A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.
Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.
A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).
An antibiotic substance derived from Penicillium stoloniferum, and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Mycophenolic acid is important because of its selective effects on the immune system. It prevents the proliferation of T-cells, lymphocytes, and the formation of antibodies from B-cells. It also may inhibit recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1301)
The transference of a kidney from one human or animal to another.
Semisolid preparations used topically for protective emollient effects or as a vehicle for local administration of medications. Ointment bases are various mixtures of fats, waxes, animal and plant oils and solid and liquid hydrocarbons.
An immune response with both cellular and humoral components, directed against an allogeneic transplant, whose tissue antigens are not compatible with those of the recipient.
The transference of a part of or an entire liver from one human or animal to another.
The survival of a graft in a host, the factors responsible for the survival and the changes occurring within the graft during growth in the host.
A CALCIUM and CALMODULIN-dependent serine/threonine protein phosphatase that is composed of the calcineurin A catalytic subunit and the calcineurin B regulatory subunit. Calcineurin has been shown to dephosphorylate a number of phosphoproteins including HISTONES; MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN; and the regulatory subunits of CAMP-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. It is involved in the regulation of signal transduction and is the target of an important class of immunophilin-immunosuppressive drug complexes.
A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.
A cytochrome P-450 suptype that has specificity for a broad variety of lipophilic compounds, including STEROIDS; FATTY ACIDS; and XENOBIOTICS. This enzyme has clinical significance due to its ability to metabolize a diverse array of clinically important drugs such as CYCLOSPORINE; VERAPAMIL; and MIDAZOLAM. This enzyme also catalyzes the N-demethylation of ERYTHROMYCIN.
Therapy with two or more separate preparations given for a combined effect.
The process of observing, recording, or detecting the effects of a chemical substance administered to an individual therapeutically or diagnostically.
The application of drug preparations to the surfaces of the body, especially the skin (ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS) or mucous membranes. This method of treatment is used to avoid systemic side effects when high doses are required at a localized area or as an alternative systemic administration route, to avoid hepatic processing for example.
Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
The transference of a pancreas from one human or animal to another.
Adrenal cortex hormones are steroid hormones produced by the outer portion of the adrenal gland, consisting of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens, which play crucial roles in various physiological processes such as metabolism regulation, stress response, electrolyte balance, and sexual development and function.
Oleagenous substances used topically to soothe, soften or protect skin or mucous membranes. They are used also as vehicles for other dermatologic agents.
Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.
Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.
A 12-KDa tacrolimus binding protein that is found associated with and may modulate the function of calcium release channels. It is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase which is inhibited by both tacrolimus (commonly called FK506) and SIROLIMUS.
The action of a drug that may affect the activity, metabolism, or toxicity of another drug.
Non-cadaveric providers of organs for transplant to related or non-related recipients.
Serum containing GAMMA-GLOBULINS which are antibodies for lymphocyte ANTIGENS. It is used both as a test for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY and therapeutically in TRANSPLANTATION.
The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
A group of polycyclic compounds closely related biochemically to TERPENES. They include cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (STEROLS), and certain natural drugs and poisons. Steroids have a common nucleus, a fused, reduced 17-carbon atom ring system, cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side-chain attached to the nucleus. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)
The giving of drugs, chemicals, or other substances by mouth.
Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.
Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells.
Works containing information articles on subjects in every field of knowledge, usually arranged in alphabetical order, or a similar work limited to a special field or subject. (From The ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science, 1983)
A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.
A genus of bacteria that form a nonfragmented aerial mycelium. Many species have been identified with some being pathogenic. This genus is responsible for producing a majority of the ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS of practical value.
A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.

R73A and H144Q mutants of the yeast mitochondrial cyclophilin Cpr3 exhibit a low prolyl isomerase activity in both peptide and protein-folding assays. (1/2304)

Previously we reported that the R73A and H144Q variants of the yeast cyclophilin Cpr3 were virtually inactive in a protease-coupled peptide assay, but retained activity as catalysts of a proline-limited protein folding reaction [Scholz, C. et al. (1997) FEBS Lett. 414, 69-73]. A reinvestigation revealed that in fact these two mutations strongly decrease the prolyl isomerase activity of Cpr3 in both the peptide and the protein-folding assay. The high folding activities found previously originated from a contamination of the recombinant Cpr3 proteins with the Escherichia coli protein SlyD, a prolyl isomerase that co-purifies with His-tagged proteins. SlyD is inactive in the peptide assay, but highly active in the protein-folding assay.  (+info)

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunosuppressants perturb the myo-inositol but not the betaine cotransporter in isotonic and hypertonic MDCK cells. (2/2304)

BACKGROUND: The sodium/myo-inositol cotransporter (SMIT) and the betaine cotransporter (BGT1) are essential for the accumulation of myo-inositol and betaine, and hence cell survival in a hypertonic environment. The underlying molecular mechanism involves an increase in transcription of the SMIT and BGT1 genes through binding of a trans-acting factor to enhancer elements in the 5' flanking region of both genes, resulting in increased mRNA abundance and increased activity of the cotransporters. Current evidence regarding transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation indicates that both cotransporters are regulated in parallel. METHODS: To investigate the signal transduction of hypertonic stress, we examined the effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immunosuppressants on the hypertonicity-induced activity of the two cotransporters in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. RESULTS: None of the agents studied affected BGT1 activity in isotonic or hypertonic conditions. Treatment of MDCK cells with genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, increased SMIT activity in hypertonic but not isotonic conditions. The stimulation of SMIT by genistein was accompanied by a parallel increase in mRNA abundance. In contrast, treating cells with tyrphostin A23, another tyrosine kinase inhibitor, or cyclosporine A, an immunosuppressant, inhibited SMIT activity in hypertonic cells. FK506, another immunosuppressant, increased SMIT activity, but only in isotonic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide the first evidence of divergent regulatory pathways modulating SMIT and BGT activity.  (+info)

A prospective, randomized trial of tacrolimus/prednisone versus tacrolimus/prednisone/mycophenolate mofetil in renal transplant recipients. (3/2304)

BACKGROUND: Between September 20, 1995 and September 20, 1997, 208 adult patients undergoing renal transplantation were randomized to receive tacrolimus/prednisone (n=106) or tacrolimus/prednisone/mycophenolate mofetil (n=102), with the goal of reducing the incidence of rejection. METHODS: The mean recipient age was 50.7+/-13.7 years. Sixty-three (30.3%) patients were 60 years of age or older at the time of transplantation. The mean donor age was 34.5+/-21.7 years. The mean cold ischemia time was 30.5+/-9.2 hr. The mean follow-up is 15+/-7 months. RESULTS: The overall 1-year actuarial patient survival was 94%; the overall 1-year actuarial graft survival was 87%. When the patient and graft survival data were stratified to recipients under the age of 60 who did not have delayed graft function, the overall 1-year actuarial patient survival was 97%, and the corresponding 1-year actuarial graft survival was 93%. There were no differences between the two groups. The overall incidence of rejection was 36%; in the double-therapy group, it was 44%, whereas in the triple therapy group, it was 27% (P=0.014). The mean serum creatinine was 1.6+/-0.8 mg/dl. A total of 36% of the successfully transplanted patients were taken off prednisone; 32% of the patients were taken off antihypertensive medications. The incidence of delayed graft function was 21%, the incidence of cytomegalovirus was 12.5%, and the initial and final incidences of posttransplant insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were 7.0% and 2.9%; again, there was no difference between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: This trial suggests that the combination of tacrolimus, steroids, and mycophenolate mofetil is associated with excellent patient and graft survival and a lower incidence of rejection than the combination of tacrolimus and steroids.  (+info)

Hmo1p, a high mobility group 1/2 homolog, genetically and physically interacts with the yeast FKBP12 prolyl isomerase. (4/2304)

The immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and rapamycin bind to the cellular protein FKBP12, and the resulting FKBP12-drug complexes inhibit signal transduction. FKBP12 is a ubiquitous, highly conserved, abundant enzyme that catalyzes a rate-limiting step in protein folding: peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization. However, FKBP12 is dispensible for viability in both yeast and mice, and therefore does not play an essential role in protein folding. The functions of FKBP12 may involve interactions with a number of partner proteins, and a few proteins that interact with FKBP12 in the absence of FK506 or rapamycin have been identified, including the ryanodine receptor, aspartokinase, and the type II TGF-beta receptor; however, none of these are conserved from yeast to humans. To identify other targets and functions of FKBP12, we have screened for mutations that are synthetically lethal with an FKBP12 mutation in yeast. We find that mutations in HMO1, which encodes a high mobility group 1/2 homolog, are synthetically lethal with mutations in the yeast FPR1 gene encoding FKBP12. Deltahmo1 and Deltafpr1 mutants share two phenotypes: an increased rate of plasmid loss and slow growth. In addition, Hmo1p and FKBP12 physically interact in FKBP12 affinity chromatography experiments, and two-hybrid experiments suggest that FKBP12 regulates Hmo1p-Hmo1p or Hmo1p-DNA interactions. Because HMG1/2 proteins are conserved from yeast to humans, our findings suggest that FKBP12-HMG1/2 interactions could represent the first conserved function of FKBP12 other than mediating FK506 and rapamycin actions.  (+info)

Affinity modulation of small-molecule ligands by borrowing endogenous protein surfaces. (5/2304)

A general strategy is described for improving the binding properties of small-molecule ligands to protein targets. A bifunctional molecule is created by chemically linking a ligand of interest to another small molecule that binds tightly to a second protein. When the ligand of interest is presented to the target protein by the second protein, additional protein-protein interactions outside of the ligand-binding sites serve either to increase or decrease the affinity of the binding event. We have applied this approach to an intractable target, the SH2 domain, and demonstrate a 3-fold enhancement over the natural peptide. This approach provides a way to modulate the potency and specificity of biologically active compounds.  (+info)

Immunophilins, Refsum disease, and lupus nephritis: the peroxisomal enzyme phytanoyl-COA alpha-hydroxylase is a new FKBP-associated protein. (6/2304)

FKBP52 (FKBP59, FKBP4) is a "macro" immunophilin that, although sharing high structural and functional homologies in its amino-terminal domain with FKBP12 (FKBP1), does not have immunosuppressant activity when complexed with FK506, unlike FKBP12. To investigate the physiological function of FKBP52, we used the yeast two-hybrid system as an approach to find its potential protein partners and, from that, its cellular role. This methodology, which already has allowed us to find the FK506-binding protein (FKBP)-associated protein FAP48, also led to the detection of another FKBP-associated protein. Determination of the sequence of this protein permitted its identification as phytanoyl-CoA alpha-hydroxylase (PAHX), a peroxisomal enzyme that so far was unknown as an FKBP-associated protein. Inactivation of this enzyme is responsible for Refsum disease in humans. The protein also corresponds to the mouse protein LN1, which could be involved in the progress of lupus nephritis. We show here that PAHX has the physical capacity to interact with the FKBP12-like domain of FKBP52, but not with FKBP12, suggesting that it is a particular and specific target of FKBP52. Whereas the binding of calcineurin to FKBP12 is potentiated by FK506, the specific association of PAHX and FKBP52 is maintained in the presence of FK506. This observation suggests that PAHX is a serious candidate for studying the cellular signaling pathway(s) involving FKBP52 in the presence of immunosuppressant drugs.  (+info)

Synergic effects of tactolimus and azole antifungal agents against azole-resistant Candida albican strains. (7/2304)

We investigated the effects of combining tacrolimus and azole antifungal agents in azole-resistant strains of Candida albicans by comparing the accumulation of [3H]itraconazole. The CDR1-expressing resistant strain C26 accumulated less itraconazole than the CaMDR-expressing resistant strain C40 or the azole-sensitive strain B2630. A CDR1-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant, DSY415, showed a marked reduction in the accumulation of both fluconazole and itraconazole. A CaMDR-expressing S. cerevisiae mutant, DSY416, also showed lower accumulation of fluconazole, but not of itraconazole. The addition of sodium azide, an electron-transport chain inhibitor, increased the intracellular accumulation of itraconazole only in the C26 strain, and not in the C40 or B2630 strains. Addition of tacrolimus, an inhibitor of multidrug resistance proteins, resulted in the highest increase in itraconazole accumulation in the C26 strain. The combination of itraconazole and tacrolimus was synergic in azole-resistant C. albicans strains. In the C26 strain, the MIC of itraconazole decreased from >8 to 0.5 mg/L when combined with tacrolimus. Our results showed that two multidrug resistance phenotypes (encoded by the CDR1 and CaMDR genes) in C. albicans have different substrate specificity for azole antifungal agents and that a combination of tacrolimus and azole antifungal agents is effective against azole-resistant strains of C. albicans.  (+info)

Primary adult liver transplantation under tacrolimus: more than 90 months actual follow-up survival and adverse events. (8/2304)

The introduction of tacrolimus has shown decreased rates of acute and steroid-resistant rejection after liver transplantation (LTx). The aim of the present study is to examine the long-term efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in primary liver transplant recipients. The first 121 consecutive adults (aged >16 years) who underwent primary LTx at a single center from August 1989 to February 1990 were followed up until August 1997. The mean follow-up was 93.2 +/- 1.2 months (range, 90.5 to 96.5 months). Patient survival, graft survival, rate of rejection, and adverse events were examined. The actual 7-year patient survival rate was 67.8%, and the graft survival rate was 63.6%. Infections, recurrence of disease, de novo malignancies, and cardiovascular events constituted the main causes of graft loss and death in the long term. Graft loss related to acute or chronic rejection was rare. The rate of acute rejection beyond 2 years was approximately 3% per year, and most rejections were steroid responsive. Approximately 70% of the patients received only tacrolimus after 1 year. Four patients developed end-stage renal disease, and 2 patients underwent kidney transplantation. Hyperkalemia and hypertension were observed in one third of the patients. New-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus was observed in 9% and 13% of the patients at the 1-year and 7-year follow-up, respectively. Seven patients developed de novo malignancies, including two skin malignancies. Six patients developed posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder during the entire follow-up period. Actual patient and graft survival at 7 years was excellent, and few adverse events developed after the first year. Graft loss from acute or chronic rejection was rare under tacrolimus, and approximately 70% of the patients were steroid free on tacrolimus monotherapy after the first year after LTx.  (+info)

Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressant drug that is primarily used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs. It works by inhibiting the activity of T-cells, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a central role in the body's immune response. By suppressing the activity of these cells, tacrolimus helps to reduce the risk of an immune response being mounted against the transplanted organ.

Tacrolimus is often used in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs, such as corticosteroids and mycophenolate mofetil, to provide a comprehensive approach to preventing organ rejection. It is available in various forms, including capsules, oral solution, and intravenous injection.

The drug was first approved for use in the United States in 1994 and has since become a widely used immunosuppressant in transplant medicine. Tacrolimus is also being studied as a potential treatment for a variety of other conditions, including autoimmune diseases and cancer.

Immunosuppressive agents are medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. They are often used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs and to treat autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. These drugs work by interfering with the immune system's normal responses, which helps to reduce inflammation and damage to tissues. However, because they suppress the immune system, people who take immunosuppressive agents are at increased risk for infections and other complications. Examples of immunosuppressive agents include corticosteroids, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and sirolimus.

Cyclosporine is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called immunosuppressants. It is primarily used to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs, such as kidneys, livers, and hearts. Cyclosporine works by suppressing the activity of the immune system, which helps to reduce the risk of the body attacking the transplanted organ.

In addition to its use in organ transplantation, cyclosporine may also be used to treat certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. It does this by suppressing the overactive immune response that contributes to these conditions.

Cyclosporine is available in capsule, oral solution, and injectable forms. Common side effects of the medication include kidney problems, high blood pressure, tremors, headache, and nausea. Long-term use of cyclosporine can also increase the risk of certain types of cancer and infections.

It is important to note that cyclosporine should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider, as it requires regular monitoring of blood levels and kidney function.

Mycophenolic Acid (MPA) is an immunosuppressive drug that is primarily used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation. It works by inhibiting the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which is a key enzyme for the de novo synthesis of guanosine nucleotides, an essential component for the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. By doing this, MPA reduces the activity of the immune system, thereby preventing it from attacking the transplanted organ.

Mycophenolic Acid is available in two forms: as the sodium salt (Mycophenolate Sodium) and as the morpholinoethyl ester (Mycophenolate Mofetil), which is rapidly hydrolyzed to Mycophenolic Acid after oral administration. Common side effects of MPA include gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, as well as an increased risk of infections due to its immunosuppressive effects.

Kidney transplantation is a surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a deceased or living donor is implanted into a patient with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or permanent kidney failure. The new kidney takes over the functions of filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood, producing urine, and maintaining the body's electrolyte balance.

The transplanted kidney is typically placed in the lower abdomen, with its blood vessels connected to the recipient's iliac artery and vein. The ureter of the new kidney is then attached to the recipient's bladder to ensure proper urine flow. Following the surgery, the patient will require lifelong immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection of the transplanted organ by their immune system.

An ointment is a semi-solid preparation, typically composed of a mixture of medicinal substance with a base, which is usually greasy or oily. The purpose of the base is to act as a vehicle for the active ingredient and allow it to be applied smoothly and evenly to the skin or mucous membranes.

Ointments are commonly used in dermatology to treat various skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, rashes, burns, and wounds. They can also be used to deliver medication for localized pain relief, muscle relaxation, and anti-inflammatory or antibiotic effects.

The base of an ointment may consist of various ingredients, including petrolatum, lanolin, mineral oil, beeswax, or a combination of these. The choice of the base depends on the desired properties such as consistency, spreadability, and stability, as well as the intended route of administration and the specific therapeutic goals.

Graft rejection is an immune response that occurs when transplanted tissue or organ (the graft) is recognized as foreign by the recipient's immune system, leading to the activation of immune cells to attack and destroy the graft. This results in the failure of the transplant and the need for additional medical intervention or another transplant. There are three types of graft rejection: hyperacute, acute, and chronic. Hyperacute rejection occurs immediately or soon after transplantation due to pre-existing antibodies against the graft. Acute rejection typically occurs within weeks to months post-transplant and is characterized by the infiltration of T-cells into the graft. Chronic rejection, which can occur months to years after transplantation, is a slow and progressive process characterized by fibrosis and tissue damage due to ongoing immune responses against the graft.

Liver transplantation is a surgical procedure in which a diseased or failing liver is replaced with a healthy one from a deceased donor or, less commonly, a portion of a liver from a living donor. The goal of the procedure is to restore normal liver function and improve the patient's overall health and quality of life.

Liver transplantation may be recommended for individuals with end-stage liver disease, acute liver failure, certain genetic liver disorders, or liver cancers that cannot be treated effectively with other therapies. The procedure involves complex surgery to remove the diseased liver and implant the new one, followed by a period of recovery and close medical monitoring to ensure proper function and minimize the risk of complications.

The success of liver transplantation has improved significantly in recent years due to advances in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it remains a major operation with significant risks and challenges, including the need for lifelong immunosuppression to prevent rejection of the new liver, as well as potential complications such as infection, bleeding, and organ failure.

Graft survival, in medical terms, refers to the success of a transplanted tissue or organ in continuing to function and integrate with the recipient's body over time. It is the opposite of graft rejection, which occurs when the recipient's immune system recognizes the transplanted tissue as foreign and attacks it, leading to its failure.

Graft survival depends on various factors, including the compatibility between the donor and recipient, the type and location of the graft, the use of immunosuppressive drugs to prevent rejection, and the overall health of the recipient. A successful graft survival implies that the transplanted tissue or organ has been accepted by the recipient's body and is functioning properly, providing the necessary physiological support for the recipient's survival and improved quality of life.

Calcineurin is a calcium-calmodulin-activated serine/threonine protein phosphatase that plays a crucial role in signal transduction pathways involved in immune response and neuronal development. It consists of two subunits: the catalytic A subunit (calcineurin A) and the regulatory B subunit (calcineurin B). Calcineurin is responsible for dephosphorylating various substrates, including transcription factors, which leads to changes in their activity and ultimately affects gene expression. In the immune system, calcineurin plays a critical role in T-cell activation by dephosphorylating the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT), allowing it to translocate into the nucleus and induce the expression of cytokines and other genes involved in the immune response. Inhibitors of calcineurin, such as cyclosporine A and tacrolimus, are commonly used as immunosuppressive drugs to prevent organ rejection after transplantation.

Sirolimus is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called immunosuppressants. It is also known as rapamycin. Sirolimus works by inhibiting the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a protein that plays a key role in cell growth and division.

Sirolimus is primarily used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, such as kidneys, livers, and hearts. It works by suppressing the activity of the immune system, which can help to reduce the risk of the body rejecting the transplanted organ. Sirolimus is often used in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs, such as corticosteroids and calcineurin inhibitors.

Sirolimus is also being studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in a variety of other conditions, including cancer, tuberous sclerosis complex, and lymphangioleiomyomatosis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the safety and efficacy of sirolimus in these contexts.

It's important to note that sirolimus can have significant side effects, including increased risk of infections, mouth sores, high blood pressure, and kidney damage. Therefore, it should only be used under the close supervision of a healthcare provider.

Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A is a subfamily of the cytochrome P-450 enzyme superfamily, which are primarily involved in drug metabolism in the human body. These enzymes are found predominantly in the liver, but also in other tissues such as the small intestine, kidneys, and brain.

CYP3A enzymes are responsible for metabolizing a wide variety of drugs, including many statins, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and opioids. They can also metabolize endogenous compounds such as steroids and bile acids. The activity of CYP3A enzymes can be influenced by various factors, including genetic polymorphisms, age, sex, pregnancy, and the presence of other drugs or diseases.

The name "cytochrome P-450" refers to the fact that these enzymes contain a heme group that absorbs light at a wavelength of 450 nanometers when it is complexed with carbon monoxide. The term "CYP3A" denotes the specific subfamily of cytochrome P-450 enzymes that share a high degree of sequence similarity and function.

Combination drug therapy is a treatment approach that involves the use of multiple medications with different mechanisms of action to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. This approach is often used in the management of complex medical conditions such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and cardiovascular diseases. The goal of combination drug therapy is to improve efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, decrease the likelihood of adverse effects, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients.

In combining drugs, healthcare providers aim to target various pathways involved in the disease process, which may help to:

1. Increase the effectiveness of treatment by attacking the disease from multiple angles.
2. Decrease the dosage of individual medications, reducing the risk and severity of side effects.
3. Slow down or prevent the development of drug resistance, a common problem in chronic diseases like HIV/AIDS and cancer.
4. Improve patient compliance by simplifying dosing schedules and reducing pill burden.

Examples of combination drug therapy include:

1. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV treatment, which typically involves three or more drugs from different classes to suppress viral replication and prevent the development of drug resistance.
2. Chemotherapy regimens for cancer treatment, where multiple cytotoxic agents are used to target various stages of the cell cycle and reduce the likelihood of tumor cells developing resistance.
3. Cardiovascular disease management, which may involve combining medications such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, and statins to control blood pressure, heart rate, fluid balance, and cholesterol levels.
4. Treatment of tuberculosis, which often involves a combination of several antibiotics to target different aspects of the bacterial life cycle and prevent the development of drug-resistant strains.

When prescribing combination drug therapy, healthcare providers must carefully consider factors such as potential drug interactions, dosing schedules, adverse effects, and contraindications to ensure safe and effective treatment. Regular monitoring of patients is essential to assess treatment response, manage side effects, and adjust the treatment plan as needed.

Drug monitoring, also known as therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), is a medical practice that involves testing blood or other bodily fluids to determine the concentration of a particular medication. This information is used to ensure that the patient is receiving an appropriate dosage and to help guide adjustments in medication therapy. It can be especially important for medications with a narrow therapeutic index, meaning that there is a small range between the effective dose and a toxic dose.

The goal of drug monitoring is to optimize medication effectiveness while minimizing potential side effects. This may involve measuring the concentration of a drug at various times after dosing to determine how quickly it is being metabolized or eliminated from the body, as well as to assess compliance with the prescribed treatment regimen.

Drug monitoring can be performed using a variety of methods, including immunoassays, chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The specific method used will depend on the drug being monitored and the level of sensitivity required. Results from drug monitoring tests are typically interpreted in conjunction with other clinical information, such as the patient's age, weight, renal function, liver function, and overall health status.

Topical administration refers to a route of administering a medication or treatment directly to a specific area of the body, such as the skin, mucous membranes, or eyes. This method allows the drug to be applied directly to the site where it is needed, which can increase its effectiveness and reduce potential side effects compared to systemic administration (taking the medication by mouth or injecting it into a vein or muscle).

Topical medications come in various forms, including creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, sprays, and patches. They may be used to treat localized conditions such as skin infections, rashes, inflammation, or pain, or to deliver medication to the eyes or mucous membranes for local or systemic effects.

When applying topical medications, it is important to follow the instructions carefully to ensure proper absorption and avoid irritation or other adverse reactions. This may include cleaning the area before application, covering the treated area with a dressing, or avoiding exposure to sunlight or water after application, depending on the specific medication and its intended use.

Dermatologic agents are medications, chemicals, or other substances that are applied to the skin (dermis) for therapeutic or cosmetic purposes. They can be used to treat various skin conditions such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, fungal infections, and wounds. Dermatologic agents include topical corticosteroids, antibiotics, antifungals, retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, and many others. They can come in various forms such as creams, ointments, gels, lotions, solutions, and patches. It is important to follow the instructions for use carefully to ensure safety and effectiveness.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Pancreas transplantation is a surgical procedure that involves implanting a healthy pancreas from a deceased donor into a recipient with diabetes. The primary goal of this procedure is to restore the recipient's insulin production and eliminate the need for insulin injections, thereby improving their quality of life and reducing the risk of long-term complications associated with diabetes.

There are three main types of pancreas transplantation:

1. Simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplantation: This is the most common type of pancreas transplant, performed simultaneously with a kidney transplant in patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The new pancreas not only restores insulin production but also helps prevent further kidney damage.
2. Pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplantation: In this procedure, a patient receives a kidney transplant first, followed by a pancreas transplant at a later time. This is typically performed in patients who have already undergone a successful kidney transplant and wish to improve their diabetes management.
3. Pancreas transplantation alone (PTA): In rare cases, a pancreas transplant may be performed without a concurrent kidney transplant. This is usually considered for patients with brittle diabetes who experience severe hypoglycemic episodes despite optimal medical management and lifestyle modifications.

The success of pancreas transplantation has significantly improved over the years, thanks to advancements in surgical techniques, immunosuppressive medications, and post-transplant care. However, it is essential to weigh the benefits against the risks, such as potential complications related to surgery, infection, rejection, and long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs. Ultimately, the decision to undergo pancreas transplantation should be made in consultation with a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, considering each patient's unique medical history and personal circumstances.

The adrenal cortex hormones are a group of steroid hormones produced and released by the outer portion (cortex) of the adrenal glands, which are located on top of each kidney. These hormones play crucial roles in regulating various physiological processes, including:

1. Glucose metabolism: Cortisol helps control blood sugar levels by increasing glucose production in the liver and reducing its uptake in peripheral tissues.
2. Protein and fat metabolism: Cortisol promotes protein breakdown and fatty acid mobilization, providing essential building blocks for energy production during stressful situations.
3. Immune response regulation: Cortisol suppresses immune function to prevent overactivation and potential damage to the body during stress.
4. Cardiovascular function: Aldosterone regulates electrolyte balance and blood pressure by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys.
5. Sex hormone production: The adrenal cortex produces small amounts of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens, which contribute to sexual development and function.
6. Growth and development: Cortisol plays a role in normal growth and development by influencing the activity of growth-promoting hormones like insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

The main adrenal cortex hormones include:

1. Glucocorticoids: Cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid, responsible for regulating metabolism and stress response.
2. Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid, involved in electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation.
3. Androgens: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate derivative (DHEAS) are the most abundant adrenal androgens, contributing to sexual development and function.
4. Estrogens: Small amounts of estrogens are produced by the adrenal cortex, mainly in women.

Disorders related to impaired adrenal cortex hormone production or regulation can lead to various clinical manifestations, such as Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency), Cushing's syndrome (hypercortisolism), and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH).

Emollients are medical substances or preparations used to soften and soothe the skin, making it more supple and flexible. They work by forming a barrier on the surface of the skin that helps to prevent water loss and protect the skin from irritants and allergens. Emollients can be in the form of creams, lotions, ointments, or gels, and are often used to treat dry, scaly, or itchy skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis. They may contain ingredients such as petroleum jelly, lanolin, mineral oil, or various plant-derived oils and butters. Emollients can also help to reduce inflammation and promote healing of the skin.

Immunosuppression is a state in which the immune system's ability to mount an immune response is reduced, compromised or inhibited. This can be caused by certain medications (such as those used to prevent rejection of transplanted organs), diseases (like HIV/AIDS), or genetic disorders. As a result, the body becomes more susceptible to infections and cancer development. It's important to note that immunosuppression should not be confused with immunity, which refers to the body's ability to resist and fight off infections and diseases.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic, inflammatory skin condition that is commonly known as eczema. It is characterized by dry, itchy, and scaly patches on the skin that can become red, swollen, and cracked over time. The condition often affects the skin on the face, hands, feet, and behind the knees, and it can be triggered or worsened by exposure to certain allergens, irritants, stress, or changes in temperature and humidity. Atopic dermatitis is more common in people with a family history of allergies, such as asthma or hay fever, and it often begins in infancy or early childhood. The exact cause of atopic dermatitis is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors that affect the immune system and the skin's ability to maintain a healthy barrier function.

Homologous transplantation is a type of transplant surgery where organs or tissues are transferred between two genetically non-identical individuals of the same species. The term "homologous" refers to the similarity in structure and function of the donated organ or tissue to the recipient's own organ or tissue.

For example, a heart transplant from one human to another is an example of homologous transplantation because both organs are hearts and perform the same function. Similarly, a liver transplant, kidney transplant, lung transplant, and other types of organ transplants between individuals of the same species are also considered homologous transplantations.

Homologous transplantation is in contrast to heterologous or xenogeneic transplantation, where organs or tissues are transferred from one species to another, such as a pig heart transplanted into a human. Homologous transplantation is more commonly performed than heterologous transplantation due to the increased risk of rejection and other complications associated with xenogeneic transplants.

Tacrolimus Binding Protein 1A, also known as FKBP12 or FK506 binding protein 12, is a intracellular protein that binds to the immunosuppressive drug tacrolimus (FK506) and forms a complex. This complex inhibits the calcium-dependent serine/threonine phosphatase calcineurin, which plays a crucial role in T-cell activation. By inhibiting calcineurin, tacrolimus suppresses the immune response, particularly the activation of T-lymphocytes, and is used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation. FKBP12 is a member of the immunophilin family and has peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity.

A drug interaction is the effect of combining two or more drugs, or a drug and another substance (such as food or alcohol), which can alter the effectiveness or side effects of one or both of the substances. These interactions can be categorized as follows:

1. Pharmacodynamic interactions: These occur when two or more drugs act on the same target organ or receptor, leading to an additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effect. For example, taking a sedative and an antihistamine together can result in increased drowsiness due to their combined depressant effects on the central nervous system.
2. Pharmacokinetic interactions: These occur when one drug affects the absorption, distribution, metabolism, or excretion of another drug. For example, taking certain antibiotics with grapefruit juice can increase the concentration of the antibiotic in the bloodstream, leading to potential toxicity.
3. Food-drug interactions: Some drugs may interact with specific foods, affecting their absorption, metabolism, or excretion. An example is the interaction between warfarin (a blood thinner) and green leafy vegetables, which can increase the risk of bleeding due to enhanced vitamin K absorption from the vegetables.
4. Drug-herb interactions: Some herbal supplements may interact with medications, leading to altered drug levels or increased side effects. For instance, St. John's Wort can decrease the effectiveness of certain antidepressants and oral contraceptives by inducing their metabolism.
5. Drug-alcohol interactions: Alcohol can interact with various medications, causing additive sedative effects, impaired judgment, or increased risk of liver damage. For example, combining alcohol with benzodiazepines or opioids can lead to dangerous levels of sedation and respiratory depression.

It is essential for healthcare providers and patients to be aware of potential drug interactions to minimize adverse effects and optimize treatment outcomes.

A living donor is a person who voluntarily donates an organ or part of an organ to another person while they are still alive. This can include donations such as a kidney, liver lobe, lung, or portion of the pancreas or intestines. The donor and recipient typically undergo medical evaluation and compatibility testing to ensure the best possible outcome for the transplantation procedure. Living donation is regulated by laws and ethical guidelines to ensure that donors are fully informed and making a voluntary decision.

Antilymphocyte serum (ALS) is a type of immune serum that contains antibodies against human lymphocytes. It is produced by immunizing animals, such as horses or rabbits, with human lymphocytes to stimulate an immune response and the production of anti-lymphocyte antibodies. The resulting serum is then collected and can be used as a therapeutic agent to suppress the activity of the immune system in certain medical conditions.

ALS is primarily used in the treatment of transplant rejection, particularly in organ transplantation, where it helps to prevent the recipient's immune system from attacking and rejecting the transplanted organ. It can also be used in the management of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, to suppress the overactive immune response that contributes to these conditions.

It is important to note that the use of ALS carries a risk of side effects, including allergic reactions, fever, and decreased white blood cell counts. Close monitoring and appropriate management of these potential adverse events are essential during treatment with ALS.

A dose-response relationship in the context of drugs refers to the changes in the effects or symptoms that occur as the dose of a drug is increased or decreased. Generally, as the dose of a drug is increased, the severity or intensity of its effects also increases. Conversely, as the dose is decreased, the effects of the drug become less severe or may disappear altogether.

The dose-response relationship is an important concept in pharmacology and toxicology because it helps to establish the safe and effective dosage range for a drug. By understanding how changes in the dose of a drug affect its therapeutic and adverse effects, healthcare providers can optimize treatment plans for their patients while minimizing the risk of harm.

The dose-response relationship is typically depicted as a curve that shows the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect. The shape of the curve may vary depending on the drug and the specific effect being measured. Some drugs may have a steep dose-response curve, meaning that small changes in the dose can result in large differences in the effect. Other drugs may have a more gradual dose-response curve, where larger changes in the dose are needed to produce significant effects.

In addition to helping establish safe and effective dosages, the dose-response relationship is also used to evaluate the potential therapeutic benefits and risks of new drugs during clinical trials. By systematically testing different doses of a drug in controlled studies, researchers can identify the optimal dosage range for the drug and assess its safety and efficacy.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Steroids, also known as corticosteroids, are a type of hormone that the adrenal gland produces in your body. They have many functions, such as controlling the balance of salt and water in your body and helping to reduce inflammation. Steroids can also be synthetically produced and used as medications to treat a variety of conditions, including allergies, asthma, skin conditions, and autoimmune disorders.

Steroid medications are available in various forms, such as oral pills, injections, creams, and inhalers. They work by mimicking the effects of natural hormones produced by your body, reducing inflammation and suppressing the immune system's response to prevent or reduce symptoms. However, long-term use of steroids can have significant side effects, including weight gain, high blood pressure, osteoporosis, and increased risk of infections.

It is important to note that anabolic steroids are a different class of drugs that are sometimes abused for their muscle-building properties. These steroids are synthetic versions of the male hormone testosterone and can have serious health consequences when taken in large doses or without medical supervision.

Oral administration is a route of giving medications or other substances by mouth. This can be in the form of tablets, capsules, liquids, pastes, or other forms that can be swallowed. Once ingested, the substance is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enters the bloodstream to reach its intended target site in the body. Oral administration is a common and convenient route of medication delivery, but it may not be appropriate for all substances or in certain situations, such as when rapid onset of action is required or when the patient has difficulty swallowing.

A kidney, in medical terms, is one of two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back region of the body. They are essential for maintaining homeostasis within the body by performing several crucial functions such as:

1. Regulation of water and electrolyte balance: Kidneys help regulate the amount of water and various electrolytes like sodium, potassium, and calcium in the bloodstream to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. Excretion of waste products: They filter waste products from the blood, including urea (a byproduct of protein metabolism), creatinine (a breakdown product of muscle tissue), and other harmful substances that result from normal cellular functions or external sources like medications and toxins.

3. Endocrine function: Kidneys produce several hormones with important roles in the body, such as erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production), renin (regulates blood pressure), and calcitriol (activated form of vitamin D that helps regulate calcium homeostasis).

4. pH balance regulation: Kidneys maintain the proper acid-base balance in the body by excreting either hydrogen ions or bicarbonate ions, depending on whether the blood is too acidic or too alkaline.

5. Blood pressure control: The kidneys play a significant role in regulating blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which constricts blood vessels and promotes sodium and water retention to increase blood volume and, consequently, blood pressure.

Anatomically, each kidney is approximately 10-12 cm long, 5-7 cm wide, and 3 cm thick, with a weight of about 120-170 grams. They are surrounded by a protective layer of fat and connected to the urinary system through the renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia (ALHE) is a rare benign vascular lesion that typically presents as one or multiple papules or nodules, often on the head and neck region. The exact cause of ALHE is unknown, but it has been associated with chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction.

Histologically, ALHE is characterized by the proliferation of blood vessels and lymphoid tissue, with a prominent infiltration of eosinophils. The lesions may also contain other inflammatory cells such as plasma cells, histiocytes, and T-lymphocytes.

Clinically, ALHE presents as red to brownish papules or nodules that can be tender or pruritic (itchy). Lesions typically occur on the head and neck region, particularly around the ears, eyes, and nose. In some cases, lesions may also appear on the trunk, arms, or legs.

While ALHE is a benign condition, it can cause significant cosmetic concerns due to its location. Treatment options include surgical excision, laser therapy, and intralesional corticosteroid injections. Recurrence after treatment is not uncommon. It is important to note that while ALHE may resemble other more serious conditions such as cutaneous lymphoma or angiosarcoma, it has a much more favorable prognosis.

An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work containing articles on various topics, usually arranged in alphabetical order. In the context of medicine, a medical encyclopedia is a collection of articles that provide information about a wide range of medical topics, including diseases and conditions, treatments, tests, procedures, and anatomy and physiology. Medical encyclopedias may be published in print or electronic formats and are often used as a starting point for researching medical topics. They can provide reliable and accurate information on medical subjects, making them useful resources for healthcare professionals, students, and patients alike. Some well-known examples of medical encyclopedias include the Merck Manual and the Stedman's Medical Dictionary.

Lipoid nephrosis is a historical term for a kidney disorder now more commonly referred to as minimal change disease (MCD). It is a type of glomerulonephritis which is characterized by the loss of proteins in the urine (proteinuria) due to damage to the glomeruli, the tiny filtering units within the kidneys.

The term "lipoid" refers to the presence of lipids or fats in the glomeruli, which can be observed under a microscope. However, it's worth noting that not all cases of MCD involve lipid accumulation in the glomeruli.

MCD is typically idiopathic, meaning its cause is unknown, but it can also occur as a secondary condition related to other medical disorders such as allergies, infections, or medications. It primarily affects children, but can also occur in adults. Treatment usually involves corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive therapies to control proteinuria and prevent kidney damage.

Streptomyces is a genus of Gram-positive, aerobic, saprophytic bacteria that are widely distributed in soil, water, and decaying organic matter. They are known for their complex morphology, forming branching filaments called hyphae that can differentiate into long chains of spores.

Streptomyces species are particularly notable for their ability to produce a wide variety of bioactive secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, antifungals, and other therapeutic compounds. In fact, many important antibiotics such as streptomycin, neomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin are derived from Streptomyces species.

Because of their industrial importance in the production of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds, Streptomyces have been extensively studied and are considered model organisms for the study of bacterial genetics, biochemistry, and ecology.

Vitiligo is a medical condition characterized by the loss of pigmentation in patches of skin, resulting in irregular white depigmented areas. It's caused by the destruction of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin, which gives our skin its color. The exact cause of vitiligo is not fully understood, but it's thought to be an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys melanocytes. It can affect people of any age, gender, or ethnicity, although it may be more noticeable in people with darker skin tones. The progression of vitiligo is unpredictable and can vary from person to person. Treatment options include topical creams, light therapy, oral medications, and surgical procedures, but the effectiveness of these treatments varies depending on the individual case.

"Tacrolimus Injection". MedlinePlus. "Tacrolimus Topical". MedlinePlus. Tacrolimus at the U.S. National Library of Medicine ... "Prograf- tacrolimus capsule, gelatin coated Prograf- tacrolimus injection, solution Prograf- tacrolimus granule, for suspension ... Generic versions of tacrolimus were approved in the US in 2017. Tacrolimus was approved for medical use in the European Union ... "Tacrolimus for Dogs and Cats". Baldo A, Cafiero M, Di Caterino P, Di Costanzo L (January 2009). "Tacrolimus ointment in the ...
"Tacrolimus". New Zealand Formulary v81. 1 March 2019. Fuentes JJ, Genescà L, Kingsbury TJ, Cunningham KW, Pérez-Riba M, ... Thus tacrolimus contributes to the frequent development of new diabetes following renal transplantation. Calcineurin/NFAT ... "Pharmacology and side effects of cyclosporine and tacrolimus". UpToDate. 2014-04-10. Bannai H, Lévi S, Schweizer C, Inoue T, ... Calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus are used to suppress the immune system in organ allotransplant recipients to prevent ...
Topical application of clobetasol, mupirocin, and gentamicin alternated with tacrolimus can be effective. Pyoderma gangrenosum ... tacrolimus; thalidomide; infliximab; or plasmapheresis. Superficial granulomatous pyoderma Brown recluse spider bite Jackson JM ...
Plettenberg, Heidi; Assmann, Till; Ruzicka, Thomas (2003). "Childhood vitiligo and tacrolimus". Arch. Dermatol. 139 (5): 651- ...
... produces tacrolimus. List of Streptomyces species LPSN bacterio.net Straininfo of Streptomyces ... nov., a low producer of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary ... nov., a low producer of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506)". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary ...
Tacrolimus, Pimecrolimus Andexer, Jennifer; Kendrew, Steven; Nur-e-Alam, Mohammad; Wilkinson, Barrie (March 7, 2011). " ... Ascomycin, also called Immunomycin, FR-900520, FK520, is an ethyl analog of tacrolimus (FK506) with strong immunosuppressant ...
Both tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are effective and safe to use in AD. Crisaborole, an inhibitor of PDE-4, is also effective and ... Cury Martins J, Martins C, Aoki V, Gois AF, Ishii HA, da Silva EM (July 2015). "Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis". The ... Creams based on calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus or pimecrolimus) may also be used to control flares if other measures are ... If topical corticosteroids and moisturisers fail, short-term treatment with topical calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus ...
... short-term treatment with topical calcineurin inhibitors such as tacrolimus or pimecrolimus may be tried. Both tacrolimus and ... Cury Martins J, Martins C, Aoki V, Gois AF, Ishii HA, da Silva EM (July 2015). "Topical tacrolimus for atopic dermatitis". The ... Pimecrolimus has a similar mode of action to that of tacrolimus but is more selective, with no effect on dendritic (Langerhans ... Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are both calcineurin inhibitors and function as immunosuppressants. If topical corticosteroids and ...
"Tacrolimus Topical: MedlinePlus Drug Information". medlineplus.gov. "Pimecrolimus Topical: MedlinePlus Drug Information". ... The immunomodulators tacrolimus/Protopic and pimecrolimus/Elidel have not been approved for children under two years. ...
Methotrexate, cyclosporin and tacrolimus are common drugs used for GvHD prophylaxis. Further research is necessary to evaluate ... Cyclosporine binds to the cytosolic protein Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (known as cyclophilin), while tacrolimus ... November 2016). "A prospective randomized trial comparing cyclosporine/methotrexate and tacrolimus/sirolimus as graft-versus- ... Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are calcineurin inhibitors. The substances are structurally different but have the same mechanism ...
"Systemic ciclosporin and tacrolimus in dermatology. Dermatol Ther. 2007 Jul-Aug;20(4):239-50. Kitahara K, Kawai S. " ... "Cyclosporine and tacrolimus for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2007 May;19(3):238-45. Review. ...
... produces the immunosuppressant tacrolimus. List of Streptomyces species LPSN bacterio.net Straininfo ... the producer of the clinically important immunosuppressant tacrolimus (FK506)". Journal of Bacteriology. 194 (14): 3756-7. doi: ...
A patient with refractory Kimura's disease after surgery and treatment with prednisone was treated with tacrolimus. Tacrolimus ... Tacrolimus may be an effective treatment for patients with Kimura's disease, but more research is needed to determine its long- ... Da-Long S, Wei R, Bing G, Yun-Yan Z, Xiang-Zhen L, Xin L (February 2014). "Tacrolimus on Kimura's disease: a case report". Oral ... FK-506 blood concentration was controlled within 5 to 15 μg/L. After 6 months, the dosage of tacrolimus was reduced to 0.5 mg ...
Topical therapy includes corticosteroid and tacrolimus use. Oral vitamin E or omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are also used. ... Griffies J, Mendelsohn C, Rosenkrantz W, Muse R, Boord M, Griffin C (2004). "Topical 0.1% tacrolimus for the treatment of ... tacrolimus for the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus and pemphigus erythematosus in dogs". Veterinary Dermatology. 13 (4 ...
Tacrolimus has been reported as speeding resolution. In exceptionally severe cases PUVA therapy may be considered. The patches ... Rigopoulos D, Gregoriou S, Charissi C, Kontochristopoulos G, Kalogeromitros D, Georgala S (July 2006). "Tacrolimus ointment 0.1 ...
Other therapies include PUVA, topical tacrolimus, and isotretinoin. Eosinophilic folliculitis associated with HIV infection ...
Tacrolimus (Protopic 0.03% ointment) is also an experimental treatment. Laser eye treatment. Amniotic membrane (Case Study) PRK ...
Tacrolimus: Efonidipine inhibits metabolic enzymes involved in Tacrolimus metabolism and reduces its clearance. So, increase in ... blood concentration of Tacrolimus can occur. The common side effects are hot flushes, facial flushing and headache. In addition ...
Kang SY, Sohn KH, Lee JO, Kim SH, Cho SH, Chang YS (July 2015). "Intravenous tacrolimus and cyclosporine induced anaphylaxis: ...
Wong VW, You F, Januszyk M, Kuang AA (September 2013). "Tacrolimus fails to regulate collagen expression in dermal fibroblasts ... In the fibroblasts of hypertrophic scars, exposure to the immunosuppressant Tacrolimus causes C12orf40 up-regulation. In pigs, ...
Tacrolimus, which is a similar drug, also causes nephrotoxicity. Blood levels of both must be monitored closely and if the ... The most common medication regimen today is a mixture of tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and prednisolone. Some recipients may ... These food products are known to interact with the transplant medications, specifically tacrolimus, cyclosporin and sirolimus; ... These include: azathioprine and mycophenolate, and ciclosporin and tacrolimus. The indication for kidney transplantation is end ...
Transplantation necessitates the use of immune suppressants (ciclosporin or tacrolimus). Manifestations of decompensation in ...
Randomized trial of tacrolimus versus cyclosporin microemulsion in renal transplantation. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17:141-9 Ehrich ...
There have also been reports of using topical tacrolimus ointment. Chelitis glandularis is a rare inflammatory condition of the ...
Calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporine and tacrolimus, inhibit cell responsiveness to mast cell products and inhibit T ... Immunosuppressants used for CU include cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolate. ...
2004). "Tacrolimus ointment is effective for facial and intertriginous psoriasis". J Am Acad Dermatol. 51 (5): 723-30. doi: ...
Other topical treatments, tacrolimus or pimecrolimus can also be used. If this does not help the patient, his or her physician ... Kouvelas, Dimitrios; Tzellos, Thrasivoulos George (2008-04-01). "Topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus in the treatment of ...
Prescribed treatments include: topical creams such as Tacrolimus and Betamethasone. systemic immunosuppressants such as ...
June 2006). "Long-term results of tacrolimus monotherapy in cardiac transplant recipients". J. Heart Lung Transplant. 25 (6): ...
It can increase the kidney toxicity of ciclosporin and tacrolimus. Combination with antihypertensive drugs such as ACE ...
"Tacrolimus Injection". MedlinePlus. "Tacrolimus Topical". MedlinePlus. Tacrolimus at the U.S. National Library of Medicine ... "Prograf- tacrolimus capsule, gelatin coated Prograf- tacrolimus injection, solution Prograf- tacrolimus granule, for suspension ... Generic versions of tacrolimus were approved in the US in 2017. Tacrolimus was approved for medical use in the European Union ... "Tacrolimus for Dogs and Cats". Baldo A, Cafiero M, Di Caterino P, Di Costanzo L (January 2009). "Tacrolimus ointment in the ...
Tacrolimus: learn about side effects, dosage, special precautions, and more on MedlinePlus ... Before taking tacrolimus,. *tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to tacrolimus, any other medications, or any of ... Only take the tacrolimus product prescribed by your doctor and do not switch to a different tacrolimus product unless your ... Tacrolimus can only prevent rejection of your transplant as long as you are taking the medication. Continue to take tacrolimus ...
... or pancreas transplants who were treated with sirolimus and low-dose tacrolimus experienced a low rate of rejection and ... A series of 32 recipients of liver, kidney, or pancreas transplants who were treated with sirolimus and low-dose tacrolimus ... Vivian C. McAlister, Zu-hua Gao, Kevork Peltekian, Javier Domingues, et al.. "Sirolimus-tacrolimus combination ...
Proalid information about active ingredients, pharmaceutical forms and doses by Darier Laboratorios Dermatologicos, Proalid indications, usages and related health products lists
Bioaccumulation. It annot be excluded that tacrolimus may bioaccumulate, due to lack of data.. Toxicity. No data.. Risk. Risk ... The use of tacrolimus granules is not expected to lead to any significant increase in environmental exposure. However, ... No environmental risk is anticipated from the use of tacrolimus ointment.. EMAs scientific discussion for Advagraf ( ... tacrolimus), Astellas Pharma Europe B.V., 30/05/2007.. The environmental risk assessment of MR4 oral formulation of tacrolimus ...
TACROLIMUS (UNII: WM0HAQ4WNM) (TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS - UNII:Y5L2157C4J) TACROLIMUS ANHYDROUS. 0.1 g in 100 g. ... HYALURONIC ACID SODIUM SALT 1% / NIACINAMIDE 4% / TACROLIMUS 0.1% hyaluronic acid sodium salt 1% / niacinamide 4% / tacrolimus ... HYALURONIC ACID SODIUM SALT 1% / NIACINAMIDE 4% / TACROLIMUS 0.1% cream. Out of scope - Out of scope for RxNorm and will not ... HYALURONIC ACID SODIUM SALT 1% / NIACINAMIDE 4% / TACROLIMUS 0.1% cream. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and ...
... and had significantly elevated tacrolimus blood concentrations during tacrolimus treatment. A model-informed PK assessment was ... This study investigated tacrolimus PK in a 2-year-old post-renal transplant patient and a known CYP3A5 expresser who developed ... On PTD 93, an additional assessment showed a stable CL/F value of 14.5 L/h 1 month after reinitiating tacrolimus and was used ... Tacrolimus clearance was evaluated both before and after the development of PRES on post-transplant day (PTD) 26. ...
Comparing tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide, tacrolimus was the most efficacious. Also, biosimilars may ... Articles tagged with "tacrolimus". These 3 Tough Cases from the 2018 Thieves Market Underscore Need for Clinical Diligence. ... Tacrolimus Use for Lupus Nephritis Raises Debate over Role in North American Population. Alexey Fomin, MD, & W. Neal Roberts, ... Adalimumab, Tacrolimus Effective for Treating Refractory Ulcerative Colitis. Will Boggs, MD , October 15, 2015. ...
The good news is generic tacrolimus can be found for as low as $40 at your local U.S. pharmacy. ... Tacrolimus, sold under the brand name Prograf in its oral form, is a life-saving, and expensive, drug used to prevent the ... How much does tacrolimus cost without insurance? A: ... Topical Tacrolimus Side Effects. The topical tacrolimus can ... Protopic (tacrolimus topical) 30g of 0.03% $338.76 N/A $58.62 83% Tacrolimus Topical (generic) 30g of 0.03% $237.75 N/A $50.94 ...
Total tacrolimus daily exposure (AUC0-24 h), in whole blood and intracellular compartments, was over-estimated when assessed by ... Total tacrolimus daily exposure (AUC0-24h), in whole blood and intracellular compartments, was over-estimated when assessed by ... Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window with large intra- and inter-patient pharmacokinetic variability leading to frequent ... Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window with large intra- and inter-patient pharmacokinetic variability leading to frequent ...
10.1038/s41408-023-00921-8Eltrombopag with or without Tacrolimus for relapsed/refractory acquired aplastic anaemia: a ... Eltrombopag with or without Tacrolimus for relapsed/refractory acquired aplastic anaemia: a prospective randomized trial. *. ... Blood Cancer Journal, Published online: 19 September 2023; doi:10.1038/s41408-023-00921-8Eltrombopag with or without Tacrolimus ...
... tacrolimus intrapatient variability is associated with C1q-binding de novo donor-specific antibody formation, according to a ... Kim H. Piburn, D.O., from Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, and colleagues analyzed all serum tacrolimus levels in ... The risk for de novo donor-specific antibody formation was increased for patients with high tacrolimus intrapatient variability ... "Our study confirms the findings of prior studies that high tacrolimus intrapatient variability is associated with inferior ...
... there are no published studies comparing IFX and tacrolimus (Tac). This study aimed to compare therapeutic efficacies between ... The relapse-free survival rate was significantly higher in the infliximab group than in the tacrolimus group (. ; log-rank test ... D. C. Baumgart, J. P. Pintoffl, A. Sturm, B. Wiedenmann, and A. U. Dignass, "Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with ... S. Yamamoto, H. Nakase, M. Matsuura, S. Masuda, K.-I. Inui, and T. Chiba, "Tacrolimus therapy as an alternative to thiopurines ...
Liposomal tacrolimus led to improvements in hematuria, bleeding sites on cystoscopy, microscopic urine analysis for red blood ... Liposomal tacrolimus shows promise for hemorrhagic cystitis. September 21, 2023. Jason M. Broderick ... Liposomal tacrolimus led to improvements in hematuria, bleeding sites on cystoscopy, microscopic urine analysis for red blood ... Liposomal tacrolimus (LP-10) demonstrated promising efficacy and safety in patients with hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), according ...
... ... Untersuchung der Nierenfunktion nach Herztransplantation anhand des Konzentration/Dosis-Quotienten von Tacrolimus ... Untersuchung der Nierenfunktion nach Herztransplantation anhand des Konzentration/Dosis-Quotienten von Tacrolimus. Dissertation ...
... the tadalafil the for the latterly longer prograf tacrolimus 1 mg precio and side blood side effects albuterol inhaler corpora ...
Get up-to-date information on Tacrolimus side effects, uses, dosage, overdose, pregnancy, alcohol and more. Learn more about ... "TACROLIMUS- tacrolimus capsule," DailyMed: Current Medication Information; U.S. National Library of Medicine. "TACROLIMUS- ... Take tacrolimus exactly as prescribed.. Tacrolimus is also available as a topical ointment that is applied to the affected skin ... Tacrolimus falls into category C. There are no well-controlled studies that have been done in pregnant women. Tacrolimus should ...
... tacrolimus ointment), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & lactation ... encoded search term (tacrolimus ointment (Protopic)) and tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) What to Read Next on Medscape ... Lactation: Not known whether tacrolimus is distributed in milk following topical administration to skin ... having skin conditions with a skin barrier defect where there is the potential for increased systemic absorption of tacrolimus ...
... tacrolimus ointment), frequency-based adverse effects, comprehensive interactions, contraindications, pregnancy & lactation ... encoded search term (tacrolimus ointment (Protopic)) and tacrolimus ointment (Protopic) What to Read Next on Medscape ... Lactation: Not known whether tacrolimus is distributed in milk following topical administration to skin ... having skin conditions with a skin barrier defect where there is the potential for increased systemic absorption of tacrolimus ...
Results: The limit of quantification for the commercial assay was 0.5 ng/mL for everolimus, sirolimus, and tacrolimus and 5 ng/ ... Evaluation of a novel commercial assay for the determination of cyclosporine A, tacrolimus, sirolimus, and everolimus by liquid ... and tacrolimus in patient whole blood samples. ...
No Clinically Meaningful Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between HCV Inhibitors Grazoprevir/Elbasvir With Tacrolimus, ...
Tacrolimus ointment 0.03% is a safe and effective treatment to control moderate to severe AD in children (Doss, N. et al. ... ... A double-blind, noninferiority study compared the effects of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment versus 0.005% fluticasone ointment in ... Efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus versus topical fluticasone in pediatric atopic dermatitis. ... in the tacrolimus and fluticasone groups, respectively; criteria for noninferiority were met. Secondary endpoints (patient/ ...
Tacrolimus, but not voclosporin, inhibits insulin secretion from human islets at a clinical trough dose. Jelena Kolic, Leanne ... Tacrolimus, but not voclosporin, inhibits insulin secretion from human islets at a clinical trough dose ... Tacrolimus, but not voclosporin, inhibits insulin secretion from human islets at a clinical trough dose ... Tacrolimus, but not voclosporin, inhibits insulin secretion from human islets at a clinical trough dose ...
Tacrolimus 0.1 percent ointment suppresses signs and symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis among those sensitive to nickel ... Tacrolimus 0.1 percent ointment suppresses signs and symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis among those sensitive to nickel ...
Tacrolimus-Wuzhi tablet interaction in CYP3A5 expressers. Jiali Li, Siyang Chen, Xiaoling Qin, Qian Fu, Huichang Bi, Yu Zhang, ... Tacrolimus-Wuzhi tablet interaction in CYP3A5 expressers. Jiali Li, Siyang Chen, Xiaoling Qin, Qian Fu, Huichang Bi, Yu Zhang, ... Wuzhi Tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera Extract) Is a Promising Tacrolimus-Sparing Agent for Renal Transplant Recipients Who Are ... Wuzhi Tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera Extract) Is a Promising Tacrolimus-Sparing Agent for Renal Transplant Recipients Who Are ...
cyclosporin, kidney transplantation, pharmacogenetics, POR 28, tacrolimus Persistent URL doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0b013e31829da6dd, ... Impact of POR*28 on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus and cyclosporine A in renal transplant patients. Publication. ... of calcineurin inhibitors and recent data show that POR*28 may explain part of the variability observed in tacrolimus (Tac) ...
Effects of CYP3A4*22 polymorphism on trough concentration of tacrolimus in kidney transplantation: a systematic review and meta ... Purpose: Tacrolimus (Tac) is a widely used immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplantation. Cytochrome P450 (CYP), especially ... DataSheet1_Effects of CYP3A4*22 polymorphism on trough concentration of tacrolimus in kidney transplantation: a systematic ... DataSheet1_Effects of CYP3A4*22 polymorphism on trough concentration of tacrolimus in kidney transplantation: a systematic ...
... tacrolimus monohydrate) Receives Positive Opinion for Twice-Weekly use (Maintenance Treatment) in the Treatment of Atopic ... Search: tacrolimus Search: Dermatitis Related News Items. Astellas Submits New Drug Application for Zolbetuximab in Japan. ... Protopic ointment (tacrolimus monohydrate) has been marketed globally for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis ... Protopic(R) Ointment (tacrolimus monohydrate) Receives Positive Opinion for Twice-Weekly use (Maintenance Treatment) in the ...
The mechanism by which tacrolimus could cause PTDM was unknown and the relative roles of tacrolimus and corticosteroids, which ... The mechanism by which tacrolimus could cause PTDM was unknown and the relative roles of tacrolimus and corticosteroids, which ... The mechanism by which tacrolimus could cause PTDM was unknown and the relative roles of tacrolimus and corticosteroids, which ... The mechanism by which tacrolimus could cause PTDM was unknown and the relative roles of tacrolimus and corticosteroids, which ...
Tacrolimus Associated Localized Thrombotic Microangiopathy Developing in Early Stage after Renal Transplantation. Published: ...
  • As an ointment, tacrolimus is used in the treatment of eczema, in particular atopic dermatitis, if topical corticosteroids and moisturisers fail in helping. (wikipedia.org)
  • No environmental risk is anticipated from the use of tacrolimus ointment. (janusinfo.se)
  • The Irish pharmaceutical company Perrigo, which specializes in topical prescriptions, manufactures the generic tacrolimus ointment. (pharmacychecker.com)
  • What kinds of medication can I take instead of tacrolimus ointment for eczema? (pharmacychecker.com)
  • Tacrolimus is also available as a topical ointment that is applied to the affected skin twice a day. (rxwiki.com)
  • A double-blind, noninferiority study compared the effects of 0.03% tacrolimus ointment versus 0.005% fluticasone ointment in 478 children (aged 2-16 years) with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD). (accessdermatology.com)
  • Tacrolimus ointment 0.03% is a safe and effective treatment to control moderate to severe AD in children (Doss, N. et al. (accessdermatology.com)
  • Tacrolimus 0.1 percent ointment suppresses signs and symptoms of allergic contact dermatitis among those sensitive to nickel and who continue to be exposed to the metal, according to researchers from the University of Missouri in Kansas City. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • STAINES, England, January 23 -- (Healthcare Sales & Marketing Network) -- Astellas Pharma Europe Ltd announced today that the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) has issued a positive opinion, recommending the approval of a twice-weekly application regimen of Protopic ointment (tacrolimus monohydrate) for the prevention of flares and prolongation of flare-free periods. (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)
  • This regimen is indicated for appropriate adults and children 2 years of age and above, with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis who have had an initial response to a maximum of 6 weeks treatment of twice daily tacrolimus ointment (lesions cleared, almost cleared or mildly affected). (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)
  • This innovative treatment regimen of twice-weekly tacrolimus ointment is a response to the new understanding of how this disease can be controlled. (salesandmarketingnetwork.com)
  • 1: Bekersky I, Fitzsimmons W, Tanase A, Maher RM, Hodosh E, Lawrence I. Nonclinical and early clinical development of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis J Am Acad Dermatol. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Tacrolimus is available in an ointment formulation. (medscape.com)
  • Tacrolimus, sold under the brand name Prograf among others, is an immunosuppressive drug. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tacrolimus (Astagraf XL, Envarsus XR, Prograf) is used along with other medications to prevent rejection (attack of a transplanted organ by the immune system of a person receiving the organ) in people who have received a kidney transplant. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tacrolimus (Prograf) is also used along with other medications to prevent rejection in people who have received a liver, lung, or heart transplant. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tacrolimus, sold under the brand name Prograf in its oral form, is a life-saving, and expensive, drug used to prevent the rejection of new organs after transplants. (pharmacychecker.com)
  • the tadalafil the for the latterly longer prograf tacrolimus 1 mg precio and side blood side effects albuterol inhaler corpora effects. (licweb.com)
  • What is Prograf (Tacrolimus) used for? (4nrx.md)
  • Prograf (Tacrolimus) is an oral immunosuppressant prescribed to prevent a patient's body from rejecting a transplanted organ following an operation. (4nrx.md)
  • How should I use Prograf (Tacrolimus)? (4nrx.md)
  • Prograf (Tacrolimus) should always be taken according to your physician's instructions to get the most effective results. (4nrx.md)
  • Inform your physician if you have hypertension, a current infection, edema, heart disease, or if you are currently taking corticosteroids before using Prograf (Tacrolimus) as these conditions may cause complications with treatment. (4nrx.md)
  • Strictly follow all instructions provided to you by your physician or pharmacist while using Prograf (Tacrolimus). (4nrx.md)
  • The aim of this study was the evaluation of the first commercially available in-vitro diagnostic (IVD)- mass spectrometric immunosuppressant assay from Chromsystems (MassTox Immunosuppressants ONEMINUTE Test) and the comparison to a routinely used online solid phase extraction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay method for the measurement of cyclosporine A, everolimus, sirolimus, and tacrolimus in patient whole blood samples. (nih.gov)
  • The limit of quantification for the commercial assay was 0.5 ng/mL for everolimus, sirolimus, and tacrolimus and 5 ng/mL for cyclosporine A. The coefficient of variation for all immunosuppressants was lower than 7% (within day) and 12% (between days) for all 5 concentration levels. (nih.gov)
  • Both tacrolimus and cyclosporine have been associated with PTDM. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • In the initial studies, PTDM seemed to occur more often in tacrolimus treated patients than in cyclosporine treated patients. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Thus, we evaluated the mechanism by which tacrolimus causes glucose metabolic disorders, risk factors for glucose metabolic disorders during tacrolimus treatment, the relative roles of corticosteroids and tacrolimus trough levels in glucose metabolic disorders, and also differences in glucose metabolism between patients using tacrolimus versus patients using cyclosporine. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • More than 91 assays are available on the Dimension systems, including the four most commonly monitored ISDs: mycophenolate, cyclosporine, sirolimus, and tacrolimus. (siemens-healthineers.com)
  • A variety of drugs, such as calcium channel blockers, antifungal drugs, macrolide antibiotics (such as erythromycin), protease inhibitors, chloramphenicol, and another immunosuppressant such as cyclosporine can increase tacrolimus concentrations. (labtestsonline.org.br)
  • According to the guidelines, the first-line therapy choices for achieving immunosuppression after transplantation are tacrolimus , cyclosporine , mycophenolic acid , azathioprine , sirolimus , everolimus " and corticosteroids . (bvsalud.org)
  • EMA's 'scientific discussion' for Protopic (tacrolimus), LEO Pharma A/S, 29/08/2006. (janusinfo.se)
  • Protopic (a topical formulation of tacrolimus), an everyday treatment for patients suffering from eczema, sells for more than $300 per bottle. (pharmacychecker.com)
  • Sirolimus-tacrolimus combination immunosuppression. (bepress.com)
  • A series of 32 recipients of liver, kidney, or pancreas transplants who were treated with sirolimus and low-dose tacrolimus experienced a low rate of rejection and excellent graft function without drug-related toxic effects. (bepress.com)
  • Scholars@Duke publication: Early and limited use of tacrolimus to avoid rejection in an alemtuzumab and sirolimus regimen for kidney transplantation: clinical results and immune monitoring. (duke.edu)
  • Alemtuzumab induction with 60 days of tacrolimus treatment and continuous sirolimus treatment prevented acute rejection in nine of 10 consecutive renal allograft recipients. (duke.edu)
  • In summary, the addition of tacrolimus therapy for 2 months to a steroid-free, alemtuzumab induction and sirolimus maintenance protocol limited the previously shown acute rejection development. (duke.edu)
  • It is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase which is inhibited by both tacrolimus (commonly called FK506) and SIROLIMUS. (ucdenver.edu)
  • The most common adverse events associated with the use of topical tacrolimus ointments, especially if used over a wide area, include a burning or itching sensation on the initial applications, with increased sensitivity to sunlight and heat on the affected areas. (wikipedia.org)
  • What is the difference between topical and oral tacrolimus? (pharmacychecker.com)
  • Tacrolimus topical, the same drug in a different application, is another matter. (pharmacychecker.com)
  • The topical tacrolimus can cause a burning of the face that may result in cessation of the prescription. (pharmacychecker.com)
  • the main obstacle to use of topical tacrolimus is its local side-effect, a burning sensation, which sometimes leads to discontinuation of treatment. (pharmacychecker.com)
  • Common side effects of topical tacrolimus include soreness or irritation at the application site. (rxwiki.com)
  • 5: Sánchez-Pérez J. [Topical pimecrolimus and tacrolimus and the risk of cancer] Actas Dermosifiliogr. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Vallerand AHA, Sanoski CAC, Quiring CC. Tacrolimus (topical). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Topical immunosuppressive agents, such as tacrolimus, have been successfully used to decrease the severity of chronic palmar eczema. (medscape.com)
  • Immunosuppression with tacrolimus was associated with a significantly lower rate of acute rejection compared with ciclosporin-based immunosuppression (30.7% vs 46.4%) in one study. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tacrolimus has a narrow therapeutic window with large intra- and inter-patient pharmacokinetic variability leading to frequent over- and under-immunosuppression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Immunosuppression was subsequently changed to tacrolimus ( TAC ). (medscape.com)
  • Comparing tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and cyclophosphamide, tacrolimus was the most efficacious. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • Tacrolimus USP, previously known as FK506, is the active ingredient in tacrolimus capsules, USP. (hipaaspace.com)
  • Effects of tacrolimus (FK506) on encephalomyocarditic virus-induced diabetes in mice. (uchicago.edu)
  • 7: Wallemacq PE, Reding R. FK506 (tacrolimus), a novel immunosuppressant in organ transplantation: clinical, biomedical, and analytical aspects Clin Chem. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Tacrolimus is the backbone immunosuppressant after solid organ transplantation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Tacrolimus is a macrolide immunosuppressant produced by Streptomyces tsukubaensis. (hipaaspace.com)
  • NEW YORK (Reuters Health)-The human IgG1 anti-TNF antibody adalimumab is safe and effective for short- and long-term treatment, and the calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus given short-term brings remission, in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis, according to two new studies in the Journal of Crohn's and Colitis. (the-rheumatologist.org)
  • The incidence of new onset diabetes after transplant (NODAT) has increased over the past decade, likely due to calcineurin inhibitor-based immunosuppressants, including tacrolimus (TAC) and cyclosporin. (endocrine.org)
  • Our aim was to analyze tacrolimus pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles on circadian rhythms comparing morning and night doses of a twice-daily tacrolimus formulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our study may provide conceptual bases for better understanding the TDM of twice-daily tacrolimus formulation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although some studies have compared the efficacy of infliximab (IFX) and cyclosporin A, there are no published studies comparing IFX and tacrolimus (Tac). (hindawi.com)
  • On the other hand, anti-TNF antibodies, such as infliximab (IFX) or adalimumab, and calcineurin inhibitors, such as cyclosporin A (CsA) or tacrolimus (Tac), have shown good salvage therapeutic efficacies for inducing remission in steroid-refractory UC. (hindawi.com)
  • The mechanism by which tacrolimus could cause PTDM was unknown and the relative roles of tacrolimus and corticosteroids, which are often prescribed concomitantly with tacrolimus, were unknown. (maastrichtuniversity.nl)
  • Tacrolimus is normally prescribed as part of a post-transplant cocktail including steroids, mycophenolate, and IL-2 receptor inhibitors such as basiliximab. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been suggested that NODAT is caused by exposure to calcineurin inhibitors, particularly tacrolimus (TAC). (biorxiv.org)
  • Both CYP3A5 and CYP3A4 are involved in the metabolism of calcineurin inhibitors and recent data show that POR*28 may explain part of the variability observed in tacrolimus (Tac) pharmacokinetics. (eur.nl)
  • Considerable interpatient and interoccasion variability has been reported in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics (PK) in the pediatric renal transplant population. (lww.com)
  • While routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) remains the standard of care, tacrolimus pharmacokinetic variability may be influenced by circadian rhythms. (frontiersin.org)
  • Kim H. Piburn, D.O., from Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, and colleagues analyzed all serum tacrolimus levels in participants who underwent kidney-only transplantation at a single pediatric center from 2004 to 2018 with at least 12-month follow-up to determine baseline variability. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The association between intrapatient variability, defined using the coefficient of variation, and graft outcomes was examined in hazard models using tacrolimus intrapatient variability as a time-varying variable. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The researchers found that in 426 patients with a combined 31,125 tacrolimus levels, intrapatient variability developed a steady-state baseline of 30 percent at 10 months after transplant. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Our study confirms the findings of prior studies that high tacrolimus intrapatient variability is associated with inferior outcomes in pediatric patients with kidney transplants," the authors write. (physiciansweekly.com)
  • Tacrolimus should only be given under the supervision of a doctor who is experienced in treating people who have had an organ transplant and in prescribing medications that decrease the activity of the immune system. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Studies have shown that women who received a liver transplant and were taking tacrolimus extended-release capsules (Astagraf XL) had an increased risk of death. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Tacrolimus extended-release capsules (Astagraf XL) are not approved by the FDA to prevent rejection (attack of a transplanted organ by the immune system of a person receiving the organ) of a liver transplant. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This study investigated tacrolimus PK in a 2-year-old post-renal transplant patient and a known CYP3A5 expresser who developed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) and had significantly elevated tacrolimus blood concentrations during tacrolimus treatment. (lww.com)
  • Tacrolimus clearance was evaluated both before and after the development of PRES on post-transplant day (PTD) 26. (lww.com)
  • Doctors use tacrolimus capsules after life-saving transplant operations. (pharmacychecker.com)
  • This is a post-hoc analysis from a clinical trial to study the area under curve (AUC) and the area under effect (AUE) profiles of calcineurin inhibition after tacrolimus administration in twenty-five renal transplant patients. (frontiersin.org)
  • Integrated Chemistry Systems Tacrolimus (TAC) assay provides confidence in patient results and improved productivity for complete care of transplant patients. (siemens-healthineers.com)
  • Manage the health of both the transplant patient and graft with consolidated tacrolimus testing. (siemens-healthineers.com)
  • Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug that is given orally or intravenously to patients who have had a kidney, liver, heart, or other organ transplant. (labtestsonline.org.br)
  • Measuring levels in patients who have had a kidney transplant may help to distinguish between kidney rejection (levels are low) and kidney damage due to tacrolimus toxicity (levels are high). (labtestsonline.org.br)
  • Tacrolimus is used with other medications to prevent rejection of a kidney , heart , liver , or lung transplant . (webmd.com)
  • Tacrolimus in renal transplantation Nephrol Dial Transplant. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Description: Tacrolimus (also FK-506 or Fujimycin) is an immunosuppressive macrolide lactone drug that is mainly used after allogeneic organ transplant to reduce the activity of the patients immune system and so lower the risk of organ rejection. (glucagon-receptor.com)
  • The use of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. (moleculardepot.com)
  • The dosage is based on your weight , medical condition, lab tests (such as tacrolimus trough levels), and response to treatment. (webmd.com)
  • The environmental risk assessment of MR4 oral formulation of tacrolimus followed primarily the draft of guidelines related to this issue. (janusinfo.se)
  • Contraindicatii: Hipersensibilitate la tacrolimus, la alte macrolide sau la excipientii produsului (ulei de ricin polietoxilat). (eprospect.ro)
  • Tacrolimus capsules have been in use since 1994, when the FDA first approved the drug. (pharmacychecker.com)
  • Tacrolimus Capsules, USP are available for oral administration as capsules containing the equivalent of 0.5 mg, 1 mg or 5 mg of anhydrous tacrolimus USP. (hipaaspace.com)
  • Tacrolimus and a related drug for eczema (pimecrolimus) were suspected of carrying a cancer risk, though the matter is still a subject of controversy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tacrolimus is used for treating eczema that has not responded to other medications. (rxwiki.com)
  • A retrospective chart review was conducted to gather dosing data and tacrolimus concentrations, as part of a clinical pharmacology consultation service. (lww.com)
  • Whole blood and intracellular tacrolimus concentrations and calcineurin activity were measured by UHPLC-MS/MS. (frontiersin.org)
  • The lower whole blood and intracellular tacrolimus concentrations after night dose might be influenced by a distinct circadian clock. (frontiersin.org)
  • The tacrolimus test is ordered to measure the amount of drug in the blood to determine whether concentrations have reached therapeutic levels and are below toxic levels. (labtestsonline.org.br)
  • To lower the risk of organ rejection, tacrolimus is given. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tacrolimus limits this response and helps to prevent organ rejection by inhibiting the activation of T-lymphocytes . (labtestsonline.org.br)
  • Tacrolimus comes as a capsule, granules for oral suspension (to be mixed with liquid), an extended-release (long acting) capsule, and an extended-release tablet to take by mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • 8: Ellis D. Clinical use of tacrolimus (FK-506) in infants and children with renal transplants Pediatr Nephrol. (moleculardepot.com)
  • Different tacrolimus products release the medication differently in your body and cannot be used interchangeably. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Home ‹ Ask PC ‹ Medication Savings Tips ‹ How much does tacrolimus cost without insurance? (pharmacychecker.com)
  • Tacrolimus Test, Tacrolimus is a medication that is commonly used as an immunosuppressive drug. (labtestpk.com)
  • In 2016, another RCT found that the efficacy of tacrolimus combined with glucocorticoids was comparable to that of cyclophosphamide combined with glucocorticoids, but the former therapy resulted in more adverse effects, such as nephrotoxicity and corticosteroid-related side effects [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oral clearance (CL/F) was estimated for 3 distinct periods-before CNS symptoms (PTD 25), during the PRES event (PTD 27-30), and after oral tacrolimus was restarted (PTD 93). (lww.com)
  • The results suggest the ability of model-informed Bayesian estimation to characterize an acute decline in oral tacrolimus clearance after the development of PRES and the role that PK estimation may play in supporting dose selection and individualization. (lww.com)
  • Absorption and metabolism of oral doses of tacrolimus can vary greatly between patients and even in the same patient depending on the time of the dose and what, if any, food has been eaten. (labtestsonline.org.br)
  • 6: Shipley CA, Spivakovsky S. Tacrolimus or clobetasol for treatment of oral lichen planus Evid Based Dent. (moleculardepot.com)
  • The lower dosage of tacrolimus can be used for children ages 2 - 16 and adults. (pharmacychecker.com)
  • Side effects may be seen at any dosage but tend to be more severe with higher tacrolimus levels. (labtestsonline.org.br)
  • Clinical outcome is better with tacrolimus than with ciclosporin during the first year of liver transplantation. (wikipedia.org)
  • The longer you take tacrolimus or other medications that decrease the activity of the immune system, and the higher your doses of these medications, the more this risk may increase. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Often, patients will begin with higher doses of tacrolimus at the start of therapy and then decrease the dose over the next few weeks. (labtestsonline.org.br)
  • Tacrolimus can cause kidney damage, especially in high doses. (labtestsonline.org.br)
  • Read the Patient Information Leaflet if available from your pharmacist before you start taking tacrolimus and each time you get a refill. (webmd.com)
  • The use of tacrolimus granules is not expected to lead to any significant increase in environmental exposure. (janusinfo.se)
  • Tacrolimus inhibits calcineurin, which is involved in the production of interleukin-2, a molecule that promotes the development and proliferation of T cells, as part of the body's learned (or adaptive) immune response. (wikipedia.org)
  • Liposomal tacrolimus (LP-10) demonstrated promising efficacy and safety in patients with hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), according to results of a phase 2a study published in the Journal of Urology and Nephrology . (urologytimes.com)
  • Background/Aims: The present study aimed to explore the equivalence of CHL and tacrolimus (TAC), despite reports regarding the efficacy and safety of TAC in treating SRNS patients. (aminer.org)
  • Liposomal tacrolimus led to improvements in hematuria, bleeding sites on cystoscopy, microscopic urine analysis for red blood cells, and urinary symptoms. (urologytimes.com)
  • Deliver sensitive results with a limit of quantification (1 ng/mL) specified by the clinical practice guidelines † for tacrolimus minimization regimens. (siemens-healthineers.com)
  • Tacrolimus (Tac) is the most commonly used immunosuppressor after solid organ transplantation. (frontiersin.org)
  • 4: Assmann T, Homey B, Ruzicka T. Applications of tacrolimus for the treatment of skin disorders Immunopharmacology. (moleculardepot.com)
  • The included patients' treatments were tacrolimus monotherapy (TAC group, n = 33), tacrolimus combined with methylprednisolone (MP) (TAC + MP group, n = 24) and tacrolimus combined with Tripterygium wilfordii polyglycoside (TAC + TWG group, n = 21). (biomedcentral.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ La présente étude a examiné les connaissances et la compréhension actuelles des patients en matière de substitution par des génériques. (who.int)
  • À notre avis, la substitution par des génériques ne doit pas être mise en œuvre de manière aléatoire en raison de l'incertitude et des faibles connaissances des patients. (who.int)
  • Both usages of tacrolimus have drastic, sometimes prohibitive side effects. (pharmacychecker.com)
  • This significantly lower tacrolimus exposure after night dose was not translated into a significant reduction of the pharmacodynamic effect. (frontiersin.org)
  • Tacrolimus is in a class of medications called immunosupressants. (medlineplus.gov)
  • There is not a good correlation, as with some other medications, between the dose of tacrolimus given and level of drug in the blood. (labtestsonline.org.br)
  • Chlormethine Hydrochloride is Not Inferior to Tacrolimus in Treating Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome. (aminer.org)