Dengue Virus under Large Temperature Fluctuations | The American Journal of...
Abstract. Diurnal temperature fluctuations can fundamentally alter mosquito biology and mosquito-virus interactions in ways that impact pathogen transmission. We investigated the effect of two daily fluctuating temperature profiles on Aedes aegypti vector competence for dengue virus (DENV) serotype-1. A large diurnal temperature range of 18.6°C around a 26°C mean, corresponding with the low DENV transmission season in northwestern Thailand, reduced midgut infection rates and tended to extend the virus extrinsic incubation period. Dissemination was first observed at day 7 under small fluctuations (7.6°C; corresponding with high DENV transmission) and constant control temperature, but not until Day 11 for the large diurnal temperature range. Results indicate that female Ae. aegypti in northwest Thailand are less likely to transmit DENV during the low than high transmission season because of reduced DENV susceptibility and extended virus extrinsic incubation period. Better understanding of DENV
OSA | Investigation of temperature effect on cell mechanics by optofluidic microchipsOSA | Investigation of temperature effect on cell mechanics by optofluidic microchips
Here we present the results of a study concerning the effect of temperature on cell mechanical properties. Two different optofluidic microchips with external temperature control are used to investigate the temperature-induced changes of highly metastatic human melanoma cells (A375MC2) in the range of ~0 - 35 °C. By means of an integrated optical stretcher, we observe that cells optical deformability is strongly enhanced by increasing cell and buffer-fluid temperature. This finding is supported by the results obtained from a second device, which probes the cells ability to be squeezed through a constriction. Measured data demonstrate a marked dependence of cell mechanical properties on temperature, thus highlighting the importance of including a proper temperature-control system in the experimental apparatus.. © 2015 Optical Society of America. Full Article , PDF Article ...
Exploratory Study of Novel Materials Used for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC) ElectrolytesExploratory Study of Novel Materials Used for Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (IT-SOFC) Electrolytes
Currently, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is still the dominant electrolyte material in commercial SOFC applications. But it has severe drawbacks due to its high operating temperatures. In present work, two electrolyte materials: Hf0.69Y0.31O2-δ (YSH) used as oxygen ion conductor and BaZr0.5Ce0.3Ln0.2O3-δ (BZCLn532, Ln=Y, Sm, Gd, Dy) used as protonic conductors were studied at intermediate temperatures (IT, 500-700 ℃). The work is focused on the following parts:. 1) A pure and well-crystallized YSH powder was successfully synthesized by using a modified solid state reaction method. The obtained YSH is in a fluorite cubic structure with a lattice parameter 5.140674 Å from the Rietveld refinement analysis. A YSH ceramic material with a relative density of 97.5% is obtained by a conventional sintering at a temperature of 1650 ℃. The oxygen ion conductivity of the YSH ceramic is 3.65×10-5 S cm-1 at a temperature of 700 ℃, which is too low for oxygen ion conductor applications. In ...
BOD progression in soluble substrates. VII. Temperature effects :: Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue UniversityBOD progression in soluble substrates. VII. Temperature effects :: Engineering Technical Reports Collection, Purdue University
BOD Progression in Soluble Substrates - VII Temperature Effects G. J. KEHRBERGER, Public Health Service Trainee J. D. NORMAN, American Oil Company Fellow E. D. SCHROEDER, Public Health Service Trainee A. W. BUSCH, Associate Professor of Environmental Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering Rice University, Houston, Texas INTRODUCTION Temperature affects the rate of substrate utilization in a biological system in two major ways. One is the effect of temperature changes on the rate of reaction of the organisms and the substrate. The other is the effect of temperature changes on the diffusion of substrate to the organisms. Previously the effect of temperature on the rate of substrate utilization was considered a function only of the enzymatic reactions within the bacterial cells. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the validity of this assumption, and to present a model of a biological system based on the principles of transport phenomena which offers an explanation of the effect of ...
IDEALS @ Illinois: The Lespedeza Cyst Nematode, Heterodera Lespedezae (golden & Cobb): Temperature Effects On Histopathology On...IDEALS @ Illinois: The Lespedeza Cyst Nematode, Heterodera Lespedezae (golden & Cobb): Temperature Effects On Histopathology On...
The Lespedeza Cyst Nematode, Heterodera Lespedezae (golden & Cobb): Temperature Effects On Histopathology On Two Hosts And Infraspecific Physiological ...
Temperature-dependent protein and lipopolysaccharide expression in clinical Aeromonas isolates | Microbiology SocietyTemperature-dependent protein and lipopolysaccharide expression in clinical Aeromonas isolates | Microbiology Society
Surmmary Clinical isolates of Aeromonas were grown at eight different temperatures from 10°C to 40°C. Whole cell lysates were examined by SDS-PAGE and major temperature-dependent changes to both protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profiles were identified. Cells grown at the higher temperatures (37°C and 40°C) produced abundantly a protein of c. 60 kDa which was not detected at the lower temperatures. Temperature-dependent expressions of other proteins were also noted but these were more variable among the isolates. An effect of temperature on expression of lipopolysaccharides was also noted in that some strains produced significantly less O-polysaccharides at the higher temperatures. After fractionation of cells, major differences in the expression of cell envelope and outer-membrane proteins between cells grown at low and high temperatures were noted although no unifying patterns could be discerned. Such growth temperature-induced changes in the cell envelope constituents have not been described
The Plutonium Temperature Effect Experimental ProgramThe Plutonium Temperature Effect Experimental Program
Various theoretical studies have shown that highly diluted plutonium solutions could have a positive temperature effect but (up to now) no experimental program has confirmed this effect. The main goal of the French Plutonium Temperature Effect Experimental Program (or PU+ in short) is to effectively show that such a positive temperature effect exists for diluted plutonium solutions. The experiments were conducted in the Apparatus B facility at the CEA VALDUC research centre in France and involved several sub-critical approach type of experiments using plutonium nitrate solutions with concentrations of 14.3, 15 and 20 g/l at temperatures ranging from 20 to 40°C. A total number of 14 phase I experiments (consisting of independent subcritical approaches) have been performed (5 at 20 g/l, 4 at 15 g/l and 5 at 14.3 g/l) between 2006 and 2007. The impact of the uncertainties on the solution acidity and the plutonium concentration makes it difficult to clearly demonstrate the positive temperature ...
Investigation on the Sr-doped ceria Ce1-xSrO2-delta (x=0.05-0.2) as an electrolyte for intermediate temperature SOFC ePrints...Investigation on the Sr-doped ceria Ce1-xSrO2-delta (x=0.05-0.2) as an electrolyte for intermediate temperature SOFC ePrints...
The effect of Sr doping in CeO2 for its use as solid electrolytes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) has been explored here. Ce1-xSrxO2-delta (x = 0.05-0.2) are successfully synthesized by citrate-complexation method. XRD, Raman, FT-IR, FE-SEM/EDX and electrochemical impedance spectra are used for structural and electrical characterizations. The formation of well crystalline cubic fluorite structured solid solution is observed for x = 0.05 based on XRD and Raman spectra. For compositions i.e., x , 0.05, however, a secondary phase of SrCeO3 is confirmed by the peak at 342 cm(-1) in Raman spectra. Although the oxygen ion conductivity was found to decrease with increase in x, based on ac-impedance studies, conductivity of Ce0.95Sr0.05O2-delta was found to be higher than of Ce0.95Gd0.1O2-delta and Ce0.8Gd0.2O2-delta. The decrease in conductivity of Ce1-xSrxO2-delta with increasing dopant concentration is ascribed to formation of impurity phase SrCeO3 as well as the ...
Sudden Collapse of Vacuoles in Saintpaulia sp. Palisade Cells Induced by a Rapid Temperature Decrease - pdf descargarSudden Collapse of Vacuoles in Saintpaulia sp. Palisade Cells Induced by a Rapid Temperature Decrease - pdf descargar
Sudden Collapse of Vacuoles in Saintpaulia sp. Palisade Cells Induced by a Rapid Temperature Decrease. . Biblioteca virtual para leer y descargar libros, documentos, trabajos y tesis universitarias en PDF. Material universiario, documentación y tareas realizadas por universitarios en nuestra biblioteca. Para descargar gratis y para leer online.
Download Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Materials And ApplicationsDownload Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Materials And Applications
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Effect of Low Temperature on Tensile Strength and Mode I Fracture Energy of a Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone AdhesiveEffect of Low Temperature on Tensile Strength and Mode I Fracture Energy of a Room Temperature Vulcanizing Silicone Adhesive
Aerospace applications have an increasing demand for strong and reliable adhesives, able to withstand large temperature gradients. The variation of the adhesives mechanical properties with temperature is therefore one of the factors that must be well understood before safe and reliable adhesive joints can be designed for these applications. The stress-strain curve and the toughness properties of an adhesive show strong dependency with temperature for most adhesives, especially near the glass transition temperature (Tg). In this work, an experimental procedure is undertaken to evaluate the effect of low temperatures on the adhesive strength and mode I fracture toughness of a room temperature vulcanizing silicone (RTV) adhesive. Firstly, the temperature at which the glass transition of the RTV occurs was obtained by means of an in-house developed measurement apparatus. Bulk specimens were manufactured and tested at temperatures above and below the Tg in order to obtain a strength envelope of the ...
CN102895043A - Method for keeping constant temperature of dental implant - Google PatentsCN102895043A - Method for keeping constant temperature of dental implant - Google Patents
The invention relates to method for keeping constant temperature of a dental implant, comprising the steps of: when the dental implant is needed to be tested, operating a temperature sensor through a DSP (digital signal processor) control chip to collect temperature signals of a simulation gum induction zone, sending the signals to the DSP control chip to process, forming temperature values, displaying the temperature values on a display and triggering a heating device to heat if the temperature is below a preset value. The method is capable of realizing the automatic control of the constant temperature and good in simulation effect.
Alcohol and the auditory brain-stem response, brain temperature, and blood alcohol curves: explanation of a paradox | MetaAlcohol and the auditory brain-stem response, brain temperature, and blood alcohol curves: explanation of a paradox | Meta
A previous study found temperature-independent effects of alcohol upon the auditory brain-stem response (ABR): another found only temperature-dependent effects. To understand these paradoxical results, we measured the ABR and brain temperature in unrestrained rats before and after 3 alcohol doses (0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg). In a separate experiment, blood ethanol concentration (BEC) curves were determined for the same 3 alcohol doses. Integration of dose- and time-related effects of alcohol upon the ABR, brain temperature, and BEC suggested that alcohol has both temperature-dependent and temperature-independent effects, which vary according to dose and BEC curve phase. Temperature-dependent effects are likely during a BEC curve falling phase with a steep slope, following a high alcohol dose. Temperature-independent effects are likely during a BEC curve falling phase with a flatter slope, when BEC is still high following a moderate alcohol dose, or during a BEC curve rising phase soon after alcohol ...
pH AND TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON PHENOL REMOVAL FROM WATER BY HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE - STUME JournalspH AND TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE ON PHENOL REMOVAL FROM WATER BY HORSERADISH PEROXIDASE - STUME Journals
Horseradish peroxidase represents one of the most exploited enzymes in the process of enzymatic phenol removal from aqueous solutions. It has a catalytic ability over a broad pH range, temperature and contaminant concentration. In this study we have investigated the influence of pH and temperature on process of phenol removal by crude horseradish peroxidase from aqueous solution. Reaction was performed in the presence of low molecular polyethylene glycol (PEG 300) at different temperatures (4, 12, 17, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 °C) and pH values (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9). Reaction was monitored by measuring of absorbance changes of the samples taken at certain time intervals from reaction mixture. Obtained results shown that phenol removal from aqueous solution increases by temperature increase up to 35 °C, after which this effect no longer exists. Also, phenol removal increases in the pH range of 3 - 7, while a further increase of pH value leads to the opposite effect. Based on this it can be concluded
SKF launches bearing for extreme temperaturesSKF launches bearing for extreme temperatures
SKF today announces the new offer of SKF extreme temperature bearings, featuring a graphite cage that lubricates the bearing up to 350°C without the need for relubrication. This offers an especially powerful solution in the metal industry, where operators can cut maintenance costs, boost reliability and improve product quality by replacing conventional grease lubricated bearings with the SKF extreme temperature bearings. The extreme temperature bearing is included in the SKF BeyondZero* portfolio.. "SKF extreme temperature bearings address the need for bearings that can perform in hot, dry environments on slow rotating machinery. Grease lubricated bearings often fail at temperatures exceeding 250°C because even special greases lose their ability to lubricate adequately above this temperature. In contrast, SKF extreme temperature bearings require no relubrication and can operate in temperatures up to 350°C, cutting the cost and maintenance demand of relubrication and offering a significant ...
Patente US5543746 - Programmable CMOS current source having positive temperature coefficient - Google PatentesPatente US5543746 - Programmable CMOS current source having positive temperature coefficient - Google Patentes
A temperature compensation circuit is disclosed that includes a first field-effect transistor (FET), a second FET, a resistor, and current generating circuitry. The second FET has a larger current conducting channel than the current conducting channel of the first FET, and the gate of the second FET is coupled to the gate of the first FET. The resistor is coupled between a first node that is common with the source of the first FET and a second node that is common with the source of the second FET. The current generating circuitry generates and maintains substantially equal drain currents in the first and second FETs. In an alternative embodiment, a positive temperature coefficient current generation stage that includes a first FET causes a first current conducted by the channel of the first FET to increase when temperature increases and decrease when temperature decreases, and a programmable current transfer and modification stage generates a third current that may be selectively programmed to be any
Continuous selection pressure to improve temperature acclimation of Tisochrysis lutea - InriaContinuous selection pressure to improve temperature acclimation of Tisochrysis lutea - Inria
Temperature plays a key role in outdoor industrial cultivation of microalgae. Improving the thermal tolerance of microalgae to both daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations can thus contribute to increase their annual productivity. A long term selection experiment was carried out to increase the thermal niche (temperature range for which the growth is possible) of a neutral lipid overproducing strain of Tisochrysis lutea. The experimental protocol consisted to submit cells to daily variations of temperature for 7 months. The stress intensity, defined as the amplitude of daily temperature variations, was progressively increased along successive selection cycles. Only the amplitude of the temperature variations were increased, the daily average temperature was kept constant along the experiment. This protocol resulted in a thermal niche increase by 3°C (+16.5 %), with an enhancement by 9 % of the maximal growth rate. The selection process also affected T. lutea physiology, with a feature generally
The effect of developmental temperature fluctuation on wing traits and stressed locomotor performance in Drosophila...The effect of developmental temperature fluctuation on wing traits and stressed locomotor performance in Drosophila...
Background: Natural environments fluctuate and all organisms experience some degree of environmental variance. Global climate models predict increasing environmental variance in the future. Yet we do not fully understand how environmental variation affects performance traits. Questions: Does temperature fluctuation during development affect adult size and wing shape in Drosophila melanogaster? If so, are the effects predictable? Do they depend on heterozygosity? Do fluctuations in developmental temperature affect adult physiological performance at high temperature? Methods: We tested the effect of one fluctuating (21 degrees C/29 degrees C) and several constant (21 degrees C, 23 degrees C, 25 degrees C, 27 degrees C, 29 degrees C) developmental temperature regimes on three wing morphometric traits (wing length, wing width, and wing shape) in an experiment using three inbred lines of D. melanogaster and their first-generation hybrids. We also tested the effect of fluctuating and constant ...
Climate Change: The Next Generation: Benjamin Santer et al., Human and natural influences on the changing thermal structure of...Climate Change: The Next Generation: Benjamin Santer et al., "Human and natural influences on the changing thermal structure of...
Figure 2: The vertical structure of changes in atmospheric temperature in satellite observations (top panel) and in computer model simulations performed as part of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP-5; bottom panel). As described in the PNAS paper, both panels provide a vertically smoothed picture of atmospheric temperature change. Information from only three atmospheric temperature layers - the lower stratosphere (TLS), the mid- to upper troposphere (TMT), and the lower troposphere (TLT) was used in generating the two plots. We show temperature changes in this "vertically smoothed" space because satellite-based estimates of atmospheric temperature change are available for TLS, TMT, and TLT, and because our signal detection study is performed with the zonally-averaged temperature changes for these three layers. All temperature changes are in the form of linear trends (in degrees Celsius) over the 408-month period from ...
How is Body Temperature Affected by Eating? / Nutrition / Healthy EatingHow is Body Temperature Affected by Eating? / Nutrition / Healthy Eating
Body temperature varies throughout the day, depending on the outside temperature, your level of activity and what you eat and drink. Temperature can vary due to emotional and psychological reactions, illness and a range of other factors. Heres some more information about your body temperature and what factors affect it.. Normal Body Temperature. A body temperature of 98.6 degrees F is considered to be normal. Most people have a normal body temperature of between 97.6 and 99.6 degrees F when the temperature is measured orally. Measuring the body temperature rectally often produces a slightly higher reading. Measuring under the armpit may produce a somewhat lower reading. Slight fluctuations in normal body temperature occur throughout the day, depending on a number of factors.. Factors that Can Affect Body Temperature. There are a wide range of factors that can affect your body temperature. Hot and cold weather can affect your body temperature somewhat, as can illness, physical activity, hot ...
An All-Ceramic Solid-State Rechargeable Na+-Battery Operated at Intermediate Temperatures - Wei - 2014 - Advanced Functional...An All-Ceramic Solid-State Rechargeable Na+-Battery Operated at Intermediate Temperatures - Wei - 2014 - Advanced Functional...
A major challenge to the development of the next-generation all-solid-state rechargeable battery technology is the inferior performance caused by insufficient ionic conductivity in the electrolyte and poor mixed ionic-electronic conductivity in the electrodes. Here we demonstrate the utility of elevated temperature as an advantageous means of enhancing the conductivity in the electrolyte and promoting the catalytic activity at electrodes in an all-ceramic rechargeable Na+-battery. The new Na+-battery consists of a 154-μm thick Na-β′′-Al2O3 electrolyte membrane, a 22-μm thick P2-Na2/3[Fe1/2Mn1/2]O2 cathode and 52-μm thick Na2Ti3O7-La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 composite anode. The battery is shown to be capable of producing a reversible and stable capacity of 152 mAhg−1 at 350 °C. While the batterys achievable capacity is limited by the electrode materials employed, it does exhibit unique low self-discharge rate, high tolerance to thermal cycling and an outstanding safety feature. ...
Ion homeostasis and variation in low temperature performance in the fa by Litza E. Coello Alvarado"Ion homeostasis and variation in low temperature performance in the fa" by Litza E. Coello Alvarado
Low temperature performance affects the geographical distribution of insects. The lower critical temperature limits of chill-susceptible insects are likely determined by failure of ion and water balance at low temperature. I used phenotypic plasticity in the cold tolerance of Gryllus pennsylvanicus, and the naturally higher cold tolerance of Gryllus veletis to test the hypothesis that variation in low temperature performance is accompanied by variation in ion and water homeostasis at low temperatures. Low temperature acclimation and cold adaptation enhanced performance at low temperatures. Groups with higher cold tolerance had an enhanced ability to prevent or mitigate the migration of hemolymph Na+ and water into the digestive system, which ultimately resulted in smaller decreases in K+ equilibrium potentials at the muscle tissue. The ability to maintain ion and water balance as a result of changes in gut membrane permeability increased performance at low temperatures, and reduced the onset of chilling
Measuring flow velocity at elevated temperature with a hot wire anemometer calibrated in cold flow<...Measuring flow velocity at elevated temperature with a hot wire anemometer calibrated in cold flow<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Measuring flow velocity at elevated temperature with a hot wire anemometer calibrated in cold flow. AU - Benjamin, Stephen F.. AU - Roberts, Carol A.. PY - 2002. Y1 - 2002. N2 - Correction factors enable a hot wire anemometer calibrated at room temperature to be utilised at elevated temperature. This short paper reviews the equations on which those correction factors are based. The standard methods of correction, which work only over moderate temperature changes of a few degrees in the ambient, have been investigated over a greater temperature range. Modified correction factors are effective over a velocity range of 0-14 m/s and temperature range of 300-500 K. The modified method of correction has been developed during research into the warm up of automotive catalysts and this has prescribed the range of velocity and temperature considered. AB - Correction factors enable a hot wire anemometer calibrated at room temperature to be utilised at elevated temperature. This short paper ...
JMSE | Free Full-Text | Temperature Effects on the Growth Rates and Photosynthetic Activities of Symbiodinium CellsJMSE | Free Full-Text | Temperature Effects on the Growth Rates and Photosynthetic Activities of Symbiodinium Cells
Coral bleaching is caused by environmental stress and susceptibility to bleaching stress varies among types of coral. The physiological properties of the algal symbionts (Symbiodinium spp.), especially extent of damage to PSII and its repair capacity, contribute importantly to this variability in stress susceptibility. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the growth rates and photosynthetic activities of six cultured strains of Symbiodinium spp. (clades A, B, C, D, and F) at elevated temperature (33 °C). We also observed the recovery of photodamaged-PSII in the presence or absence of a chloroplast protein synthesis inhibitor (lincomycin). The growth rates and photochemical efficiencies of PSII (Fv/Fm) decreased in parallel at high temperature in thermally sensitive strains, B-K100 (clade B followed by culture name) and A-Y106, but not in thermally tolerant strains, F-K102 and D-K111. In strains A-KB8 and C-Y103, growth declined markedly at high temperature,
Study on swelling of hydrogels (PAAm) at various temperatures by using fluorescence techniqueStudy on swelling of hydrogels (PAAm) at various temperatures by using fluorescence technique
Steady-state fluorescence (SSF) technique was employed for studying swelling of polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels. Disc-shaped gels were prepared by free-radical crosslinking copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) with N, N- methylenebis (acrylamide) (BIS) as crosslinker in the presence of ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. Pyranine was introduced as a fluorescence probe. Fluorescence intensity of pyranine was measured during in situ swelling process at various temperatures and it was observed that fluorescence intensity values decreased as swelling is proceeded. Li-Tanaka equation was used to determine the swelling time constants, tau(c) and cooperative diffusion coefficients, D-c from intensity, weight and volume variations during the swelling processes. It is observed that swelling time constants, tau(c) decreased and diffusion coefficients, D-c increased as the swelling temperature is increased. The swelling activation energies, Delta E were measured from the intensity, weight and ...
Small within-day increases in temperature affects boldness and alters personality in coral reef fish | Proceedings of the Royal...Small within-day increases in temperature affects boldness and alters personality in coral reef fish | Proceedings of the Royal...
Because most animals are ectotherms, it is critical to determine whether individual differences in PTs, and correlations among PTs, are maintained over the range of temperatures that ectothermic individuals normally experience during a typical day. We observed that most of the individuals in our experiments were very responsive to changes in temperature, dramatically increasing their levels of activity, boldness and aggressiveness as a function of increases of only a few degrees of temperature. In observational and manipulation studies involving two different species of damselfish, average scores for activity, boldness and aggressiveness increased 2.5- to 6-fold as a function of relatively minor (3°C or less) differences in temperature. If we had ignored temperature in these studies, and had measured different individuals at slightly different temperatures, our estimates of the personality of any given individual would have been strongly affected by the temperature at which we measured its ...
Mathematical Representation of Viscosity of Ionic Liquid + Molecular Solvent Mixtures at Various Temperatures Using the Jouyban...Mathematical Representation of Viscosity of Ionic Liquid + Molecular Solvent Mixtures at Various Temperatures Using the Jouyban...
Article on mathematical representation of viscosity of ionic liquid and molecular solvent mixtures at various temperatures using the Jouyban-Acree model.
HKU Scholars Hub: Temperature-dependent effect of percolation and Brownian motion on the thermal conductivity of TiO2-ethanol...HKU Scholars Hub: Temperature-dependent effect of percolation and Brownian motion on the thermal conductivity of TiO2-ethanol...
Article: Temperature-dependent effect of percolation and Brownian motion on the thermal conductivity of TiO2-ethanol nanofluids ...
Models to predict mortality of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) exposed to elevated temperatures during...Models to predict mortality of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) exposed to elevated temperatures during...
Novel thermal death models were developed with certain assumptions, and these models were validated by using actual heat treatment data collected under laboratory conditions at constant temperatures over time and in commercial food-processing facilities where temperatures were dynamically changing over time. The predicted mortalities of both young larvae and adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were within 92-99% of actual measured insect mortalities. There was good concordance between predicted and observed mortalities of young larvae and adults of T. castaneum exposed to constant temperatures in laboratory growth chambers and at variable temperatures during structural heat treatments of commercial food-processing facilities. The models developed in this study can be used to determine effectiveness of structural heat treatments in killing young larvae and adults of T. castaneum and for characterizing insect thermotolerance ...
BG - Abstract - Temperature effects on carbon-specific respiration rate and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates - potential...BG - Abstract - Temperature effects on carbon-specific respiration rate and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates - potential...
Abstract. Most deep ocean carbon flux profiles show low and almost constant fluxes of particulate organic carbon (POC) in the deep ocean. However, the reason for the non-changing POC fluxes at depths is unknown. This study presents direct measurements of formation, degradation, and sinking velocity of diatom aggregates from laboratory studies performed at 15 °C and 4 °C during a three-week experiment. The average carbon-specific respiration rate during the experiment was 0.12 ± 0.03 at 15 °C, and decreased 3.5-fold when the temperature was lowered to 4 °C. No direct influence of temperature on aggregate sinking speed was observed. Using the remineralisation rate measured at 4 °C and an average particle sinking speed of 150 m d−1, calculated carbon fluxes were similar to those collected in deep ocean sediment traps from a global data set, indicating that temperature plays a major role for deep ocean fluxes of POC. ...
Evaluating Chinese Cabbage Cultivars for High Temperature ToleranceEvaluating Chinese Cabbage Cultivars for High Temperature Tolerance
The mean daily temperature for the April transplanting was 16.0°C, while the mean maximum daily temperature was 24.5°C. Only 28% of all April transplants produced harvestable heads largely due to a disease rate of 45% and the fact that 12% of the plants bolted prematurely. The mean daily temperature for the June transplanting was 24.8°C. Only 20% of all June transplants produced harvestable heads due to soft rot and tipburn. In August, the mean daily temperature dropped to 21.7°C, and 66% of all plants produced harvestable heads. The mean daily temperature for the September transplanting was 15.5deg.C, and the harvestable yield was 93%. Heat-tolerant cultivars from the April and June transplanting dates could not be identified because all cultivars produced a relatively low percentage of harvestable heads. Conversely, temperatures following the September transplanting were nearly ideal for Chinese cabbage production, so heat-tolerant cultivars could not be detected. Temperatures after the ...
Mechanical behaviour of particlefilled elastomers at various temperatures: An experimental and numerical studyMechanical behaviour of particlefilled elastomers at various temperatures: An experimental and numerical study
Numerical tools that facilitate predictions of the mechanical behaviour of elastomeric products exposed to various temperatures have great cost saving potentials in multiple industries. To unleash these potentials, precise experimental data and improved constitutive models that capture the essential physics of the materials must be obtained. This work consist of an experimental and numerical study of the mechanical behaviour of particle-filled HNBR and FKM elastomers subjected to various loading modes at a range of temperatures. The thesis is organized as a synopsis, providing the motivation, the objectives, the theoretical background, and a summary of the work, while the main body is a collection of three journal articles providing the scientific contribution. Paper I deals with the tension behaviour of three different commercial elastomeric materials, being two HNBR and one FKM compound, at temperatures ranging from −20 to 150 oC. A cyclic deformation history was applied to quantify ...
BG - Amplification and dampening of soil respiration by changes in temperature variabilityBG - Amplification and dampening of soil respiration by changes in temperature variability
Abstract. Accelerated release of carbon from soils is one of the most important feedbacks related to anthropogenically induced climate change. Studies addressing the mechanisms for soil carbon release through organic matter decomposition have focused on the effect of changes in the average temperature, with little attention to changes in temperature variability. Anthropogenic activities are likely to modify both the average state and the variability of the climatic system; therefore, the effects of future warming on decomposition should not only focus on trends in the average temperature, but also variability expressed as a change of the probability distribution of temperature. Using analytical and numerical analyses we tested common relationships between temperature and respiration and found that the variability of temperature plays an important role determining respiration rates of soil organic matter. Changes in temperature variability, without changes in the average temperature, can affect ...
Metabolic Impact of Shivering During Therapeutic Temperature Modulation | StrokeMetabolic Impact of Shivering During Therapeutic Temperature Modulation | Stroke
Advanced temperature modulation techniques now allow for the elimination of fever as well as controlled hypothermia. However, as demonstrated in this study, shivering is frequently encountered (64%), and the severity of shivering as measured by the BSAS is strongly associated with graded increases in systemic metabolism. The application of therapeutic normothermia or hypothermia has not been shown to improve outcome after cerebrovascular injury, and the metabolic consequences of shivering may prove to be a limiting step in demonstrating the benefits of therapeutic temperature modulation. A scale that can simply and reliably detect and quantify shivering can be used as an end point for antishivering interventions and may play an important role in minimizing the day-to-day complications of cerebrovascular patients undergoing therapeutic temperature modulation in the intensive care unit.. Previous reports have considered shivering to be a binary event;8-10 however, the metabolic impact of shivering ...
Temperature limitsTemperature limits
For temperature limits of SKF greases, refer to Selecting a suitable grease.. When using lubricants not supplied by SKF, temperature limits should be evaluated according to the Traffic light concept.. ...
Environmental temperature alters the digestive performance and gut microbiota of a terrestrial amphibian | Journal of...Environmental temperature alters the digestive performance and gut microbiota of a terrestrial amphibian | Journal of...
Our findings demonstrate that environmental temperature significantly impacts digestive performance of salamanders (energy intake, energy assimilation and digestive efficiency), which is consistent with the understanding that temperature has profound impacts on ectotherm physiology (Huey, 1979) and, specifically, digestive performance (McConnachie and Alexander, 2004; Waldschmidt et al., 1986; Wang et al., 2002). Similar to a recent study of energy assimilation in plethodontid salamanders (Clay and Gifford, 2017), we found that the performance of eastern red-backed salamanders is highest at an intermediate temperature (15°C) and is reduced at relatively cool and warm temperatures (10 and 20°C). Although it is possible our results were influenced by the order of temperature trials, which was consistent among individuals, Clay and Gifford (2017) were able to detect species- and population-level differences in thermal optima using a similarly repetitive order of trials. Therefore, we expect that ...
MicrocircuitDB: Interaction of leak and IMI conductance on the STG over broad temperature range (Stadele et al 2015)MicrocircuitDB: Interaction of leak and IMI conductance on the STG over broad temperature range (Stadele et al 2015)
The ZIP file contains a Hodgkin-Huxley based circuit model and the simulation environment MadSim used to study the interaction of leak and IMI on the gastric mill network of the crab (Cancer borealis) as represented in (C. Städele, S. Heigele and W. Stein, 2015) MadSim, the simulation environment used for this study, is freeware and included in the package ...
Noma Programmable Thermostat With Wireless Temperature Monitor - CommentsNoma Programmable Thermostat With Wireless Temperature Monitor - Comments
By Andrew Liszewski. Ive always thought that a single, centrally located thermostat in a house was an odd way to regulate its overall temperature. In the house I grew up in, the thermostat was located in a hallway, and since I didnt spend a lot of time as a kid hanging out in that hallway, I was always urged to just put on a sweater whenever I complained about my room being too cold. And thats why I think this particular programmable thermostat from Noma is a pretty great idea. Besides a large easy-to-read (though somewhat complicated) LCD display showing the current temperature, time and operating mode, and 12 weekly programmable settings, it also comes with a wireless remote that can monitor the temperature in whatever room you happen to be in. That way the thermostat will regulate the temperature based on where you actually are in your house, instead of only for a part youre nowhere near. So if you happen to live in Canada or will be visiting in the near future, you can pick one up from ...
How Temperature Affects Work Productivity | Runners WorldHow Temperature Affects Work Productivity | Runner's World
Its always interesting when knowledge from different disciplines collides. For instance, a pair of economists -- Geoffrey Heal of Columbia and Jisung Park of Harvard -- turn to the human physiology literature to explore links between climate and economic productivity, in a new working paper published by the National Bureau of Economic Research:
The effect of temperature on the respiration and metabolism of the African burrowing scorpion (Opistophthalmus latimanus)The effect of temperature on the respiration and metabolism of the African burrowing scorpion (Opistophthalmus latimanus)
It is well known that scorpions are highly adapted to thermal temperatures. However, little is known of the metabolic and respiration adaptations caused by temperature fluctuations in these animals. Therefore we used the African burrowing scorpion Opistophthalmus latimanus to measure the effect of temperature on its metabolism and respiration. Radioactive D-glucose was injected into the ventral sinus of the circulatory system and metabolites of D-glucose were determined after six hour incubation at four temperatures (7, 17, 25 and 37 °C). The oxygen consumption rate (ṀO2) and carbon dioxide production rate (ṀCO2) were measured simultaneously at 17, 25 and 37 °C. The metabolomics investigation included LC-MS, GC-MS and NMR analytical platforms. The average radioactivity recovered after the carbon-14 D-glucose injection, glycogen precipitation and column fractionation at the four temperatures was between 92.4% and 95.0%. Strong acids, CO2 and neutral compounds all increased with temperature, ...
Reducing peak temperatures during infrared inhibition of neural potentials | (2017) | Ford | Publications | SpieReducing peak temperatures during infrared inhibition of neural potentials | (2017) | Ford | Publications | Spie
Pulsed infrared (IR) light has been used in multiple animal models to inhibit neural activity. Duke et al. reported inhibition associated with a temperature increase of ~8°C in Aplysia californica buccal nerve 2 (BN2). There is no evidence that the current irradiation schemes alters nerve functionality, however lower temperatures provide a safer environment for sustained inhibition. Inhibition paradigms use a single optical fiber to deliver IR light, resulting in a single hotspot within the nerve. One proposed method for decreasing peak temperatures is to use a lower radiant exposure over a greater area, effectively heating the nerve more evenly. Preliminary computational modeling suggests that using two axially adjacent optical fibers reduces peak temperatures required for infrared neural inhibition (INI). This hypothesis is being validated in vitro in Aplysia. Pleural abdominal nerves were dissected out, and suction electrodes were applied to electrically stimulate and record neural activity. ...
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AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
TemperatureBody TemperatureHot TemperatureCold TemperatureSkin TemperatureBody Temperature RegulationThermometersThermographyHumidityTransition TemperatureThermodynamicsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSeasonsKineticsHypothermiaTime FactorsWaterFreezingClimateThermosensingHeatingCalorimetry, Differential ScanningFeverMutationMolecular Sequence DataThermoreceptorsShiveringCold ClimateEnzyme StabilityEscherichia coliHeat Stress DisordersClimate ChangeGlobal WarmingAdaptation, PhysiologicalHypothermia, InducedThermal ConductivityProtein DenaturationPhase TransitionInfrared RaysWeatherHyperthermia, InducedSweatingLightRefrigerationIceDrug StabilityEcosystemEnvironment, ControlledRainAntarctic RegionsModels, BiologicalCulture MediaCarbon DioxideDrug StorageAmino Acid SequenceHeat-Shock ResponseCircadian RhythmThermometryEnvironmentBacterial ProteinsProtein ConformationSodium ChlorideSeawaterSpecies SpecificityGreenhouse EffectNucleic Acid DenaturationBase SequenceAirHibernationClothingMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCalorimetryMicroclimateCircular DichroismMicrowavesRectumStress, PhysiologicalTelemetryCattleModels, ChemicalSolutionsHeat-Shock ProteinsPreservation, BiologicalViscosityDNA, BacterialModels, MolecularHeat StrokeImmersionFood PreservationTropical ClimateSolventsSpecimen HandlingWater MicrobiologyOsmolar ConcentrationOxygen ConsumptionPhenotypeProtein FoldingSpectrometry, FluorescencePlant LeavesMolecular ConformationSpectrophotometryRewarmingFishesPressureDesiccationPhotosynthesisModels, TheoreticalOxygenFreeze DryingTympanic MembraneX-Ray DiffractionLipid BilayersScrotumBacteriaBiophysicsPhotoperiodSoilFood MicrobiologyBiophysical PhenomenaSpectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraredIncubators, InfantSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSwineEnergy MetabolismFresh WaterRabbitsSpectrophotometry, UltravioletPhylogenyBiomassAtmosphereArctic RegionsCloning, MolecularPhosphatidylcholinesThermogenesisSequence Analysis, DNAWindEquipment DesignMembrane LipidsGeographyMathematicsAnalysis of VarianceGelsCold-Shock ResponseMembrane FluidityGerminationTreesProtein BindingFood HandlingPhysicochemical PhenomenaChemistry, PhysicalOceans and SeasAnthozoaCarbonElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopySeedsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SOxidation-ReductionSurface PropertiesComputer SimulationCell MembraneSteamHydrostatic PressureMolecular WeightDimyristoylphosphatidylcholineFungal ProteinsScattering, RadiationElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelLarvaSpectrum AnalysisRNA, BacterialWater Loss, InsensibleSpectrophotometry, InfraredGasesMagnesiumMolecular StructureGene Expression Regulation, BacterialSnowSaltsCell LineRespirationSoil MicrobiologySubstrate SpecificityCrystallizationBacillusLiposomesGenes, BacterialDNAGenetic Complementation TestMicroscopy, ElectronRemote Sensing Technology1,2-DipalmitoylphosphatidylcholineRecombinant ProteinsSporesNitrogenSkinBinding SitesHousing, AnimalAir MovementsFatty AcidsCarpsCalcium
ESA - Global sea-surface temperature 1991-2010ESA - Global sea-surface temperature 1991-2010
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AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
TemperatureBody TemperatureHot TemperatureCold TemperatureSkin TemperatureBody Temperature RegulationThermometersThermographyHumidityTransition TemperatureThermodynamicsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationSeasonsKineticsHypothermiaTime FactorsWaterFreezingClimateThermosensingHeatingCalorimetry, Differential ScanningFeverMutationMolecular Sequence DataThermoreceptorsShiveringCold ClimateEnzyme StabilityEscherichia coliHeat Stress DisordersClimate ChangeGlobal WarmingAdaptation, PhysiologicalHypothermia, InducedThermal ConductivityProtein DenaturationPhase TransitionInfrared RaysWeatherHyperthermia, InducedSweatingLightRefrigerationIceDrug StabilityEcosystemEnvironment, ControlledRainAntarctic RegionsModels, BiologicalCulture MediaCarbon DioxideDrug StorageAmino Acid SequenceHeat-Shock ResponseCircadian RhythmThermometryEnvironmentBacterial ProteinsProtein ConformationSodium ChlorideSeawaterSpecies SpecificityGreenhouse EffectNucleic Acid DenaturationBase SequenceAirHibernationClothingMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyCalorimetryMicroclimateCircular DichroismMicrowavesRectumStress, PhysiologicalTelemetryCattleModels, ChemicalSolutionsHeat-Shock ProteinsPreservation, BiologicalViscosityDNA, BacterialModels, MolecularHeat StrokeImmersionFood PreservationTropical ClimateSolventsSpecimen HandlingWater MicrobiologyOsmolar ConcentrationOxygen ConsumptionPhenotypeProtein FoldingSpectrometry, FluorescencePlant LeavesMolecular ConformationSpectrophotometryRewarmingFishesPressureDesiccationPhotosynthesisModels, TheoreticalOxygenFreeze DryingTympanic MembraneX-Ray DiffractionLipid BilayersScrotumBacteriaBiophysicsPhotoperiodSoilFood MicrobiologyBiophysical PhenomenaSpectroscopy, Fourier Transform InfraredIncubators, InfantSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSwineEnergy MetabolismFresh WaterRabbitsSpectrophotometry, UltravioletPhylogenyBiomassAtmosphereArctic RegionsCloning, MolecularPhosphatidylcholinesThermogenesisSequence Analysis, DNAWindEquipment DesignMembrane LipidsGeographyMathematicsAnalysis of VarianceGelsCold-Shock ResponseMembrane FluidityGerminationTreesProtein BindingFood HandlingPhysicochemical PhenomenaChemistry, PhysicalOceans and SeasAnthozoaCarbonElectron Spin Resonance SpectroscopySeedsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SOxidation-ReductionSurface PropertiesComputer SimulationCell MembraneSteamHydrostatic PressureMolecular WeightDimyristoylphosphatidylcholineFungal ProteinsScattering, RadiationElectrophoresis, Polyacrylamide GelLarvaSpectrum AnalysisRNA, BacterialWater Loss, InsensibleSpectrophotometry, InfraredGasesMagnesiumMolecular StructureGene Expression Regulation, BacterialSnowSaltsCell LineRespirationSoil MicrobiologySubstrate SpecificityCrystallizationBacillusLiposomesGenes, BacterialDNAGenetic Complementation TestMicroscopy, ElectronRemote Sensing Technology1,2-DipalmitoylphosphatidylcholineRecombinant ProteinsSporesNitrogenSkinBinding SitesHousing, AnimalAir MovementsFatty AcidsCarpsCalcium
IncreasesHighHumidityDegreesEstimationTolerateLower temperaturesHigherResistanceChangePressureSurfaceControlKelvinRoom TemperatureThermometersAmbient temperatureAnomalySunlightWarmestOccursAnomaliesCelsiusExtreme temperaturesNorth America2019ExtremesColdestWarm temperaturesVariesEarth'sColdCPUsNASA GISS201898.6Warmer than normalRangeEvaporationColderCoolerGlobalAbstractIdeal TemperatureActual temperatureClimateRectalCool temperaturesHigh temperaturesMeasureDaytimeMainFeverOutdoor temperatureData
Increases3
High4
Humidity3
Degrees1
  • The weather forecast for Friday night/early Saturday morning temperatures includes a frost and freeze warning with a low temperature forecast of 27 degrees F. What effect will this have on fruit crops, new hay seedings and established alfalfa or red clover hay fields? (the-daily-record.com)
Estimation1
Tolerate1
Lower temperatures1
  • Dr Rhonda Snook, lead investigator of the study from the University of Sheffield's Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, said: "We already knew that insects are feeling the effect of climate change but we now know they are felt at much lower temperatures. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Higher1
Resistance1
Change1
  • With 2016 reportedly the warmest year on record, scientists have discovered insects are already feeling the effects of climate change, as a rise in temperature is shown to damage their ability to reproduce. (sheffield.ac.uk)
Pressure2
  • Many factors affect rates of chemical reactions - pressure of gases, temperature, surface area of solids, concentration and if there is a catalyst. (educationquizzes.com)
  • Have a go at this quiz and test your knowledge of the factors which affect rates of reaction, such as temperature, surface area or pressure. (educationquizzes.com)
Surface2
Control1
  • However, the largest possible responses are most often not utilized due to the impracticality of using temperature as a control parameter and to operate at phase transitions. (rug.nl)
Kelvin14
Room Temperature9
Thermometers6
Ambient temperature4
  • Battery life: You can expect a little more than two hours when in use without the charging coaster at a target temperature of about 130°F (54.4°C). Battery life will vary depending on pour temperature, ambient temperature, and desired temperature. (apple.com)
  • The model (which includes the impact of cell/ambient temperature on the voltage, capacity and resistance) is submitted to a variable ambient temperature during a discharge and charge process. (mathworks.com)
  • As the cell/internal temperature increases/decreases due to charge(or discharge) heat losses and ambient temperature variations, the output voltage and capacity also increase/decrease. (mathworks.com)
  • The housing paint is heat resistant up to 80 °C (175 °F) material temperature or 100 °C (210 °F) ambient temperature. (skf.com)
Anomaly3
Sunlight5
Warmest5
  • The present temperature level is the highest in the time series and the period 2001-2010 was the warmest decade since records began. (dmi.dk)
  • While all top 10 values by mean annual temperature change were recorded in the northern hemisphere, 2019 was the warmest year for forty countries, all located in the Southern hemisphere except for Poland. (fao.org)
  • The combined global land and ocean surface temperature was the warmest on record for May, March-May (Northern Hemisphere spring-Southern Hemisphere autumn), and the period January-May according to NOAA. (noaa.gov)
  • Worldwide average land surface temperature for May and March-May was the warmest on record while the global ocean surface temperatures for both May and March-May were second warmest on record, behind 1998. (noaa.gov)
  • The May worldwide ocean temperature was the second warmest on record, behind 1998. (noaa.gov)
Occurs3
  • Continentality is a measure of the difference between continental and marine climates and is mainly the result of the increased range of temperatures that occurs over land compared with water. (britannica.com)
  • When thawing or exposure to elevated temperatures occurs, whether inadvertent or deliberate, positive visible evidence thereof is provided by the device of the present invention. (google.com)
  • High temperatures promote faster chemical reactions, and so the overall degradation of organic materials occurs more quickly. (amnh.org)
Anomalies7
Celsius3
Extreme temperatures3
North America1
20196
  • The average temperature change in the current decade (2011-2019) was 1.26⁰C. (fao.org)
  • Decadal-average mean annual temperature change was larger in the most recent decade (2011-2019) compared to the previous one (2001-2010) (Fig. 3). (fao.org)
  • In 2019, more than 150 countries had mean annual temperature change 1.0⁰C higher than normal. (fao.org)
  • In 2019, the largest mean annual temperature change was recorded in the Svalbard Islands (2.9⁰C), Poland (2.6⁰C), Belarus, Lithuania and Czechia (2.6⁰C) (Fig. 4). (fao.org)
  • 2019 was only the second year, together with 2019, where temperature change records were observed in 40 countries. (fao.org)
  • Countries and territories with record mean annual temperature change over land for the year 2019, with respect to the period 1961-2019. (fao.org)
Extremes2
Coldest4
Warm temperatures3
Varies3
Earth's2
Cold9
CPUs1
  • They can also be connected to substrate diode pins and use beta compensation to measure temperatures on advanced processing devices such as CPUs, GPUs, FPGA and ASICs. (microchip.com)
NASA GISS1
20181
  • 2018. Modelling high-latitude summer temperature patterns using physiographic variables . (nps.gov)
98.61
Warmer than normal1
  • In contrast, during El Niño events, reduced cloudiness means daytime temperatures are typically warmer than normal, exacerbating the effect of lower than normal rainfall by increasing evaporation. (bom.gov.au)
Range8
  • The range of preignition threshold temperatures measured is 1020 to 1220K. (sae.org)
  • The diurnal range of temperature generally increases with distance from the sea and toward those places where solar radiation is strongest-in dry tropical climates and on high mountain plateaus (owing to the reduced thickness of the atmosphere to be traversed by the Sun's rays). (britannica.com)
  • The device records 24 time stamps and durations when temperature leaves the range specified by the trip points. (makezine.com)
  • This rugged probe accessory has a small, sleek and durable design, made of C46400 Brass and provides solid contact with flat surfaces and shelving with a temperature operating range of -60 °C to +177 °C (-75 °F to +350 °F). (prweb.com)
  • We also identified positive effects of solar radiation on both T min and T avg , variation in T min and T avg lapse rates across a range of synoptic temperature conditions, and variation in T min lapse rates across terrain convergence values. (nps.gov)
  • When temperatures outside the permissible range are expected, contact the SKF application engineering service. (skf.com)
  • Water temperatures outside the "normal" range for a stream or river can cause harm to the aquatic organisms that live there. (vernier.com)
  • Most materials expand with temperature increase, but some materials, such as water, contract with temperature increase over some specific range, and then they are hardly useful as thermometric materials. (wikipedia.org)
Evaporation2
  • The greatest temperature changes occur for dry, sandy soils, because they are poor conductors with very small effective heat capacities and contain no moisture for evaporation. (britannica.com)
  • High temperatures accelerate the rate of deterioration of specimens and the rate of evaporation of ethanol, whereas low temperatures may cause fats and lipids to solidify, leaving deposits on specimens. (amnh.org)
Colder5
  • The wind chill factor makes the weather feel colder under windy conditions than calm conditions even though a glass thermometer shows the same temperature. (wikipedia.org)
  • Each bar in each year represents the number of countries and territories in FAOSTAT where the mean annual temperature was within the 1951-1980 climate normal (grey bars), warmer than usual (red bars), or colder than usual (blue bars). (fao.org)
  • Safe temperatures are 5°C or colder, or 60°C or hotter. (foodstandards.gov.au)
  • The temperature should fall from 60°C to 21°C in less than two hours and be reduced to 5°C or colder in the next four hours. (foodstandards.gov.au)
  • Although potentially hazardous food should be kept at 5°C or colder or 60°C or hotter wherever possible, this food can be safely between 5°C and 60°C provided it is between these temperatures for less than four hours . (foodstandards.gov.au)
Cooler1
  • Placing this into a furnace opening which is out of the normal gas passes, in direct view of the flame, and can be sealed from in-leakage of cooler air, will give you a general idea of a flame temperature (radiant heat). (answers.com)
Global14
  • a) Our traditional graph of the annual and 5-year running means of the global temperature, and (b) 12-month and 132-month (to minimize the effect of the 11-year solar cycle) running means on the right. (columbia.edu)
  • In addition to greenhouse gas emissions, human emissions of particulate matter are another significant influence on global temperature. (nasa.gov)
  • As the global temperature shows the temperatures for Denmark shows a clear increase in the annual mean temperature in the last decades. (dmi.dk)
  • Linear trends in global mean annual temperature change over land for World, Annex I countries (developed, according to the climate convention) and non-Annex I countries (developing). (fao.org)
  • A recent temperature reconstruction of global annual temperature shows Early Holocene warmth followed by a cooling trend through the Middle to Late Holocene [Marcott SA, et al. (pnas.org)
  • It is not possible to claim we know what the "global average temperature" is, much less determine any trend. (scienceblogs.com)
  • In this case, all of the other various indicators of global temperature trends that are available unanimously agree. (scienceblogs.com)
  • There are two interesting pieces of news on the global temperature evolution. (realclimate.org)
  • First, today a paper by Grant Foster and Stefan Rahmstorf was published by Environmental Research Letters, providing a new analysis of the five available global (land+ocean) temperature time series. (realclimate.org)
  • Current studies are for global temperature trends. (realclimate.org)
  • Led by the TC Series, Autonics plans to take their new product line and go after all global temperature controller market. (prweb.com)
  • Autonics will continue the generous investment on research and development for variety of temperature controllers and will continue to put efforts in order to become the undisputed global brand. (prweb.com)
  • Lapse rates of average temperature ( T avg ) were steeper (−5.3 °C/km), but still did not approach the global average lapse rate of −6.5 °C/km. (nps.gov)
  • A composite of all the major global temperature records going back to 1890 (the satellite records only begin in the late 20th century). (skepticalscience.com)
Abstract1
  • Temperature is one of those aspects of the everyday world that seems rather abstract when viewed from the standpoint of physics. (encyclopedia.com)
Ideal Temperature2
  • The ideal temperature for 70% v/v ethanol is 70° F with minimal fluctuations. (amnh.org)
  • Autonics economical PID temperature controllers - TC Series, one of the most cost effective temperature controlling solution having essential functions and improved performance, realizes ideal temperature controlling with newly developed PID control algorithm and 100ms high speed sampling. (prweb.com)
Actual temperature2
  • Under some conditions heat from the measuring instrument can cause a temperature gradient, so the measured temperature is different from the actual temperature of the system. (wikipedia.org)
  • If your organisation prepares, handles or sells any potentially hazardous food, it must have a thermometer which is accurate to ±1°C. This means that when the thermometer shows a temperature of 5°C, the actual temperature will be between 4°C and 6°C. The thermometer must be available for use when foods are being prepared, so you may need more than one if foods are prepared in different places. (foodstandards.gov.au)
Climate2
  • Sure paleoclimatology can give us a good idea of past climate change but if Gavin thinks that we can know the temperature of the globe 22,000 years ago to within 0.4 of a degree then I have a bridge I would like to sell him. (realclimate.org)
  • For the first time, researchers at Ohio State University combined different climate models to estimate future temperature changes. (businessinsider.com)
Rectal2
Cool temperatures2
High temperatures2
Measure9
Daytime1
  • The increased cloudiness and rainfall associated with La Niña periods typically reduces daytime temperatures and keeps nights warmer, particularly over northern and eastern Australia. (bom.gov.au)
Main3
Fever5
Outdoor temperature1
Data5
Thermostats for Home Temperature Control | Orbit Irrigation
Thermostats for Home Temperature Control | Orbit Irrigation (orbitonline.com)
Rising temperature
Rising temperature (cagle.com)
Temperature Changes
Temperature Changes (squareup.com)
E-cigarette research: temperature of evaporation | Indiegogo
E-cigarette research: temperature of evaporation | Indiegogo (indiegogo.com)
Guatemala Temperature, Rain and Snow Maps - AccuWeather.com
Guatemala Temperature, Rain and Snow Maps - AccuWeather.com (accuweather.com)
Dropbox - tasmax (maximum surface temperature) - Simplify your life
Dropbox - tasmax (maximum surface temperature) - Simplify your life (dropbox.com)
Easy Temperature and Humidity for Raspberry Pi | Indiegogo
Easy Temperature and Humidity for Raspberry Pi | Indiegogo (indiegogo.com)
Heat sets temperature record at RDU | News & Observer
Heat sets temperature record at RDU | News & Observer (newsobserver.com)
What Are the Odds? Temperature Records Keep Falling
What Are the Odds? Temperature Records Keep Falling (livescience.com)
Tempy: A Temperature and Humidity Sensing System | Indiegogo
Tempy: A Temperature and Humidity Sensing System | Indiegogo (indiegogo.com)
'Spooky Action' Heats Up: Atoms Entangled at Room...
'Spooky Action' Heats Up: Atoms Entangled at Room... (livescience.com)
Australian Region Daily Sea Surface Temperature: Western Australia (south)
Australian Region Daily Sea Surface Temperature: Western Australia (south) (bom.gov.au)
Eli & Wife's Hot Honeymoon -- As in Temperature | TMZ.com
Eli & Wife's Hot Honeymoon -- As in Temperature | TMZ.com (tmz.com)
Wind, rain and temperature swings in forecast
Wind, rain and temperature swings in forecast (democratandchronicle.com)
Fall 2017 Weather - Fall 2017 Temperature Outlook
Fall 2017 Weather - Fall 2017 Temperature Outlook (womansday.com)
Climate change: Antarctica just registered its hottest temperature ever recorded - CNN
Climate change: Antarctica just registered its hottest temperature ever recorded - CNN (cnn.com)
Lye temperature - Skillshare
Lye temperature - Skillshare (skillshare.com)
Ski Driver Stock Photo & More Pictures of Cold Temperature | iStock
Ski Driver Stock Photo & More Pictures of Cold Temperature | iStock (istockphoto.com)
Temperature Scavenger Hunt | Crafts for Kids | PBS KIDS for Parents
Temperature Scavenger Hunt | Crafts for Kids | PBS KIDS for Parents (pbs.org)
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at DPXC1
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at DPXC1 (ndbc.noaa.gov)
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at CHII2
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at CHII2 (ndbc.noaa.gov)
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at 46014
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at 46014 (ndbc.noaa.gov)
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at 42019
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at 42019 (ndbc.noaa.gov)
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at 46059
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at 46059 (ndbc.noaa.gov)
NDBC - 5-day plot - Water Temperature at PNLM6
NDBC - 5-day plot - Water Temperature at PNLM6 (ndbc.noaa.gov)
NDBC - 5-day plot - Ocean Temperature at ACQS1
NDBC - 5-day plot - Ocean Temperature at ACQS1 (ndbc.noaa.gov)
NDBC - 5-day plot - Water Temperature at PCNT2
NDBC - 5-day plot - Water Temperature at PCNT2 (ndbc.noaa.gov)
PM Forecast: Temperature Spike Continues - NBC Los Angeles
PM Forecast: Temperature Spike Continues - NBC Los Angeles (nbclosangeles.com)
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at 46053
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at 46053 (ndbc.noaa.gov)
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at 42055
NDBC - 5-day plot - Air Temperature at 42055 (ndbc.noaa.gov)