Tars
Coal Tar
HIV Long Terminal Repeat
tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Gene Products, tat
HIV-1
Chemoreceptor Cells
Nucleic Acid Conformation
Genes, tat
Tobacco
Cyclin T
Smoke
United States Federal Trade Commission
Molecular Sequence Data
Nicotine
Base Sequence
Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
Transcriptional Activation
RNA-Binding Proteins
Carboxyhemoglobin
Chemotaxis
Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine
Framycetin
Product Labeling
Keratolytic Agents
TDP-43 Proteinopathies
Bidi use among urban youth--Massachusetts, March-April 1999. (1/173)
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Bidis are small, brown, hand-rolled cigarettes primarily made in India and other southeast Asian countries consisting of tobacco wrapped in a tendu or temburni leaf (Diospyros melanoxylon ). In the United States, bidis are purchased for $1.50-$4.00 for one package of 20 and are available in different flavors (e.g., cherry, chocolate, and mango). Anecdotal reports indicate that bidi use was first observed during the mid-1990s and seems to be widespread among youth and racial/ethnic minority adolescents. This report summarizes preliminary data collected from a convenience sample of adolescents surveyed during March and early April 1999 in Massachusetts on the prevalence of bidi use among urban youth; these data indicate that of 642 youth surveyed, 40% had smoked bidis at least once during their lifetimes and 16% were current bidi smokers. (+info)Atopic dermatitis: a review of diagnosis and treatment. (2/173)
Atopic dermatitis is a common, potentially debilitating condition that can compromise quality of life. Its most frequent symptom is pruritus. Attempts to relieve the itch by scratching simply worsen the rash, creating a vicious circle. Treatment should be directed at limiting itching, repairing the skin and decreasing inflammation when necessary. Lubricants, antihistamines and topical corticosteroids are the mainstays of therapy. When required, oral corticosteroids can be used. If pruritus does not respond to treatment, other diagnoses, such as bacterial overgrowth or viral infections, should be considered. Treatment options are available for refractory atopic dermatitis, but these measures should be reserved for use in unique situations and typically require consultation with a dermatologist or an allergist. (+info)Doses of nicotine and lung carcinogens delivered to cigarette smokers. (3/173)
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoke yields of tar and nicotine obtained under the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)-specified machine-smoking protocol (35-mL puff volume drawn for 2 seconds once per minute) may not accurately reflect the delivery of toxins and carcinogens to the smoker. We conducted this study to obtain more realistic estimates of exposure to components of cigarette smoke that affect lung cancer risk. METHODS: We used a pressure transducer system to evaluate puffing characteristics for 133 smokers of cigarettes rated by the FTC at 1.2 mg of nicotine or less (56 smokers of low-yield cigarettes [+info)Yields and daily consumption of cigarettes in Japan in 1969-1996. (4/173)
Cigarette modification trends and the relationship between nicotine yields and consumption in Japan were examined over the 27 years between 1969-1996. Data on cigarette use were obtained from reports published by the government and tobacco manufacturers. Over the study period, there has been a coherent pattern of cigarette modification in Japan. The sales-weighted average yields have declined from 20.7 mg tar and 1.64 mg nicotine/cigarette in 1969 to 8.7 mg tar and 0.72 mg nicotine/cigarette in 1996. On the other hand, the average daily consumption per smoker has continuously increased over the same period. Average nicotine yields and daily cigarette consumption have significant negative correlations among both males and females. This relationship was observed even after controlling for the price changes of cigarettes over time. It is indicated that smokers have compensated for reduced nicotine yields by increasing daily consumption. This may have offset potential benefits of the continuous decline in tar and nicotine yields to smokers' health. (+info)Malignant transformation of mouse cells by cigarette smoke condensate. (5/173)
A low-nicotine cigarette smoke condensate, 12 fractions of the condensate, and a reconstituted sample were tested for their ability to induce transformation in the mouse cell line 3H/10T-1/2 CL-8. This cell line is noted for its remarkable low spontaneous rate of transformation. Both the crude condensate and the reconstituted sample as well as two specific fractions induced transformation in the mouse cells. These transformed cells produced fibrosarcomas when injected s.c. into antithymocyte serum-treated syngeneic mice. (+info)Exposure to cigarette tar inhibits ribonucleotide reductase and blocks lymphocyte proliferation. (6/173)
Cigarette smoking causes profound suppression of pulmonary T cell responses, which has been associated with increased susceptibility to respiratory tract infections and decreased tumor surveillance. Exposure of human T cells to cigarette tar or its major phenolic components, hydroquinone and catechol, causes an immediate cessation of DNA synthesis without cytotoxicity. However, little is known of the mechanisms by which this phenomenon occurs. In this report we demonstrate that hydroquinone and catechol inhibit lymphocyte proliferation by quenching the essential tyrosyl radical in the M2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase. (+info)Declining lung cancer mortality of young Australian women despite increased smoking is linked to reduced cigarette 'tar' yields. (7/173)
Lung cancer data were examined to determine whether the mortality rates of young Australian women have continued to increase in line with the proportions of them who have smoked tobacco. Trends in annual age-specific lung cancer mortality were estimated for 1965-1998. Age-specific mortality rates and age-adjusted ratios of mortality rates were calculated for birth cohorts. Proportions of smokers in those cohorts were estimated from results of eight national surveys of smoking, and their mean ages of commencement and years of smoking were assessed from surveys of smokers in two states. Lung cancer mortality rates of 20-44-year-old Australian women peaked in 1986. Age-adjusted mortality rates are lower for women born in the 1950s and 1960s than for women born in the 1940s, despite higher proportions of smokers, younger age of commencement and longer duration of smoking by age 30 years in the more recent cohorts. Increased smoking has not resulted in higher lung cancer mortality for Australian women born in the 1950s and 1960s. Reductions in tar yields of Australian-made cigarettes, which would have affected primarily those born after the 1940s, may be responsible. (+info)Stress induction of Bm1 RNA in silkworm larvae: SINEs, an unusual class of stress genes. (8/173)
This study surveys the induction of RNA polymerase III (Pol III)-directed expression of short interspersed element (SINE) transcripts by various stresses in an animal model, silkworm larvae. Sublethal heat shock and exposure to several toxic compounds increase the level of Bm1 RNA, the silkworm SINE transcript, while also transiently increasing expression of a well-characterized stress-induced transcript, Hsp70 messenger RNA (mRNA). In certain cases, the Bm1 RNA response coincides with that of Hsp70 mRNA, but more often Bm1 RNA responds later in recovery. Baculovirus infection and exposure to certain toxic compounds increase Bm1 RNA but not Hsp70 mRNA, showing that SINE induction is not necessarily coupled to transcription of this particular heat shock gene. SINEs behave as an additional class of stress-inducible genes in living animals but are unusual as stress genes because of their high copy number, genomic dispersion, and Pol III-directed transcription. (+info)"Tars" is not a recognized medical term. However, "tarso-" is a prefix in anatomy that refers to the ankle or hind part of an organ. For example, the tarsal bones are the bones that make up the ankle and the rear part of the foot. Additionally, tarsus can refer to the thickened portion of the eyelid which contains the eyelashes. It is important to ensure you have the correct term when seeking medical information.
Coal tar is a thick, dark liquid that is a byproduct of coal manufacturing processes, specifically the distillation of coal at high temperatures. It is a complex mixture of hundreds of different compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are known to be carcinogenic.
In medical terms, coal tar has been used topically for various skin conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, and seborrheic dermatitis due to its anti-inflammatory and keratolytic properties. Coal tar can help reduce scaling, itching, and inflammation of the skin. However, its use is limited due to potential side effects such as skin irritation, increased sun sensitivity, and potential risk of cancer with long-term use. Coal tar products should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider and according to the instructions on the label.
The HIV Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) is a regulatory region of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome that contains important sequences necessary for the transcription and replication of the virus. The LTR is divided into several functional regions, including the U3, R, and U5 regions.
The U3 region contains various transcription factor binding sites that regulate the initiation of viral transcription. The R region contains a promoter element that helps to recruit the enzyme RNA polymerase II for the transcription process. The U5 region contains signals required for the proper processing and termination of viral RNA transcription.
The LTR plays a crucial role in the life cycle of HIV, as it is involved in the integration of the viral genome into the host cell's DNA, allowing the virus to persist and replicate within the infected cell. Understanding the function and regulation of the HIV LTR has been an important area of research in the development of HIV therapies and potential vaccines.
The "tat" gene in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) produces the Tat protein, which is a regulatory protein that plays a crucial role in the replication of the virus. The Tat protein functions by enhancing the transcription of the viral genome, increasing the production of viral RNA and ultimately leading to an increase in the production of new virus particles. This protein is essential for the efficient replication of HIV and is a target for potential antiretroviral therapies.
A "gene product" is the biochemical material that results from the expression of a gene. This can include both RNA and protein molecules. In the case of the tat (transactivator of transcription) gene in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the gene product is a regulatory protein that plays a crucial role in the viral replication cycle.
The tat protein is a viral transactivator, which means it increases the transcription of HIV genes by interacting with various components of the host cell's transcription machinery. Specifically, tat binds to a complex called TAR (transactivation response element), which is located in the 5' untranslated region of all nascent HIV mRNAs. By binding to TAR, tat recruits and activates positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which then phosphorylates the carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, leading to efficient elongation of HIV transcripts.
The tat protein is essential for HIV replication, as it enhances viral gene expression and promotes the production of new virus particles. Inhibiting tat function has been a target for developing antiretroviral therapies against HIV infection.
HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1) is a species of the retrovirus genus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, exposure to infected blood or blood products, and from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding. HIV-1 infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, leading to a decline in their numbers and weakening of the immune response over time. This results in the individual becoming susceptible to various opportunistic infections and cancers that ultimately cause death if left untreated. HIV-1 is the most prevalent form of HIV worldwide and has been identified as the causative agent of the global AIDS pandemic.
A viral RNA (ribonucleic acid) is the genetic material found in certain types of viruses, as opposed to viruses that contain DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). These viruses are known as RNA viruses. The RNA can be single-stranded or double-stranded and can exist as several different forms, such as positive-sense, negative-sense, or ambisense RNA. Upon infecting a host cell, the viral RNA uses the host's cellular machinery to translate the genetic information into proteins, leading to the production of new virus particles and the continuation of the viral life cycle. Examples of human diseases caused by RNA viruses include influenza, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), hepatitis C, and polio.
Chemoreceptor cells are specialized sensory neurons that detect and respond to chemical changes in the internal or external environment. They play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis within the body by converting chemical signals into electrical impulses, which are then transmitted to the central nervous system for further processing and response.
There are two main types of chemoreceptor cells:
1. Oxygen Chemoreceptors: These cells are located in the carotid bodies near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and in the aortic bodies close to the aortic arch. They monitor the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH in the blood and respond to decreases in oxygen concentration or increases in carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions (indicating acidity) by increasing their firing rate. This signals the brain to increase respiratory rate and depth, thereby restoring normal oxygen levels.
2. Taste Cells: These chemoreceptor cells are found within the taste buds of the tongue and other areas of the oral cavity. They detect specific tastes (salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami) by interacting with molecules from food. When a tastant binds to receptors on the surface of a taste cell, it triggers a series of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to the generation of an action potential. This information is then relayed to the brain, where it is interpreted as taste sensation.
In summary, chemoreceptor cells are essential for maintaining physiological balance by detecting and responding to chemical stimuli in the body. They play a critical role in regulating vital functions such as respiration and digestion.
Nucleic acid conformation refers to the three-dimensional structure that nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) adopt as a result of the bonding patterns between the atoms within the molecule. The primary structure of nucleic acids is determined by the sequence of nucleotides, while the conformation is influenced by factors such as the sugar-phosphate backbone, base stacking, and hydrogen bonding.
Two common conformations of DNA are the B-form and the A-form. The B-form is a right-handed helix with a diameter of about 20 Å and a pitch of 34 Å, while the A-form has a smaller diameter (about 18 Å) and a shorter pitch (about 25 Å). RNA typically adopts an A-form conformation.
The conformation of nucleic acids can have significant implications for their function, as it can affect their ability to interact with other molecules such as proteins or drugs. Understanding the conformational properties of nucleic acids is therefore an important area of research in molecular biology and medicine.
'Toxic plants' refer to those species of plants that contain toxic substances capable of causing harmful effects or adverse health reactions in humans and animals when ingested, touched, or inhaled. These toxins can cause a range of symptoms from mild irritation to serious conditions such as organ failure, paralysis, or even death depending on the plant, the amount consumed, and the individual's sensitivity to the toxin.
Toxic plants may contain various types of toxins, including alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, resinous substances, and essential oils. Some common examples of toxic plants include poison ivy, poison oak, nightshade, hemlock, oleander, castor bean, and foxglove. It is important to note that some parts of a plant may be toxic while others are not, and the toxicity can also vary depending on the stage of growth or environmental conditions.
If you suspect exposure to a toxic plant, it is essential to seek medical attention immediately and, if possible, bring a sample of the plant for identification.
I'm happy to help! However, I believe there may be a slight misunderstanding in your question. "Tat" is not a term that is typically used in the context of genetics or genes. It is most commonly known as a protein called "Trans-activator of transcription" which is produced by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
However, if you are referring to "genes," I can certainly provide a definition for that. Genes are segments of DNA that contain the instructions for the development and function of an organism. They are passed down from parents to offspring and encode the information necessary to build proteins, which carry out many of the functions necessary for the survival and reproduction of an organism.
If you meant something else by "tat" in the context of genetics, please provide more context or clarify your question, and I will do my best to help!
Tobacco is not a medical term, but it refers to the leaves of the plant Nicotiana tabacum that are dried and fermented before being used in a variety of ways. Medically speaking, tobacco is often referred to in the context of its health effects. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), "tobacco" can also refer to any product prepared from the leaf of the tobacco plant for smoking, sucking, chewing or snuffing.
Tobacco use is a major risk factor for a number of diseases, including cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung disease, and various other medical conditions. The smoke produced by burning tobacco contains thousands of chemicals, many of which are toxic and can cause serious health problems. Nicotine, one of the primary active constituents in tobacco, is highly addictive and can lead to dependence.
Cyclin T is a type of cyclin protein that is encoded by the CCNT2 gene in humans. Cyclins are a family of regulatory proteins that play a crucial role in the cell cycle, which is the series of events that cells undergo as they grow and divide. Specifically, cyclin T is a component of the CDK9/cyclin T complex, also known as positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb), which plays a key role in regulating gene expression by controlling the elongation phase of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription.
Cyclin T is expressed at various stages of the cell cycle and has been shown to interact with several other proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, including the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and the E2F family of transcription factors. Dysregulation of cyclin T expression or activity has been implicated in several human diseases, including cancer.
'Smoke' is not typically defined in a medical context, but it can be described as a mixture of small particles and gases that are released when something burns. Smoke can be composed of various components including carbon monoxide, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), benzene, toluene, styrene, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exposure to smoke can cause a range of health problems, including respiratory symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
In the medical field, exposure to smoke is often referred to as "secondhand smoke" or "passive smoking" when someone breathes in smoke from another person's cigarette, cigar, or pipe. This type of exposure can be just as harmful as smoking itself and has been linked to a range of health problems, including respiratory infections, asthma, lung cancer, and heart disease.
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is not a medical organization or agency, but rather it is a consumer protection agency in the United States government. The FTC is responsible for protecting consumers and promoting competition by preventing anticompetitive, deceptive, and unfair business practices. While the FTC does not provide medical definitions, it may be involved in investigating and taking enforcement actions related to false or misleading health claims made by businesses.
Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.
Nicotine is defined as a highly addictive psychoactive alkaloid and stimulant found in the nightshade family of plants, primarily in tobacco leaves. It is the primary component responsible for the addiction to cigarettes and other forms of tobacco. Nicotine can also be produced synthetically.
When nicotine enters the body, it activates the release of several neurotransmitters such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, leading to feelings of pleasure, stimulation, and relaxation. However, with regular use, tolerance develops, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effects, which can contribute to the development of nicotine dependence.
Nicotine has both short-term and long-term health effects. Short-term effects include increased heart rate and blood pressure, increased alertness and concentration, and arousal. Long-term use can lead to addiction, lung disease, cardiovascular disease, and reproductive problems. It is important to note that nicotine itself is not the primary cause of many tobacco-related diseases, but rather the result of other harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke.
A base sequence in the context of molecular biology refers to the specific order of nucleotides in a DNA or RNA molecule. In DNA, these nucleotides are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In RNA, uracil (U) takes the place of thymine. The base sequence contains genetic information that is transcribed into RNA and ultimately translated into proteins. It is the exact order of these bases that determines the genetic code and thus the function of the DNA or RNA molecule.
Gene expression regulation, viral, refers to the processes that control the production of viral gene products, such as proteins and nucleic acids, during the viral life cycle. This can involve both viral and host cell factors that regulate transcription, RNA processing, translation, and post-translational modifications of viral genes.
Viral gene expression regulation is critical for the virus to replicate and produce progeny virions. Different types of viruses have evolved diverse mechanisms to regulate their gene expression, including the use of promoters, enhancers, transcription factors, RNA silencing, and epigenetic modifications. Understanding these regulatory processes can provide insights into viral pathogenesis and help in the development of antiviral therapies.
Transcriptional activation is the process by which a cell increases the rate of transcription of specific genes from DNA to RNA. This process is tightly regulated and plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including development, differentiation, and response to environmental stimuli.
Transcriptional activation occurs when transcription factors (proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences) interact with the promoter region of a gene and recruit co-activator proteins. These co-activators help to remodel the chromatin structure around the gene, making it more accessible for the transcription machinery to bind and initiate transcription.
Transcriptional activation can be regulated at multiple levels, including the availability and activity of transcription factors, the modification of histone proteins, and the recruitment of co-activators or co-repressors. Dysregulation of transcriptional activation has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders.
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are a class of proteins that selectively interact with RNA molecules to form ribonucleoprotein complexes. These proteins play crucial roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, including pre-mRNA processing, mRNA stability, transport, localization, and translation. RBPs recognize specific RNA sequences or structures through their modular RNA-binding domains, which can be highly degenerate and allow for the recognition of a wide range of RNA targets. The interaction between RBPs and RNA is often dynamic and can be regulated by various post-translational modifications of the proteins or by environmental stimuli, allowing for fine-tuning of gene expression in response to changing cellular needs. Dysregulation of RBP function has been implicated in various human diseases, including neurological disorders and cancer.
Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) is a form of hemoglobin that has bonded with carbon monoxide (CO), a colorless, odorless gas. Normally, hemoglobin in red blood cells binds with oxygen (O2) to carry it throughout the body. However, when exposed to CO, hemoglobin preferentially binds with it, forming carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood. This can lead to hypoxia (lack of oxygen in tissues) and potentially serious medical consequences, including death. Carbon monoxide exposure can occur from sources such as smoke inhalation, vehicle exhaust, or faulty heating systems.
Chemotaxis is a term used in biology and medicine to describe the movement of an organism or cell towards or away from a chemical stimulus. This process plays a crucial role in various biological phenomena, including immune responses, wound healing, and the development and progression of diseases such as cancer.
In chemotaxis, cells can detect and respond to changes in the concentration of specific chemicals, known as chemoattractants or chemorepellents, in their environment. These chemicals bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering a series of intracellular signaling events that ultimately lead to changes in the cytoskeleton and directed movement of the cell towards or away from the chemical gradient.
For example, during an immune response, white blood cells called neutrophils use chemotaxis to migrate towards sites of infection or inflammation, where they can attack and destroy invading pathogens. Similarly, cancer cells can use chemotaxis to migrate towards blood vessels and metastasize to other parts of the body.
Understanding chemotaxis is important for developing new therapies and treatments for a variety of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, and inflammatory disorders.
Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus (BIV) is a retrovirus that primarily infects cattle. It is part of the lentivirus family, which also includes Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
Similar to HIV, BIV attacks the immune system by infecting and destroying CD4+ T cells, leading to a condition called immunodeficiency. However, it's important to note that BIV is not known to infect humans or other primates.
The virus is transmitted through bodily fluids, particularly blood and sexual contact. It can also be spread from mother to calf during pregnancy or birth.
While BIV can cause a disease similar to AIDS in cattle, it progresses much more slowly, often taking several years to manifest symptoms. These may include weight loss, diarrhea, respiratory infections, and other opportunistic infections due to the weakened immune system.
There is currently no vaccine or cure for BIV infection. Management typically involves supportive care and treatment of secondary infections.
Framycetin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, which is derived from the bacterium Streptomyces fradiae. It works by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis and leading to bacterial cell death. Framycetin is primarily used topically (on the skin or mucous membranes) to treat infections caused by susceptible strains of Gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Proteus species, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It is often found in combination with other antibiotics, corticosteroids, or both in various topical formulations like creams, ointments, and ear drops.
It's important to note that Framycetin, like other aminoglycosides, has the potential for ototoxicity (damage to the inner ear) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage), but these side effects are less likely to occur with topical use compared to systemic administration. However, it should still be used cautiously, and patients should follow their healthcare provider's instructions carefully when using products containing Framycetin.
Product labeling, in the context of medicine or healthcare, refers to the information that is required by law to be present on the packaging of a pharmaceutical product or medical device. This information typically includes:
1. The name of the product, often with an active ingredient listed separately.
2. A description of what the product is used for (indications).
3. Dosage instructions and route of administration.
4. Warnings about potential side effects, contraindications, and precautions.
5. The name and address of the manufacturer or distributor.
6. The expiration date or storage conditions, if applicable.
7. Any other relevant information, such as whether the product is subject to additional monitoring.
The purpose of product labeling is to provide accurate and standardized information to healthcare professionals and patients about the safe and effective use of a medical product. It helps to ensure that the product is used appropriately, reducing the risk of adverse events or misuse.
Keratolytic agents are substances that cause the softening and sloughing off of excess keratin, the protein that makes up the outermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum). These agents help to break down and remove dead skin cells, increase moisture retention, and promote the growth of new skin cells. They are commonly used in the treatment of various dermatological conditions such as psoriasis, eczema, warts, calluses, and ichthyosis. Examples of keratolytic agents include salicylic acid, urea, lactic acid, and retinoic acid.
TDP-43 proteinopathies refer to a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of the TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) in neuronal and glial cells. The accumulated TDP-43 forms inclusions that are rich in ubiquitin and are a hallmark of these disorders.
TDP-43 is a nuclear protein involved in various cellular processes, including transcription, splicing, and transport of RNA. In TDP-43 proteinopathies, the protein undergoes post-translational modifications that lead to its mislocalization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it forms aggregates.
TDP-43 proteinopathies include several neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In ALS, TDP-43 pathology is present in almost all cases, while in FTLD, it is found in about half of the cases. In AD, TDP-43 pathology is less common but still significant, particularly in patients with coexisting dementia.
TDP-43 proteinopathies are associated with various clinical manifestations depending on the specific disorder and the extent and location of TDP-43 aggregation. These manifestations include motor neuron degeneration, cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and language impairments. The underlying mechanisms leading to TDP-43 mislocalization and aggregation are not fully understood but are thought to involve genetic, environmental, and aging factors.
Tars
The Tars
Rollins Tars
Tarboro Tars
TARS (gene)
Norfolk Tars
Two Tars
Tars Tarkas
Tars and Stripes
Two Old Tars
Tars and Spars
Rollins Tars football
The King of Tars
Tar
Tarring
1954 Rollins Tars baseball team
1940 Rollins Tars football team
1949 Rollins Tars football team
1906 Rollins Tars football team
1941 Rollins Tars football team
1932 Rollins Tars football team
1931 Rollins Tars football team
1904 Rollins Tars football team
1908 Rollins Tars football team
1939 Rollins Tars football team
1930 Rollins Tars football team
Tar acne
Zsolt Tar
Tar (Kyrgyzstan)
Tar Creek
Rollins Tars - Wikipedia
Tamenrasatte V190 14042023.tar
TAR - Openclipart
Tar remover poisoning: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
32 MEGA.ALL.tar - Download - 4shared
Wood tar Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Coal tar Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
We Don't 'Trust' You: British Columbia Rejects Tars Sands Pipeline
Removing Coal Tar Stains from Concrete | GSA
RPM resource perl(Archive::Tar)
China Coal Tar Industry Report, 2014-2017 - Reportlinker Review
bug-tar (date)
l2h] Bugs in latex2html-99.2alpha9.tar.gz ?
Johnny Malibu - Dick Tar lyrics | LyricsFreak
Tars | Wufoo
Tar Sands Mining Moves to Utah - Scientific American
Linux Tar Command Help and Examples
Obama lampooned as 'First Tar Ball'
Ian Gordon
GNU tar - News [Savannah]
The Daily Tar Heel
The saying 'Jack tar' - meaning and origin.
TAR Uwchradd - Cerddoriaeth (Cyfrwng Cymraeg) | Bangor University
China Coal Tar Industry Report 2019-2025
Oil Shale and Tar Sands | Bureau of Land Management
North Carolina Tar Heels Football Tickets - StubHub
Sides clash on tar sands oil moratorium
Heels9
- North Carolina's leading scorer, Rashad McCants, was on the bench to start the Tar Heels' game against Davidson. (dailytarheel.com)
- There, on the same court where they grabbed the Preseason NIT title and made UNC fans forget about last year's 8-20 debacle, the Tar Heels were set to grab two wins and move to 9-2. (dailytarheel.com)
- The Tar Heels' new identity is apparent in their youth and athleticism, but UNC has started strong because of its ability to shut down opposing offenses. (dailytarheel.com)
- The Tar Heels were in trouble Sunday at Old Dominion. (dailytarheel.com)
- Editor's note: In honor of the University's 225th anniversary, we will be sharing profiles throughout the academic year of some of the many Tar Heels who have left their heelprint on the campus, their communities, the state, the nation and the world. (unc.edu)
- He had just won the national title that had eluded him on six previous trips to the Final Four with the Tar Heels. (unc.edu)
- Smith, who died in 2015 , coached the Tar Heels from 1961-1997 and retired as the winningest coach in college basketball . (unc.edu)
- He led the Tar Heels to national championships in 1982 and 1993, to 13 ACC Tournament titles, 11 Final Fours and an NIT championship. (unc.edu)
- In 2005, Williams led the Tar Heels to the national title, North Carolina's fourth all-time. (voanews.com)
Distillation1
- Creasote or Kreozote is a term applied to the mixture of crude phenols obtained from the distillation of wood-tar. (dictionary.com)
Nicotine6
- Smokers in high-tax states are more likely to smoke cigarettes higher in tar and nicotine. (who.int)
- Although taxes reduce the number of cigarettes consumed per day among remaining smokers, total daily tar and nicotine intake is unaffected. (who.int)
- Young smokers, aged 18-24, are much more responsive to changes in taxes than are older smokers, and their total daily tar and nicotine intake actually increases after a tax hike. (who.int)
- A more appropriate tax might be based on the tar and nicotine content of cigarettes. (who.int)
- If the cigarette pack was not available or if a match could not be made because the UPC was incomplete or not recognized, a second match was attempted using an auxiliary data base prepared from the Federal Trade Commission Report: "Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide of the Smoke of 1294 Varieties of Domestic Cigarettes for the Year 1998," (FTC, 2000). (cdc.gov)
- Tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide content was obtained from the Federal Trade Commission Report: "Tar, Nicotine, and Carbon Monoxide of the Smoke of 1294 Varieties of Domestic Cigarettes for the Year 1998" (FTC, 2000). (cdc.gov)
Keystone XL6
- Anti-tar sands campaigners will now be looking for Obama to follow suit and reject TransCanada's bid to build the Keystone XL tar sands pipeline--a separate export route for Alberta's tar sands that would pass south to the Texas coast. (commondreams.org)
- For years the tar sands promoters have said: 'if we don't build Keystone XL the tar sands will get out some other way,'' McKibben said in a statement. (commondreams.org)
- The Canadian tar sands, or oil sands, are much more carbon-laden than most other fossil fuels produced in North America, and their possible outsized impact on the climate is one of the primary reasons the proposed Keystone XL Pipeline, which would carry tar sands oil to Texas refineries, is so controversial. (scientificamerican.com)
- In evaluating the climate impacts of Keystone XL, the U.S. State Department concluded that Canadian tar sands production is 17 percent more carbon intensive than production of an average barrel of oil. (scientificamerican.com)
- The Keystone XL remains key to the expansion of the Alberta, Canada, tar sands and leading National Aeronautics and Space Administration climate scientist James Hansen has called the pipeline "a fuse to the largest carbon bomb on the planet. (truthout.org)
- After more than 1,200 were arrested during the onset of the Tar Sands Action last fall, another 12,000 turned out to surround the White House to tell President Obama that the Keystone XL is not in the nation's best interest. (truthout.org)
Coal tar business2
- Operation, coal tar business, and development forecast of 17 global and Chinese coal tar processing companies. (prnewswire.com)
- Three foreign and twelve Chinese coal tar and deep-processing enterprises (operation, coal tar business, etc. (globenewswire.com)
Producing tar sands1
- Despite long odds as oil prices continue their dip below $50 per barrel, commercial tar sands mining is coming for the first time to the U.S., where an Alberta company called U.S. Oil Sands has begun producing tar sands from a mine in eastern Utah. (scientificamerican.com)
Pipeline6
- The government of British Columbia formally rejected the proposed Enbridge Northern Gateway pipeline on Friday, saying that the corporation behind the project failed to address the environmental concerns tied to the tar sands project. (commondreams.org)
- The Legislature's Environment and Natural Resources Committee heard from environmental advocates who called for a temporary ban on pipeline transportation of tar sands oil, particularly before its potential environmental and health risks are more thoroughly investigated. (pressherald.com)
- The bill was prompted by the possibility that a pipeline that now sends oil to Montreal from tankers that dock in Portland Harbor could be used to bring in tar sands oil instead. (pressherald.com)
- It is unclear now whether the federal government or the state would have authority over permitting or prohibiting transportation of tar sands oil by pipeline. (pressherald.com)
- The Tar Sands Blockade will be coordinating nonviolent, direct actions along the pipeline route to stop this zombie pipeline once and for all. (truthout.org)
- McKibben was elated to hear that the Tar Sands Blockade is continuing to foster the spirit of resistance against the pipeline in the South with the use of nonviolent, direct action. (truthout.org)
Hydrocarbons1
- Tar remover contains compounds called hydrocarbons. (medlineplus.gov)
Twelve1
- The Tars have won twelve NCAA Division II team national championships. (wikipedia.org)
Industrial naphthalene1
- Main consumption markets of coal tar in China are deep-processed products (including phenol, anthracene, industrial naphthalene, coal tar pitch, etc.) and carbon black, with the former accounting for roughly 75% of coal tar consumption in 2014, the year in which China's deep-processing amount of coal tar touched 11.40 million tons or so, registering a CAGR of 13.3% over the last decade. (prnewswire.com)
File7
- Unix uses the tar file format, while Linux uses the tar and gz format. (mediafire.com)
- A TAR file icon by Andrew Fitzsimon. (openclipart.org)
- 32_MEGA.ALL.tar is hosted at free file sharing service 4shared. (4shared.com)
- I simply made a tar file of /usr/bin on my system, which is 516MB. (google.com)
- How do I install a program that comes as a .tar.gz file? (linuxquestions.org)
- Hello and Welcome to LinuxQuestions, A 'tar.gz' file is just a 'collection' of files packed together (tar) in a compressed (gz) file. (linuxquestions.org)
- Most major vendors offer a tar.gz file, a .rpm and a .deb file. (linuxquestions.org)
Irritation1
- Grooming Playbook, The Salt Lake Tribune , 1 June 2022 What to Know About Mascara for Sensitive Eyes Check the Ingredients The most common ingredients that can cause eye irritation include synthetic fragrances, parabens, phthalates, coal tar , polyethylene glycol, and formaldehyde. (merriam-webster.com)
Pitch1
- Coal-tar and wood-tar or pitch, applied hot in thin coats, are also good and cheap preservatives for exposed wood-work. (dictionary.com)
Pits6
- Almost as famous as the now-extinct mammals that were stuck in it, ancient tar pits have captured the imagination for years. (daz3d.com)
- Environmental scientists have discovered that tar pits in downtown Los Angeles, California, house hundreds of new species of bacteria with unusual properties, allowing the bacteria to survive and grow in heavy oil and natural asphalt. (sciencedaily.com)
- Providing a natural observatory for the unusual bacteria, the Rancho La Brea tar pits, which formed in the last ice age, are located in Hancock Park, Los Angeles. (sciencedaily.com)
- In the absence of oxygen, methane is produced by bacteria that use carbon dioxide for respiration instead of oxygen," Crowley explained.He noted that the bacteria are not uniformly distributed in the tar pits. (sciencedaily.com)
- To identify the bacteria and their enzymes, Kim and Crowley analyzed the genetics of the bacteria extracted from the tar pits. (sciencedaily.com)
- Next in their research Kim and Crowley plan to perform a thorough, quantitative and qualitative assessment of the bacteria in the tar pits to identify genes that may have application for petroleum processing, oil recovery, and biotechnology. (sciencedaily.com)
20232
- Daley Quinn, Health , 25 May 2023 To this day, coal tar dyes (which are now derived from petroleum) do not require FDA certification. (merriam-webster.com)
- 2023 Today, reflective fragments of coal tar cling to the water's surface, striated in bands like a marble countertop. (merriam-webster.com)
China's3
- During 2005-2014, with China's increased demand for steel, coke output grew at an AAGR of 8.3%, reaching 476.90 million tons in 2014, with actual amount of coal tar recycled amounting to about 15.70 million tons. (prnewswire.com)
- Segment: of China's coal tar products, over 70% are high-temperature coal tar, a by-product from coke production. (globenewswire.com)
- Price: China's coal tar price showed a upward mobility from 2016 to 2018, hovering at RMB3,000-4,000 per ton in 2018. (globenewswire.com)
Moratorium3
- In June, a group of 100 scientists called for a moratorium on tar sands development, saying it is incompatible with stabilizing the climate and meeting greenhouse gas reductions targets. (scientificamerican.com)
- AUGUSTA - Environmental groups and representatives of the petroleum and transportation industries faced off Monday at a legislative hearing on a proposed two-year moratorium on any transport of tar sands oil through Maine. (pressherald.com)
- Industry representatives opposed the bill, saying that tar sands oil poses no more risk than other oil, and that a moratorium could cause higher energy prices and job losses. (pressherald.com)
Coke production1
- NEW YORK , Oct. 28, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Coal tar, a by-product of coke production, sees its output change with coke output. (prnewswire.com)
Sands development5
- Oil price volatility makes tar sands development in Utah-the only state in the U.S. with large deposits of it-uncertain. (scientificamerican.com)
- Spinti's 2013 economic assessment for Utah tar sands development shows that any mine producing 50,000 barrels per day would be unprofitable even when West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil prices are above $100 per barrel. (scientificamerican.com)
- Other challenges facing future tar sands development in Utah include climate policy, environmental regulations, complications with land ownership and the remoteness of some of the tar sands deposits, she said. (scientificamerican.com)
- From a climate perspective, any kind of tar sands development in the U.S. would present a threat to the globe's ability to meet climate goals, said Paul Ekins , a professor of resources and environmental policy at University College London. (scientificamerican.com)
- Section 21 of the Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 (30 U.S.C. 241), authorizes the BLM to lease Federal lands for oil shale and tar sands development. (blm.gov)
Alberta2
- While production of oil from Canadian tar sands in Alberta is common and abundant, U.S. tar sands have different properties and would require different - and as yet undiscovered - processing techniques. (blm.gov)
- Hill wondered why U.S. Oil Sands' proprietary process, which uses a citrus-based solvent that is billed as ecologically benign, has yet to be used in Alberta, where tar-sands extraction has taken a steep environmental toll. (sltrib.com)
Carbon4
- In addition, the company, together with Inner Mongolia Yellow River Energy Technology Group, set up Wuhai Baohua Wanchen Coal Chemical Co., Ltd, to build projects of 600 kt/a coal tar deep processing, 200 kt/a carbon black, 100 kt/a benzene hydrogenation, 50 kt/a needle coke, and 50 kt/a ultra-high power electrode. (prnewswire.com)
- Environmentalists have launched an international campaign to stop the movement of tar sands oil, largely because of concerns that burning the fuels derived from it would drive up carbon emissions and accelerate climate change. (pressherald.com)
- Carbon black driven by the growing tire market in recent two years generates the rising demand for coal tar, expectedly needing more than 6 million tons in 2019. (globenewswire.com)
- According to Hansen, if the carbon stored in the tar sands is released into the atmosphere, it would mean "game over for the climate. (truthout.org)
Obama4
- President Barack Obama and Lafourche Parish President Charlotte Randolf, left, inspect a tar ball as they look at the effect the BP oil spill is having on Fourchon Beach in Port Fourchon, La., May 28, 2010. (wnd.com)
- A similar photo in a lampooning e-mail referring to Obama as a "tar ball" resulted in two workers being fired and a subsequent lawsuit over free-speech rights. (wnd.com)
- Is it free speech to refer to President Obama as the "First Tar Ball? (wnd.com)
- The e-mail the pair received and exchanged on work computers reportedly included a photo of Obama walking out of the water with a caption that stated, "First Tar Ball washes up in Panama City, Fla." Also included was text that said, "Another tar ball washed up on the shore. (wnd.com)
20212
- 2021 Wine Enthusiast's spirits editor Kara Newman traced the history of blue drinks all the way back to their beginnings in mid-19th century England, where the invention of food dye-then derived from coal tar (yum! (merriam-webster.com)
- Sophia Stewart, Bon Appétit , 20 Aug. 2021 Veterinary Formula Clinical Care Antiparasitic and Medicated Shampoo for Dogs contains micronized sulfur, salicylic acid & coal tar to help relieve mange, skin scaling caused by seborrhea and parasitic infections. (merriam-webster.com)
18th2
- The name Jack tar began being used for British sailors around the turn of the 18th century. (phrases.org.uk)
- This was for good reason, sailing ships of the 18th century reeked of tar. (phrases.org.uk)
Shale2
- The final Programmatic EIS amends 10 resource management plans and identifies areas that will be made available for potential leasing, exploration, and development of oil shale and tar sands resources. (blm.gov)
- Activists staged a rally on the steps of the building before the hearing, denouncing foreign companies' plans to strip-mine tar sands and oil shale. (sltrib.com)
Extraction1
- I will do more testing with Tar Extraction and let you know my results. (google.com)
Million tons4
- In 2018, China produced around 20 million tons of coal tar, a YoY drop of 2.4% largely due to a lower operating rate of coal tar producers that had to be subject to the environmental policy. (globenewswire.com)
- Yet as capacity gets upgraded and demand increases, coal tar output will pick up in future, expectedly to more than 22 million tons in 2025. (globenewswire.com)
- High-temperature coal tar output is predicted to approximate 16.8 million tons in 2025, compared with 15 million in 2018. (globenewswire.com)
- The demand from deep-processing domain for coal tar stood at roughly 9.6 million tons in 2018, down 7.7% from a year earlier, but is predicted to rise a bit in 2019 as part of new deep-processing capacity becomes operational. (globenewswire.com)
Activists3
- That's why Texas climate justice activists, including myself, are officially announcing the Tar Sands Blockade , an epic action that we have been organizing since the beginning of the year. (truthout.org)
- Fifty fresh activists, six new arrests as historic Texas Tar Sands Blockade enters its fourth week. (truthout.org)
- Baza convened a special hearing to hear Johnson, who spoke as an expert for the group Living Rivers, and residents and activists opposed to tar sands mining. (sltrib.com)
Environmental2
- How did ATSDR become involved ated by the Comprehensive Environmental with the Tar Creek site? (cdc.gov)
- There is little possibility of a drop in coal tar price in the next two years as environmental protection campaigns which started in 2018 will last to 2020, but the price will rise at a limited rate for higher price has made downstream producers unprofitable. (globenewswire.com)
Heel4
- But after all the players and coaches filed onto the field where they were greeted with roars from Tar Heel fans who packed one whole side of the stands, one person was absent: Dean Smith. (unc.edu)
- When she was little, Sarah Giang learned about life as a Tar Heel and what it was like to study in Chapel Hill from her grandfather, Rev. Bobby Bunce '69. (unc.edu)
- Now a Tar Heel herself, the incoming first-year student is looking forward to following in her late grandfather's footsteps while also making her own path at Carolina. (unc.edu)
- What does it mean to you to be a Tar Heel? (unc.edu)
Pines1
- Decorate your terrain with dead trees and sickly pines, sharp rocks, and sticky tar blobs, then toss your favorite monster or character into the tar pit! (daz3d.com)
Append2
- Append tar files to an archive. (computerhope.com)
- Append files to the end of a tar archive. (computerhope.com)
Examples2
- Recent Examples on the Web Dermalogica ensures that this serum is free of parabens, formaldehydes, phthalates, mineral oil, coal tar and sulfates. (merriam-webster.com)
- These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'coal tar. (merriam-webster.com)
Largely1
- Also present but largely undeveloped on public lands is tar sands, sedimentary rocks containing a heavy hydrocarbon compound called bitumen, which can be refined into oil. (blm.gov)
Mines1
- U.S. Oil Sands, which has acquired the rights to produce tar sands at mines on 50 square miles of land between Salt Lake City and Moab, Utah, plans to produce 2,000 barrels of oil per day by the end of the year, according to documents the company filed with Canadian securities regulators . (scientificamerican.com)
Meaning1
- Our action is giving a new meaning to 'Don't Mess with Texas,'" said Tar Sands Blockade Collective member Benjamin Kessler . (truthout.org)
Deposits2
- The largest deposits of tar sands in the world are found in Canada, and Venezuela, and much of the rest is found in various countries in the Middle East. (blm.gov)
- Tar sands oil is heavy crude oil from deep underground sand deposits. (pressherald.com)
Temperature1
- At noon on the preceding Friday the victim had driven the tank truck to the tar supplier to have the tank pumped out, at that time the temperature of the tar was 5500. (cdc.gov)
Sailor2
- Tar' was chosen to refer to all things sailor-like. (phrases.org.uk)
- No wonder really that a sailor would be called 'tar' - the perfume of it would have been unmissable. (phrases.org.uk)
Origin1
- The Tar frame drum is an ancient instrument of North African and Middle Eastern origin, although similar instruments have also featured in Native American and traditional Irish music. (musicradar.com)
Topical2
Waterfront1
- The tar sands oil, piped east across Canada to Montreal, could be exported from the South Portland waterfront. (pressherald.com)
Products2
- Various tar removal products contain these compounds. (medlineplus.gov)
- Coal tar deep-processed products are important raw materials for pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, dyes, and synthetic fibers, with strong profitability, leading to investment in coal tar deep-processing projects by a large number of companies in China in recent years. (prnewswire.com)
Command2
- On Unix-like operating systems, the tar command creates, maintains, modifies, and extracts files that are archived in the tar format. (computerhope.com)
- In this video, @Learn Linux TV shows how to use tar in the command line. (linode.com)
Unix1
- tar was originally developed in the early days of Unix for the purpose of backing up files to tape -based storage devices . (computerhope.com)
Occur1
- This article discusses health problems that may occur if you breathe in or touch tar remover. (medlineplus.gov)
Asphalt1
- The results from epidemiologic studies indicate that roofers are at an increased risk of lung cancer, but it is uncertain whether this increase can be attributed to asphalt and/or to other exposures such as coal tar or asbestos. (cdc.gov)
Producers1
- But U.S. Oil Sands, which did not respond to requests for comment, is moving ahead with production, even as tar sands producers in Canada struggle to make a profit as crude oil prices fall. (scientificamerican.com)
Development1
- In order to promote sound development of the industry and gradually eliminate backward capacities, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in Mar 2014 issued Access Conditions of Coking Industry, providing that anhydrous coal tar processing capacity of single facility shall be no less than 150 kt/a. (prnewswire.com)
Found1
- What is the Tar Creek signifi cant sources of lead were found. (cdc.gov)
Include1
- The support should include tar files that has been gzipped or bzipped. (lu.se)
Download2
- 32_MEGA.ALL.tar - download at 4shared. (4shared.com)
- Version 1.34 of GNU tar is available for download (see the download directory for archives in other formats). (gnu.org)
Page2
- This page covers the GNU / Linux version of tar . (computerhope.com)
- Tars is a chatbot and conversational landing page builder which helps marketers increase conversion rate in their paid ad campaigns. (wufoo.com)
Production4
- A tar sands production test site in eastern Utah. (scientificamerican.com)
- Coal tar output will still edge down by an estimated 0.5% in 2019 when capacity optimization and production curtailment persist in the industry. (globenewswire.com)
- Baoshun Technology as the coal tar deep-processing enterprise boasting largest production capacity in China, seized a market share of just 4.3% in 2018. (globenewswire.com)
- Evidence for the reconstruction of outland activities comes from a range of sites, including pitfalls for elk, bloomery furnaces, shielings, localities with outland haymaking and agriculture, tar production sites, and soapstone quarries. (lu.se)