A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.
The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, atomic number 43, and atomic weight 98.91. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.
A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.
A method of computed tomography that uses radionuclides which emit a single photon of a given energy. The camera is rotated 180 or 360 degrees around the patient to capture images at multiple positions along the arc. The computer is then used to reconstruct the transaxial, sagittal, and coronal images from the 3-dimensional distribution of radionuclides in the organ. The advantages of SPECT are that it can be used to observe biochemical and physiological processes as well as size and volume of the organ. The disadvantage is that, unlike positron-emission tomography where the positron-electron annihilation results in the emission of 2 photons at 180 degrees from each other, SPECT requires physical collimation to line up the photons, which results in the loss of many available photons and hence degrades the image.
A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING for the clinical evaluation of hepatobiliary disorders in humans.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, liver, and spleen.
Organic compounds that contain technetium as an integral part of the molecule. These compounds are often used as radionuclide imaging agents.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.
A radiopharmaceutical used extensively in cholescintigraphy for the evaluation of hepatobiliary diseases. (From Int Jrnl Rad Appl Inst 1992;43(9):1061-4)
Compounds that are used in medicine as sources of radiation for radiotherapy and for diagnostic purposes. They have numerous uses in research and industry. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1161)
A radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in scintigraphy or tomography of the heart to evaluate the extent of the necrotic myocardial process. It has also been used in noninvasive tests for the distribution of organ involvement in different types of amyloidosis and for the evaluation of muscle necrosis in the extremities.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in cardiovascular and cerebral circulation.
A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.
Inorganic compounds that contain TECHNETIUM as an integral part of the molecule. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) is an isotope of technetium that has a half-life of about 6 hours. Technetium 99, which has a half-life of 210,000 years, is a decay product of technetium 99m.
Unstable isotopes of thallium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Tl atoms with atomic weights 198-202, 204, and 206-210 are thallium radioisotopes.
A trace element that is required in bone formation. It has the atomic symbol Sn, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 118.71.
A gamma-emitting RADIONUCLIDE IMAGING agent used in the evaluation of regional cerebral blood flow and in non-invasive dynamic biodistribution studies and MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING. It has also been used to label leukocytes in the investigation of INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES.
A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.
A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.
A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752)
A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.
Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands.
Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.
The production of an image obtained by cameras that detect the radioactive emissions of an injected radionuclide as it has distributed differentially throughout tissues in the body. The image obtained from a moving detector is called a scan, while the image obtained from a stationary camera device is called a scintiphotograph.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
The span of viability of a tissue or an organ.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE due to parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. It is characterized by the combination of HYPERCALCEMIA, phosphaturia, elevated renal 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis, and increased BONE RESORPTION.
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)
Radionuclide ventriculography where a bolus of radionuclide is injected and data are recorded from one pass through the heart ventricle. Left and right ventricular function can be analyzed independently during this technique. First-pass ventriculography is preferred over GATED BLOOD-POOL IMAGING for assessing right ventricular function.
Radionuclide ventriculography where scintigraphic data is acquired during repeated cardiac cycles at specific times in the cycle, using an electrocardiographic synchronizer or gating device. Analysis of right ventricular function is difficult with this technique; that is best evaluated by first-pass ventriculography (VENTRICULOGRAPHY, FIRST-PASS).
Compounds that contain the radical R2C=N.OH derived from condensation of ALDEHYDES or KETONES with HYDROXYLAMINE. Members of this group are CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS.
Spontaneously remitting inflammatory condition of the THYROID GLAND, characterized by FEVER; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; SORE THROAT; severe thyroid PAIN; and an enlarged damaged gland containing GIANT CELLS. The disease frequently follows a viral infection.
Controlled physical activity which is performed in order to allow assessment of physiological functions, particularly cardiovascular and pulmonary, but also aerobic capacity. Maximal (most intense) exercise is usually required but submaximal exercise is also used.
An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.
Organic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule. Included under this heading is broad array of synthetic compounds that are used as PESTICIDES and DRUGS.
The circulation of blood through the CORONARY VESSELS of the HEART.
Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.
Pathologic inclusions occurring in erythrocytes.
Poly or pyrophosphates of tin. In conjunction with radioactive technetium these compounds are used as bone-scanning agents and in scintigraphy to diagnose myocardial and cerebral infarction.
A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.
In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.
Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.
Pollutants, present in soil, which exhibit radioactivity.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
Inorganic compounds that contain tin as an integral part of the molecule.
The creation and display of functional images showing where the blood is flowing into the MYOCARDIUM by following over time the distribution of tracers injected into the blood stream.
Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.
Techniques for labeling a substance with a stable or radioactive isotope. It is not used for articles involving labeled substances unless the methods of labeling are substantively discussed. Tracers that may be labeled include chemical substances, cells, or microorganisms.
A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.
A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.
Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.
Radiography of the vascular system of the heart muscle after injection of a contrast medium.
'Sugar acids' are organic compounds derived from sugars through various processes, characterized by the presence of both a carboxyl group (-COOH) and a hydroxyl group (-OH) in their molecular structure, often found in food sources like fruits and used in industries such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic.
Inorganic or organic compounds derived from phosphine (PH3) by the replacement of H atoms. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The restoration of blood supply to the myocardium. (From Dorland, 28th ed)
A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
Electronic instruments that produce photographs or cathode-ray tube images of the gamma-ray emissions from organs containing radionuclide tracers.
Rhenium. A metal, atomic number 75, atomic weight 186.2, symbol Re. (Dorland, 28th ed)
Two pairs of small oval-shaped glands located in the front and the base of the NECK and adjacent to the two lobes of THYROID GLAND. They secrete PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.
Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.
Tomography using radioactive emissions from injected RADIONUCLIDES and computer ALGORITHMS to reconstruct an image.
The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the left HEART VENTRICLE. Its measurement is an important aspect of the clinical evaluation of patients with heart disease to determine the effects of the disease on cardiac performance.
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.
Contractile activity of the MYOCARDIUM.
The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.
A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.
The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).
Use of radiolabeled antibodies for diagnostic imaging of neoplasms. Antitumor antibodies are labeled with diverse radionuclides including iodine-131, iodine-123, indium-111, or technetium-99m and injected into the patient. Images are obtained by a scintillation camera.
Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.
'Iodobenzenes' are aromatic organic compounds consisting of a benzene ring substituted with an iodine atom (I), typically represented by the chemical formula C6H5I.
Prolonged dysfunction of the myocardium after a brief episode of severe ischemia, with gradual return of contractile activity.
Organic compounds containing the -CN radical. The concept is distinguished from CYANIDES, which denotes inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE.
Isotopes that exhibit radioactivity and undergo radioactive decay. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed & McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
Procedures that avoid use of open, invasive surgery in favor of closed or local surgery. These generally involve use of laparoscopic devices and remote-control manipulation of instruments with indirect observation of the surgical field through an endoscope or similar device.
Preclinical testing of drugs in experimental animals or in vitro for their biological and toxic effects and potential clinical applications.
A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.
Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.
A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
Precise and detailed plans for the study of a medical or biomedical problem and/or plans for a regimen of therapy.
A diagnostic procedure used to determine whether LYMPHATIC METASTASIS has occurred. The sentinel lymph node is the first lymph node to receive drainage from a neoplasm.

Mammography and 99mTc-MIBI scintimammography in suspected breast cancer. (1/873)

The aim of this work has been to evaluate whether a diagnostic protocol based on the joint use of mammography and 99mTc-methoxyisobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) scintimammography is capable of reducing the number of biopsies required in patients with suspected breast cancer. METHODS: We performed prone scintimammography in 90 patients with suspected breast cancer, involving 97 lesions. In all patients, the diagnosis was established by way of biopsy. On mammography, we evaluated the degree of suspicion of malignancy and the size of the lesion (smaller or larger than 1 cm in diameter). RESULTS: The results of only 41 of the biopsies indicated malignancy. On mammography, 20 lesions (of which 1 was breast cancer) were considered to be of low suspicion of malignancy, 31 (of which 4 were breast cancer) as indeterminate and 46 (of which 36 were breast cancer) as high. Fourteen lesions (2 low probability, 2 indeterminate and 10 high) were smaller than 1 cm, whereas 83 (18 low probability, 29 indeterminate and 36 high) were larger. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of scintimammography were 85%, 79%, 74% and 88%, respectively. Scintimammography was positive in all cases of breast cancer that initially had a low or indeterminate suspicion of malignancy according to mammography, as well as in 30 cases of breast cancer that initially were highly suspicious. Six false-negative scintimammography studies were obtained in lesions with a high suspicion of malignancy. CONCLUSION: We propose a diagnostic protocol with a biopsy performed on lesions that have a high suspicion of malignancy as well as those with low or indeterminate suspicion that are smaller than 1 cm or with positive scintimammography results. This would have reduced the total number of biopsies performed by 34%. More importantly, there would have been a 65% reduction in number of biopsies performed in the low and indeterminate mammographic suspicion groups. All 41 cases of breast cancer would have been detected.  (+info)

Chronic compartment syndrome affecting the lower limb: MIBI perfusion imaging as an alternative to pressure monitoring: two case reports. (2/873)

Intracompartmental pressure monitoring remains the primary method of diagnosing chronic compartment syndrome. MIBI perfusion imaging is widely available and offers a radionuclear imaging technique for diagnosing this condition. Although the results are not identical with those from pressure monitoring, MIBI may offer a useful screening test for this condition.  (+info)

Recovery of contractility of viable myocardium during inotropic stimulation is not dependent on an increase of myocardial blood flow in the absence of collateral filling. (3/873)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine whether contractile recovery induced by dobutamine in dysfunctioning viable myocardium supplied by nearly occluded vessels is related to an increase in blood flow in the absence of collaterals. BACKGROUND: Dobutamine is used to improve contractility in ventricular dysfunction during acute myocardial infarction. However, it is unclear whether a significant increase in regional blood flow may be involved in dobutamine effect. METHODS: Twenty patients with 5- to 10-day old anterior infarction and > or =90% left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis underwent 99mTc-Sestamibi tomography (to assess myocardial perfusion) at rest and during low dose (5 to 10 microg/kg/min) dobutamine echocardiography. Rest echocardiography and scintigraphy were repeated >1 month after revascularization. Nine patients had collaterals to the infarcted territory (group A), and 11 did not (group B). RESULTS: Baseline wall motion score was similar in both groups (score 15.9+/-1.3 vs. 17.4+/-2.0, p = NS), whereas significant changes at dobutamine and postrevascularization studies were detected (F[2,30] = 409.79, p < 0.0001). Wall motion score improved significantly (p < 0.001) in group A both at dobutamine (-5.3+/-2.2) and at postrevascularization study (-5.5+/-1.9), as well as in group B (-3.9+/-2.8 and -4.5+/-2.4, respectively). Baseline 99mTc-Sestamibi uptake was similar in both groups (62.9+/-9.7% vs. 60.3+/-10.4%, p = NS), whereas at dobutamine and postrevascularization studies a significant change (F[2,30] = 65.17, p < 0.0001) and interaction between the two groups (F[2,30] = 33.14, p < 0.0001) were present. Tracer uptake increased significantly in group A both at dobutamine (+ 10.9+/-7.9%, p < 0.001) and at postrevascularization study (12.1+/-8.7%, p < 0.001). Conversely, group B patients showed no change in tracer uptake after dobutamine test (-0.4+/-5.8, p = NS), but only after revascularization (+8.8+/-7.2%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The increase in contractility induced by low dose dobutamine infusion in dysfunctional viable myocardium supplied by nearly occluded vessels occurs even in the absence of a significant increase in blood flow.  (+info)

Detecting myocardial salvage after primary PTCA: early myocardial contrast echocardiography versus delayed sestamibi perfusion imaging. (4/873)

The extent of myocardial salvage after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is variable and cannot be predicted on the basis of either vessel patency or early regional wall motion assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of microvascular integrity, as shown by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE), as an indicator of tissue salvage and a predictor of late functional recovery, and to compare MCE with the quantification of tracer activity in sestamibi perfusion imaging. METHODS: Twenty-six patients with AMI who received successful treatment with primary PTCA were examined with MCE during cardiac catheterization immediately before and after vessel recanalization. Myocardial contrast effect was scored as 0 (absent), 0.5 (partial) or 1 (normal). Wall motion was assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography on admission and 1 mo later with a 16-segment model and 4-point score. Resting sestamibi SPECT was collected within 1 wk after AMI. The risk area was defined by MCE as the sum of the segments with no perfusion (score 0) before PTCA. Myocardial viability was defined by MCE as an increase in contrast score in the same segments after PTCA and by sestamibi SPECT as a preserved tracer activity (>60% of peak activity). The functional recovery after 1 mo detected by two-dimensional echocardiography was the reference standard for viability. RESULTS: A total of 50 segments showed perfusion defects before PTCA (risk area). Immediately after PTCA, the MCE score increased in 44 of 50 segments, whereas sestamibi SPECT showed preserved activity in 22 of 50 segments. After 1 mo, the wall motion score decreased in 22 of 50 segments (viable segments) and was unchanged in the remaining 28 segments. Thus, MCE showed a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 14% in detecting viable myocardium, whereas sestamibi SPECT showed a lower sensitivity (68%) but a significantly higher specificity (75%; P < 0.00001). The positive predictive values were 45% and 68% for MCE and SPECT (P < 0.005), respectively, and the negative predictive values were 67% and 71%, respectively. On a patient basis, SPECT was more specific (79% versus 21%; P < 0.01) and showed a higher overall predictive accuracy (88% versus 50%; P < 0.01) than MCE. CONCLUSION: The demonstration of microvascular integrity by MCE performed immediately after primary PTCA has a limited diagnostic value in predicting salvaged myocardium. Conversely, tracer activity quantification in resting sestamibi SPECT performed in a later stage is confirmed to be a reliable approach for recognizing myocardial stunning and predicting functional recovery.  (+info)

Double-phase 99mTc-sestamibi scintimammography and trans-scan in diagnosing breast cancer. (5/873)

The goal of our study was to assess the value of both scintimammography with 99mTc-sestamibi (SMM) and trans-scan (T-scan) in detecting breast cancer. METHODS: A total of 121 women were evaluated by palpation, mammography, SMM and T-scan. SMM was performed in the prone, breast dependent position. Immediate and delayed views (double-phase) were obtained. T-scan is a new breast imaging method that maps noninvasively the distribution of tissue electrical impedance and capacitance. RESULTS: SMM had 88.9% sensitivity, 88.4% specificity and 88.4% accuracy in detecting breast cancer. SMM had 100% sensitivity in detecting breast tumors >1 cm and only 66% sensitivity in detecting tumors <1 cm. T-scan had 72.2% sensitivity and 67% specificity in detecting breast cancer. It detected one more breast cancer than SMM, at the expense of 27 additional false-positive results. CONCLUSION: Double-phase SMM was sensitive and specific in detecting breast cancer. This method may reduce the rate of negative breast biopsies in tumors >1 cm. T-scan was only moderately accurate in detecting breast cancer. Its addition to SMM did not improve significantly the rate of breast cancer detection. However, because of its complete noninvasiveness, large-scale applicability and low cost, T-scan deserves further refining.  (+info)

Detection of focal myeloma lesions by technetium-99m-sestaMIBI scintigraphy. (6/873)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The tracer tachnetium-99m-2-methoxy-isobutyl-isonitrile (Tc99m-sestaMIBI) has recently been shown to concentrate in some neoplastic tissues, including myeloma. We investigated the diagnostic capacity and limits of this procedure in tracing focal myeloma lesions, and compared them with those of conventional radiological procedures (Xr). DESIGN AND METHODS: We studied 55 patients suffering from multiple myeloma (MM) or solitary plasmacytoma in different stages and clinical conditions, or from monoclonal gammopathy of undefined significance (MGUS), by whole body scans obtained 10 minutes after injection of 555 MBq of Tc99m-sestaMIBI. Scans were defined as normal (physiological uptake only), diffuse (presence of bone marrow uptake), or focal (localized areas of uptake), and were compared to conventional skeletal Xr. RESULTS: Thirty patients showed no focal areas of Tc99m-sestaMIBI uptake; this group consisted of 5 patients with MGUS, 6 with MM in stage IA and 2 in stage IIA, 11 patients studied after effective chemotherapy and 6 in early relapse. Twenty-five patients showed one or more spots of focal uptake: all of them had active disease (untreated, resistant or relapsing MM). In the setting of tracing focal lesions, Tc99m-sestaMIBI scans were concordant with the radiological examination in 38 patients and discordant in 17. Among the latter, in 4 cases Tc99m-sestaMIBI revealed focal lesions not detected by Xr, and in 13 cases lytic areas detected by Xr did not show Tc99m-sestaMIBI uptake. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: In untreated patients, the number of lesions revealed by Tc99m-sestaMIBI was comparable to that shown by Xr, while in pretreated patients Tc99m-sestaMIBI traced a number of lesions lower than that detected by Xr. The reason for this discrepancy is that Tc99m-sestaMIBI traces only active lesions. Tc99m-sestaMIBI limitations in identifying focal lesions may derive from the dimension of the smallest traceable lesion (about one centimeter), and from the possibility that focal plasma cell localizations in collapsed bone may not be visualized due to inadequate vascularization. Tc99m-sestaMIBI scintigraphy is an interesting tool for diagnosing, staging and following up focal myeloma lesions, in the bone as well as in soft tissues. It is more specific than conventional Xr in identifying sites of active disease.  (+info)

Assessment of regional and global left ventricular function by reinjection T1-201 and rest Tc-99m sestamibi ECG-gated SPECT: comparison with three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. (7/873)

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test the ability of reinjection thallium-201 and rest technetium-99m sestamibi ECG (electrocardiographic)-gated SPECT (i.e., reinjection-g-SPECT [single-photon emission computed tomography] and MIBI-g-SPECT) to determine regional and global functional parameters. BACKGROUND: The ECG-gated perfusion SPECT was reported to provide accurate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) using an automated algorithm. We hypothesized that other various functional data may be obtained using reinjection-g-SPECT and MIBI-g-SPECT. METHODS: Reinjection-g-SPECT, MIBI-g-SPECT, and three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (3DMRI) were conducted in 20 patients with coronary artery disease. Regional wall motion (RWM) and wall thickening (RWT) were analyzed using semiquantitative visual scoring by each g-SPECT and 3DMRI. The left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes (EDV, ESV) and LVEF estimated by reinjection- and MIBI-g-SPECT were compared with the results of 3DMRI. RESULTS: A high degree of agreement in RWM and RWT assessment was observed between each g-SPECT and 3DMRI (kappa >.70, p < .001). The LVEF values by reinjection- and MIBI-g-SPECT correlated and agreed well with those by 3DMRI (reinjection: r = .92, SEE = 5.9%, SD of differences = 5.7%; sestamibi: r = .94, SEE = 4.4%, SD of differences = 5.1%). The same also pertained to EDV (reinjection: r = .85, SEE = 18.7 ml, SD of differences = 18.4 ml; sestamibi: r = .92, SEE = 13.1 ml, SD of differences = 13.0 ml) and ESV (reinjection: r = .94, SEE = 10.3 ml, SD of differences = 10.3 ml; sestamibi: r = .97, SEE = 6.7 ml [p < .05 vs. reinjection by F test], SD of differences = 6.6 ml [p < .05 vs. reinjection by F test]). CONCLUSIONS: Reinjection- and MIBI-g-SPECT provide clinically satisfactory various functional data. These functional data in combination with the perfusion information will improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy without an increase in cost or the radiation dose to the patients.  (+info)

Influence of a platelet GPIIb/IIIa receptor antagonist on myocardial hypoperfusion during rotational atherectomy as assessed by myocardial Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy. (8/873)

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) antagonist abciximab on myocardial hypoperfusion during percutaneous transluminal rotational atherectomy (PTRA). BACKGROUND: PTRA may cause transient ischemia and periprocedural myocardial injury. A platelet-dependent risk of non-Q-wave infarctions after directional atherectomy has been described. The role of platelets for the incidence and severity of myocardial hypoperfusion during PTRA is unknown. METHODS: Seventy-five consecutive patients with complex lesions were studied using resting Tc-99m sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography prior to PTRA, during, and 2 days after the procedure. The last 30 patients received periprocedural abciximab (group A) and their results were compared to the remaining 45 patients (group B). For semiquantitative analysis, myocardial perfusion in 24 left ventricular regions was expressed as percentage of maximal sestamibi uptake. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics did not differ between the groups. Transient perfusion defects were observed in 39/45 (87%) patients of group B, but only in 10/30 (33%) patients of group A (p < 0.001). Perfusion was significantly reduced during PTRA in 3.3 +/- 2.5 regions in group B compared to 1.4 +/- 2.5 regions in group A (p < 0.01). Perfusion in the region with maximal reduction during PTRA in groups B and A was 76 +/- 15% and 76 +/- 15% at baseline, decreased to 56 +/- 16% (p < 0.001) and 67 +/- 14%, respectively, during PTRA (p < 0.01 A vs. B), and returned to 76 +/- 15% and 80 +/- 13%, respectively, after PTRA. Nine patients in group B (20%) and two patients in group A (7%) had mild creatine kinase and/or troponin t elevations (p = 0.18). Patients with elevated enzymes had larger perfusion defects than did patients without myocardial injury (4.2 +/- 2.7 vs. 2.3 +/- 2.5 regions, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that GPIIb/IIIa blockade reduces incidence, extent and severity of transient hypoperfusion during PTRA. Thus, platelet aggregation may play an important role for PTRA-induced hypoperfusion.  (+info)

Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi is a radiopharmaceutical compound used in medical imaging, specifically in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. It is a technetium-labeled isonitrile chelate that is taken up by mitochondria in cells with high metabolic activity, such as cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells).

Once injected into the patient's body, Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi emits gamma rays, which can be detected by a gamma camera. This allows for the creation of images that reflect the distribution and function of the radiopharmaceutical within the heart muscle. The images can help identify areas of reduced blood flow or ischemia, which may indicate coronary artery disease.

The uptake of Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi in other organs, such as the breast and thyroid, can also be used for imaging purposes, although its primary use remains in cardiac imaging.

Technetium is not a medical term itself, but it is a chemical element with the symbol Tc and atomic number 43. However, in the field of nuclear medicine, which is a branch of medicine that uses small amounts of radioactive material to diagnose or treat diseases, Technetium-99m (a radioisotope of technetium) is commonly used for various diagnostic procedures.

Technetium-99m is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99, and it emits gamma rays that can be detected outside the body to create images of internal organs or tissues. It has a short half-life of about 6 hours, which makes it ideal for diagnostic imaging since it decays quickly and reduces the patient's exposure to radiation.

Technetium-99m is used in a variety of medical procedures, such as bone scans, lung scans, heart scans, liver-spleen scans, brain scans, and kidney scans, among others. It can be attached to different pharmaceuticals or molecules that target specific organs or tissues, allowing healthcare professionals to assess their function or identify any abnormalities.

Technetium Tc 99m Diethyl-iminodiacetic Acid (Tc 99m DTPA) is a radiopharmaceutical agent used in medical imaging. It is a technetium-labeled compound, where the radioisotope technetium-99m is bound to diethyl-iminodiacetic acid (DTPA). This complex is used as a renal agent for performing nuclear medicine imaging studies to assess kidney function and structure.

Technetium-99m is a metastable isotope of technetium that emits gamma rays, making it suitable for medical imaging. When Tc 99m DTPA is injected into the patient's body, it is excreted primarily by the kidneys through glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. The gamma rays emitted by technetium-99m are detected by a gamma camera, which generates images of the distribution and excretion of the radiopharmaceutical within the kidneys. This information helps physicians evaluate kidney function, detect abnormalities such as obstructions or tumors, and monitor the effectiveness of treatments.

It is essential to handle and administer Tc 99m DTPA with care due to its radioactive nature, following proper safety guidelines and regulations to ensure patient and staff safety.

Emission-Computed Tomography, Single-Photon (SPECT) is a type of nuclear medicine imaging procedure that generates detailed, three-dimensional images of the distribution of radioactive pharmaceuticals within the body. It uses gamma rays emitted by a radiopharmaceutical that is introduced into the patient's body, and a specialized gamma camera to detect these gamma rays and create tomographic images. The data obtained from the SPECT imaging can be used to diagnose various medical conditions, evaluate organ function, and guide treatment decisions. It is commonly used to image the heart, brain, and bones, among other organs and systems.

Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin is a radiopharmaceutical used in nuclear medicine imaging procedures, specifically for hepatobiliary scintigraphy. It is a technetium-labeled compound, where the radioisotope technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) is bound to lidofenin, a liver-imaging agent.

The compound is used to assess the function and anatomy of the liver, gallbladder, and biliary system. After intravenous administration, Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin is taken up by hepatocytes (liver cells) and excreted into the bile ducts and ultimately into the small intestine. The distribution and excretion of this radiopharmaceutical can be monitored using a gamma camera, providing functional information about the liver and biliary system.

It is essential to note that the use of Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin should be under the guidance and supervision of healthcare professionals trained in nuclear medicine, as its administration and handling require specific expertise and safety measures due to the radioactive nature of the compound.

Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid is a radioactive tracer used in medical imaging procedures, specifically in nuclear medicine. It is composed of tiny particles of sulfur colloid that are labeled with the radioisotope Technetium-99m. This compound is typically injected into the patient's body, where it accumulates in certain organs or tissues, depending on the specific medical test being conducted.

The radioactive emissions from Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid are then detected by a gamma camera, which produces images that can help doctors diagnose various medical conditions, such as liver disease, inflammation, or tumors. The half-life of Technetium-99m is approximately six hours, which means that its radioactivity decreases rapidly and is eliminated from the body within a few days.

Organotechnetium compounds are chemical substances that contain carbon-technetium bonds, where technetium is an element with the symbol Tc and atomic number 43. These types of compounds are primarily used in medical imaging as radioactive tracers due to the ability of technetium-99m to emit gamma rays. The organotechnetium compounds help in localizing specific organs, tissues, or functions within the body, making them useful for diagnostic purposes in nuclear medicine.

It is important to note that most organotechnetium compounds are synthesized from technetium-99m, which is generated from the decay of molybdenum-99. The use of these compounds requires proper handling and administration by trained medical professionals due to their radioactive nature.

Technetium Tc 99m Medronate is a radiopharmaceutical agent used in nuclear medicine for bone scintigraphy. It is a technetium-labeled bisphosphonate compound, which accumulates in areas of increased bone turnover and metabolism. This makes it useful for detecting and evaluating various bone diseases and conditions, such as fractures, tumors, infections, and arthritis.

The "Tc 99m" refers to the radioisotope technetium-99m, which has a half-life of approximately 6 hours and emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera. The medronate component is a bisphosphonate molecule that binds to hydroxyapatite crystals in bone tissue, allowing the radiolabeled compound to accumulate in areas of active bone remodeling.

Overall, Technetium Tc 99m Medronate is an important tool in nuclear medicine for diagnosing and managing various musculoskeletal disorders.

Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin is not a medical condition, but rather a radiopharmaceutical used in diagnostic imaging. It is a radioactive tracer used in nuclear medicine scans, specifically for liver and biliary system imaging. The compound consists of the radioisotope Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) bonded to the pharmaceutical Disofenin.

The Tc-99m is a gamma emitter with a half-life of 6 hours, making it ideal for diagnostic imaging. When administered to the patient, the compound is taken up by the liver and excreted into the bile ducts and gallbladder, allowing medical professionals to visualize these structures using a gamma camera. This can help detect various conditions such as tumors, gallstones, or obstructions in the biliary system.

It's important to note that Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin is used diagnostically and not for therapeutic purposes. The radiation exposure from this compound is generally low and considered safe for diagnostic use. However, as with any medical procedure involving radiation, the benefits and risks should be carefully weighed and discussed with a healthcare professional.

Radiopharmaceuticals are defined as pharmaceutical preparations that contain radioactive isotopes and are used for diagnosis or therapy in nuclear medicine. These compounds are designed to interact specifically with certain biological targets, such as cells, tissues, or organs, and emit radiation that can be detected and measured to provide diagnostic information or used to destroy abnormal cells or tissue in therapeutic applications.

The radioactive isotopes used in radiopharmaceuticals have carefully controlled half-lives, which determine how long they remain radioactive and how long the pharmaceutical preparation remains effective. The choice of radioisotope depends on the intended use of the radiopharmaceutical, as well as factors such as its energy, range of emission, and chemical properties.

Radiopharmaceuticals are used in a wide range of medical applications, including imaging, cancer therapy, and treatment of other diseases and conditions. Examples of radiopharmaceuticals include technetium-99m for imaging the heart, lungs, and bones; iodine-131 for treating thyroid cancer; and samarium-153 for palliative treatment of bone metastases.

The use of radiopharmaceuticals requires specialized training and expertise in nuclear medicine, as well as strict adherence to safety protocols to minimize radiation exposure to patients and healthcare workers.

Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate (Tc-99m PYP) is a radiopharmaceutical agent used in nuclear medicine imaging, specifically myocardial perfusion imaging. It is a complex of technetium-99m, a metastable isotope of technetium, with pyrophosphate, a molecule that accumulates in damaged heart muscle tissue.

When injected into the patient's bloodstream, Tc-99m PYP is taken up by the heart muscle in proportion to its blood flow and the degree of damage or scarring (fibrosis). This allows for the detection and evaluation of conditions such as myocardial infarction (heart attack), cardiomyopathy, and heart transplant rejection.

The imaging procedure involves the injection of Tc-99m PYP, followed by the acquisition of images using a gamma camera, which detects the gamma rays emitted by the technetium-99m isotope. The resulting images provide information about the distribution and extent of heart muscle damage, helping physicians to make informed decisions regarding diagnosis and treatment planning.

Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin is a radiopharmaceutical preparation used in diagnostic imaging. It consists of radioactive technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) chemically bonded to human serum albumin, which has been aggregated to increase its size and alter its clearance from the body.

The resulting compound is injected into the patient's bloodstream, where it accumulates in the reticuloendothelial system (RES), including the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. The radioactive emission of technetium-99m can then be detected by a gamma camera, producing images that reflect the distribution and function of the RES.

This imaging technique is used to diagnose and monitor various conditions, such as liver disease, inflammation, or tumors. It provides valuable information about the patient's health status and helps guide medical decision-making.

Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate is a radioactive pharmaceutical preparation used as a radiopharmaceutical agent in medical imaging. It is a salt of technetium-99m, a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99, which emits gamma rays and has a half-life of 6 hours.

Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate is used in various diagnostic procedures, including renal imaging, brain scans, lung perfusion studies, and bone scans. It is distributed throughout the body after intravenous injection and is excreted primarily by the kidneys, making it useful for evaluating renal function and detecting abnormalities in the urinary tract.

The compound itself is a colorless, sterile, pyrogen-free solution that is typically supplied in a lead shielded container to protect against radiation exposure. It should be used promptly after preparation and handled with care to minimize radiation exposure to healthcare workers and patients.

Technetium compounds refer to chemical substances that contain the radioactive technetium (Tc) element. Technetium is a naturally rare element and does not have any stable isotopes, making it only exist in trace amounts in the Earth's crust. However, it can be produced artificially in nuclear reactors.

Technetium compounds are widely used in medical imaging as radioactive tracers in diagnostic procedures. The most common technetium compound is Technetium-99m (Tc-99m), which has a half-life of 6 hours and emits gamma rays that can be detected by external cameras. Tc-99m is often bound to various pharmaceuticals, such as methylene diphosphonate (MDP) or human serum albumin (HSA), to target specific organs or tissues in the body.

Technetium compounds are used in a variety of diagnostic procedures, including bone scans, lung perfusion scans, myocardial perfusion imaging, and brain scans. They provide valuable information about organ function, blood flow, and tissue metabolism, helping doctors diagnose various medical conditions such as cancer, heart disease, and bone fractures.

It is important to note that technetium compounds should only be used under the supervision of trained medical professionals due to their radioactive nature. Proper handling, administration, and disposal procedures must be followed to ensure safety and minimize radiation exposure.

Thallium radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes or variants of the element thallium (Tl), which decays and emits radiation. Thallium has several radioisotopes, with the most commonly used being thallium-201 (^201Tl). This radioisotope is used in medical imaging, specifically in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy, to evaluate blood flow to the heart muscle. It decays by electron capture and emits gamma radiation with a half-life of 73 hours, making it suitable for diagnostic procedures.

It's important to note that handling and using radioisotopes require proper training and safety measures due to their ionizing radiation properties.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tin" does not have a medical definition. Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. It is a malleable, ductile, silvery-white post-transition metal. It is found in nature mainly as tin oxides and is obtained from the mineral cassiterite through mining and processing.

Tin has no known biological role in humans, animals, or plants, and it is not considered an essential nutrient. Small amounts of tin can be found in some foods and drinking water, but these levels are generally low and not considered harmful. High levels of tin can be toxic to the human body, causing symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

If you have any questions about a medical condition or treatment, I would recommend consulting with a healthcare professional for accurate information and guidance.

Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime is a radiopharmaceutical agent used in nuclear medicine imaging procedures. The compound consists of the radioisotope Technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) bonded to Exametazime, also known as HMPAO (hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime).

Once injected into the patient's bloodstream, Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime distributes evenly throughout the brain, crossing the blood-brain barrier and entering cells. The radioactive decay of Technetium-99m emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, creating images of the brain's blood flow and distribution of the tracer.

This imaging technique is often used in cerebral perfusion studies to assess conditions such as stroke, epilepsy, or dementia, providing valuable information about regional cerebral blood flow and potential areas of injury or abnormality.

Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid (DMSA) is a radiopharmaceutical agent used in nuclear medicine imaging procedures. The compound is made up of the radioisotope Technetium-99m, which emits gamma rays that can be detected by a gamma camera, and dimercaptosuccinic acid, which binds to certain types of metal ions in the body.

In medical imaging, Technetium Tc 99m DMSA is typically used to visualize the kidneys and detect any abnormalities such as inflammation, infection, or tumors. The compound is taken up by the renal tubules in the kidneys, allowing for detailed images of the kidney structure and function to be obtained.

It's important to note that the use of Technetium Tc 99m DMSA should be under the supervision of a trained medical professional, as with any radiopharmaceutical agent, due to the radiation exposure involved in its use.

Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is a radioactive pharmaceutical preparation used in medical diagnostic imaging. It is a technetium-99m radiopharmaceutical, where technetium-99m is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99, which emits gamma rays and has a half-life of 6 hours. Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m is used as a contrast agent in various diagnostic procedures, such as imaging of the thyroid, salivary glands, or the brain, to evaluate conditions like inflammation, tumors, or abnormalities in blood flow. It is typically administered intravenously, and its short half-life ensures that the radiation exposure is limited.

Dipyridamole is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called antiplatelet agents. It works by preventing platelets in your blood from sticking together to form clots. Dipyridamole is often used in combination with aspirin to prevent stroke and other complications in people who have had a heart valve replacement or a type of irregular heartbeat called atrial fibrillation.

Dipyridamole can also be used as a stress agent in myocardial perfusion imaging studies, which are tests used to evaluate blood flow to the heart. When used for this purpose, dipyridamole is given intravenously and works by dilating the blood vessels in the heart, allowing more blood to flow through them and making it easier to detect areas of reduced blood flow.

The most common side effects of dipyridamole include headache, dizziness, and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. In rare cases, dipyridamole can cause more serious side effects, such as allergic reactions, abnormal heart rhythms, or low blood pressure. It is important to take dipyridamole exactly as directed by your healthcare provider and to report any unusual symptoms or side effects promptly.

Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide is a radiopharmaceutical used in nuclear medicine imaging procedures. It is a technetium-labeled compound, where the radioisotope technetium-99m (^99m^Tc) is bound to mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3). The resulting complex is known as ^99m^Tc-MAG3 or Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide.

This radiopharmaceutical is primarily used for renal function assessment, including evaluation of kidney blood flow, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and detection of renal obstructions or other abnormalities. After intravenous administration, Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide is rapidly excreted by the kidneys, allowing for visualization and quantification of renal function through gamma camera imaging.

It's important to note that the use of radiopharmaceuticals should be performed under the guidance of a qualified healthcare professional, as they involve the administration of radioactive materials for diagnostic purposes.

Parathyroidectomy is a surgical procedure for the removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands. These glands are located in the neck and are responsible for producing parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

Parathyroidectomy is typically performed to treat conditions such as hyperparathyroidism, where one or more of the parathyroid glands become overactive and produce too much PTH. This can lead to high levels of calcium in the blood, which can cause symptoms such as weakness, fatigue, bone pain, kidney stones, and mental confusion.

There are different types of parathyroidectomy procedures, including:

* Partial parathyroidectomy: removal of one or more, but not all, of the parathyroid glands.
* Total parathyroidectomy: removal of all four parathyroid glands.
* Subtotal parathyroidectomy: removal of three and a half of the four parathyroid glands, leaving a small portion of one gland to prevent hypoparathyroidism (a condition where the body produces too little PTH).

The choice of procedure depends on the underlying condition and its severity. After the surgery, patients may need to have their calcium levels monitored and may require calcium and vitamin D supplements to maintain normal calcium levels in the blood.

Parathyroid neoplasms refer to abnormal growths in the parathyroid glands, which are small endocrine glands located in the neck, near or within the thyroid gland. These neoplasms can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).

Benign parathyroid neoplasms are typically called parathyroid adenomas and are the most common type of parathyroid disorder. They result in overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH), leading to a condition known as primary hyperparathyroidism. Symptoms may include kidney stones, osteoporosis, fatigue, depression, and abdominal pain.

Malignant parathyroid neoplasms are called parathyroid carcinomas. They are rare but more aggressive than adenomas, with a higher risk of recurrence and metastasis. Symptoms are similar to those of benign neoplasms but may also include hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck.

It is important to note that parathyroid neoplasms can only be definitively diagnosed through biopsy or surgical removal and subsequent histopathological examination.

Radionuclide imaging, also known as nuclear medicine, is a medical imaging technique that uses small amounts of radioactive material, called radionuclides or radiopharmaceuticals, to diagnose and treat various diseases and conditions. The radionuclides are introduced into the body through injection, inhalation, or ingestion and accumulate in specific organs or tissues. A special camera then detects the gamma rays emitted by these radionuclides and converts them into images that provide information about the structure and function of the organ or tissue being studied.

Radionuclide imaging can be used to evaluate a wide range of medical conditions, including heart disease, cancer, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and bone diseases. The technique is non-invasive and generally safe, with minimal exposure to radiation. However, it should only be performed by qualified healthcare professionals in accordance with established guidelines and regulations.

In medical terms, the heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity that functions as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It's responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body. The heart's rhythmic contractions and relaxations are regulated by a complex electrical conduction system.

Tissue survival, in the context of medical and surgical sciences, refers to the ability of tissues to maintain their structural and functional integrity after being subjected to various stressors such as injury, surgery, ischemia (restriction in blood supply), or disease. The maintenance of tissue survival is crucial for ensuring proper healing, reducing the risk of complications, and preserving organ function.

Factors that contribute to tissue survival include adequate blood flow, sufficient oxygen and nutrient supply, removal of waste products, maintenance of a healthy cellular environment (pH, temperature, etc.), and minimal exposure to harmful substances or damaging agents. In some cases, therapeutic interventions such as hypothermia, pharmacological treatments, or tissue engineering strategies may be employed to enhance tissue survival in challenging clinical scenarios.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is a medical condition characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from one or more of the parathyroid glands in the neck. These glands are normally responsible for regulating calcium levels in the body by releasing PTH, which helps to maintain an appropriate balance of calcium and phosphate in the bloodstream.

In primary hyperparathyroidism, the parathyroid gland(s) become overactive and produce too much PTH, leading to elevated calcium levels (hypercalcemia) in the blood. This can result in a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, and cognitive impairment, although some individuals may not experience any symptoms at all.

The most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is a benign tumor called an adenoma that develops in one or more of the parathyroid glands. In rare cases, primary hyperparathyroidism can be caused by cancer of the parathyroid gland(s) or by enlargement of all four glands (four-gland hyperplasia). Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the affected parathyroid gland(s), which is usually curative.

Sensitivity and specificity are statistical measures used to describe the performance of a diagnostic test or screening tool in identifying true positive and true negative results.

* Sensitivity refers to the proportion of people who have a particular condition (true positives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true positive rate" or "recall." A highly sensitive test will identify most or all of the people with the condition, but may also produce more false positives.
* Specificity refers to the proportion of people who do not have a particular condition (true negatives) who are correctly identified by the test. It is also known as the "true negative rate." A highly specific test will identify most or all of the people without the condition, but may also produce more false negatives.

In medical testing, both sensitivity and specificity are important considerations when evaluating a diagnostic test. High sensitivity is desirable for screening tests that aim to identify as many cases of a condition as possible, while high specificity is desirable for confirmatory tests that aim to rule out the condition in people who do not have it.

It's worth noting that sensitivity and specificity are often influenced by factors such as the prevalence of the condition in the population being tested, the threshold used to define a positive result, and the reliability and validity of the test itself. Therefore, it's important to consider these factors when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test.

First-pass ventriculography is a type of cardiac diagnostic procedure that involves the injection of a contrast material into the heart's chamber (left ventricle) during cardiac catheterization. The term "first-pass" refers to the initial circulation of the contrast agent through the heart and great vessels, allowing for real-time imaging of the left ventricular chamber as it contracts and relaxes. This procedure is used to assess the size, shape, and function of the left ventricle, including its wall motion abnormalities, ejection fraction, and overall contractility. The information obtained from first-pass ventriculography can help in the diagnosis and management of various cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure, valvular heart disease, and myocardial ischemia or infarction.

Gated Blood-Pool Imaging (GBPI) is a type of nuclear medicine test that uses radioactive material and a specialized camera to create detailed images of the heart and its function. In this procedure, a small amount of radioactive tracer is injected into the patient's bloodstream, which then accumulates in the heart muscle and the blood pool within the heart chambers.

The term "gated" refers to the use of an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal to synchronize the image acquisition with the heart's contractions. This allows for the visualization of the heart's motion during different phases of the cardiac cycle, providing valuable information about the size, shape, and contraction of the heart chambers, as well as the movement of the walls of the heart.

GBPI is often used to assess patients with known or suspected heart disease, such as valvular abnormalities, cardiomyopathies, or congenital heart defects. It can help diagnose and evaluate the severity of these conditions, guide treatment decisions, and monitor the effectiveness of therapy.

Oximes are a class of chemical compounds that contain the functional group =N-O-, where two organic groups are attached to the nitrogen atom. In a clinical context, oximes are used as antidotes for nerve agent and pesticide poisoning. The most commonly used oxime in medicine is pralidoxime (2-PAM), which is used to reactivate acetylcholinesterase that has been inhibited by organophosphorus compounds, such as nerve agents and certain pesticides. These compounds work by forming a bond with the phosphoryl group of the inhibited enzyme, allowing for its reactivation and restoration of normal neuromuscular function.

Subacute thyroiditis, also known as de Quervain's thyroiditis or granulomatous thyroiditis, is a inflammatory disorder of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by the presence of granulomas, which are collections of immune cells, within the thyroid tissue. The condition often follows an upper respiratory infection and is more common in women than men.

Subacute thyroiditis typically presents with pain and tenderness in the front of the neck, along with systemic symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, and low-grade fever. The disorder can cause hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) initially, followed by hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) as the gland becomes damaged and inflamed. In some cases, the thyroid function may return to normal on its own after several months. Treatment typically involves anti-inflammatory medications to reduce pain and inflammation, and beta blockers to manage symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

An exercise test, also known as a stress test or an exercise stress test, is a medical procedure used to evaluate the heart's function and response to physical exertion. It typically involves walking on a treadmill or pedaling a stationary bike while being monitored for changes in heart rate, blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG), and sometimes other variables such as oxygen consumption or gas exchange.

During the test, the patient's symptoms, such as chest pain or shortness of breath, are also closely monitored. The exercise test can help diagnose coronary artery disease, assess the severity of heart-related symptoms, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for heart conditions. It may also be used to determine a person's safe level of physical activity and fitness.

There are different types of exercise tests, including treadmill stress testing, stationary bike stress testing, nuclear stress testing, and stress echocardiography. The specific type of test used depends on the patient's medical history, symptoms, and overall health status.

Coronary artery disease, often simply referred to as coronary disease, is a condition in which the blood vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits called plaques. This can lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, or in severe cases, a heart attack.

The medical definition of coronary artery disease is:

A condition characterized by the accumulation of atheromatous plaques in the walls of the coronary arteries, leading to decreased blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardium (heart muscle). This can result in symptoms such as angina pectoris, shortness of breath, or arrhythmias, and may ultimately lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) or heart failure.

Risk factors for coronary artery disease include age, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and a family history of the condition. Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet, and managing stress can help reduce the risk of developing coronary artery disease. Medical treatments may include medications to control blood pressure, cholesterol levels, or irregular heart rhythms, as well as procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

Organophosphorus compounds are a class of chemical substances that contain phosphorus bonded to organic compounds. They are used in various applications, including as plasticizers, flame retardants, pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and nerve gases), and solvents. In medicine, they are also used in the treatment of certain conditions such as glaucoma. However, organophosphorus compounds can be toxic to humans and animals, particularly those that affect the nervous system by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Exposure to these compounds can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death.

Coronary circulation refers to the circulation of blood in the coronary vessels, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) and drain deoxygenated blood from it. The coronary circulation system includes two main coronary arteries - the left main coronary artery and the right coronary artery - that branch off from the aorta just above the aortic valve. These arteries further divide into smaller branches, which supply blood to different regions of the heart muscle.

The left main coronary artery divides into two branches: the left anterior descending (LAD) artery and the left circumflex (LCx) artery. The LAD supplies blood to the front and sides of the heart, while the LCx supplies blood to the back and sides of the heart. The right coronary artery supplies blood to the lower part of the heart, including the right ventricle and the bottom portion of the left ventricle.

The veins that drain the heart muscle include the great cardiac vein, the middle cardiac vein, and the small cardiac vein, which merge to form the coronary sinus. The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium, allowing deoxygenated blood to enter the right side of the heart and be pumped to the lungs for oxygenation.

Coronary circulation is essential for maintaining the health and function of the heart muscle, as it provides the necessary oxygen and nutrients required for proper contraction and relaxation of the myocardium. Any disruption or blockage in the coronary circulation system can lead to serious consequences, such as angina, heart attack, or even death.

Chest pain is a discomfort or pain that you feel in the chest area. The pain can be sharp, dull, burning, crushing, heaviness, or tightness. It may be accompanied by other symptoms such as shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, dizziness, or pain that radiates to the arm, neck, jaw, or back.

Chest pain can have many possible causes, including heart-related conditions such as angina or a heart attack, lung conditions such as pneumonia or pleurisy, gastrointestinal problems such as acid reflux or gastritis, musculoskeletal issues such as costochondritis or muscle strain, and anxiety or panic attacks.

It is important to seek immediate medical attention if you experience chest pain that is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other concerning symptoms, as it may be a sign of a serious medical condition. A healthcare professional can evaluate your symptoms, perform tests, and provide appropriate treatment.

Erythrocyte inclusions refer to the presence of abnormal structures or substances within red blood cells (erythrocytes). These inclusions can be composed of various materials such as proteins, pigments, or foreign bodies. They may be seen in a variety of medical conditions and can provide important diagnostic clues.

Some examples of erythrocyte inclusions include:

1. Howell-Jolly bodies: small remnants of nuclear material left behind after the red blood cell matures. They are typically seen in individuals with an absent or nonfunctional spleen.
2. Heinz bodies: denatured hemoglobin that forms clumps within the red blood cells. They can be seen in conditions such as hemolytic anemia, G6PD deficiency, and exposure to certain drugs or toxins.
3. Pappenheimer bodies: aggregates of iron-containing proteins called ferritin or hemosiderin. They are typically seen in conditions associated with increased red blood cell destruction, such as thalassemia or lead poisoning.
4. Basophilic stippling: small, basophilic (blue-staining) granules within the red blood cells. They can be seen in various conditions, including lead poisoning, megaloblastic anemias, and certain inherited disorders.
5. Parasites: organisms such as malaria or babesia that infect and multiply within the red blood cells.

The detection of erythrocyte inclusions typically requires specialized testing, such as peripheral blood smears stained with specific dyes to highlight the abnormal structures. The presence and type of inclusions can help diagnose certain medical conditions and guide appropriate treatment.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Tin Polyphosphates" is not a recognized medical term or concept. It appears to be a chemical compound, specifically a polyphosphate complex of tin. Polyphosphates are chains of phosphate groups, and in this case, they are bound to a tin (Sn) atom.

Tin polyphosphates may have various industrial applications, such as flame retardants or corrosion inhibitors, but they do not have a specific relevance to medical definition. If you have any questions about the chemical properties or uses of tin polyphosphates in a non-medical context, I would recommend consulting a chemistry or materials science resource.

Dobutamine is a synthetic catecholamine used in medical treatment, specifically as a positive inotrope and vasodilator. It works by stimulating the beta-1 adrenergic receptors of the heart, thereby increasing its contractility and stroke volume. This results in an improved cardiac output, making dobutamine beneficial in treating heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and other conditions where heart function is compromised.

It's important to note that dobutamine should be administered under strict medical supervision due to its potential to cause adverse effects such as arrhythmias, hypotension, or hypertension. The dosage, frequency, and duration of administration are determined by the patient's specific condition and response to treatment.

The Predictive Value of Tests, specifically the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV), are measures used in diagnostic tests to determine the probability that a positive or negative test result is correct.

Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is the proportion of patients with a positive test result who actually have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true positives divided by the total number of positive results (true positives + false positives). A higher PPV indicates that a positive test result is more likely to be a true positive, and therefore the disease is more likely to be present.

Negative Predictive Value (NPV) is the proportion of patients with a negative test result who do not have the disease. It is calculated as the number of true negatives divided by the total number of negative results (true negatives + false negatives). A higher NPV indicates that a negative test result is more likely to be a true negative, and therefore the disease is less likely to be present.

The predictive value of tests depends on the prevalence of the disease in the population being tested, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the test. A test with high sensitivity and specificity will generally have higher predictive values than a test with low sensitivity and specificity. However, even a highly sensitive and specific test can have low predictive values if the prevalence of the disease is low in the population being tested.

Diphosphates, also known as pyrophosphates, are chemical compounds that contain two phosphate groups joined together by an oxygen atom. The general formula for a diphosphate is P~PO3~2-, where ~ represents a bond. Diphosphates play important roles in various biological processes, such as energy metabolism and cell signaling. In the context of nutrition, diphosphates can be found in some foods, including milk and certain vegetables.

Radioactive soil pollutants refer to radioactive substances that contaminate and negatively impact the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soil. These pollutants can arise from various sources such as nuclear accidents, industrial activities, agricultural practices, and military testing. They include radionuclides such as uranium, plutonium, cesium-137, and strontium-90, among others.

Exposure to radioactive soil pollutants can have serious health consequences for humans and other living organisms. Direct contact with contaminated soil can result in radiation exposure, while ingestion or inhalation of contaminated soil particles can lead to internal radiation exposure. This can increase the risk of cancer, genetic mutations, and other health problems.

Radioactive soil pollutants can also have negative impacts on the environment, such as reducing soil fertility, disrupting ecosystems, and contaminating water sources. Therefore, it is essential to monitor and regulate radioactive soil pollution to protect human health and the environment.

Myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, is a medical condition characterized by the death of a segment of heart muscle (myocardium) due to the interruption of its blood supply. This interruption is most commonly caused by the blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot formed on the top of an atherosclerotic plaque, which is a buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the inner lining of the artery.

The lack of oxygen and nutrients supply to the heart muscle tissue results in damage or death of the cardiac cells, causing the affected area to become necrotic. The extent and severity of the MI depend on the size of the affected area, the duration of the occlusion, and the presence of collateral circulation.

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and sweating. Immediate medical attention is necessary to restore blood flow to the affected area and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. Treatment options for MI include medications, such as thrombolytics, antiplatelet agents, and pain relievers, as well as procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Tin compounds refer to chemical substances that contain tin (Sn) combined with one or more other elements. Tin can form various types of compounds, including oxides, sulfides, halides, and organometallic compounds. These compounds have different properties and uses depending on the other element(s) they are combined with.

For example:

* Tin (IV) oxide (SnO2) is a white powder used as an opacifying agent in glass and ceramics, as well as a component in some types of batteries.
* Tin (II) sulfide (SnS) is a black or brown solid used in the manufacture of some types of semiconductors.
* Tin (IV) chloride (SnCl4) is a colorless liquid used as a catalyst in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other plastics.
* Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT), are used as biocides and antifouling agents in marine paints. However, they have been found to be toxic to aquatic life and are being phased out in many countries.

Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a non-invasive nuclear medicine test used to assess the blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium). It typically involves the injection of a radioactive tracer, such as thallium-201 or technetium-99m sestamibi, into a vein. The tracer is taken up by healthy heart muscle in proportion to blood flow. A special camera then takes images of the distribution of the tracer within the heart, providing information about areas of reduced or blocked blood flow (ischemia) or scarred tissue (infarction). MPI can help diagnose coronary artery disease, assess the effectiveness of treatments, and determine prognosis.

Rosaniline dyes are a type of basic dye that were first synthesized in the late 19th century. They are named after rosaniline, which is a primary chemical used in their production. Rosaniline dyes are characterized by their ability to form complexes with metal ions, which can then bind to proteins and other biological molecules. This property makes them useful as histological stains, which are used to highlight specific structures or features within tissues and cells.

Rosaniline dyes include a range of different chemicals, such as methyl violet, crystal violet, and basic fuchsin. These dyes are often used in combination with other staining techniques to provide contrast and enhance the visibility of specific cellular components. For example, they may be used to stain nuclei, cytoplasm, or other structures within cells, allowing researchers and clinicians to visualize and analyze tissue samples more effectively.

It's worth noting that some rosaniline dyes have been found to have potential health hazards, particularly when used in certain forms or concentrations. Therefore, it's important to follow proper safety protocols when handling these chemicals and to use them only under the guidance of trained professionals.

Isotope labeling is a scientific technique used in the field of medicine, particularly in molecular biology, chemistry, and pharmacology. It involves replacing one or more atoms in a molecule with a radioactive or stable isotope of the same element. This modified molecule can then be traced and analyzed to study its structure, function, metabolism, or interaction with other molecules within biological systems.

Radioisotope labeling uses unstable radioactive isotopes that emit radiation, allowing for detection and quantification of the labeled molecule using various imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). This approach is particularly useful in tracking the distribution and metabolism of drugs, hormones, or other biomolecules in living organisms.

Stable isotope labeling, on the other hand, employs non-radioactive isotopes that do not emit radiation. These isotopes have different atomic masses compared to their natural counterparts and can be detected using mass spectrometry. Stable isotope labeling is often used in metabolic studies, protein turnover analysis, or for identifying the origin of specific molecules within complex biological samples.

In summary, isotope labeling is a versatile tool in medical research that enables researchers to investigate various aspects of molecular behavior and interactions within biological systems.

Etidronic acid is a type of medication known as a bisphosphonate. It is used to treat conditions such as Paget's disease, osteoporosis, and certain types of cancer that have spread to the bones.

Etidronic acid works by inhibiting the activity of cells called osteoclasts, which are responsible for breaking down bone tissue. This helps to slow down the process of bone loss and can increase bone density, making bones stronger and less likely to break.

The medication is available in the form of a solution that is given intravenously (through a vein) in a hospital or clinic setting. It may be given as a single dose or as multiple doses over a period of time, depending on the condition being treated and the individual patient's needs.

As with any medication, etidronic acid can have side effects, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bone pain. It is important for patients to discuss the potential risks and benefits of this medication with their healthcare provider before starting treatment.

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition in which the parathyroid glands produce excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone (PTH). There are four small parathyroid glands located in the neck, near or within the thyroid gland. They release PTH into the bloodstream to help regulate the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the body.

In hyperparathyroidism, overproduction of PTH can lead to an imbalance in these minerals, causing high blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia) and low phosphate levels (hypophosphatemia). This can result in various symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, bone pain, kidney stones, and cognitive issues.

There are two types of hyperparathyroidism: primary and secondary. Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs when there is a problem with one or more of the parathyroid glands, causing them to become overactive and produce too much PTH. Secondary hyperparathyroidism develops as a response to low calcium levels in the body due to conditions like vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease, or malabsorption syndromes.

Treatment for hyperparathyroidism depends on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms. In primary hyperparathyroidism, surgery to remove the overactive parathyroid gland(s) is often recommended. For secondary hyperparathyroidism, treating the underlying condition and managing calcium levels with medications or dietary changes may be sufficient.

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a medical procedure that records the electrical activity of the heart. It provides a graphic representation of the electrical changes that occur during each heartbeat. The resulting tracing, called an electrocardiogram, can reveal information about the heart's rate and rhythm, as well as any damage to its cells or abnormalities in its conduction system.

During an ECG, small electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes detect the electrical signals produced by the heart and transmit them to a machine that amplifies and records them. The procedure is non-invasive, painless, and quick, usually taking only a few minutes.

ECGs are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions, including arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and electrolyte imbalances. They can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of certain medications or treatments.

Vasodilator agents are pharmacological substances that cause the relaxation or widening of blood vessels by relaxing the smooth muscle in the vessel walls. This results in an increase in the diameter of the blood vessels, which decreases vascular resistance and ultimately reduces blood pressure. Vasodilators can be further classified based on their site of action:

1. Systemic vasodilators: These agents cause a generalized relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls of both arteries and veins, resulting in a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and preload (the volume of blood returning to the heart). Examples include nitroglycerin, hydralazine, and calcium channel blockers.
2. Arterial vasodilators: These agents primarily affect the smooth muscle in arterial vessel walls, leading to a reduction in afterload (the pressure against which the heart pumps blood). Examples include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and direct vasodilators like sodium nitroprusside.
3. Venous vasodilators: These agents primarily affect the smooth muscle in venous vessel walls, increasing venous capacitance and reducing preload. Examples include nitroglycerin and other organic nitrates.

Vasodilator agents are used to treat various cardiovascular conditions such as hypertension, heart failure, angina, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is essential to monitor their use carefully, as excessive vasodilation can lead to orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, or fluid retention.

Coronary angiography is a medical procedure that uses X-ray imaging to visualize the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle. During the procedure, a thin, flexible catheter is inserted into an artery in the arm or groin and threaded through the blood vessels to the heart. A contrast dye is then injected through the catheter, and X-ray images are taken as the dye flows through the coronary arteries. These images can help doctors diagnose and treat various heart conditions, such as blockages or narrowing of the arteries, that can lead to chest pain or heart attacks. It is also known as coronary arteriography or cardiac catheterization.

Sugar acids are a type of organic acid that are derived from sugars through the process of hydrolysis or oxidation. They have complex structures and can be found in various natural sources such as fruits, vegetables, and honey. In the medical field, sugar acids may be used in the production of pharmaceuticals and other chemical products.

Some common examples of sugar acids include:

* Gluconic acid, which is derived from glucose and has applications in the food industry as a preservative and stabilizer.
* Lactic acid, which is produced by fermentation of carbohydrates and is used in the production of various pharmaceuticals, foods, and cosmetics.
* Citric acid, which is found in citrus fruits and is widely used as a flavoring agent, preservative, and chelating agent in food, beverages, and personal care products.

It's worth noting that while sugar acids have important applications in various industries, they can also contribute to tooth decay and other health problems when consumed in excess. Therefore, it's important to consume them in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Phosphines are a class of organic compounds characterized by a phosphorus atom bonded to three organic groups and a hydrogen atom, with the general formula of PRR'R''H. They are important in various chemical reactions as reducing agents and catalysts. In medicine, phosphines have no direct medical application. However, certain phosphine compounds have been studied for their potential use as pharmaceuticals, such as phosphinic acids which have shown promise as protease inhibitors used in the treatment of diseases like HIV and HCV. It is important to note that some phosphines are highly toxic and should be handled with care.

Myocardial revascularization is a medical term that refers to the restoration of blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium), typically through a surgical or interventional procedure. This is often performed in patients with coronary artery disease, where the buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries restricts blood flow to the heart muscle, causing symptoms such as chest pain (angina) or shortness of breath, and increasing the risk of a heart attack (myocardial infarction).

There are two main types of myocardial revascularization:

1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This is a surgical procedure in which a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a detour around the blocked or narrowed coronary artery, allowing blood to flow more freely to the heart muscle.
2. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), also known as angioplasty and stenting: This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a thin catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin or arm and threaded up to the blocked or narrowed coronary artery. A balloon is then inflated to widen the artery, and a stent may be placed to keep it open.

Both procedures aim to improve symptoms, reduce the risk of heart attack, and prolong survival in appropriately selected patients with coronary artery disease.

Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that is composed of a sugar (ribose) and the base adenine. It plays several important roles in the body, including serving as a precursor for the synthesis of other molecules such as ATP, NAD+, and RNA.

In the medical context, adenosine is perhaps best known for its use as a pharmaceutical agent to treat certain cardiac arrhythmias. When administered intravenously, it can help restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) by slowing conduction through the atrioventricular node and interrupting the reentry circuit responsible for the arrhythmia.

Adenosine can also be used as a diagnostic tool to help differentiate between narrow-complex tachycardias of supraventricular origin and those that originate from below the ventricles (such as ventricular tachycardia). This is because adenosine will typically terminate PSVT but not affect the rhythm of VT.

It's worth noting that adenosine has a very short half-life, lasting only a few seconds in the bloodstream. This means that its effects are rapidly reversible and generally well-tolerated, although some patients may experience transient symptoms such as flushing, chest pain, or shortness of breath.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

A gamma camera, also known as a scintillation camera, is a device used in nuclear medicine to image gamma-emitting radionuclides in the body. It detects gamma radiation emitted by radioisotopes that have been introduced into the body, usually through injection or ingestion. The camera consists of a large flat crystal (often sodium iodide) that scintillates when struck by gamma rays, producing light flashes that are detected by an array of photomultiplier tubes.

The resulting signals are then processed by a computer to generate images that reflect the distribution and concentration of the radionuclide in the body. Gamma cameras are used in a variety of medical imaging procedures, including bone scans, lung scans, heart scans (such as myocardial perfusion imaging), and brain scans. They can help diagnose conditions such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Rhenium" is not a medical term. It is a chemical element with the symbol "Re" and atomic number 75. Rhenium is a heavy, silvery-white, metallic element that is highly resistant to corrosion and is used in high-temperature alloys and electronics.

It does not have any direct medical relevance or application as a drug, treatment, or diagnostic tool in human medicine. However, like many other elements, rhenium compounds are being studied for their potential medicinal uses, such as in cancer therapy. But it's important to note that these are still in the research phase and have not yet been approved for use in humans.

The parathyroid glands are four small endocrine glands located in the neck, usually near or behind the thyroid gland. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which plays a critical role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the blood and bones. PTH helps maintain the balance of these minerals by increasing the absorption of calcium from food in the intestines, promoting reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and stimulating the release of calcium from bones when needed. Additionally, PTH decreases the excretion of calcium through urine and reduces phosphate reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased phosphate excretion. Disorders of the parathyroid glands can result in conditions such as hyperparathyroidism (overactive glands) or hypoparathyroidism (underactive glands), which can have significant impacts on calcium and phosphate homeostasis and overall health.

Tissue distribution, in the context of pharmacology and toxicology, refers to the way that a drug or xenobiotic (a chemical substance found within an organism that is not naturally produced by or expected to be present within that organism) is distributed throughout the body's tissues after administration. It describes how much of the drug or xenobiotic can be found in various tissues and organs, and is influenced by factors such as blood flow, lipid solubility, protein binding, and the permeability of cell membranes. Understanding tissue distribution is important for predicting the potential effects of a drug or toxin on different parts of the body, and for designing drugs with improved safety and efficacy profiles.

Emission computed tomography (ECT) is a type of tomographic imaging technique in which an emission signal from within the body is detected to create cross-sectional images of that signal's distribution. In Emission-Computed Tomography (ECT), a radionuclide is introduced into the body, usually through injection, inhalation or ingestion. The radionuclide emits gamma rays that are then detected by external gamma cameras.

The data collected from these cameras is then used to create cross-sectional images of the distribution of the radiopharmaceutical within the body. This allows for the identification and quantification of functional information about specific organs or systems within the body, such as blood flow, metabolic activity, or receptor density.

One common type of Emission-Computed Tomography is Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), which uses a single gamma camera that rotates around the patient to collect data from multiple angles. Another type is Positron Emission Tomography (PET), which uses positron-emitting radionuclides and detects the coincident gamma rays emitted by the annihilation of positrons and electrons.

Overall, ECT is a valuable tool in medical imaging for diagnosing and monitoring various diseases, including cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders.

Reproducibility of results in a medical context refers to the ability to obtain consistent and comparable findings when a particular experiment or study is repeated, either by the same researcher or by different researchers, following the same experimental protocol. It is an essential principle in scientific research that helps to ensure the validity and reliability of research findings.

In medical research, reproducibility of results is crucial for establishing the effectiveness and safety of new treatments, interventions, or diagnostic tools. It involves conducting well-designed studies with adequate sample sizes, appropriate statistical analyses, and transparent reporting of methods and findings to allow other researchers to replicate the study and confirm or refute the results.

The lack of reproducibility in medical research has become a significant concern in recent years, as several high-profile studies have failed to produce consistent findings when replicated by other researchers. This has led to increased scrutiny of research practices and a call for greater transparency, rigor, and standardization in the conduct and reporting of medical research.

Left ventricular function refers to the ability of the left ventricle (the heart's lower-left chamber) to contract and relax, thereby filling with and ejecting blood. The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Its function is evaluated by measuring several parameters, including:

1. Ejection fraction (EF): This is the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. A normal ejection fraction ranges from 55% to 70%.
2. Stroke volume (SV): The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one contraction. A typical SV is about 70 mL/beat.
3. Cardiac output (CO): The total volume of blood that the left ventricle pumps per minute, calculated as the product of stroke volume and heart rate. Normal CO ranges from 4 to 8 L/minute.

Assessment of left ventricular function is crucial in diagnosing and monitoring various cardiovascular conditions such as heart failure, coronary artery disease, valvular heart diseases, and cardiomyopathies.

Myocardial ischemia is a condition in which the blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardium) is reduced or blocked, leading to insufficient oxygen delivery and potential damage to the heart tissue. This reduction in blood flow typically results from the buildup of fatty deposits, called plaques, in the coronary arteries that supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood. The plaques can rupture or become unstable, causing the formation of blood clots that obstruct the artery and limit blood flow.

Myocardial ischemia may manifest as chest pain (angina pectoris), shortness of breath, fatigue, or irregular heartbeats (arrhythmias). In severe cases, it can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack) if the oxygen supply is significantly reduced or cut off completely, causing permanent damage or death of the heart muscle. Early diagnosis and treatment of myocardial ischemia are crucial for preventing further complications and improving patient outcomes.

Left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) is a condition characterized by the impaired ability of the left ventricle of the heart to pump blood efficiently during contraction. The left ventricle is one of the four chambers of the heart and is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

LVD can be caused by various underlying conditions, such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, or hypertension. These conditions can lead to structural changes in the left ventricle, including remodeling, hypertrophy, and dilation, which ultimately impair its contractile function.

The severity of LVD is often assessed by measuring the ejection fraction (EF), which is the percentage of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle during each contraction. A normal EF ranges from 55% to 70%, while an EF below 40% is indicative of LVD.

LVD can lead to various symptoms, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, fluid retention, and decreased exercise tolerance. It can also increase the risk of complications, such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. Treatment for LVD typically involves managing the underlying cause, along with medications to improve contractility, reduce fluid buildup, and control heart rate. In severe cases, devices such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) or left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) may be required.

Myocardial contraction refers to the rhythmic and forceful shortening of heart muscle cells (myocytes) in the myocardium, which is the muscular wall of the heart. This process is initiated by electrical signals generated by the sinoatrial node, causing a wave of depolarization that spreads throughout the heart.

During myocardial contraction, calcium ions flow into the myocytes, triggering the interaction between actin and myosin filaments, which are the contractile proteins in the muscle cells. This interaction causes the myofilaments to slide past each other, resulting in the shortening of the sarcomeres (the functional units of muscle contraction) and ultimately leading to the contraction of the heart muscle.

Myocardial contraction is essential for pumping blood throughout the body and maintaining adequate circulation to vital organs. Any impairment in myocardial contractility can lead to various cardiac disorders, such as heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias.

The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall, composed of specialized cardiac muscle cells that are responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. It forms the thickest part of the heart wall and is divided into two sections: the left ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, and the right ventricle, which pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

The myocardium contains several types of cells, including cardiac muscle fibers, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels. The muscle fibers are arranged in a highly organized pattern that allows them to contract in a coordinated manner, generating the force necessary to pump blood through the heart and circulatory system.

Damage to the myocardium can occur due to various factors such as ischemia (reduced blood flow), infection, inflammation, or genetic disorders. This damage can lead to several cardiac conditions, including heart failure, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy.

Thallium is a chemical element with the symbol Tl and atomic number 81. It is a soft, malleable, silver-like metal that is highly toxic. In the context of medicine, thallium may be used as a component in medical imaging tests, such as thallium stress tests, which are used to evaluate blood flow to the heart and detect coronary artery disease. Thallium-201 is a radioactive isotope of thallium that is used as a radiopharmaceutical in these tests. When administered to a patient, it is taken up by heart muscle tissue in proportion to its blood flow, allowing doctors to identify areas of the heart that may not be receiving enough oxygen-rich blood. However, due to concerns about its potential toxicity and the availability of safer alternatives, thallium stress tests are less commonly used today than they were in the past.

Observer variation, also known as inter-observer variability or measurement agreement, refers to the difference in observations or measurements made by different observers or raters when evaluating the same subject or phenomenon. It is a common issue in various fields such as medicine, research, and quality control, where subjective assessments are involved.

In medical terms, observer variation can occur in various contexts, including:

1. Diagnostic tests: Different radiologists may interpret the same X-ray or MRI scan differently, leading to variations in diagnosis.
2. Clinical trials: Different researchers may have different interpretations of clinical outcomes or adverse events, affecting the consistency and reliability of trial results.
3. Medical records: Different healthcare providers may document medical histories, physical examinations, or treatment plans differently, leading to inconsistencies in patient care.
4. Pathology: Different pathologists may have varying interpretations of tissue samples or laboratory tests, affecting diagnostic accuracy.

Observer variation can be minimized through various methods, such as standardized assessment tools, training and calibration of observers, and statistical analysis of inter-rater reliability.

Radioimmunodetection (RID) is a medical diagnostic technique that combines the specificity of antibodies with the sensitivity of radioisotopes to detect and locate antigens or tumor markers within the body. This technique involves labeling antibodies with radioactive isotopes, which are then introduced into the patient's body. The labeled antibodies bind to the target antigens, allowing for their detection and localization using external gamma cameras.

The process typically begins with the production of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies that specifically recognize and bind to a particular antigen associated with a disease or condition. These antibodies are then labeled with radioisotopes such as technetium-99m, iodine-131, or indium-111, which emit gamma rays that can be detected by external imaging devices.

Once the labeled antibodies have been administered to the patient, they circulate throughout the body and bind to their respective antigens. The bound radioactive antibodies can then be imaged using a gamma camera or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scanner, providing information about the location, size, and distribution of the target antigens within the body.

Radioimmunodetection has been widely used in the detection and monitoring of various malignancies, including cancerous tumors and metastases, as well as inflammatory and infectious diseases. It offers several advantages over other diagnostic techniques, such as high sensitivity, specificity, and non-invasiveness, making it an essential tool in modern medical imaging and diagnostics.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a medical condition in which the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of cholesterol, fatty deposits, and other substances, known as plaque. Over time, this buildup can cause the arteries to harden and narrow (a process called atherosclerosis), reducing blood flow to the heart muscle.

The reduction in blood flow can lead to various symptoms and complications, including:

1. Angina (chest pain or discomfort) - This occurs when the heart muscle doesn't receive enough oxygen-rich blood, causing pain, pressure, or discomfort in the chest, arms, neck, jaw, or back.
2. Shortness of breath - When the heart isn't receiving adequate blood flow, it can't pump blood efficiently to meet the body's demands, leading to shortness of breath during physical activities or at rest.
3. Heart attack - If a piece of plaque ruptures or breaks off in a coronary artery, a blood clot can form and block the artery, causing a heart attack (myocardial infarction). This can damage or destroy part of the heart muscle.
4. Heart failure - Chronic reduced blood flow to the heart muscle can weaken it over time, leading to heart failure, a condition in which the heart can't pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs.
5. Arrhythmias - Reduced blood flow and damage to the heart muscle can lead to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), which can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

Coronary artery disease is typically diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECGs), stress testing, cardiac catheterization, and imaging studies like coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Treatment options for CAD include lifestyle modifications, medications, medical procedures, and surgery.

Iodobenzenes are organic compounds that contain a iodine atom (I) attached to a benzene ring. The general formula for iodobenzenes is C6H5I. They can be considered as aryl halides and can undergo various chemical reactions such as nucleophilic substitution, electrophilic aromatic substitution, and reduction. Iodobenzenes are less reactive than other aryl halides due to the larger size and lower electronegativity of iodine compared to other halogens. They are used in organic synthesis as building blocks or reagents for various chemical transformations.

Myocardial stunning is a condition in cardiovascular medicine where the heart muscle (myocardium) temporarily loses its ability to contract effectively after being exposed to a brief, severe episode of ischemia (restriction of blood supply) or reperfusion injury (damage that occurs when blood flow is restored to an organ or tissue after a period of ischemia). This results in a reduction in the heart's pumping function, which can be detected using imaging techniques such as echocardiography.

The stunning phenomenon is believed to be caused by complex biochemical and cellular processes that occur during ischemia-reperfusion injury, including the generation of free radicals, calcium overload, inflammation, and activation of various signaling pathways. These changes can lead to the dysfunction of contractile proteins, mitochondrial damage, and altered gene expression in cardiomyocytes (heart muscle cells).

Myocardial stunning is often observed following procedures such as coronary angioplasty or bypass surgery, where blood flow is temporarily interrupted and then restored to the heart. It can also occur during episodes of unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, or cardiac arrest. Although the stunning itself is usually reversible within a few days to several weeks, it may contribute to short-term hemodynamic instability and increased risk of adverse events such as heart failure, arrhythmias, or even death.

Management of myocardial stunning typically involves supportive care, optimizing hemodynamics, and addressing any underlying conditions that may have contributed to the ischemic episode. In some cases, medications like inotropes or vasopressors might be used to support cardiac function temporarily. Preventive strategies, such as maintaining adequate blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygenation during procedures, can help reduce the risk of myocardial stunning.

Nitriles, in a medical context, refer to a class of organic compounds that contain a cyano group (-CN) bonded to a carbon atom. They are widely used in the chemical industry and can be found in various materials, including certain plastics and rubber products.

In some cases, nitriles can pose health risks if ingested, inhaled, or come into contact with the skin. Short-term exposure to high levels of nitriles can cause irritation to the eyes, nose, throat, and respiratory tract. Prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to more severe health effects, such as damage to the nervous system, liver, and kidneys.

However, it's worth noting that the medical use of nitriles is not very common. Some nitrile gloves are used in healthcare settings due to their resistance to many chemicals and because they can provide a better barrier against infectious materials compared to latex or vinyl gloves. But beyond this application, nitriles themselves are not typically used as medications or therapeutic agents.

Radioisotopes, also known as radioactive isotopes or radionuclides, are variants of chemical elements that have unstable nuclei and emit radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, or conversion electrons. These isotopes are formed when an element's nucleus undergoes natural or artificial radioactive decay.

Radioisotopes can be produced through various processes, including nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, and particle bombardment in a cyclotron or other types of particle accelerators. They have a wide range of applications in medicine, industry, agriculture, research, and energy production. In the medical field, radioisotopes are used for diagnostic imaging, radiation therapy, and in the labeling of molecules for research purposes.

It is important to note that handling and using radioisotopes requires proper training, safety measures, and regulatory compliance due to their ionizing radiation properties, which can pose potential health risks if not handled correctly.

Minimally invasive surgical procedures are a type of surgery that is performed with the assistance of specialized equipment and techniques to minimize trauma to the patient's body. This approach aims to reduce blood loss, pain, and recovery time as compared to traditional open surgeries. The most common minimally invasive surgical procedure is laparoscopy, which involves making small incisions (usually 0.5-1 cm) in the abdomen or chest and inserting a thin tube with a camera (laparoscope) to visualize the internal organs.

The surgeon then uses long, slender instruments inserted through separate incisions to perform the necessary surgical procedures, such as cutting, coagulation, or suturing. Other types of minimally invasive surgical procedures include arthroscopy (for joint surgery), thoracoscopy (for chest surgery), and hysteroscopy (for uterine surgery). The benefits of minimally invasive surgical procedures include reduced postoperative pain, shorter hospital stays, quicker return to normal activities, and improved cosmetic results. However, not all surgeries can be performed using minimally invasive techniques, and the suitability of a particular procedure depends on various factors, including the patient's overall health, the nature and extent of the surgical problem, and the surgeon's expertise.

Preclinical drug evaluation refers to a series of laboratory tests and studies conducted to determine the safety and effectiveness of a new drug before it is tested in humans. These studies typically involve experiments on cells and animals to evaluate the pharmacological properties, toxicity, and potential interactions with other substances. The goal of preclinical evaluation is to establish a reasonable level of safety and understanding of how the drug works, which helps inform the design and conduct of subsequent clinical trials in humans. It's important to note that while preclinical studies provide valuable information, they may not always predict how a drug will behave in human subjects.

Prognosis is a medical term that refers to the prediction of the likely outcome or course of a disease, including the chances of recovery or recurrence, based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, physical examination, and diagnostic tests. It is an important aspect of clinical decision-making and patient communication, as it helps doctors and patients make informed decisions about treatment options, set realistic expectations, and plan for future care.

Prognosis can be expressed in various ways, such as percentages, categories (e.g., good, fair, poor), or survival rates, depending on the nature of the disease and the available evidence. However, it is important to note that prognosis is not an exact science and may vary depending on individual factors, such as age, overall health status, and response to treatment. Therefore, it should be used as a guide rather than a definitive forecast.

Xenon radioisotopes are unstable isotopes of the element xenon that emit radiation as they decay into more stable forms. These isotopes can be produced through various nuclear reactions and have a wide range of applications, including medical imaging and cancer treatment. Examples of commonly used xenon radioisotopes include xenon-127, xenon-131m, xenon-133, and xenon-135.

It's important to note that the use of radioisotopes in medical settings must be carefully regulated and monitored to ensure safety and minimize potential risks to patients and healthcare workers.

Organometallic compounds are a type of chemical compound that contain at least one metal-carbon bond. This means that the metal is directly attached to carbon atom(s) from an organic molecule. These compounds can be synthesized through various methods, and they have found widespread use in industrial and medicinal applications, including catalysis, polymerization, and pharmaceuticals.

It's worth noting that while organometallic compounds contain metal-carbon bonds, not all compounds with metal-carbon bonds are considered organometallic. For example, in classical inorganic chemistry, simple salts of metal carbonyls (M(CO)n) are not typically classified as organometallic, but rather as metal carbonyl complexes. The distinction between these classes of compounds can sometimes be subtle and is a matter of ongoing debate among chemists.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

Clinical protocols, also known as clinical practice guidelines or care paths, are systematically developed statements that assist healthcare professionals and patients in making decisions about the appropriate healthcare for specific clinical circumstances. They are based on a thorough evaluation of the available scientific evidence and consist of a set of recommendations that are designed to optimize patient outcomes, improve the quality of care, and reduce unnecessary variations in practice. Clinical protocols may cover a wide range of topics, including diagnosis, treatment, follow-up, and disease prevention, and are developed by professional organizations, government agencies, and other groups with expertise in the relevant field.

A sentinel lymph node biopsy is a surgical procedure used in cancer staging to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the primary tumor to the lymphatic system. This procedure involves identifying and removing the sentinel lymph node(s), which are the first few lymph nodes to which cancer cells are most likely to spread from the primary tumor site.

The sentinel lymph node(s) are identified by injecting a tracer substance (usually a radioactive material and/or a blue dye) near the tumor site. The tracer substance is taken up by the lymphatic vessels and transported to the sentinel lymph node(s), allowing the surgeon to locate and remove them.

The removed sentinel lymph node(s) are then examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells. If no cancer cells are found, it is unlikely that the cancer has spread to other lymph nodes or distant sites in the body. However, if cancer cells are present, further lymph node dissection and/or additional treatment may be necessary.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy is commonly used in the staging of melanoma, breast cancer, and some types of head and neck cancer.

... (INN) (commonly sestamibi; USP: technetium Tc 99m sestamibi; trade name Cardiolite) is a ... A MIBI scan or sestamibi scan is now a common method of cardiac imaging. Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi is a lipophilic cation ... The drug is a coordination complex consisting of the radioisotope technetium-99m bound to six (sesta=6) ... Rizk TH, Nagalli S (5 July 2020). "Technetium (99mTc) Sestamibi". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls ...
... two different compounds containing technetium-99m were introduced: teboroxime and sestamibi. The utilization of Tc-99m would ... The usual isotopes for such studies are either thallium-201 or technetium-99m. The history of nuclear cardiology began in 1927 ... technetium-99m and thallium-201 have similar typical effective doses (15-35 mSv). The Cardiac PET tracer nitrogen-13 ammonia, ... "Myocardial scintigraphy with Tc-99m-teboroxime: its feasibility and the evaluation of its diagnostic reliability. A comparison ...
Tc99m-sestamibi is used to detect parathyroid adenomas. To detect metastases/function of thyroid, the isotopes technetium-99m ... By chemically attaching technetium-99m to MDP, radioactivity can be transported and attached to bone via the hydroxyapatite for ... The perfusion phase of the test involves the intravenous injection of radioactive technetium macro aggregated albumin (Tc99m- ... In the ventilation phase of a ventilation/perfusion scan, a gaseous radionuclide xenon or technetium DTPA in an aerosol form ( ...
... (Tc-99m) can be readily detected in the body by medical equipment because it emits 140.5 keV gamma rays (these ... Squibb B. "Cardialite kit for the preparation of Technetium 99m Sestamibi for injection, Prescribing information, April 2008" ( ... Technetium-99m (99mTc) is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99 (itself an isotope of technetium), symbolized as 99mTc, ... "The Technetium-99m Generator". Bnl.gov. Richards P, Tucker WD, Srivastava SC (October 1982). "Technetium-99m: an historical ...
... technetium tc 99m pentetate MeSH D02.691.825.937 - technetium tc 99m sestamibi MeSH D02.691.850.900 - trialkyltin compounds ... technetium tc 99m disofenin MeSH D02.691.825.562 - technetium tc 99m exametazime MeSH D02.691.825.710 - technetium tc 99m ... technetium tc 99m diethyl-iminodiacetic acid MeSH D02.241.081.583.450 - technetium tc 99m disofenin MeSH D02.241.081.583.900 - ... technetium tc 99m disofenin MeSH D02.491.485.900 - technetium tc 99m lidofenin MeSH D02.491.567.249 - imino furanoses MeSH ...
... molybdenum/technetium or strontium/rubidium. The most commonly used intravenous radionuclides are technetium-99m, iodine-123, ... Nuclear medicine myocardial perfusion scan with thallium-201 for the rest images (bottom rows) and Tc-Sestamibi for the stress ... Today, Technetium-99m is the most utilized element in nuclear medicine and is employed in a wide variety of nuclear medicine ... By chemically attaching technetium-99m to MDP, radioactivity can be transported and attached to bone via the hydroxyapatite for ...
... technetium tc 99m dextran - technetium tc 99m sulfur colloid - tegafur - teicoplanin - telangiectasia - temoporfin - ... sestamibi breast imaging - severe myelosuppression - Sézary syndrome - SGN-00101 - SGN-15 - SGOT - SGPT - sham therapy - shave ...
Bonte FJ, Harris TS, Hynan LS, Bigio EH, White CL (2006). "Tc-99m exametazime SPECT in the differential diagnosis of the ... While 99mTc is extracted from relatively simple technetium-99m generators, which are delivered to hospitals and scanning ... For example, SPECT/CT may be used in sestamibi parathyroid scan applications, where the technique is useful in locating ectopic ... Usually, the gamma-emitting tracer used in functional brain imaging is Technetium (99mTc) exametazime. 99mTc is a metastable ...
Bonte, F. J.; Harris, T. S.; Hynan, L. S.; Bigio, E. H.; White, C. L. (2006). "Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in the Differential Diagnosis ... The reason for this is that 99mTc is extracted from relatively simple technetium-99m generators which are delivered to ... E.g. 99mTc-tetrofosmin (Myoview, GE healthcare), 99mTc-sestamibi (Cardiolite, Bristol-Myers Squibb now Lantheus Medical Imaging ... The agent of choice for this purpose is technetium-99m pertechnetate. Initially it provides a radionuclide angiogram, followed ...
HypothesisHigh-resolution ultrasound and technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scanning can be used for preoperative localization of ... technetium Tc 99m (99mTc) sestamibi scanning with or without single photon emission computed tomography, magnetic resonance ... Parathyroid Localization With High-Resolution Ultrasound and Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi. Gretchen P. Purcell, MD, PhD; ... Parathyroid Localization With High-Resolution Ultrasound and Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi. Arch Surg. 1999;134(8):824-830. doi: ...
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi* * Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / methods* * Ventricular Function, Left ... Automatic quantitation of regional myocardial wall motion and thickening from gated technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial ... the measurement of regional myocardial wall motion and wall thickening from three-dimensional gated technetium-99m sestamibi ...
Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi (INN) (commonly sestamibi; USP: technetium Tc 99m sestamibi; trade name Cardiolite) is a ... A MIBI scan or sestamibi scan is now a common method of cardiac imaging. Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi is a lipophilic cation ... The drug is a coordination complex consisting of the radioisotope technetium-99m bound to six (sesta=6) ... Rizk TH, Nagalli S (5 July 2020). "Technetium (99mTc) Sestamibi". StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls ...
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi* * Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon / methods * Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single- ... Parathyroid localization with technetium-99m-sestamibi: a prospective evaluation J Am Coll Surg. 1996 Jul;183(1):25-30. ... Study design: Technetium-99m-sestamibi scintigraphy was performed in 124 patients with hyperparathyroidism and the results were ... Background: The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate parathyroid localization using technetium-99m-sestamibi ( ...
Technetium-99m-sestamibi and Tc-99m-tetrofosmin are commercial radiopharmaceuticals for MPI by SPECT. Basic pathophysiology of ... of technetium-99m (99mTc) sestamibi for the rest study. This step is followed by the stress test, during which the patient ... Regional wall-motion abnormalities on post-stress electrocardiographic-gated technetium-99m sestamibi single-photon emission ... receives an injection of 32 mCi of 99mTc sestamibi at peak exertion. The poststress study is performed by using ECG gating. ...
Noninvasive parathyroid imaging studies include technetium (Tc)-99m sestamibi scintigraphy, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT ... 38, 13, 14] A typical protocol for dual-phase scintigraphy with 99mTc sestamibi or 99mTc tetrofosmin follows [39] :. * Examine ... 36] 99mTc tetrofosmin was subsequently discovered to have imaging characteristics similar to 99mTc sestamibi. The discussion ... A typical protocol involves the intravenous injection of 20-25 mCi of 99mTc sestamibi or 99mTc tetrofosmin, followed by the ...
Technetium Tc-99m sestamibi. Technetium Tc-99m sestamibi (commonly sestamibi) is a pharmaceutical agent used in nuclear ... Technetium Tc-99m disofenin. Technetium Tc-99m disofenin is a radiopharmaceutical agent used in hepatobiliary imaging for ... Matched Description: … Following intravenous injection of the drug, Technetium Tc-99m sestamibi is taken up by the myocardium ... Technetium Tc-99m sestamibi is taken up by... ... Matched Products: … Kit for the Preparation of Technetium Tc99m ...
Launches the Kit for the Preparation of Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi Injection (Tc 99m Sestamibi) ... U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approves Ultra-Technekow™ FM Technetium Tc 99m generator ...
Three technetium Tc 99m (99mTC) sestamibi SPECT scans were done at rest, at 1st minute of public speaking, and during ...
Tc MIBI Tc-99m-Methoxy-2-isobutylisonitrile Technetium 99m Hexamibi Technetium 99m Sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m 2 Methoxy 2 ... Tc MIBI. Tc-99m-Methoxy-2-isobutylisonitrile. Technetium 99m Hexamibi. Technetium 99m Sestamibi. Technetium Tc 99m 2 Methoxy 2 ... Technetium Tc 99m 2-Methoxy-2-methylpropylisonitrile. Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi Chloride. Technetium-99m-Hexamibi. Technetium ... TECHNETIUM TC 99M SESTAMIMBI (1994-98). Online Note:. use TECHNETIUM TC 99M SESTAMIBI (NM) to search TECHNETIUM TC 99M HEXAKIS( ...
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi. A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.. ... Factor XDustOrganotechnetium CompoundsThallium RadioisotopesCobalt RadioisotopesRadioisotopesTechnetium Tc 99m Sestamibi ... RadioisotopesIopamidolRacloprideIodine RadioisotopesIohexolOximesDeoxyglucoseTechnetium Tc 99m ExametazimeThalliumTechnetium ... Organic compounds that contain technetium as an integral part of the molecule. These compounds are often used as radionuclide ...
Comparison of 99mTc-sestamibi molecular breast imaging and breast MRI in patients with invasive breast cancer receiving ... Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi 100% * Molecular Imaging 85% * Breast 55% * Breast Neoplasms 46% ...
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi 100% * Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Computed Tomography 95% ... Clinical Performance of Technetium-99m-Sestamibi SPECT/CT Imaging in Differentiating Oncocytic Tumors from Renal Cell Carcinoma ...
Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) markers (sestamibi, tetrofosmin, and teboroxime). *. Iodine-123 (I-123)-labeled fatty acids ... see table Technetium-99m Myocardial Perfusion Markers Technetium-99m (Tc-99) Myocardial Perfusion Markers ). Protocols include ... Several technetium-99m (Tc-99m) myocardial perfusion markers have been developed because the imaging characteristics of Tl-201 ... Attenuation is more likely with technetium-99m (99mTc) than with radioactive thallium 201 (Tl-201). ...
Technetium tc 99m sestamibi crack prescribing information for healthcare professionals. Final crack torrent. endpoint. Action ...
Solitary parathyroid adenoma localization in technetium Tc99m sestamibi SPECT and multiphase multidetector 4D CT. AJNR Am J ... retrospective comparison with technetium-99m sestamibi scintigraphy. J Ultrasound. 2014;17(1):1-12. ... The effective dose of scintigraphy is estimated at 7.8 mSv (99mTc-sestamibi-SPECT) or 18.4 mSv (hybrid sestamibi-SPECT) [43, 62 ... Kedarisetty S, Fundakowski C, Ramakrishnan K, Dadparvar S. Clinical Value of Tc99m-MIBI SPECT/CT Versus 4D-CT or US in ...
... maps from scatter and photopeak window single photon-emission computed tomographic images of technetium 99m-labeled sestamibi. ... maps from scatter and photopeak window single photon-emission computed tomographic images of technetium 99m-labeled sestamibi. ... maps from scatter and photopeak window single photon-emission computed tomographic images of technetium 99m-labeled sestamibi. ...
... technetium Tc-99m sestamibi): Tc-99m (MIBI)6+ Where : MIBI = 2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile Technetium Tc-99m sestamibi, when ... or Tc-99m pertechnetate can be used, followed by Tc-99m sestamibi, or Tc-99m sestamibi can be given first, followed by Tc99m ... Instructions for Preparation of technetium Tc-99m sestamibi A. Boiling procedure: Preparation of technetium Tc-99m sestamibi is ... myocardial extraction for technetium Tc-99m sestamibi averages 0.38 ± 0.09 of injected activity. Technetium Tc-99m ...
Technetium-99m (99m Tc)-sestamibi was the first radiopharmaceutical to be approved by the FDA for use in scintimammography and ... In a retrospective study, the overall sensitivity of99m Tc-sestamibi BSGI in the detection of breast cancer was 95%. BSGI ... The recommended injection for BSGI is 740-1100 MBq (20-30 mCi) of99m Tc-sestamibi, resulting in an estimated effective whole- ... Sestamibi must be injected intravenously, and it delivers a radiation dose to the entire body as it circulates. There is ...
Technetium Tc-99m sestamibi Accession Number DB09161 Description. Technetium Tc-99m sestamibi (commonly sestamibi) is a ... Technetium Tc 99m Albumin Aggregated Injection Technetium-99m (99m Tc) is a metastable nuclear isomer of technetium-99 (itself ... 99m Tc-labeled Isoniazid and 99m Tc-Labeled Ethambutol 99m Tc-INH and 99m Tc-EMB has been successfully used for the diagnosis ... Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi is a cationic Tc 99m complex which has been found to accumulate in viable myocardial tissue in a ...
TC-99m Sestamibi Scintigraphy. *Technetium-99m-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (99mTc-sestamibi or MIBI) scintigraphy is the most ... 2015). "(99m)Technetium Sestamibi-(123)Iodine Scintigraphy Is More Accurate Than (99m)Technetium Sestamibi Alone before Surgery ... The sensitivity of sestamibi scintigraphy is 80% - 90%.[8][9][10]. Factors influencing sensitivity of Tc-99m sestamibi ... Iodine-123/99m-technicium pertechnetate images of thyroid are later digitally subtracted from Tc-99m sestamibi images leading ...
BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography (US) and 99m Technetium-sestamibi scintigraphy (99m Tc-MIBI) are currently first-line imaging ... US, CEUS, and 99m Tc-MIBI were performed for the localization of pathological parathyroid glands. All patients were performed ... and 99m Tc-MIBI (81.90%, 42.86%, 77.69%, and 0.624) (p < 0.05). The sensitivity and accuracy of CEUS were 100% and 97.22%, ... which were higher than those of 99m Tc-MIBI (65.62% and 63.89%) or US (75.00% and 72.22%) in patients with multiple parathyroid ...
Usefulness of combination of high-resolution ultrasonography and dual-phase dual-isotope iodine 123/technetium Tc 99m sestamibi ...
Usefulness of combination of high-resolution ultrasonography and dual-phase dual-isotope iodine 123/technetium Tc 99m sestamibi ...
Albumin Tc 99m, Cardiotonic Agent, Diagnostic Agent, Methoxy Isobutyl Isonitrile Technetium Tc 99m, Radiopharmaceutical Agent, ... Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi, X-Ray Computed, Affiliations:. Centro de la Med. Nucleare del CNR, Universita Federico II, Via ... Technetium-99m sestamibi cardiac tomography and low-dose dobutamine echocardiography in the prediction of recovery of left ... Quantitative thallium-201 and technetium 99m sestamibi tomography at rest in detection of myocardial viability in patients with ...
... and to evaluate recurrence of colorectal cancer or lymphoma.2 Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi and technetium Tc 99m tetrofosmin are ... A sestamibi or tetrofosmin nuclear scan thus can identify cancer patients in whom certain drugs are unlikely to be effective. ...
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi, Ticlopidine, Time Factors, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Treatment Outcome, ...
Usefulness of combination of high-resolution ultrasonography and dual-phase dual-isotope iodine 123/technetium Tc 99m sestamibi ...
Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi, Thyroid Gland, Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon, Affiliations:. Centro per la Medicina ... Technetium-99m tetrofosmin imaging in thyroid diseases: Comparison with Tc-99m-pertechnetate, thallium-201 and Tc-99m- ... Direct comparison of technetium 99m-sestamibi and technetium 99m-tetrofosmin cardiac single photon emission computed tomography ... Predictive value of technetium-99m sestamibi in patients with multiple myeloma and potential role in the follow-up (486 views) ...
  • Numerow LMMorita ETClark OHHiggins CB Persistent/recurrent hyperparathyroidism: a comparison of sestamibi scintigraphy, MRI, and ultrasonography. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Light VLMcHenry CRJarjoura DSodee DBMiron SD Prospective comparison of dual-phase technetium-99m-sestamibi scintigraphy and high resolution ultrasonography in the evaluation of abnormal parathyroid glands. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Technetium-99m-sestamibi scintigraphy was performed in 124 patients with hyperparathyroidism and the results were correlated with serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, weight, location, and pathology of parathyroid tissue, and associated thyroid abnormalities. (nih.gov)
  • Noninvasive parathyroid imaging studies include technetium (Tc)-99m sestamibi scintigraphy, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scanning, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. (medscape.com)
  • Technetium-99m diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (Tc-99m DTPA) renal dynamic scintigraphy is a widely used imaging technique that evaluates renal function of patients with extrarenal abnormalities, but its clinical value in potentially offering us information on proliferation of liposarcoma has not yet been reported. (netlify.app)
  • Non-invasive imaging modalities for preoperative localization of hyper-functioning parathyroid glands include Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy ( sestamibi or MIBI ), single photon emission computed tomography ( SPECT ), positron emission tomography ( PET ). (wikidoc.org)
  • Technetium-99m -methoxyisobutylisonitrile ( 99mTc-sestamibi or MIBI) scintigraphy is the most popular investigation for preoperative localization of hyper-functioning parathyroid glands . (wikidoc.org)
  • The sensitivity of sestamibi scintigraphy can be increased by using it concomitantly with neck ultrasound and/or SPECT . (wikidoc.org)
  • Dual tracer Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy - A nuclear medicine parathyroid scan demonstrates a parathyroid adenoma adjacent to the left inferior pole of the thyroid gland. (wikidoc.org)
  • Single photon emission computed tomography may be used along with Tc-99m sestamibi scintigraphy for preoperative evaluation of hyper-functioning parathyroid gland. (wikidoc.org)
  • Various methodologies for 99m Tc-sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy are in clinical use. (snmjournals.org)
  • Localization with dual-phase acquisition was more accurate than with single-phase 99m Tc-sestamibi scintigraphy for planar imaging, SPECT, and SPECT/CT. (snmjournals.org)
  • Our objective was to investigate the feasibility of subtraction for SPECT images of 99m Tc-MIBI double-phase parathyroid scintigraphy. (snmjournals.org)
  • All patients underwent 99m Tc-MIBI scintigraphy in addition to cervical ultrasonography, and they then underwent parathyroidectomy within 2 wk. (snmjournals.org)
  • Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of the heart is performed using a gamma camera to detect the gamma rays emitted by the technetium-99m as it decays. (wikipedia.org)
  • Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with technetium-99m ( 99m Tc)-labelled radiotracers. (cadth.ca)
  • Tc-99m sestamibi is considered the most sensitive and specific imaging modality, particularly when used with single-photon emission CT (SPECT). (medscape.com)
  • Sestamibi-SPECT is also called pinhone-SPECT (P-SPECT). (wikidoc.org)
  • 99m Tc-sestimibi imaging using planar imaging, SPECT, or SPECT/CT is useful, particularly when 18 F-FDG PET/CT is not available ( 4 - 6 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Both ultrasonography and 99m Tc-sestamibi (MIBI) SPECT images were obtained from all patients. (snmjournals.org)
  • Newer gamma cameras using simultaneous 180° acquisition appear to have the potential of offering similar benefits as PET technology but are able to use the less costly technetium (TC)-99m-based radiopharmaceuticals and thallium-201 (Tl-201). (medscape.com)
  • Tc-99m MAA (macroaggregated albumin) is one of the technetium radiopharmaceuticals used in lung perfusion imaging. (netlify.app)
  • Characteristics photon energy: 140 KeV physical half life: 6 hours biological half life: 2-3 hours normal distribution: lungs, Tc-99m MAG3 (mercaptoacetyltriglycine) is one of the technetium radiopharmaceuticals used in renal imaging. (netlify.app)
  • Wei JPBurke GJMansberger AR Jr Prospective evaluation of the efficacy of technetium 99m-sestamibi and iodine 123 radionuclide imaging of abnormal parathyroid glands. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Table illustrates the biological clearance as well as effective clearance (which includes biological clearance and radionuclide decay) of Tc 99m Sestamibi from the heart and liver. (drugcentral.org)
  • MDP) complexed with the gamma-emitting radionuclide technetium Tc 99m with radioisotopic activity and hydroxyapatite affinity. (netlify.app)
  • 7 Viable myocardial cells take up the radionuclide tracer (either thallium isotope [ 201 TI] or isotope 99m Tc-labelled radiotracer) in proportion to blood flow. (cadth.ca)
  • We developed an automatic quantitative algorithm for the measurement of regional myocardial wall motion and wall thickening from three-dimensional gated technetium-99m sestamibi myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomographic images. (nih.gov)
  • CLINICAL TRIALS:MYOCARDIAL IMAGING: In trial of rest and stress Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi imaging, the relationship of normal or abnormal perfusion scans and long term cardiac events was evaluated in 521 patients (511 men, 10 women) with stable chest pain. (drugcentral.org)
  • Som noget relativt nyt kan man ved ekg-synkroniseret, såkaldt gated, myokardiescintigrafi samtidigt bestemme venstre hjerteventrikels perfusion og pumpefunktion efter en enkelt i.v. injektion af et radiofarmakon. (ugeskriftet.dk)
  • Det er derfor klinisk relevant ikke alene at vurdere myokardiets perfusion, men også de funktionelle forandringer, som er en tidlig følge af iskæmi. (ugeskriftet.dk)
  • Value of technetium 99m sestamibi iodine 123 imaging in reoperative parathyroid surgery. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Subtraction technique uses dual contrast Tc-99m sestamibi along with iodine-123 or 99m-technicium pertechnetate, which are taken by thyroid tissue only. (wikidoc.org)
  • Iodine-123/99m-technicium pertechnetate images of thyroid are later digitally subtracted from Tc-99m sestamibi images leading to visualization of parathyroid tissue only. (wikidoc.org)
  • The above study was performed with Technetium-Sestamibi (1st column) and Iodine-123 (2nd column) simultaneous imaging and the subtraction technique (3rd column). (wikidoc.org)
  • Wei JPBurke GJ Analysis of savings in operative time for primary hyperparathyroidism using localization with technetium 99m sestamibi scan. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Casas ATBurke GJMansberger AR JrWei JP Impact of technetium-99m-sestamibi localization on operative time and success of operations for primary hyperparathyroidism. (jamanetwork.com)
  • Borley NRCollins RECO'Doherty MCoakley A Technetium-99m sestamibi parathyroid localization is accurate enough for scan-directed unilateral neck exploration. (jamanetwork.com)
  • McHenry CRLee KSaadey JNeumann DREsselstyn CB Jr Parathyroid localization with technetium-99m-sestamibi: a prospective evaluation. (jamanetwork.com)
  • The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate parathyroid localization using technetium-99m-sestamibi (MIBI). (nih.gov)
  • Although studies of subcellular fractionation and electron micrographic analysis of heart cell aggregates suggest that Tc 99m Sestamibi cellular retention occurs specifically within the mitochondria as result of electrostatic interactions, the clinical relevance of these findings has not been determined.The mechanism of Tc 99m Sestamibi localization in various types of breast tissue (e.g., benign, inflammatory, malignant, fibrous) has not been established. (drugcentral.org)
  • A MIBI scan or sestamibi scan is now a common method of cardiac imaging. (wikipedia.org)
  • All patients had baseline rest and exercise Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi scan and were followed for 13.2 +- 4.9 months (range: to 24 months). (drugcentral.org)
  • Tc-99m sestamibi scan - Parathyroid adenomas typically retain activity on late scans after wash-out in the thyroid has occurred. (wikidoc.org)
  • A sestamibi or tetrofosmin nuclear scan thus can identify cancer patients in whom certain drugs are unlikely to be effective. (axisimagingnews.com)
  • Diagnostic performance of (99m)Tc-MIBI scan in predicting the malignancy of thyroid nodules: a meta-analysis. (unil.ch)
  • Technetium (99mTc) sestamibi is a lipophilic cation which, when injected intravenously into a patient, distributes in the myocardium proportionally to the myocardial blood flow. (wikipedia.org)
  • More recently, breast radiologists administer lower doses of 99mTc sestamibi (approximately 150-300 MBq or 4-8 mCi) for Molecular Breast Imaging (MBI) scans which results in a high sensitivity (91%) and high specificity (93%) for breast cancer detection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Multiple planar images are obtained, typically one shortly after injection of 99mTc-sestamibi and another after two hours to identify the areas of retained sestamibi showing hyper-functioning parathyroid tissue. (wikidoc.org)
  • We investigated the role of technetium-99m (99mTc) sestamibi cardiac imaging and dobutamine echocardiography in detecting myocardial viability early after acute myocardial infarction. (cnr.it)
  • Nineteen patients (mean age 52 ± 10 years) underwent coronary angiography, low-dose dobutamine echocardiography and rest 99mTc sestamibi imaging within 10 days of myocardial infarction. (cnr.it)
  • For intravenous injection after radiolabelling with sodium (Tc-99m) pertechnetate solution and is indicated for: - adjunct for diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease. (studylib.net)
  • The vial is reconstituted with a maximum of 11 GBq of oxidant-free sodium (Tc-99m) pertechnetate solution for injection in 1 - 5 ml. (studylib.net)
  • This safety record is attributable to the very small fraction of the pulmonary vasculature that is occluded by the typical injection of Tc-MAA. (netlify.app)
  • Methods: Twenty patients with untreated breast cancer had 99m Tc-sestamibi imaging 20 and 120 min after tracer injection before and after a 3-d course of toremifene (780 mg/d). (aku.edu)
  • Planar images were acquired beginning 5 min following intravenous injection of 20 mCi of 99m Tc-sestamibi. (snmjournals.org)
  • Attenuation is more likely with technetium-99m ( 99m Tc) than with radioactive thallium 201 (Tl-201). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Estimation of attenuation maps from scatter and photopeak window single photon-emission computed tomographic images of technetium 99m-labeled sestamibi. (umassmed.edu)
  • A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack. (bvsalud.org)
  • In patients with documented myocardial infarction, imaging revealed the infarct up to four hours post dose.MetabolismThe agent is excreted without any evidence of metabolism.EliminationThe major pathway for clearance of Tc 99m Sestamibi is the hepatobiliary system. (drugcentral.org)
  • This will promote rapid hepatobiliary clearance of technetium Tc-99m sestamibi resulting in less liver activity in the image. (studylib.net)
  • With the help of PET, it is possible to determine the nature of a solitary lung nodule, to stage non-small-cell lung cancer and lymphoma, and to evaluate recurrence of colorectal cancer or lymphoma.2 Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi and technetium Tc 99m tetrofosmin are substrates for the membrane P-glycoprotein transporter that is responsible for multidrug resistance in cancer cells. (axisimagingnews.com)
  • 12.1 Mechanism of Action Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi is cationic Tc 99m complex which has been found to accumulate in viable myocardial tissue in manner analogous to that of thallous chloride Tl-201. (drugcentral.org)
  • Sestamibi is a lipophilic cationic on physioligical pH. (wikidoc.org)
  • 155 99m Tc is widely used in nuclear medicine owing to its nearly ideal nuclear properties. (netlify.app)
  • Technetium-99m is used in over 20 million diagnostic nuclear medical procedures every year, half of which are bone scans, and the other half are roughly divided between kidney, heart and lung scans. (netlify.app)
  • One short-lived gamma ray -emitting nuclear isomer , technetium-99m , is used in nuclear medicine for a wide variety of tests, such as bone cancer diagnoses. (knowpia.com)
  • Long-lived technetium isotopes produced commercially are byproducts of the fission of uranium-235 in nuclear reactors and are extracted from nuclear fuel rods . (knowpia.com)
  • Governments control the availability of enriched uranium required for medical isotope production and also largely control the regulatory framework and the legislation around health care provider payment Tc 99m decays by isomeric transition with a physical half-life of 6.02 hours. (netlify.app)
  • Naturally occurring technetium is a spontaneous fission product in uranium ore and thorium ore, the most common source, or the product of neutron capture in molybdenum ores. (knowpia.com)
  • This time interval, however, depends on the dose administered and is based on physical decay of Tc-99m. (studylib.net)
  • No long term animal studies have been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential or whether Technetium Tc 99m Mebrofenin may … 2011-10-21 Pertechnetate Tc 99m may affect fertility in males or females. (netlify.app)
  • Therefore, sodium pertechnetate Tc 99m containing oxidants should not be employed. (netlify.app)
  • One approach uses thyroid imaging with 99m Tc-pertechnetate or 123 I-sodium iodide concomitantly and computer subtraction techniques. (snmjournals.org)
  • The basis of "single-isotope, double-phase technique" is that sestamibi washes out of the thyroid more rapidly than from abnormal parathyroid tissue. (wikidoc.org)
  • The most common naturally occurring isotope is 99 Tc, in traces only. (knowpia.com)
  • In 1937, technetium (specifically the technetium-97 isotope) became the first predominantly artificial element to be produced, hence its name (from the Greek τεχνητός , technetos , from techne , as in "craft", "art" and having the meaning of "artificial", + -ium ). (knowpia.com)
  • Because even the longest-lived isotope of technetium has a relatively short half-life (4.21 million years), the 1952 detection of technetium in red giants helped to prove that stars can produce heavier elements . (knowpia.com)
  • Sestamibi is taken up by tissues with large numbers of mitochondria and negative plasma membrane potentials. (wikipedia.org)
  • Most of the sestamibi is retained in mitochondria of thyroid and abnormal parathyroid tissue and is a function of mitochondrial activity. (wikidoc.org)
  • Upon intravenous administration, skeletal uptake of technetium Tc 99m methylene diphosphonate occurs as a function of skeletal blood flow and … Supply of Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) is a just-in-time activity requiring continuous production in a complicated and aging supply chain that combines a mix of governmental and commercial entities. (netlify.app)
  • So, the uptake of sestamibi into parathyroid adenoma cells depends on the activity of the P-gp [19] . (wikidoc.org)
  • This study aimed to evaluate 99m Tc-sestamibi imaging for predicting overexpression of Pgp in primary breast cancer and to measure the efficacy of toremifene, the MDR modulator, in vivo. (aku.edu)
  • Tc 99m ECD) as a diagnostic agent. (netlify.app)
  • 99m Tc-Sestamibi (MIBI) has also been approved as an effective diagnostic imaging agent. (snmjournals.org)
  • P-gp acts as ATP-dependent efflux pump and prevents accumulation of sestamibi in parathyroid tissue. (wikidoc.org)
  • 99m Tc-Sestamibi accumulation in breast cancer correlates with Pgp expression. (aku.edu)
  • Toremifene has a dual effect on this accumulation, increasing it through an inhibitory effect on Pgp while at the same time reducing it by a direct competition with sestamibi. (aku.edu)
  • Results: Sixteen of 20 tumors were visualized with sestamibi. (aku.edu)
  • As all parathyroid lesions does not retain sestamibi nor all thyroid tissue washes out quickly, subtraction imaging may be beneficial. (wikidoc.org)
  • In the case of 99m Tc traces, their wide use results from its ideal lifetime and because it is available from a 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator at low cost, first developed in 1959. (netlify.app)
  • described slower washout of 99m Tc-sestamibi from hyperfunctioning parathyroids than from the thyroid gland ( 10 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • a) The specific gamma ray constant for Tc 99m is 0.78 R/millicurie-hr at 1 cm. (netlify.app)
  • The ground state of the nuclide technetium-99 is used as a gamma-ray-free source of beta particles . (knowpia.com)
  • The high ratio of lesion-to-background sestamibi activity and excellent separation of breast tissue from the heart and liver and anterior chest wall provides a reliable noninvasive means of breast cancer detection. (snmjournals.org)
  • Lee VSWilkinson RH JrLeight GS JrCoogan ACColeman RE Hyperparathyroidism in high-risk surgical patients: evaluation with double-phase technetium-99m sestamibi imaging. (jamanetwork.com)
  • 99m Tc-labeled Isoniazid and 99m Tc-Labeled Ethambutol 99m Tc-INH and 99m Tc-EMB has been successfully used for the diagnosis of sensitive as well as resistant tuberculosis in patients. (netlify.app)
  • However, sestamibi imaging is useful to identify patients with dysfunctional segments without contractile reserve which may benefit by revascularization. (cnr.it)
  • Longer delays are required for resting images and for stress with vasodilators alone because of the risk of higher subdiaphragmatic Tc-99m activity. (studylib.net)
  • Table Biological and Effective ClearanceRESTSTRESSHeart LiverHeart LiverTimeBiologicalEffectiveBiologicalEffectiveBiologicalEffectiveBiologicalEffective5 min.1.21.219.619.41.51.55.95.830 min.1.11.012.211.51.41.34.54.21 hour1.00.95.65.01.41.22.42.12 hours1.00.82.21.71.21.00.90.74 hours0.80.50.70.41.00.60.30.2A study in dog myocardial ischemia model reported that Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi undergoes myocardial distribution (redistribution), although more slowly and less completely than thallous chloride Tl-201. (drugcentral.org)
  • Due to favorable energy and dosimetric characteristics, MAG3 radiolabeled with technetium has replaced the iodide-131 Hippuran for the study of renal function (tubular secretion physiology) 7. (netlify.app)
  • Tc 99m Mebrofenin should be formulated no more than 18 hours prior to clinical use. (netlify.app)