Acetazolamide is an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase. It is used for glaucoma, epilepsy (rarely), idiopathic intracranial ... It has a longer elimination half-life than acetazolamide and is less associated with adverse effects to the kidney. Dorzolamide ... Acetazolamide is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Other examples are; Dorzolamide Methazolamide Brinzolamide dichlorphenamide ... For the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP), acetazolamide inactivates carbonic anhydrase and interferes with the sodium ...

acetazolamide,[16] dorzolamide Inhibits H+ secretion, resultant promotion of Na+ and K+ excretion 2: proximal tubule ... Drugs in this class include acetazolamide and methazolamide. Potassium-sparing diuretics[edit]. These are diuretics which do ... Some diuretics, such as acetazolamide, help to make the urine more alkaline and are helpful in increasing excretion of ...

Animals that metabolize theobromine (found in chocolate) more slowly, such as dogs,[26] can succumb to theobromine poisoning from as little as 50 grams (1.8 oz) of milk chocolate for a smaller dog and 400 grams (14 oz), or around nine 44-gram (1.55 oz) small milk chocolate bars, for an average-sized dog. The concentration of theobromine in dark chocolates (approximately 10 g/kg (0.16 oz/lb)) is up to 10 times that of milk chocolate (1 to 5 g/kg (0.016 to 0.080 oz/lb)) - meaning dark chocolate is far more toxic to dogs per unit weight or volume than milk chocolate. The same risk is reported for cats as well,[27] although cats are less likely to ingest sweet food, with most cats having no sweet taste receptors.[28] Complications include digestive issues, dehydration, excitability, and a slow heart rate. Later stages of theobromine poisoning include epileptic-like seizures and death. If caught early on, theobromine poisoning is treatable.[29] Although not common, the effects of theobromine ...

Acetazolamide (1953). Sultiame Methazolamide Zonisamide (2000). Lamotrigine (1990). Pheneturide Phenacemide Valpromide ...

The syndrome responds to acetazolamide. Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) has been linked to mutations in the calcium channel ...

Acetazolamide also helps prevent the condition. Untreated patients usually die within 48 hours. Those who receive treatment may ... Generally, the use of acetazolamide is preferred, but dexamethasone can be used for prevention if there are side effects or ... Dexamethesone should be discontinued, but continual acetazolamide is recommended. In one study, it took patients between one ... The risk of developing HACE is diminished if acetazolamide or dexamethasone are administered. ...

... acetazolamide-responsive; 608390; SCN4A Myotonia congenita, dominant; 160800; CLCN1 Myotonia congenita, recessive; 255700; ...

Acetazolamide administration has proved successful in some patients. As EA3 is extremely rare, there is currently no known ... Yue Q, Jen J, Thwe M, Nelson S, Baloh R (1998). "De novo mutation in CACNA1A caused acetazolamide-responsive episodic ataxia". ... These patients are responsive to acetazolamide. Both juvenile myoclonic epilepsy and EA5 are a result of mutations in CACNB4, a ... Some patients respond to acetazolamide though others do not. Typically, episodic ataxia presents as bouts of ataxia induced by ...

White, A.J. (1984). "Cognitive impairment of AMS and acetazolamide". Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine. 5: 598-603. ...

Medication with acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, has been shown to improve chronic mountain sickness by reducing ... 1 December 2005). "Acetazolamide: a treatment for chronic mountain sickness". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care ...

Medications that have a similar effect include acetazolamide. Low temperature is a commonly reported trigger of acute gout: an ...

Such medicines include diuretics like acetazolamide and furosemide. These diuretics, along with surgical interventions, can ...

Trials with acetazolamide achieved some success, while amitriptyline hydrochloride was unsuccessful. Acetazolamide therapy ... In trials with patients afflicted with vestibulocerebellar syndrome, acetazolamide either eliminated or significantly decreased ... Baloh RW, Winder A (March 1991). "Acetazolamide-responsive vestibulocerebellar syndrome: clinical and oculographic features". ...

Acetazolamide can be taken before symptoms appear as a preventive measure at a dose of 125 mg twice daily. The Everest Base ... The drug acetazolamide (trade name Diamox) may help some people making a rapid ascent to sleeping altitude above 2,700 metres ( ... Although a sulfonamide; acetazolamide is a non-antibiotic and has not been shown to cause life-threatening allergic cross- ... Acetazolamide 250 mg twice daily dosing assists in AMS treatment by quickening altitude acclimatization. A study by the Denali ...

In 2007 Konovalov was found guilty of acetazolamide doping. The sample was delivered on 17 December 2006 in an in-competition ...

Acetazolamide, a drug that speeds acclimatization to high altitudes. Pulmonary edema Altitude sickness High-altitude cerebral ...

Medications that may be used include lamotrigine, acetazolamide, or verapamil. But these do not always result in benefits. ... acetazolamide, or verapamil. But these do not always result in benefits. Some neuro-ophthalmologists believe that visual snow ...

Yue Q, Jen JC, Thwe MM, Nelson SF, Baloh RW (1998). "De novo mutation in CACNA1A caused acetazolamide-responsive episodic ...

Acetazolamide has shown promise as a treatment for this condition. Children with NF-1 can experience social problems, attention ...

Other drugs: digoxin, ranitidine, lenalidomide, methyldopa, interleukin 2, dobutamine, acetazolamide. Contaminants: ... Anti-inflammatory agents: ibuprofen, indomethacin, phenylbutazone, oxyphenbutazone, acetazolamide, piroxicam, diclofenac. ...

Diuretics such as furosemide may be needed to stop sudden attacks; acetazolamide and thiazide diuretics such as chlorothiazide ...

... such as conivaptan Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Lithium was previously used for treatment of PPD as a direct ... "Treatment of psychogenic polydipsia with acetazolamide: a report of 5 cases". Clinical Neuropharmacology. 34 (1): 5-7. doi: ...

Alkalization of the urine with acetazolamide or sodium bicarbonate is controversial. Routine alkalization of urine above pH of ...

For example, most patients do well on acetazolamide, but some don't. Some patients will do well with extra magnesium (the ... Avoiding carbohydrate-rich meals, strenuous exercise and other identified triggers, and taking acetazolamide (Diamox®) or ...

Acetazolamide was beneficial to some patients, but also worsened symptoms in others. Additionally, a modified version of the ...

The drug acetazolamide (trade name Diamox) may help some people making a rapid ascent to sleeping altitude above 2,700 metres (9,000 ft), and it may also be effective if started early in the course of AMS.[17] Acetazolamide can be taken before symptoms appear as a preventive measure at a dose of 125 mg twice daily. The Everest Base Camp Medical Centre cautions against its routine use as a substitute for a reasonable ascent schedule, except where rapid ascent is forced by flying into high altitude locations or due to terrain considerations.[18] The Centre suggests a dosage of 125 mg twice daily for prophylaxis, starting from 24 hours before ascending until a few days at the highest altitude or on descending;[18] with 250 mg twice daily recommended for treatment of AMS.[19] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest the same dose for prevention of 125 mg acetazolamide every 12 hours.[20] ...

... (IIH) is a condition characterized by increased intracranial pressure (pressure around the brain) without a detectable cause. The main symptoms are headache, vision problems, ringing in the ears with the heartbeat, and shoulder pain. Complications may include vision loss. Risk factors include being overweight or a recent increase in weight. Tetracycline may also trigger the condition. The diagnosis is based on symptoms and a high intracranial pressure founding during a lumbar puncture with no specific cause found on a brain scan. Treatment includes a healthy diet, salt restriction, and exercise. Bariatric surgery may also be used to help with weight loss. The medication acetazolamide may also be used along with the above measures. A small percentage of people may require surgery to relieve the pressure. About 2 per 100,000 people are newly affected per year. The condition most commonly affects women aged 20-50. Women are affected about 20 times more often ...

CAIX is a transmembrane protein and is a tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme. It is over-expressed in VHL mutated clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and hypoxic solid tumors, but is low-expressed in normal kidney and most other normal tissues. It may be involved in cell proliferation and transformation. This gene is mapped to 9p13-p12.[7]. CAIX is a cellular biomarkers of hypoxia. Furthermore, recent studies examining the association between CAIX levels and various clinicopathological outcomes suggest that CAIX expression may also be a valuable prognostic indicator for overall survival[8] although this association has been questioned.[9]. ...

... is a sulfonamide diuretic drug marketed by Eli Lilly under the trade names Aquaphor (in Germany) and Aquaphoril (in Austria). It is used for the treatment of oedema and hypertension. Like the structurally related thiazide diuretics, xipamide acts on the kidneys to reduce sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule. This increases the osmolarity in the lumen, causing less water to be reabsorbed by the collecting ducts. This leads to increased urinary output. Unlike the thiazides, xipamide reaches its target from the peritubular side (blood side). Additionally, it increases the secretion of potassium in the distal tubule and collecting ducts. In high doses it also inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which leads to increased secretion of bicarbonate and alkalizes the urine. Unlike with thiazides, only terminal renal failure renders xipamide ineffective. Xipamide is used for cardiac oedema caused by decompensation of heart failure renal oedema, chronic renal disease (but not with ...

The mechanism of respiratory alkalosis generally occurs when some stimulus makes a person hyperventilate. The increased breathing produces increased alveolar respiration, expelling CO2 from the circulation. This alters the dynamic chemical equilibrium of carbon dioxide in the circulatory system. Circulating hydrogen ions and bicarbonate are shifted through the carbonic acid (H2CO3) intermediate to make more CO2 via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase according to the following reaction: ...

The drug acetazolamide (trade name Diamox) may help some people making a rapid ascent to sleeping altitude above 2,700 metres (9,000 ft), and it may also be effective if started early in the course of AMS.[17] Acetazolamide can be taken before symptoms appear as a preventive measure at a dose of 125 mg twice daily. The Everest Base Camp Medical Centre cautions against its routine use as a substitute for a reasonable ascent schedule, except where rapid ascent is forced by flying into high altitude locations or due to terrain considerations.[18] The Centre suggests a dosage of 125 mg twice daily for prophylaxis, starting from 24 hours before ascending until a few days at the highest altitude or on descending;[18] with 250 mg twice daily recommended for treatment of AMS.[19] The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest the same dose for prevention of 125 mg acetazolamide every 12 hours.[20] ...

The theory of diffusion-controlled reaction was originally utilized by R.A. Alberty, Gordon Hammes, and Manfred Eigen to estimate the upper limit of enzyme-substrate reaction.[3][4] According to their estimation,[3][4] the upper limit of enzyme-substrate reaction was 109 M−1 s−1. In 1972, it was observed that in the dehydration of H2CO3 catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, the second-order rate constant obtained experimentally was about 1.5 × 1010 M−1 s−1,[5] which was one order of magnitude higher than the upper limit estimated by Alberty, Hammes, and Eigen based on a simplified model.[3][4] To address such a paradox, Prof. Kuo-Chen Chou and his co-workers proposed a model by taking into account the spatial factor and force field factor between the enzyme and its substrate and found that the upper limit could reach 1010 M−1 s−1,[6][7][8] and can be used to explain some surprisingly high reaction rates in molecular biology.[5][9][10] The new upper limit found by Chou et al. for ...

CAIX is a transmembrane protein and is a tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme. It is over-expressed in VHL mutated clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and hypoxic solid tumors, but is low-expressed in normal kidney and most other normal tissues. It may be involved in cell proliferation and transformation. This gene is mapped to 9p13-p12.[7]. CAIX is a cellular biomarkers of hypoxia. Furthermore, recent studies examining the association between CAIX levels and various clinicopathological outcomes suggest that CAIX expression may also be a valuable prognostic indicator for overall survival[8] although this association has been questioned.[9]. ...

Carbonic anhydrase 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CA12 gene. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a large family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They participate in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid. This gene product is a type I membrane protein that is highly expressed in normal tissues, such as kidney, colon and pancreas, and has been found to be overexpressed in 10% of clear cell renal carcinomas. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified for this gene. Loss of function mutations in the CAXII gene result in defects in fluids and carbonate secretions in the following diseases: 1) Cystic fibrosis-like syndrome with normal cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein levels 2) Pancreatitis 3) Sjögren's syndrome 4) Xerostomia or ...

Receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase zeta also known as phosphacan is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPRZ1 gene. This gene is a member of the receptor tyrosine phosphatase family and encodes a single-pass type I membrane protein with two cytoplasmic tyrosine-protein phosphatase domains, an alpha-carbonic anhydrase domain and a fibronectin type III domain. Alternative splice variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined. Expression of this gene is induced in gastric cancer cells, in the remyelinating oligodendrocytes of multiple sclerosis lesions, and in human embryonic kidney cells under hypoxic conditions. Both the protein and transcript are overexpressed in glioblastoma cells, promoting their haptotactic migration. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000106278 - Ensembl, May 2017 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000068748 - Ensembl, May 2017 "Human PubMed Reference:". "Mouse PubMed Reference:". ...

The theory of diffusion-controlled reaction was originally utilized by R.A. Alberty, Gordon Hammes, and Manfred Eigen to estimate the upper limit of enzyme-substrate reaction.[3][4] According to their estimation,[3][4] the upper limit of enzyme-substrate reaction was 109 M−1 s−1. In 1972, it was observed that in the dehydration of H2CO3 catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase, the second-order rate constant obtained experimentally was about 1.5 × 1010 M−1 s−1,[5] which was one order of magnitude higher than the upper limit estimated by Alberty, Hammes, and Eigen based on a simplified model.[3][4] To address such a paradox, Prof. Kuo-Chen Chou and his co-workers proposed a model by taking into account the spatial factor and force field factor between the enzyme and its substrate and found that the upper limit could reach 1010 M−1 s−1,[6][7][8] and can be used to explain some surprisingly high reaction rates in molecular biology.[5][9][10] The new upper limit found by Chou et al. for ...

Each amino acid has a carboxyl group and an amine group. Amino acids link to one another to form a chain by a dehydration reaction which joins the amine group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next. Thus polypeptide chains have an end with an unbound carboxyl group, the C-terminus, and an end with an unbound amine group, the N-terminus. Proteins are naturally synthesized starting from the N-terminus and ending at the C-terminus. ...

Each amino acid has a carboxyl group and an amine group. Amino acids link to one another to form a chain by a dehydration reaction which joins the amine group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next. Thus polypeptide chains have an end with an unbound carboxyl group, the C-terminus, and an end with an unbound amine group, the N-terminus. Proteins are naturally synthesized starting from the N-terminus and ending at the C-terminus.. ...