Temperature
Body Temperature Regulation
Thermometers
Thermography
Transition Temperature
Thermodynamics
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Seasons
Water
Climate
Heating
Calorimetry, Differential Scanning
Mutation
Molecular Sequence Data
Thermoreceptors
Shivering
Enzyme Stability
Escherichia coli
Heat Stress Disorders
Climate Change
Global Warming
Adaptation, Physiological
Hypothermia, Induced
Thermal Conductivity
Protein Denaturation
Infrared Rays
Hyperthermia, Induced
Sweating
Ecosystem
Environment, Controlled
Antarctic Regions
Models, Biological
Culture Media
Carbon Dioxide
Amino Acid Sequence
Heat-Shock Response
Circadian Rhythm
Thermometry
Environment
Protein Conformation
Species Specificity
Greenhouse Effect
Nucleic Acid Denaturation
Base Sequence
Air
Hibernation
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Calorimetry
Circular Dichroism
Microwaves
Stress, Physiological
Telemetry
Cattle
Models, Chemical
Solutions
Heat-Shock Proteins
Viscosity
Models, Molecular
Heat Stroke
Tropical Climate
Solvents
Specimen Handling
Water Microbiology
Osmolar Concentration
Oxygen Consumption
Phenotype
Plant Leaves
Spectrophotometry
Fishes
Pressure
Photosynthesis
Models, Theoretical
Oxygen
Freeze Drying
Tympanic Membrane
X-Ray Diffraction
Lipid Bilayers
Bacteria
Photoperiod
Soil
Food Microbiology
Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
Incubators, Infant
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Swine
Energy Metabolism
Rabbits
Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
Biomass
Atmosphere
Arctic Regions
Cloning, Molecular
Phosphatidylcholines
Thermogenesis
Sequence Analysis, DNA
Membrane Lipids
Geography
Mathematics
Analysis of Variance
Gels
Cold-Shock Response
Membrane Fluidity
Germination
Trees
Protein Binding
Food Handling
Physicochemical Phenomena
Chemistry, Physical
Oceans and Seas
Anthozoa
Carbon
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
Seeds
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Oxidation-Reduction
Surface Properties
Computer Simulation
Cell Membrane
Steam
Dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine
Scattering, Radiation
Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
Larva
Spectrum Analysis
RNA, Bacterial
Water Loss, Insensible
Spectrophotometry, Infrared
Gases
Magnesium
Molecular Structure
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Salts
Respiration
Soil Microbiology
Substrate Specificity
Crystallization
Bacillus
Liposomes
DNA
Genetic Complementation Test
Microscopy, Electron
Remote Sensing Technology
1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Spores
Nitrogen
Skin
Binding Sites
Fatty Acids
Carps
Calcium
A comparison of affinity constants for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in guinea-pig atrial pacemaker cells at 29 degrees C and in ileum at 29 degrees C and 37 degrees C. (1/37801)
1 The affinity of 17 compounds for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors in atrial pacemaker cells and ileum of the guinea-pig has been measured at 29 degrees C in Ringer-Locke solution. Measurements were also made at 37 degrees C with 7 of them. 2 Some of the compounds had much higher affinity for the receptors in the ileum than for those in the atria. For the most selective compound, 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide, the difference was approximately 20-fold. The receptors in the atria are therefore different the structure from those in the ileum. 3 The effect of temperature on affinity are not the same for all the compounds, tested indicating different enthalpies and entropies of adsorption and accounting for some of the difficulty experienced in predicting the affinity of new compounds. (+info)Temperature sensitivity studies on selected strains on Mycoplasma gallisepticum. (2/37801)
Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG324), a tylosin resistant strain of low virulence, was compared with four other strains with respect to their survival at temperatures from 46.1 to 48.9 degrees C. MG324 was found to be more resistant than the other strains tested. (+info)Improved medium for recovery and enumeration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from water using membrane filters. (3/37801)
A modified mPA medium, designated mPA-C, was shown to recover Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a variety of water sources with results comparable to those with mPA-B and within the confidence limits of a most-probable-number technique. Enumeration of P. aeruginosa on mPA-C was possible after only 24 h of incubation at 41.5 degrees C, compared with 72 h of incubation required for mPA-B and 96 h of incubation for a presumptive most probable number. (+info)The Saccharomyces cerevisiae ETH1 gene, an inducible homolog of exonuclease III that provides resistance to DNA-damaging agents and limits spontaneous mutagenesis. (4/37801)
The recently sequenced Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome was searched for a gene with homology to the gene encoding the major human AP endonuclease, a component of the highly conserved DNA base excision repair pathway. An open reading frame was found to encode a putative protein (34% identical to the Schizosaccharomyces pombe eth1(+) [open reading frame SPBC3D6.10] gene product) with a 347-residue segment homologous to the exonuclease III family of AP endonucleases. Synthesis of mRNA from ETH1 in wild-type cells was induced sixfold relative to that in untreated cells after exposure to the alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). To investigate the function of ETH1, deletions of the open reading frame were made in a wild-type strain and a strain deficient in the known yeast AP endonuclease encoded by APN1. eth1 strains were not more sensitive to killing by MMS, hydrogen peroxide, or phleomycin D1, whereas apn1 strains were approximately 3-fold more sensitive to MMS and approximately 10-fold more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide than was the wild type. Double-mutant strains (apn1 eth1) were approximately 15-fold more sensitive to MMS and approximately 2- to 3-fold more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and phleomycin D1 than were apn1 strains. Elimination of ETH1 in apn1 strains also increased spontaneous mutation rates 9- or 31-fold compared to the wild type as determined by reversion to adenine or lysine prototrophy, respectively. Transformation of apn1 eth1 cells with an expression vector containing ETH1 reversed the hypersensitivity to MMS and limited the rate of spontaneous mutagenesis. Expression of ETH1 in a dut-1 xthA3 Escherichia coli strain demonstrated that the gene product functionally complements the missing AP endonuclease activity. Thus, in apn1 cells where the major AP endonuclease activity is missing, ETH1 offers an alternate capacity for repair of spontaneous or induced damage to DNA that is normally repaired by Apn1 protein. (+info)In vivo chaperone activity of heat shock protein 70 and thermotolerance. (5/37801)
Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) is thought to play a critical role in the thermotolerance of mammalian cells, presumably due to its chaperone activity. We examined the chaperone activity and cellular heat resistance of a clonal cell line in which overexpression of Hsp70 was transiently induced by means of the tetracycline-regulated gene expression system. This single-cell-line approach circumvents problems associated with clonal variation and indirect effects resulting from constitutive overexpression of Hsp70. The in vivo chaperone function of Hsp70 was quantitatively investigated by using firefly luciferase as a reporter protein. Chaperone activity was found to strictly correlate to the level of Hsp70 expression. In addition, we observed an Hsp70 concentration dependent increase in the cellular heat resistance. In order to study the contribution of the Hsp70 chaperone activity, heat resistance of cells that expressed tetracycline-regulated Hsp70 was compared to thermotolerant cells expressing the same level of Hsp70 plus all of the other heat shock proteins. Overexpression of Hsp70 alone was sufficient to induce a similar recovery of cytoplasmic luciferase activity, as does expression of all Hsps in thermotolerant cells. However, when the luciferase reporter protein was directed to the nucleus, expression of Hsp70 alone was not sufficient to yield the level of recovery observed in thermotolerant cells. In addition, cells expressing the same level of Hsp70 found in heat-induced thermotolerant cells containing additional Hsps showed increased resistance to thermal killing but were more sensitive than thermotolerant cells. These results suggest that the inducible form of Hsp70 contributes to the stress-tolerant state by increasing the chaperone activity in the cytoplasm. However, its expression alone is apparently insufficient for protection of other subcellular compartments to yield clonal heat resistance to the level observed in thermotolerant cells. (+info)The influence of junction conformation on RNA cleavage by the hairpin ribozyme in its natural junction form. (6/37801)
In the natural form of the hairpin ribozyme the two loop-carrying duplexes that comprise the majority of essential bases for activity form two adjacent helical arms of a four-way RNA junction. In the present work we have manipulated the sequence around the junction in a way known to perturb the global folding properties. We find that replacement of the junction by a different sequence that has the same conformational properties as the natural sequence gives closely similar reaction rate and Arrhenius activation energy for the substrate cleavage reaction. By comparison, rotation of the natural sequence in order to alter the three-dimensional folding of the ribozyme leads to a tenfold reduction in the kinetics of cleavage. Replacement with the U1 four-way junction that is resistant to rotation into the antiparallel structure required to allow interaction between the loops also gives a tenfold reduction in cleavage rate. The results indicate that the conformation of the junction has a major influence on the catalytic activity of the ribozyme. The results are all consistent with a role for the junction in the provision of a framework by which the loops are presented for interaction in order to create the active form of the ribozyme. (+info)Single atom modification (O-->S) of tRNA confers ribosome binding. (7/37801)
Escherichia coli tRNALysSUU, as well as human tRNALys3SUU, has 2-thiouridine derivatives at wobble position 34 (s2U*34). Unlike the native tRNALysSUU, the full-length, unmodified transcript of human tRNALys3UUU and the unmodified tRNALys3UUU anticodon stem/loop (ASLLys3UUU) did not bind AAA- or AAG-programmed ribosomes. In contrast, the completely unmodified yeast tRNAPhe anticodon stem/loop (ASLPheGAA) had an affinity (Kd = 136+/-49 nM) similar to that of native yeast tRNAPheGmAA (Kd = 103+/-19 nM). We have found that the single, site-specific substitution of s2U34 for U34 to produce the modified ASLLysSUU was sufficient to restore ribosomal binding. The modified ASLLysSUU bound the ribosome with an affinity (Kd = 176+/-62 nM) comparable to that of native tRNALysSUU (Kd = 70+/-7 nM). Furthermore, in binding to the ribosome, the modified ASLLys3SUU produced the same 16S P-site tRNA footprint as did native E. coli tRNALysSUU, yeast tRNAPheGmAA, and the unmodified ASLPheGAA. The unmodified ASLLys3UUU had no footprint at all. Investigations of thermal stability and structure monitored by UV spectroscopy and NMR showed that the dynamic conformation of the loop of modified ASLLys3SUU was different from that of the unmodified ASLLysUUU, whereas the stems were isomorphous. Based on these and other data, we conclude that s2U34 in tRNALysSUU and in other s2U34-containing tRNAs is critical for generating an anticodon conformation that leads to effective codon interaction in all organisms. This is the first example of a single atom substitution (U34-->s2U34) that confers the property of ribosomal binding on an otherwise inactive tRNA. (+info)The optically determined size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool correlates with the quantal content at the neuromuscular junction of Drosophila larvae. (8/37801)
According to the current theory of synaptic transmission, the amplitude of evoked synaptic potentials correlates with the number of synaptic vesicles released at the presynaptic terminals. Synaptic vesicles in presynaptic boutons constitute two distinct pools, namely, exo/endo cycling and reserve pools (). We defined the vesicles that were endocytosed and exocytosed during high K+ stimulation as the exo/endo cycling vesicle pool. To determine the role of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool in synaptic transmission, we estimated the quantal content electrophysiologically, whereas the pool size was determined optically using fluorescent dye FM1-43. We then manipulated the size of the pool with following treatments. First, to change the state of boutons of nerve terminals, motoneuronal axons were severed. With this treatment, the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool decreased together with the quantal content. Second, we promoted the FM1-43 uptake using cyclosporin A, which inhibits calcineurin activities and enhances endocytosis. Cyclosporin A increased the total uptake of FM1-43, but neither the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool nor the quantal content changed. Third, we increased the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool by forskolin, which enhances synaptic transmission. The forskolin treatment increased both the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool and the quantal content. Thus, we found that the quantal content was closely correlated with the size of exo/endo cycling vesicle pool but not necessarily with the total uptake of FM1-43 fluorescence by boutons. The results suggest that vesicles in the exo/endo cycling pool primarily participate in evoked exocytosis of vesicles. (+info)Hypothermia can be mild, moderate, or severe. Mild hypothermia is characterized by shivering and a body temperature of 95 to 97 degrees Fahrenheit (32 to 36.1 degrees Celsius). Moderate hypothermia has a body temperature of 82 to 94 degrees Fahrenheit (28 to 34 degrees Celsius), and the person may appear lethargic, drowsy, or confused. Severe hypothermia is characterized by a body temperature below 82 degrees Fahrenheit (28 degrees Celsius) and can lead to coma and even death if not treated promptly.
Treatment for hypothermia typically involves warming the person up slowly, using blankets or heating pads, and providing warm fluids to drink. In severe cases, medical professionals may use a specialized warm water bath or apply warm packs to specific areas of the body.
Preventing hypothermia is important, especially in cold weather conditions. This can be done by dressing appropriately for the weather, staying dry and avoiding wet clothing, eating regularly to maintain energy levels, and seeking shelter if you become stranded or lost. It's also essential to recognize the signs of hypothermia early on so that treatment can begin promptly.
There are different types of fever, including:
1. Pyrexia: This is the medical term for fever. It is used to describe a body temperature that is above normal, usually above 38°C (100.4°F).
2. Hyperthermia: This is a more severe form of fever, where the body temperature rises significantly above normal levels.
3. Febrile seizure: This is a seizure that occurs in children who have a high fever.
4. Remittent fever: This is a type of fever that comes and goes over a period of time.
5. Intermittent fever: This is a type of fever that recurs at regular intervals.
6. Chronic fever: This is a type of fever that persists for an extended period of time, often more than 3 weeks.
The symptoms of fever can vary depending on the underlying cause, but common symptoms include:
* Elevated body temperature
* Chills
* Sweating
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue
* Loss of appetite
In some cases, fever can be a sign of a serious underlying condition, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis. It is important to seek medical attention if you or someone in your care has a fever, especially if it is accompanied by other symptoms such as difficulty breathing, confusion, or chest pain.
Treatment for fever depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the symptoms. In some cases, medication such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen may be prescribed to help reduce the fever. It is important to follow the recommended dosage instructions carefully and to consult with a healthcare professional before giving medication to children.
In addition to medication, there are other ways to help manage fever symptoms at home. These include:
* Drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated
* Taking cool baths or using a cool compress to reduce body temperature
* Resting and avoiding strenuous activities
* Using over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) or ibuprofen, to help manage headache and muscle aches.
Preventive measures for fever include:
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently and avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Staying up to date on vaccinations, which can help prevent certain infections that can cause fever.
There are several types of heat stress disorders, including:
1. Heat exhaustion: This is a condition that occurs when the body loses too much water and salt, usually through excessive sweating, and is unable to cool itself effectively. Symptoms include dizziness, nausea, headaches, fatigue, and cool, clammy skin.
2. Heat stroke: This is a more severe condition that occurs when the body's temperature control system fails, causing the body temperature to rise rapidly. Symptoms include high fever (usually over 103°F), confusion, slurred speech, and seizures.
3. Heat rash: This is a common condition that occurs when the skin's sweat glands become blocked and swell, causing inflammation and discomfort.
4. Sunburn: This is a condition that occurs when the skin is exposed to too much ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or other sources, leading to redness, pain, and peeling skin.
5. Heat-related illnesses: These are conditions that occur when the body is unable to cool itself effectively in hot environments, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, headaches, and fatigue.
Heat stress disorders can be caused by a variety of factors, including high temperatures, humidity, intense physical activity, and wearing heavy or dark clothing that traps heat. They can also be caused by certain medications, alcohol consumption, and certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease.
Treatment for heat stress disorders usually involves moving to a cooler location, drinking plenty of fluids, taking a cool bath or shower, and resting in a shaded area. In severe cases, medical attention may be necessary to treat symptoms such as dehydration, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke.
Prevention is key when it comes to heat stress disorders. This can be achieved by taking steps such as wearing lightweight, loose-fitting clothing, staying in shaded areas, and drinking plenty of fluids. It is also important to avoid strenuous activity during the hottest part of the day (usually between 11am and 3pm) and to take regular breaks to cool off in a shaded area.
Overall, heat stress disorders can be serious conditions that require prompt medical attention. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention methods for these disorders, individuals can stay safe and healthy during the hot summer months.
Symptoms of heat stroke may include:
* High body temperature (usually above 104°F)
* Confusion or altered mental state
* Slurred speech
* Seizures or convulsions
* Dry, flushed skin with no sweating
* Rapid heartbeat
* Shallow breathing
* Nausea and vomiting
If you suspect someone has heat stroke, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. Treatment typically involves moving the person to a cooler location, removing excess clothing, and providing cool liquids to drink. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the condition.
Prevention is key in avoiding heat stroke, so it is important to take precautions during hot weather such as:
* Staying in air-conditioned spaces when possible
* Wearing lightweight, loose-fitting clothing
* Avoiding strenuous activity during the hottest part of the day (usually between 11am and 3pm)
* Drinking plenty of water to stay hydrated
* Taking regular breaks in shaded or cool areas
* Avoiding alcohol and caffeine, which can exacerbate dehydration.
By understanding the definition of heat stroke and taking preventative measures, you can help protect yourself and others from this potentially life-threatening condition.
There are many potential causes of dehydration, including:
* Not drinking enough fluids
* Diarrhea or vomiting
* Sweating excessively
* Diabetes (when the body cannot properly regulate blood sugar levels)
* Certain medications
* Poor nutrition
* Infections
* Poor sleep
To diagnose dehydration, a healthcare provider will typically perform a physical examination and ask questions about the patient's symptoms and medical history. They may also order blood tests or other diagnostic tests to rule out other conditions that may be causing the symptoms.
Treatment for dehydration usually involves drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or electrolyte-rich drinks like sports drinks. In severe cases, intravenous fluids may be necessary. If the underlying cause of the dehydration is a medical condition, such as diabetes or an infection, treatment will focus on managing that condition.
Preventing dehydration is important for maintaining good health. This can be done by:
* Drinking enough fluids throughout the day
* Avoiding caffeine and alcohol, which can act as diuretics and increase urine production
* Eating a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
* Avoiding excessive sweating by dressing appropriately for the weather and taking breaks in cool, shaded areas when necessary
* Managing medical conditions like diabetes and kidney disease properly.
In severe cases of dehydration, complications can include seizures, organ failure, and even death. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.
Body weight is an important health indicator, as it can affect an individual's risk for certain medical conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Maintaining a healthy body weight is essential for overall health and well-being, and there are many ways to do so, including a balanced diet, regular exercise, and other lifestyle changes.
There are several ways to measure body weight, including:
1. Scale: This is the most common method of measuring body weight, and it involves standing on a scale that displays the individual's weight in kg or lb.
2. Body fat calipers: These are used to measure body fat percentage by pinching the skin at specific points on the body.
3. Skinfold measurements: This method involves measuring the thickness of the skin folds at specific points on the body to estimate body fat percentage.
4. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): This is a non-invasive method that uses electrical impulses to measure body fat percentage.
5. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA): This is a more accurate method of measuring body composition, including bone density and body fat percentage.
It's important to note that body weight can fluctuate throughout the day due to factors such as water retention, so it's best to measure body weight at the same time each day for the most accurate results. Additionally, it's important to use a reliable scale or measuring tool to ensure accurate measurements.
Some common types of fish diseases include:
1. Bacterial infections: These are caused by bacteria such as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Mycobacterium. Symptoms can include fin and tail rot, body slime, and ulcers.
2. Viral infections: These are caused by viruses such as viral hemorrhagic septicemia (VHS) and infectious hematopoietic necrosis (IHN). Symptoms can include lethargy, loss of appetite, and rapid death.
3. Protozoan infections: These are caused by protozoa such as Cryptocaryon and Ichthyophonus. Symptoms can include flashing, rapid breathing, and white spots on the body.
4. Fungal infections: These are caused by fungi such as Saprolegnia and Achlya. Symptoms can include fuzzy growths on the body and fins, and sluggish behavior.
5. Parasitic infections: These are caused by parasites such as Ichthyophonus and Cryptocaryon. Symptoms can include flashing, rapid breathing, and white spots on the body.
Diagnosis of fish diseases is typically made through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and observation of the fish's behavior and environment. Treatment options vary depending on the type of disease and the severity of symptoms, and can include antibiotics, antifungals, and medicated baths. Prevention is key in managing fish diseases, and this includes maintaining good water quality, providing a balanced diet, and keeping the fish in a healthy environment.
Note: The information provided is a general overview of common fish diseases and their symptoms, and should not be considered as professional medical advice. If you suspect your fish has a disease, it is recommended that you consult with a veterinarian or a qualified aquarium expert for proper diagnosis and treatment.
The exact cause of Raynaud disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to be related to an autoimmune disorder, in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. The condition can occur on its own or as a secondary symptom of another underlying medical condition such as scleroderma or rheumatoid arthritis.
Symptoms of Raynaud Disease:
1) Discoloration: Raynaud disease causes the affected areas to turn white or blue in response to cold temperatures or stress.
2) Pain: The constriction of blood vessels can cause pain in the affected areas.
3) Numbness or tingling: The lack of blood flow can cause numbness or tingling sensations in the fingers and toes.
4) Swelling: In severe cases, swelling may occur in the affected areas.
5) Burning sensation: Some people with Raynaud disease may experience a burning sensation in their hands and feet.
Diagnosis of Raynaud Disease:
1) Medical history: A doctor will ask about symptoms, medical history, and any triggers that may cause the condition.
2) Physical examination: The doctor will perform a physical examination to look for signs of discoloration or swelling in the affected areas.
3) Tests: Additional tests such as nailfold capillary microscopy, pulse volume recording and thermography may be ordered to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment options for Raynaud Disease:
1) Medications: Drugs such as calcium channel blockers, alpha-blockers, and anticoagulants can help to relax blood vessels and improve blood flow.
2) Lifestyle changes: Avoiding triggers such as cold temperatures and taking steps to keep hands and feet warm can help manage the condition.
3) Alternative therapies: Some people with Raynaud disease may find relief with alternative therapies such as acupuncture or biofeedback.
It is important to note that in some cases, Raynaud disease can be a symptom of an underlying autoimmune disorder, such as lupus or scleroderma. If you suspect you have Raynaud disease, it is essential to seek medical attention to rule out any other conditions.
Some common examples of respiratory tract diseases include:
1. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
2. Bronchitis: Inflammation of the airways (bronchi) that can cause coughing, wheezing, and difficulty breathing.
3. Asthma: A chronic condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A progressive condition that makes it difficult to breathe due to damage to the lungs over time.
5. Tuberculosis: An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs.
6. Laryngitis: Inflammation of the voice box (larynx) that can cause hoarseness and difficulty speaking.
7. Tracheitis: Inflammation of the trachea, or windpipe, that can cause coughing, fever, and difficulty breathing.
8. Croup: An infection of the throat and lungs that can cause a barky cough and difficulty breathing.
9. Pleurisy: Inflammation of the lining around the lungs (pleura) that can cause chest pain, fever, and difficulty breathing.
10. Pertussis (whooping cough): An infectious disease caused by the bacteria Bordetella pertussis that can cause coughing fits and difficulty breathing.
These are just a few examples of the many different types of respiratory tract diseases that exist. Each one has its own unique symptoms, causes, and treatment options.
1. Sudden, brief episodes of shivering or trembling, often accompanied by feelings of coldness or a raised temperature. Chills can be a symptom of infection, inflammation, or other medical conditions.
2. A feeling of intense coldness or shivering that is not related to an actual drop in body temperature. This type of chill can be caused by emotional factors, such as anxiety or fear, or by certain medications.
3. A sudden, brief episode of trembling or shaking, often accompanied by feelings of nervousness or apprehension. Chills can be a symptom of neurological conditions, such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis.
4. In medicine, chills can also refer to a type of seizure that is characterized by shivering or trembling movements. These types of seizures are often seen in people with epilepsy.
5. Chills can also be a symptom of withdrawal from certain substances, such as alcohol or drugs.
6. In some cases, chills can be a symptom of a more serious underlying medical condition, such as a severe infection, inflammatory disorder, or blood disorder. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience persistent or severe chills, especially if they are accompanied by other symptoms such as fever, pain, or difficulty breathing.
7. Chills can also be a side effect of certain medications, such as antidepressants or antipsychotics.
8. Some people may experience chills as a result of exposure to cold temperatures or changes in weather. This is usually not a cause for concern and can be treated with warm clothing, blankets, or other forms of heat therapy.
In general, chills are a symptom that can have many different causes, and it is important to seek medical attention if they persist or worsen over time.
1. Activation of oncogenes: Some viruses contain genes that code for proteins that can activate existing oncogenes in the host cell, leading to uncontrolled cell growth.
2. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: Other viruses may contain genes that inhibit the expression of tumor suppressor genes, allowing cells to grow and divide uncontrollably.
3. Insertional mutagenesis: Some viruses can insert their own DNA into the host cell's genome, leading to disruptions in normal cellular function and potentially causing cancer.
4. Epigenetic changes: Viral infection can also cause epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation or histone modification, that can lead to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of oncogenes.
Viral cell transformation is a key factor in the development of many types of cancer, including cervical cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), and liver cancer caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). In addition, some viruses are specifically known to cause cancer, such as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV).
Early detection and treatment of viral infections can help prevent the development of cancer. Vaccines are also available for some viruses that are known to cause cancer, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Additionally, antiviral therapy can be used to treat existing infections and may help reduce the risk of cancer development.
First-degree burns are the mildest form of burn and affect only the outer layer of the skin. They are characterized by redness, swelling, and pain but do not blister or scar. Examples of first-degree burns include sunburns and minor scalds from hot liquids.
Second-degree burns are more severe and affect both the outer and inner layers of the skin. They can cause blisters, redness, swelling, and pain, and may lead to infection. Second-degree burns can be further classified into two subtypes: partial thickness burns (where the skin is damaged but not completely destroyed) and full thickness burns (where the skin is completely destroyed).
Third-degree burns are the most severe and affect all layers of the skin and underlying tissues. They can cause charring of the skin, loss of function, and may lead to infection or even death.
There are several ways to treat burns, including:
1. Cooling the burn with cool water or a cold compress to reduce heat and prevent further damage.
2. Keeping the burn clean and dry to prevent infection.
3. Applying topical creams or ointments to help soothe and heal the burn.
4. Taking pain medication to manage discomfort.
5. In severe cases, undergoing surgery to remove damaged tissue and promote healing.
Prevention is key when it comes to burns. Some ways to prevent burns include:
1. Being cautious when handling hot objects or substances.
2. Keeping a safe distance from open flames or sparks.
3. Wearing protective clothing, such as gloves and long sleeves, when working with hot materials.
4. Keeping children away from hot surfaces and substances.
5. Installing smoke detectors and fire extinguishers in the home to reduce the risk of fires.
Overall, burns can be a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. By understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatments for burns, individuals can take steps to prevent them and seek help if they do occur.
Early Postmortem Changes:
1. Cessation of metabolic processes: After death, the body's metabolic processes come to a standstill, leading to a decrease in body temperature, cellular respiration, and other physiological functions.
2. Decline in blood pressure: The heart stops pumping blood, causing a rapid decline in blood pressure.
3. Cardiac arrest: The heart stops beating, leading to a lack of oxygen supply to the body's tissues.
4. Brain death: The brain ceases to function, causing a loss of consciousness and reflexes.
5. Rigor mortis: The muscles become stiff and rigid due to the buildup of lactic acid and other metabolic byproducts.
6. Livor mortis: Blood settles in the dependent parts of the body, causing discoloration and swelling.
7. Algor mortis: The body's temperature cools, causing the skin to feel cool to the touch.
Late Postmortem Changes:
1. Decomposition: Bacteria and other microorganisms begin to break down the body's tissues, leading to putrefaction and decay.
2. Autolysis: Enzymes within the body's cells break down cellular components, causing self-digestion and softening of the tissues.
3. Lipid decomposition: Fats and oils in the body undergo oxidation, leading to the formation of offensive odors.
4. Coagulative necrosis: Blood pools in the body's tissues, causing damage to the cells and tissues.
5. Putrefaction: Bacteria in the gut and other parts of the body cause the breakdown of tissues, leading to the formation of gases and fluids.
It is important to note that postmortem changes can significantly impact the interpretation of autopsy findings and the determination of cause of death. Therefore, it is essential to consider these changes when performing an autopsy and interpreting the results.
Temperature
Neutron temperature
Melting temperature
Skin temperature
Temperature play
Room temperature
Recoil temperature
Degree (temperature)
Maximum temperature
Temperature gradient
Thermodynamic temperature
Vibrational temperature
Apparent temperature
Temperature measurement
Temperature Rising
Temperature control
Curie temperature
Ceiling temperature
Hagedorn temperature
Krafft temperature
Surface temperature
Junction temperature
Brightness temperature
Homologous temperature
Noise temperature
Temperature's Rising
Effective temperature
Film temperature
Potential temperature
Transition temperature
Extremes of Temperature | CDC Yellow Book 2024
Temperature Extremes | CDC
Automatic Temperature regulation
The Kelvin and Temperature Measurements | NIST
CDC - Mining - Temperature Rise in Mobile Refuge Alternatives - NIOSH
Effects of environmental temperature on fruit flies | ScienceBlogs
Mercury Rising: Ambient Temperature and Blood Sugar
3M™ High Temperature Polyimide Tape 7413D | 3M United States
1-day Anthias Hands-on Programmable Temperature Vapourisers (PTV)
Impact of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Collections | AMNH
Bath Tips for Timing, Temperature, and Products
Minnesota Principal Goes Viral With Sub-Zero Temperature Videos - ABC News
Are surface temperature records reliable?
Nest Thermostat - Temperature drops below
Digital temperature sensors
internal temperatures
SOZ Temperature | diyAudio
View all posts in temperature
Spatial Analysis Ties Valley Fever Increase to Sea Temperature Rise
Hair salons might require a temperature check when they reopen
NDBC - 5-day plot - Water Temperature at 45137
Cpu Temperature: What is CPU Temperature? | Lenovo AU
Temperature probe wire - WR51X20045 - GE Appliances
global temperatures | Tehelka
How to Take an Oral Temperature (for Parents) - Children's Mercy Hospital
Soaring Temperatures Devastate Kashmir Farmers | Inter Press Service
Controlling Temperature in Component Cabinet | AVS Forum
Extreme Temperatures -- Sott.net
Understanding a Fly's Body Temperature May Help People Sleep Better
Temperature compensated and self-calibrated current sensor (Patent) | DOE Patents
Surface Temperatures6
- Berkeley Earth Surface Temperatures' study (BEST) is a well-known example and was carried out at the University of California, starting in 2010. (skepticalscience.com)
- Climatology data analyses indicate that sea surface temperatures in the North Pacific were warmer during the 2000s than during the 1990s. (esri.com)
- The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data available on CDC WONDER are daytime and nighttime geographically aggregated land surface temperatures (LST) spanning the years 2003-2008. (cdc.gov)
- Reported measures are the average daily temperature, the number of observations, the range for the daily maximum and minimum land surface temperatures, and the percent coverage for the both the day and night land surface temperatures. (cdc.gov)
- Obtain average temperature , the number of observations , range , and percent coverage for the day (1:30 pm local time) or night (1:30 am local time) daily land surface temperatures, in Fahrenheit or Celsius. (cdc.gov)
- Select specific criteria to produce cross-tabulated average land surface temperatures measures for day or night. (cdc.gov)
Degrees7
- In your case 80 degrees is way too much if it is the true temperature. (cdrinfo.com)
- My overclocked [email protected] woking now at 3.2, reaches 50 under full load during summertime (30-40 degrees ambient temperature). (cdrinfo.com)
- We are witnessing the temperatures spiking as high as 37 degrees Celsius. (ipsnews.net)
- Mir says the water canals were never as dry as they are today, and in the first three months after spring - from March to June, there was no rainfall, and then it rained heavily for four days, suddenly plummeting the temperatures to mere 15 degrees Celsius. (ipsnews.net)
- And then, the mercury surged again, and within a mere one week, the temperatures surged to almost 37 degrees. (ipsnews.net)
- If the reading on the thermometer is more than 1 to 1.5 degrees above your normal temperature, you have a fever . (medlineplus.gov)
- Continue to monitor the temperatures until they reach the normal 2-8 degrees Celsius range in the refrigerator, or -15 degrees C or less in the freezer. (cdc.gov)
Extreme Temperatures1
- 2. If you receive vaccine from your state or local health department, they may be contacting you with guidance on collecting information on vaccine exposed to extreme temperatures. (cdc.gov)
Humidity6
- The major means of heat dissipation are radiation while at rest and evaporation of sweat during exercise, both of which become minimal when air temperatures are above 95°F (35°C) and humidity is high. (cdc.gov)
- Relative humidity (RH) is the amount of water vapor present in air expressed as a percentage of the greatest amount the air can absorb at that temperature. (amnh.org)
- In addition to temperature and humidity extremes, rapid fluctuation presents risk to collections. (amnh.org)
- This includes control of air temperature within a building (with or without passive relative humidity control), room-level temperature control (e.g., radiators with window mounted a/c units), or entirely passive control based on the buffering effects of the building envelope (e.g., door seals). (amnh.org)
- The annual average temperature is about 25°C, with permanent atmospheric humidity. (who.int)
- Also, humidity resulting from evaporation due to elevation of temperature may play an important role in the occurrence of many diseases. (who.int)
Vaccines5
- Temperature-stable vaccines for developing countries : significance and development strategies, summary of a workshop, Institute of Medicine, Division of International Health. (who.int)
- a recent innovation in support of the final segment of the immunization supply chain is licensing certain vaccines for use in a controlled temperature chain (CTC), which allows excursions into ambient temperatures up to 40°C for a specific number of days immediately prior to administration . (bvsalud.org)
- Most refrigerated vaccines are relatively stable at room temperature for limited periods of time. (cdc.gov)
- The vaccines of most concern are MMR and Varivax, which are sensitive to elevated temperatures. (cdc.gov)
- If transporting vaccine, measure the temperature of the refrigerator(s) and freezer(s) when the vaccines are removed. (cdc.gov)
Ambient temperature3
- Could occupancy derating values be used for RAs that are rated and approved for use at one mine ambient temperature, but are deployed in a mine with a higher ambient temperature? (cdc.gov)
- There are special considerations for people on insulin therapy during higher ambient temperature conditions. (medscape.com)
- Studies in people with type 1 diabetes show that the rate of absorption of insulin can be accelerated by up to 60% at an ambient temperature of 35 °C (95 °F) compared with 20 °C (68 °F), related to increased blood flow in the skin with vasodilatation. (medscape.com)
Fahrenheit1
- Temperature data are available in Fahrenheit or Celsius. (cdc.gov)
Specialty1
- Fluke offers temperature calibration tools well suited to the rigorous demands of industry, including specialty handheld temperature calibrators and the more advanced - but still portable - dry-block metrology wells with accredited calibration accuracy. (fluke.com)
Calibrate1
- Most advanced Fluke documenting process calibrators can also test and calibrate both temperature and pressure instruments. (fluke.com)
20221
- Srinagar, Indian Kashmir, Jul 13 2022 (IPS) - The soaring temperatures this year in India's northern state of Kashmir are proving calamitous for the region's farming community. (ipsnews.net)
Fluctuation1
- Regions with wide temperature fluctuation present risk for both heat and cold problems. (cdc.gov)
Evaporation1
- High temperatures accelerate deterioration in specimens and evaporation of ethanol, while low temperatures may cause fats and lipids to solidify, leaving deposits on specimens. (amnh.org)
Room temperature1
- We know that insulin is best stored at about 4 °C (39 °F) with a certain shelf life at room temperature. (medscape.com)
Celsius2
- TOKYO - The average global land temperature is likely to rise 0.67 degree Celsius in 2007 from that of the 30 years starting 1971, reaching a new high in the mankind's recorded history, the Japan Meteorological Agency said in a preliminary report on Thursday. (chinadaily.com.cn)
- While taking into sea areas, the global average temperature may rise 0.29 degree Celsius from the 30-year basis, the sixth highest since 1891, said the report based on statistics from more than 1, 200 observation points all over the world until November. (chinadaily.com.cn)
Regulation1
- Temperature regulation and the pathogenesis of fever. (medlineplus.gov)
Oral temperature5
- How Do I Take an Oral Temperature? (kidshealth.org)
- Taking an oral temperature is easy in an older, cooperative child. (kidshealth.org)
- Wait 20-30 minutes after your child finishes eating or drinking to take an oral temperature, and make sure there's no gum or candy in your child's mouth. (kidshealth.org)
- The average normal oral temperature is 98.6°F (37°C). (medlineplus.gov)
- A rectal temperature is 0.5°F (0.3°C) to 1°F (0.6°C) higher than an oral temperature. (medlineplus.gov)
Water temperature2
- From finding the ideal bath timing and water temperature to using bath bombs and oils, below are some science-based strategies and guidelines to improve your experience in the bathtub. (realsimple.com)
- Meanwhile, if you're in the bath for relaxation purposes, the correct water temperature is simply the one that feels right to you. (realsimple.com)
Rainy1
- There are two dry seasons (low temperatures, with no rainfall) and two rainy seasons (high temperatures, with very heavy rainfall). (who.int)
Analyses1
- Finally, there have been independent analyses of global temperature datasets that had very similar results to NASA. (skepticalscience.com)
Degradation2
Vaccine2
- If possible transport the vaccine following proper cold chain procedures for storage and handling or try to the record the temperature the vaccine is exposed to during transport. (cdc.gov)
- 4. Keep exposed vaccine separated from any new product you receive and continue to store at the proper temperature if possible. (cdc.gov)
Optimize1
- You can test the entire tempeloop-the temperature sensor and all measurement electronics-in order to optimize performance. (fluke.com)
Cooler2
Exposure5
- In a new study published in the American Journal of Physiology- Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology , researchers were curious how exposure to varying temperatures would affect developing ectotherms. (scienceblogs.com)
- Interestingly, developing flies exposed to cold temperatures were less tolerant of cold exposure as adults. (scienceblogs.com)
- In addition, exposure to elevated temperatures can affect the accuracy of testing strips, particularly at low glucose levels, and hence the test results may not be reliable at the time of hypoglycemia . (medscape.com)
- Unfortunately, some of the symptoms of hypoglycemia (eg, sweating, tiredness, dizziness, headache) might be mistaken for effects of exposure to high ambient temperatures, and hence episodes of hypoglycemia may not be treated in a timely manner in many individuals. (medscape.com)
- Be sure to record the duration of increased temperature exposure and the maximum temperature observed. (cdc.gov)
Thermometer2
- Because most standard bathtubs don't come with a built-in thermometer, the temperature is something you'd have to measure on your own (if you really want to be scientific about it). (realsimple.com)
- A thermometer is a useful aid used to measure body temperature. (medlineplus.gov)
Measurement4
- The measurement of body temperature can help detect illness. (medlineplus.gov)
- You need to have an accurate temperature measurement to determine if a fever is present. (medlineplus.gov)
- Be sure to tell your health care provider which type of temperature measurement you used when discussing a fever. (medlineplus.gov)
- The exact relationship between different types of temperature measurement is unclear. (medlineplus.gov)
Moderate1
- Moreover, animals exposed to either extreme did not live as long as animals exposed to more moderate temperatures during development. (scienceblogs.com)
Sensor6
- Our digital temperature sensor ICs provide ultra-high accuracy down to ±0.1°C, low-power consumption and ease-of-use required for any temperature sensing application, while taking up the smallest packaging footprint. (ti.com)
- Find devices that fit the temperature sensor accuracy requirements of your design. (ti.com)
- Address thermal challenges with various digital temperature sensor types. (ti.com)
- Design big to small with a variety of temperature sensor package options. (ti.com)
- Covering temperature sensor error and repeatability, sensitivity and gain and recommended operating points. (ti.com)
- Whether a PRT, TC or RTD, testing the sensor is an important practice in complete temperature calibration. (fluke.com)
Downtime2
- In programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and industrial PCs, TI's highly linear integrated circuit temperature sensors eliminate the complexity of discrete components and help identify system failures in real time, reducing maintenance costs and downtime. (ti.com)
- Indeed, the cost of not calibrating temperature equipment can be extreme-inferior products, unscheduled equipment downtime, regulatory penalties and even potentially tragic accidents with tremendous legal liability. (fluke.com)
Thermal2
- Part of the day will be spent looking at the theory and advantages of cold split and cold splitless injections and the uses for cold-trapping, high final inlet temperatures, large volume injections and additional techniques like thermal desorption and extraction. (rsc.org)
- In geology and paleontology collections, incorrect temperatures can lead to changes in the crystalline structure of minerals, and temperatures that are too cold can promote thermal shock, in which a specimen becomes brittle and cracks or shatters. (amnh.org)
Cold2
- Extreme Cold - Prepare for winter storms, prevent cold temperature-related health problems, and protect yourself during all stages of a winter storm. (cdc.gov)
- The agency ascribed the temperature climb mainly to increased greenhouse gases emissions, cyclical temperature fluctuations and less cold air generated from the Arctic. (chinadaily.com.cn)
Warmer1
- Studies show that changes in temperature from colder to warmer may increase the rate of disappearance of rapid-acting insulin from the subcutaneous site after injections. (medscape.com)
Protocols1
- Many of those businesses are implementing protocols that include taking clients' temperatures, requiring face masks, limiting the number of customers in waiting rooms and rearranging furniture to support 6-foot social distancing. (chicagotribune.com)
Time6
- The detrimental effects of incorrect temperatures (too high or too low) result in slow deterioration that may only evident with the passage of time and thus the results may be underestimated. (amnh.org)
- There isn't a single, "ideal" temperature for bathwater-it comes down to personal preference and the purpose of your time in the tub. (realsimple.com)
- This Trigger fires every time the temperature drops below a threshold you specify. (ifttt.com)
- I spent a long time in the ceramics kiln business, and we considered that temperature as 'starting to get warm. (diyaudio.com)
- No matter which part of the world you're in as you read this, chances are that in the preceding 60 days you read local news warnings of how local temperatures are higher than previous averages for this time of the year. (medscape.com)
- Data are available by place (combined 48 contiguous states plus the District of Columbia, region, division, state, county), time (year, month, day) and specified average land surface temperature value for day (1:30 pm local time) and night (1:30 am local time). (cdc.gov)
Higher2
- We found 68 stations located at wastewater treatment plants, where the process of waste digestion causes temperatures to be higher than in surrounding areas. (skepticalscience.com)
- Conclusion: No increase in pulp chamber temperature was higher than 2°C. (bvsalud.org)
Average1
- The agency recorded previous highest global and land average temperatures in 1998. (chinadaily.com.cn)
Body5
- A changing climate has the potential to greatly impact ectotherms, which depend on the environment to regulate their own body temperatures. (scienceblogs.com)
- Even a mild increase in body temperature leads to an increase in counterregulatory hormones and also levels of free fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, and lactate. (medscape.com)
- Wait at least 1 hour after heavy exercise or a hot bath before measuring body temperature. (medlineplus.gov)
- Plastic strip thermometers measure skin temperature, not body temperature. (medlineplus.gov)
- Body temperature that is too high or too low can be serious. (medlineplus.gov)
Metabolic2
- One of the initial and persistent concerns over the use of mobile refuge alternatives (RA) is the temperature rise inside the RA from the metabolic heat of the occupants and the heat released by the CO 2 scrubbing system. (cdc.gov)
- Metabolic and functional characterization of effects of developmental temperature in Drosophila melanogaster . (scienceblogs.com)
Control4
- TThrottle The way to control your CPU and GPU temperature. (berkeley.edu)
- Or, if you're in the market for a new tub, there are newer varieties with digital valves that let you set and control the temperature of the water. (realsimple.com)
- Just wondering if anyone knows what the safe temperatures are for hardware components, i recently d/loaded 'speedfan' which gives detailed info on temperatures and gives fan control. (cdrinfo.com)
- As a control, the temperature was measured with the application of light, without applying any gel. (bvsalud.org)
Study1
- The study determined the variations of carbon dioxide and temperature within south-south and south-eastern parts of Nigeria from January 2009 to December 2014. (who.int)
Regions1
- The results revealed that rise in temperature within these regions could significantly be dependent on the increase in CO2 emissions and other greenhouse gases. (who.int)
Measure1
- Remote temperature sensors measure the temperature of external PN junctions such as diodes or transistors and measure FPGA temperature directly. (ti.com)
Bacteria1
- Though she doesn't reveal how she arrived at this temperature, in an interview with the Wall Street Journal, she explains that bathing in water 112°F or lower is the optimal temperature for washing away environmental dirt and bacteria. (realsimple.com)
Include1
- The factors that influence attachment include temperature, pH and nutrient concentration [8]. (who.int)
Increase2
- Temperature and heart rate increase in direct proportion to the level of dehydration. (cdc.gov)
- Similarly, the annual temperature is likely to increase in the next century compared to the base period of 1970. (ipsnews.net)
Results1
- It was also observed from the results that no gaseous pollutant or greenhouse gas can have 100% influences on climatic parameters like temperature. (who.int)
Rise3
- Does the facility in which the test is conducted impact the resulting temperature rise? (cdc.gov)
- Each of the studies contributed incrementally to the overall understanding of the problem, and the knowledge gained in one step was applied in the next to further the understanding of temperature rise in RAs. (cdc.gov)
- Sea surface temperature (SST) rise between the 1990s and the 2000s caused new trends in wind patterns in the US. (esri.com)
Check1
- Do not open units to check temperatures during the power outage. (cdc.gov)
Select1
- Select temperature sensors by interface. (ti.com)
Global1
- The logic behind this, they thought, was that if temperature records from a number of U.S. sites could be discredited, then global warming could be declared a hoax. (skepticalscience.com)
Maximum2
- An increasing trend in annual maximum and minimum temperature, as well as precipitation, has also been predicted for the region under Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES). (ipsnews.net)
- This will provide data on the maximum temperature and maximum duration of exposures to elevated temperatures. (cdc.gov)
Fever2
- A high temperature is a fever . (medlineplus.gov)
- In general, rectal temperatures are considered to be more accurate when checking for fever in a young child. (medlineplus.gov)