A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.
Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.
Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).
Abnormally rapid heartbeats caused by reentry of atrial impulse into the dual (fast and slow) pathways of ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE. The common type involves a blocked atrial impulse in the slow pathway which reenters the fast pathway in a retrograde direction and simultaneously conducts to the atria and the ventricles leading to rapid HEART RATE of 150-250 beats per minute.
Simple rapid heartbeats caused by rapid discharge of impulses from the SINOATRIAL NODE, usually between 100 and 180 beats/min in adults. It is characterized by a gradual onset and termination. Sinus tachycardia is common in infants, young children, and adults during strenuous physical activities.
Recording of the moment-to-moment electromotive forces of the HEART as projected onto various sites on the body's surface, delineated as a scalar function of time. The recording is monitored by a tracing on slow moving chart paper or by observing it on a cardioscope, which is a CATHODE RAY TUBE DISPLAY.
Abnormally rapid heartbeats originating from one or more automatic foci (nonsinus pacemakers) in the HEART ATRIUM but away from the SINOATRIAL NODE. Unlike the reentry mechanism, automatic tachycardia speeds up and slows down gradually. The episode is characterized by a HEART RATE between 135 to less than 200 beats per minute and lasting 30 seconds or longer.
Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DC-shock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias.
A rare form of supraventricular tachycardia caused by automatic, not reentrant, conduction initiated from sites at the atrioventricular junction, but not the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE. It usually occurs during myocardial infarction, after heart surgery, or in digitalis intoxication with a HEART RATE ranging from 140 to 250 beats per minute.
Agents used for the treatment or prevention of cardiac arrhythmias. They may affect the polarization-repolarization phase of the action potential, its excitability or refractoriness, or impulse conduction or membrane responsiveness within cardiac fibers. Anti-arrhythmia agents are often classed into four main groups according to their mechanism of action: sodium channel blockade, beta-adrenergic blockade, repolarization prolongation, or calcium channel blockade.
A small nodular mass of specialized muscle fibers located in the interatrial septum near the opening of the coronary sinus. It gives rise to the atrioventricular bundle of the conduction system of the heart.
A form of ventricular pre-excitation characterized by a short PR interval and a long QRS interval with a delta wave. In this syndrome, atrial impulses are abnormally conducted to the HEART VENTRICLES via an ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAY that is located between the wall of the right or left atria and the ventricles, also known as a BUNDLE OF KENT. The inherited form can be caused by mutation of PRKAG2 gene encoding a gamma-2 regulatory subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase.
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.
An impulse-conducting system composed of modified cardiac muscle, having the power of spontaneous rhythmicity and conduction more highly developed than the rest of the heart.
A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature atrial contractions or beats caused by signals originating from ectopic atrial sites. The ectopic signals may or may not conduct to the HEART VENTRICLES. Atrial premature complexes are characterized by premature P waves on ECG which are different in configuration from the P waves generated by the normal pacemaker complex in the SINOATRIAL NODE.
Methods to induce and measure electrical activities at specific sites in the heart to diagnose and treat problems with the heart's electrical system.
Regulation of the rate of contraction of the heart muscles by an artificial pacemaker.
Small band of specialized CARDIAC MUSCLE fibers that originates in the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE and extends into the membranous part of the interventricular septum. The bundle of His, consisting of the left and the right bundle branches, conducts the electrical impulses to the HEART VENTRICLES in generation of MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION.
Abnormal accumulation of serous fluid in two or more fetal compartments, such as SKIN; PLEURA; PERICARDIUM; PLACENTA; PERITONEUM; AMNIOTIC FLUID. General fetal EDEMA may be of non-immunologic origin, or of immunologic origin as in the case of ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS.
A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.
Rapid, irregular atrial contractions caused by a block of electrical impulse conduction in the right atrium and a reentrant wave front traveling up the inter-atrial septum and down the right atrial free wall or vice versa. Unlike ATRIAL FIBRILLATION which is caused by abnormal impulse generation, typical atrial flutter is caused by abnormal impulse conduction. As in atrial fibrillation, patients with atrial flutter cannot effectively pump blood into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES).
Abnormally rapid heartbeats caused by reentry circuit in or around the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by sudden onset and offset episodes of tachycardia with a HEART RATE of 100-150 beats per minute. The P wave is identical to the sinus P wave but with a longer PR interval.
Method in which prolonged electrocardiographic recordings are made on a portable tape recorder (Holter-type system) or solid-state device ("real-time" system), while the patient undergoes normal daily activities. It is useful in the diagnosis and management of intermittent cardiac arrhythmias and transient myocardial ischemia.
An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.
A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666)
A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.
A group of cardiac arrhythmias in which the cardiac contractions are not initiated at the SINOATRIAL NODE. They include both atrial and ventricular premature beats, and are also known as extra or ectopic heartbeats. Their frequency is increased in heart diseases.
A group of conditions in which HEART VENTRICLE activation by the atrial impulse is faster than the normal impulse conduction from the SINOATRIAL NODE. In these pre-excitation syndromes, atrial impulses often bypass the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE delay and travel via ACCESSORY CONDUCTING PATHWAYS connecting the atrium directly to the BUNDLE OF HIS.
Extra impulse-conducting tissue in the heart that creates abnormal impulse-conducting connections between HEART ATRIA and HEART VENTRICLES.
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.
The number of times the HEART VENTRICLES contract per unit of time, usually per minute.
Abnormally rapid heartbeats caused by reentrant conduction over the accessory pathways between the HEART ATRIA and the HEART VENTRICLES. The impulse can also travel in the reverse direction, as in some cases, atrial impulses travel to the ventricles over the accessory pathways and back to the atria over the BUNDLE OF HIS and the ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE.
Pathophysiological conditions of the FETUS in the UTERUS. Some fetal diseases may be treated with FETAL THERAPIES.
Recording of regional electrophysiological information by analysis of surface potentials to give a complete picture of the effects of the currents from the heart on the body surface. It has been applied to the diagnosis of old inferior myocardial infarction, localization of the bypass pathway in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, recognition of ventricular hypertrophy, estimation of the size of a myocardial infarct, and the effects of different interventions designed to reduce infarct size. The limiting factor at present is the complexity of the recording and analysis, which requires 100 or more electrodes, sophisticated instrumentation, and dedicated personnel. (Braunwald, Heart Disease, 4th ed)
The chambers of the heart, to which the BLOOD returns from the circulation.
Implantable devices which continuously monitor the electrical activity of the heart and automatically detect and terminate ventricular tachycardia (TACHYCARDIA, VENTRICULAR) and VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION. They consist of an impulse generator, batteries, and electrodes.
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.
A type of cardiac arrhythmia with premature contractions of the HEART VENTRICLES. It is characterized by the premature QRS complex on ECG that is of abnormal shape and great duration (generally >129 msec). It is the most common form of all cardiac arrhythmias. Premature ventricular complexes have no clinical significance except in concurrence with heart diseases.
An electrical current applied to the HEART to terminate a disturbance of its rhythm, ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC. (Stedman, 25th ed)
An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.
Impaired conduction of cardiac impulse that can occur anywhere along the conduction pathway, such as between the SINOATRIAL NODE and the right atrium (SA block) or between atria and ventricles (AV block). Heart blocks can be classified by the duration, frequency, or completeness of conduction block. Reversibility depends on the degree of structural or functional defects.
Procedures using an electrically heated wire or scalpel to treat hemorrhage (e.g., bleeding ulcers) and to ablate tumors, mucosal lesions, and refractory arrhythmias. It is different from ELECTROSURGERY which is used more for cutting tissue than destroying and in which the patient is part of the electric circuit.
A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.
Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.
Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.
Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.
A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)
An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.
A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.
The lower right and left chambers of the heart. The right ventricle pumps venous BLOOD into the LUNGS and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic arterial circulation.
The study of the generation and behavior of electrical charges in living organisms particularly the nervous system and the effects of electricity on living organisms.
The heart rate of the FETUS. The normal range at term is between 120 and 160 beats per minute.
The small mass of modified cardiac muscle fibers located at the junction of the superior vena cava (VENA CAVA, SUPERIOR) and right atrium. Contraction impulses probably start in this node, spread over the atrium (HEART ATRIUM) and are then transmitted by the atrioventricular bundle (BUNDLE OF HIS) to the ventricle (HEART VENTRICLE).
A form of heart block in which the electrical stimulation of HEART VENTRICLES is interrupted at either one of the branches of BUNDLE OF HIS thus preventing the simultaneous depolarization of the two ventricles.
The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.
A device designed to stimulate, by electric impulses, contraction of the heart muscles. It may be temporary (external) or permanent (internal or internal-external).
An antagonist of histamine H1 receptors.
Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.
Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)
Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.
Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues. The standard approach is transthoracic.
A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.
A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.
Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.
An examination, review and verification of all financial accounts.
Drugs that bind to but do not activate beta-adrenergic receptors thereby blocking the actions of beta-adrenergic agonists. Adrenergic beta-antagonists are used for treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, glaucoma, migraine headaches, and anxiety.
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).
The domestic dog, Canis familiaris, comprising about 400 breeds, of the carnivore family CANIDAE. They are worldwide in distribution and live in association with people. (Walker's Mammals of the World, 5th ed, p1065)
A nucleoside that is composed of ADENINE and D-RIBOSE. Adenosine or adenosine derivatives play many important biological roles in addition to being components of DNA and RNA. Adenosine itself is a neurotransmitter.
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.
The use of freezing as a special surgical technique to destroy or excise tissue.
The hollow, muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood.
Absence of the orifice between the RIGHT ATRIUM and RIGHT VENTRICLE, with the presence of an atrial defect through which all the systemic venous return reaches the left heart. As a result, there is left ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR) because the right ventricle is absent or not functional.
An infant during the first month after birth.
Surgery performed on the heart.
The hemodynamic and electrophysiological action of the HEART ATRIA.
Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.
The innermost layer of the heart, comprised of endothelial cells.
A nonreassuring fetal status (NRFS) indicating that the FETUS is compromised (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 1988). It can be identified by sub-optimal values in FETAL HEART RATE; oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD; and other parameters.
Procedures in which placement of CARDIAC CATHETERS is performed for therapeutic or diagnostic procedures.
Abnormal thoracoabdominal VISCERA arrangement (visceral heterotaxy) or malformation that involves additional CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS (e.g., heart isomerism; DEXTROCARDIA) and/or abnormal SPLEEN (e.g., asplenia and polysplenia). Irregularities with the central nervous system, the skeleton and urinary tract are often associated with the syndrome.
The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.
A plant genus of the LAMIACEAE family.
The period of time following the triggering of an ACTION POTENTIAL when the CELL MEMBRANE has changed to an unexcitable state and is gradually restored to the resting (excitable) state. During the absolute refractory period no other stimulus can trigger a response. This is followed by the relative refractory period during which the cell gradually becomes more excitable and the stronger impulse that is required to illicit a response gradually lessens to that required during the resting state.
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.
Irregular HEART RATE caused by abnormal function of the SINOATRIAL NODE. It is characterized by a greater than 10% change between the maximum and the minimum sinus cycle length or 120 milliseconds.
A congenital heart defect characterized by downward or apical displacement of the TRICUSPID VALVE, usually with the septal and posterior leaflets being attached to the wall of the RIGHT VENTRICLE. It is characterized by a huge RIGHT ATRIUM and a small and less effective right ventricle.
A condition caused by dysfunctions related to the SINOATRIAL NODE including impulse generation (CARDIAC SINUS ARREST) and impulse conduction (SINOATRIAL EXIT BLOCK). It is characterized by persistent BRADYCARDIA, chronic ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and failure to resume sinus rhythm following CARDIOVERSION. This syndrome can be congenital or acquired, particularly after surgical correction for heart defects.
Production of an image when x-rays strike a fluorescent screen.
AMINO ALCOHOLS containing the propanolamine (NH2CH2CHOHCH2) group and its derivatives.
Failure of equipment to perform to standard. The failure may be due to defects or improper use.
Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.
The veins that return the oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.
Recording the locations and measurements of electrical activity in the EPICARDIUM by placing electrodes on the surface of the heart to analyze the patterns of activation and to locate arrhythmogenic sites.
The heart of the fetus of any viviparous animal. It refers to the heart in the postembryonic period and is differentiated from the embryonic heart (HEART/embryology) only on the basis of time.
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.
PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.
The visualization of tissues during pregnancy through recording of the echoes of ultrasonic waves directed into the body. The procedure may be applied with reference to the mother or the fetus and with reference to organs or the detection of maternal or fetal disease.
A congenital abnormality in which organs in the THORAX and the ABDOMEN are opposite to their normal positions (situs solitus) due to lateral transposition. Normally the STOMACH and SPLEEN are on the left, LIVER on the right, the three-lobed right lung is on the right, and the two-lobed left lung on the left. Situs inversus has a familial pattern and has been associated with a number of genes related to microtubule-associated proteins.
A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.
Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.
A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.
The continuous measurement of physiological processes, blood pressure, heart rate, renal output, reflexes, respiration, etc., in a patient or experimental animal; includes pharmacologic monitoring, the measurement of administered drugs or their metabolites in the blood, tissues, or urine.
Freedom from exposure to danger and protection from the occurrence or risk of injury or loss. It suggests optimal precautions in the workplace, on the street, in the home, etc., and includes personal safety as well as the safety of property.
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).
Rare congenital cardiomyopathies characterized by the lack of left ventricular myocardium compaction. The noncompaction results in numerous prominent trabeculations and a loose myocardial meshwork (spongy myocardium) in the LEFT VENTRICLE. Heterogeneous clinical features include diminished systolic function sometimes associated with left ventricular dilation, that presents either neonatally or progressively. Often, the RIGHT VENTRICLE is also affected. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; PULMONARY EMBOLISM; and ventricular ARRHYTHMIA are commonly seen.
A procedure in which total right atrial or total caval blood flow is channeled directly into the pulmonary artery or into a small right ventricle that serves only as a conduit. The principal congenital malformations for which this operation is useful are TRICUSPID ATRESIA and single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis.
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.
A vein which arises from the right ascending lumbar vein or the vena cava, enters the thorax through the aortic orifice in the diaphragm, and terminates in the superior vena cava.
A congenital cardiomyopathy that is characterized by infiltration of adipose and fibrous tissue into the RIGHT VENTRICLE wall and loss of myocardial cells. Primary injuries usually are at the free wall of right ventricular and right atria resulting in ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.
The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.
The long-term (minutes to hours) administration of a fluid into the vein through venipuncture, either by letting the fluid flow by gravity or by pumping it.
The valve consisting of three cusps situated between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart.
Compounds based on reduced IMIDAZOLINES which contain no double bonds in the ring.

Frequency and long term follow up of valvar insufficiency caused by retrograde aortic radiofrequency catheter ablation procedures. (1/442)

OBJECTIVE: To assess the frequency of valvar complications caused by left sided radiofrequency catheter ablation using the retrograde aortic technique. METHODS: 179 patients (118 male) with a mean (SD) age of 43 (17) years underwent 216 procedures at one centre. The target of the ablation was an accessory atrioventricular pathway in 144 patients, the atrioventricular junction in 29 patients, and a ventricular tachycardia in six patients. In 25 patients structural heart disease was identified before the procedure (ischaemic heart disease 10, cardiomyopathy nine, valvar three, other three). Echo/Doppler examinations were performed the day before the procedure and within 24 hours postablation; the investigations were all reviewed by the same investigator. Patients with identified valvar injury caused by the procedure were followed for 42 (7) months. RESULTS: Valvar injury caused by the ablation procedure was identified in four young (age 30 (8) years), otherwise healthy patients with left lateral atrioventricular accessory pathways. Mild mitral insufficiency with a central regurgitation jet was detected in two patients and remained unchanged at follow up. Mild aortic insufficiency was detected in another two patients. In one of these the regurgitation jet was central and remained unchanged at follow up. In one patient the regurgitation jet was located between the non-coronary and left cusps in relation to a loosely attached structure. Both the structure and the valvar regurgitation disappeared during follow up. No clinical complications occurred in any of the patients during follow up. CONCLUSION: In this study, the frequency of valvar complications after left sided radiofrequency catheter ablation using the retrograde aortic technique was 1.9%.  (+info)

Tachyarrhythmias triggered by swallowing and belching. (2/442)

Three cases with supraventricular tachyarrhythmias related to oesophageal transit are reported. A 61 year old man had episodes of atrial tachycardia on each swallow of food but not liquid; this has been reported only rarely. A 55 year old man had atrial fibrillation initiated by drinking ice cold beverages; this has not been described previously although atrial tachycardia triggered by drinking ice cold beverages has been described once. A 68 year old man had supraventricular tachycardia initiated by belching; this has not been described previously. These cases illustrate the diversity of atrial tachyarrhythmias that can be precipitated by oesophageal stimulation and suggest that what is regarded as a very rare phenomenon may be found more commonly when sought.  (+info)

Electrophysiologic effects of adenosine in patients with supraventricular tachycardia. (3/442)

BACKGROUND: We correlated the electrophysiologic (EP) effects of adenosine with tachycardia mechanisms in patients with supraventricular tachycardias (SVT). METHODS AND RESULTS: Adenosine was administered to 229 patients with SVTs during EP study: atrioventricular (AV) reentry (AVRT; n=59), typical atrioventricular node reentry (AVNRT; n=82), atypical AVNRT (n=13), permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT; n=12), atrial tachycardia (AT; n=53), and inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST; n=10). There was no difference in incidence of tachycardia termination at the AV node in AVRT (85%) versus AVNRT (86%) after adenosine, but patients with AVRT showed increases in the ventriculoatrial (VA) intervals (13%) compared with typical AVNRT (0%), P<0.005. Changes in atrial, AV, or VA intervals after adenosine did not predict the mode of termination of long R-P tachycardias. For patients with AT, there was no correlation with location of the atrial focus and adenosine response. AV block after adenosine was only observed in AT patients (27%) or IST (30%). Patients with IST showed atrial cycle length increases after adenosine (P<0.05) with little change in activation sequence. The incidence of atrial fibrillation after adenosine was higher for those with AVRT (15%) compared with typical AVNRT (0%) P<0.001, or atypical AVNRT (0%) but similar to those with AT (11%) and PJRT (17%). CONCLUSIONS: The EP response to adenosine proved of limited value to identify the location of AT or SVT mechanisms. Features favoring AT were the presence of AV block or marked shortening of atrial cycle length before tachycardia suppression. Atrial fibrillation was more common after adenosine in patients with AVRT, PJRT, or AT. Patients with IST showed increases in cycle length with little change in atrial activation sequence after adenosine.  (+info)

Ventriculo-atrial time interval measured on M mode echocardiography: a determining element in diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of fetal supraventricular tachycardia. (4/442)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether M mode echocardiography can differentiate fetal supraventricular tachycardia according to the ventriculo-atrial (VA) time interval, and if the resulting division into short and long VA intervals holds any relation with clinical presentation, management, and fetal outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SUBJECTS: 23 fetuses with supraventricular tachycardia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A systematic review of the M mode echocardiograms (for VA and atrioventricular (AV) interval measurements), clinical profile, and final outcome. RESULTS: 19 fetuses (82.6%) had supraventricular tachycardia of the short VA type (mean (SD) VA/AV ratio 0.34 (0.16); heart rate 231 (29) beats/min). Tachycardia was sustained in six and intermittent in 13. Hydrops was present in three (15.7%). Digoxin, the first drug given in 14, failed to control tachycardia in five. Three of these then received sotalol and converted to sinus rhythm. All fetuses of this group survived. Postnatally, supraventricular tachycardia recurred in three, two having Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Four fetuses (17.4%) had long VA tachycardia (VA/AV ratio 3.89 (0.82); heart rate 226 (10) beats/min). Initial treatment with digoxin was ineffective in all, but sotalol was effective in two. Heart failure caused fetal death in one and premature delivery in one. All three surviving fetuses had recurrences of supraventricular tachycardia after birth: two had the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia and one had atrial ectopic tachycardia. CONCLUSIONS: Careful measurement of ventriculo-atrial intervals on fetal M mode echocardiography can be used to distinguish short from long VA supraventricular tachycardia and may be helpful in optimising management. Digoxin, when indicated, may remain the drug of choice in the short VA type but appears ineffective in the long VA type.  (+info)

Recovery pattern of left ventricular dysfunction following radiofrequency ablation of incessant supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children. (5/442)

OBJECTIVE: To assess recovery pattern of left ventricular function secondary to incessant tachycardia after radiofrequency ablation in a group of infants and children. DESIGN AND SETTING: A combined prospective and retrospective echocardiographic study carried out in a tertiary paediatric cardiac centre. PATIENTS: Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular size and function in nine children with incessant tachycardia, before and after successful radiofrequency ablation. Age at ablation ranged from 2 months to 12.5 years (mean 4.1 years). Recovery of left ventricular function was analysed in relation to age at ablation (group I < 18 months, group II > 18 months). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Ventricular recovery pattern. RESULTS: Seven of the nine children had left ventricular dysfunction; six of these also had left ventricular dilatation. All children with left ventricular dysfunction had normalisation of ejection fraction and fractional shortening; left ventricular dilatation also improved, but the improvement occurred after recovery of function. There was a shorter recovery time for left ventricular function in younger (group I) than in older children (group II) (mean (SD) 5.7 (7.2) months v 31.3 (5.2) (p < 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy is reversible following curative treatment with radiofrequency. Recovery of left ventricular systolic function precedes recovery of left ventricular dilatation. Time course to recovery is shorter in younger children.  (+info)

Conduction disturbances and increased atrial vulnerability in Connexin40-deficient mice analyzed by transesophageal stimulation. (6/442)

BACKGROUND: Recently, it has been reported that connexin40 (Cx40) deficiency in targeted mouse mutants is associated with a prolongation of P-wave and QRS complex duration on surface electrograms. The specific effects of Cx40 deficiency on sinus node function, sinoatrial, and atrioventricular conduction properties as well as on atrial vulnerability have not yet been investigated systematically by electrophysiological analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-two mice (18 Cx40(+/+), 15 Cx40(+/-), and 19 Cx40(-/-) mice) were subjected to rapid atrial transesophageal stimulation after anesthesia with avertin. A significant prolongation of sinus node recovery time was noticed in Cx40(-/-) mice compared with Cx40(+/-) and Cx40(+/+) mice (287.8+/-109.0 vs 211.1+/-61.8 vs 204.4+/-60.9 ms; P<0.05). In addition, Wenckebach periodicity occurred at significantly longer atrial pacing cycle lengths in Cx40(-/-) mice than in Cx40(+/-) or Cx40(+/+) mice (93. 3+/-11.8 vs 83.9+/-9.7 vs 82.8+/-8.0 ms, P<0.05). Analysis of 27 Cx40(-/-) mice showed a significant increase in intra-atrial conduction time and atrioventricular conduction time compared with 52 Cx40(+/-) and 31 wild-type (Cx40(+/+)) mice. Furthermore, in Cx40(-/-) mice, atrial tachyarrhythmias could be induced frequently by atrial burst pacing, whereas no atrial arrhythmias were inducible in heterozygous or wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that Cx40 deficiency is associated with sinoatrial, intra-atrial, and atrioventricular conduction disturbances. In atrial myocardium of the mouse, Cx40 deficiency results in increased atrial vulnerability and might contribute to arrhythmogenesis.  (+info)

Neurological morbidity after fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia. (7/442)

BACKGROUND: Fetal tachyarrhythmia is a well-documented entity which, in the absence of pharmacological intervention, may lead to congestive heart failure, fetal hydrops and eventually fetal demise. The success rate of the implemented treatment is generally measured by survival and achievement of control of the arrhythmia. We report on the occurrence of associated cerebral damage in three patients with fetal tachycardia. METHODS: We describe three patients with a history of fetal supraventricular tachyarrhythmia who developed cerebral complications in utero. RESULTS: Two patients had cerebral hypoxic-ischemic lesions and one had hemorrhagic lesions present at birth. They had developed severe congestive heart failure and fetal hydrops secondary to fetal tachyarrhythmia, and there were no other obvious causes for the cerebral pathology. Two of these patients were referred to us antenatally. Therapy was instituted and resulted in control of the tachycardia and resolution of hydrops. The third patient was referred to our clinic shortly after birth because of severe circulatory problems secondary to fetal tachyarrhythmia. CONCLUSION: From these observations, we believe that a fetus with tachyarrhythmia and subsequent hydrops is at increased risk for the development of cerebral complications, due to the circulatory disturbances and sudden changes in heart rate which may lead to fluctuations in cerebral perfusion. This would imply that it is of the utmost importance to aim at immediate and complete control of the heart rate in the treatment of fetal tachyarrhythmia.  (+info)

Clinical experience with a novel multielectrode basket catheter in right atrial tachycardias. (8/442)

BACKGROUND: The complexity of atrial tachycardias (ATs) makes the electroanatomic characterization of the arrhythmogenic substrate difficult with conventional mapping techniques. The aim of our study was to evaluate possible advantages of a novel multielectrode basket catheter (MBC) in patients with AT. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 31 patients with AT, an MBC composed of 64 electrodes was deployed in the right atrium (RA). The possibility of deployment, spatial relations between MBC and RA, MBC recording and pacing capabilities, mapping performance, and MBC-guided ablation were assessed. MBC deployment was possible in all 31 patients. The MBC was left in the RA for 175+/-44 minutes. Stable bipolar electrograms were recorded in 88+/-4% of electrodes. Pacing from bipoles was possible in 64+/-5% of electrode pairs. The earliest activity intervals, in relation to P-wave onset, measured from the MBC and standard roving catheters were 41+/-9 and 46+/-6 ms, respectively (P=0.21). Radiofrequency ablation was successful in 15 (94%) of 16 patients in whom it was attempted, including 2 patients with polymorphic right atrial tachycardia (RAT), 2 with RAT-atrial flutter combination, 1 with macroreentrant AT, and 1 with focal origin of atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that MBC can be used safely in patients with right atrial arrhythmias. The simultaneous multielectrode mapping aids in the rapid identification of sites of origin of the AT and facilitates radiofrequency ablation procedures. The technique is especially effective for complex atrial arrhythmias.  (+info)

Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a rapid heart rhythm that originates above the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This type of tachycardia includes atrial tachycardia, atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT). SVT usually causes a rapid heartbeat that starts and stops suddenly, and may not cause any other symptoms. However, some people may experience palpitations, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, dizziness, or fainting. SVT is typically diagnosed through an electrocardiogram (ECG) or Holter monitor, and can be treated with medications, cardioversion, or catheter ablation.

Tachycardia is a medical term that refers to an abnormally rapid heart rate, often defined as a heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute in adults. It can occur in either the atria (upper chambers) or ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart. Different types of tachycardia include supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and ventricular tachycardia.

Tachycardia can cause various symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, lightheadedness, chest discomfort, or syncope (fainting). In some cases, tachycardia may not cause any symptoms and may only be detected during a routine physical examination or medical test.

The underlying causes of tachycardia can vary widely, including heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, medications, illicit drug use, alcohol abuse, smoking, stress, anxiety, and other medical conditions. In some cases, the cause may be unknown. Treatment for tachycardia depends on the underlying cause, type, severity, and duration of the arrhythmia.

Paroxysmal Tachycardia is a type of arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) characterized by rapid and abrupt onset and offset of episodes of tachycardia, which are faster than normal heart rates. The term "paroxysmal" refers to the sudden and recurring nature of these episodes.

Paroxysmal Tachycardia can occur in various parts of the heart, including the atria (small upper chambers) or ventricles (larger lower chambers). The two most common types are Atrial Paroxysmal Tachycardia (APT) and Ventricular Paroxysmal Tachycardia (VPT).

APT is more common and typically results in a rapid heart rate of 100-250 beats per minute. It usually begins and ends suddenly, lasting for seconds to hours. APT can cause symptoms such as palpitations, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or anxiety.

VPT is less common but more serious because it involves the ventricles, which are responsible for pumping blood to the rest of the body. VPT can lead to decreased cardiac output and potentially life-threatening conditions such as syncope (fainting) or even cardiac arrest.

Treatment options for Paroxysmal Tachycardia depend on the underlying cause, severity, and frequency of symptoms. These may include lifestyle modifications, medications, cardioversion (electrical shock to restore normal rhythm), catheter ablation (destroying problematic heart tissue), or implantable devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators.

Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) is a rapid heart rhythm that originates from the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. It is defined as three or more consecutive ventricular beats at a rate of 120 beats per minute or greater in a resting adult. This abnormal heart rhythm can cause the heart to pump less effectively, leading to inadequate blood flow to the body and potentially life-threatening conditions such as hypotension, shock, or cardiac arrest.

VT can be classified into three types based on its duration, hemodynamic stability, and response to treatment:

1. Non-sustained VT (NSVT): It lasts for less than 30 seconds and is usually well tolerated without causing significant symptoms or hemodynamic instability.
2. Sustained VT (SVT): It lasts for more than 30 seconds, causes symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, or chest pain, and may lead to hemodynamic instability.
3. Pulseless VT: It is a type of sustained VT that does not produce a pulse, blood pressure, or adequate cardiac output, requiring immediate electrical cardioversion or defibrillation to restore a normal heart rhythm.

VT can occur in people with various underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, congenital heart defects, and electrolyte imbalances. It can also be triggered by certain medications, substance abuse, or electrical abnormalities in the heart. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of VT are crucial to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which is a rapid heart rhythm originating at or above the atrioventricular node. In AVNRT, an abnormal electrical circuit in or near the AV node creates a reentry pathway that allows for rapid heart rates, typically greater than 150-250 beats per minute.

In normal conduction, the electrical impulse travels from the atria to the ventricles through the AV node and then continues down the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers, resulting in a coordinated contraction of the heart. In AVNRT, an extra electrical pathway exists that allows for the reentry of the electrical impulse back into the atria, creating a rapid and abnormal circuit.

AVNRT is classified based on the direction of the reentry circuit:

1. Typical or common AVNRT: The most common form, accounting for 90% of cases. In this type, the reentry circuit involves an "anterior" and a "posterior" loop in or near the AV node. The anterior loop has slower conduction velocity than the posterior loop, creating a "short" reentry circuit that is responsible for the rapid heart rate.
2. Atypical AVNRT: Less common, accounting for 10% of cases. In this type, the reentry circuit involves an "outer" and an "inner" loop around the AV node. The outer loop has slower conduction velocity than the inner loop, creating a "long" reentry circuit that is responsible for the rapid heart rate.

AVNRT can present with symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or syncope (fainting). Treatment options include observation, vagal maneuvers, medications, and catheter ablation. Catheter ablation is a curative treatment that involves the destruction of the abnormal electrical pathway using radiofrequency energy or cryotherapy.

Sinus tachycardia is a type of rapid heart rate, characterized by an abnormally fast sinus rhythm, with a rate greater than 100 beats per minute in adults. The sinoatrial node (SA node), which is the natural pacemaker of the heart, generates these impulses regularly and at an increased rate.

Sinus tachycardia is usually a physiological response to various stimuli or conditions, such as physical exertion, strong emotions, fever, anxiety, pain, or certain medications. It can also be caused by hormonal imbalances, anemia, hyperthyroidism, or other medical disorders.

In most cases, sinus tachycardia is not harmful and resolves once the underlying cause is addressed. However, if it occurs persistently or is associated with symptoms like palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or chest discomfort, further evaluation by a healthcare professional is recommended to rule out any underlying heart conditions or other medical issues.

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) is a medical procedure that records the electrical activity of the heart. It provides a graphic representation of the electrical changes that occur during each heartbeat. The resulting tracing, called an electrocardiogram, can reveal information about the heart's rate and rhythm, as well as any damage to its cells or abnormalities in its conduction system.

During an ECG, small electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes detect the electrical signals produced by the heart and transmit them to a machine that amplifies and records them. The procedure is non-invasive, painless, and quick, usually taking only a few minutes.

ECGs are commonly used to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions, including arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and electrolyte imbalances. They can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of certain medications or treatments.

Tachycardia is a heart rate that is faster than normal when resting. In adults, a normal resting heart rate is typically between 60 and 100 beats per minute (bpm). Tachycardia is generally considered to be a heart rate of more than 100 bpm.

Ectopic atrial tachycardia (EAT) is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which means that the abnormal rapid heartbeats originate in the atria, the upper chambers of the heart. EAT is caused by an ectopic focus, or an abnormal electrical focus outside of the sinoatrial node (the heart's natural pacemaker). This ectopic focus can be located in one of the pulmonary veins or in other atrial tissue.

EAT may present with symptoms such as palpitations, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or syncope (fainting). In some cases, EAT may not cause any symptoms and can be an incidental finding on an electrocardiogram (ECG) or Holter monitor.

The diagnosis of EAT is typically made based on the ECG findings, which show a regular narrow QRS complex tachycardia with P waves that are inverted in the inferior leads and often dissociated from the QRS complexes. Treatment options for EAT include observation, pharmacologic therapy, cardioversion, or catheter ablation.

Catheter ablation is a medical procedure in which specific areas of heart tissue that are causing arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) are destroyed or ablated using heat energy (radiofrequency ablation), cold energy (cryoablation), or other methods. The procedure involves threading one or more catheters through the blood vessels to the heart, where the tip of the catheter can be used to selectively destroy the problematic tissue. Catheter ablation is often used to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and other types of arrhythmias that originate in the heart's upper chambers (atria). It may also be used to treat certain types of arrhythmias that originate in the heart's lower chambers (ventricles), such as ventricular tachycardia.

The goal of catheter ablation is to eliminate or reduce the frequency and severity of arrhythmias, thereby improving symptoms and quality of life. In some cases, it may also help to reduce the risk of stroke and other complications associated with arrhythmias. Catheter ablation is typically performed by a specialist in heart rhythm disorders (electrophysiologist) in a hospital or outpatient setting under local anesthesia and sedation. The procedure can take several hours to complete, depending on the complexity of the arrhythmia being treated.

It's important to note that while catheter ablation is generally safe and effective, it does carry some risks, such as bleeding, infection, damage to nearby structures, and the possibility of recurrent arrhythmias. Patients should discuss the potential benefits and risks of the procedure with their healthcare provider before making a decision about treatment.

Tachycardia refers to a rapid heart rate, typically defined as over 100 beats per minute in adults. Ectopic junctional tachycardia (EJT) is a specific type of abnormal heart rhythm that originates from the junction between the atria (the upper chambers of the heart) and ventricles (the lower chambers).

In EJT, the electrical impulse arises from an ectopic focus (an area outside of the normal conduction system) located in or near the atrioventricular (AV) node. This results in a rapid heart rate that can range from 100 to 250 beats per minute.

EJT is often seen in patients after cardiac surgery, and it can also occur in other conditions such as myocarditis, digoxin toxicity, or following congenital heart disease repair. It may cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or dizziness. Treatment options for EJT include medications, cardioversion, or ablation therapy, depending on the underlying cause and severity of symptoms.

Anti-arrhythmia agents are a class of medications used to treat abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias. These drugs work by modifying the electrical activity of the heart to restore and maintain a normal heart rhythm. There are several types of anti-arrhythmia agents, including:

1. Sodium channel blockers: These drugs slow down the conduction of electrical signals in the heart, which helps to reduce rapid or irregular heartbeats. Examples include flecainide, propafenone, and quinidine.
2. Beta-blockers: These medications work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart, which helps to slow down the heart rate and reduce the force of heart contractions. Examples include metoprolol, atenolol, and esmolol.
3. Calcium channel blockers: These drugs block the entry of calcium into heart muscle cells, which helps to slow down the heart rate and reduce the force of heart contractions. Examples include verapamil and diltiazem.
4. Potassium channel blockers: These medications work by prolonging the duration of the heart's electrical cycle, which helps to prevent abnormal rhythms. Examples include amiodarone and sotalol.
5. Digoxin: This drug increases the force of heart contractions and slows down the heart rate, which can help to restore a normal rhythm in certain types of arrhythmias.

It's important to note that anti-arrhythmia agents can have significant side effects and should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional who has experience in managing arrhythmias. Close monitoring is necessary to ensure the medication is working effectively and not causing any adverse effects.

The atrioventricular (AV) node is a critical part of the electrical conduction system of the heart. It is a small cluster of specialized cardiac muscle cells located in the lower interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus. The AV node receives electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node (the heart's natural pacemaker) via the internodal pathways and delays their transmission for a brief period before transmitting them to the bundle of His and then to the ventricles. This delay allows the atria to contract and empty their contents into the ventricles before the ventricles themselves contract, ensuring efficient pumping of blood throughout the body.

The AV node plays an essential role in maintaining a normal heart rhythm, as it can also function as a backup pacemaker if the sinoatrial node fails to generate impulses. However, certain heart conditions or medications can affect the AV node's function and lead to abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrioventricular block or atrial tachycardia.

Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome is a heart condition characterized by the presence of an accessory pathway or abnormal electrical connection between the atria (the upper chambers of the heart) and ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This accessory pathway allows electrical impulses to bypass the normal conduction system, leading to a shorter PR interval and a "delta wave" on the electrocardiogram (ECG), which is the hallmark of WPW Syndrome.

Individuals with WPW Syndrome may experience no symptoms or may have palpitations, rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), or episodes of atrial fibrillation. In some cases, WPW Syndrome can lead to more serious heart rhythm disturbances and may require treatment, such as medication, catheter ablation, or in rare cases, surgery.

It is important to note that not all individuals with WPW Syndrome will experience symptoms or complications, and many people with this condition can lead normal, active lives with appropriate monitoring and management.

Cardiac arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms that result from disturbances in the electrical conduction system of the heart. The heart's normal rhythm is controlled by an electrical signal that originates in the sinoatrial (SA) node, located in the right atrium. This signal travels through the atrioventricular (AV) node and into the ventricles, causing them to contract and pump blood throughout the body.

An arrhythmia occurs when there is a disruption in this electrical pathway or when the heart's natural pacemaker produces an abnormal rhythm. This can cause the heart to beat too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), or irregularly.

There are several types of cardiac arrhythmias, including:

1. Atrial fibrillation: A rapid and irregular heartbeat that starts in the atria (the upper chambers of the heart).
2. Atrial flutter: A rapid but regular heartbeat that starts in the atria.
3. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT): A rapid heartbeat that starts above the ventricles, usually in the atria or AV node.
4. Ventricular tachycardia: A rapid and potentially life-threatening heart rhythm that originates in the ventricles.
5. Ventricular fibrillation: A chaotic and disorganized electrical activity in the ventricles, which can be fatal if not treated immediately.
6. Heart block: A delay or interruption in the conduction of electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles.

Cardiac arrhythmias can cause various symptoms, such as palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. In some cases, they may not cause any symptoms and go unnoticed. However, if left untreated, certain types of arrhythmias can lead to serious complications, including stroke, heart failure, or even sudden cardiac death.

Treatment for cardiac arrhythmias depends on the type, severity, and underlying causes. Options may include lifestyle changes, medications, cardioversion (electrical shock therapy), catheter ablation, implantable devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators, and surgery. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and management of cardiac arrhythmias.

The heart conduction system is a group of specialized cardiac muscle cells that generate and conduct electrical impulses to coordinate the contraction of the heart chambers. The main components of the heart conduction system include:

1. Sinoatrial (SA) node: Also known as the sinus node, it is located in the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava and functions as the primary pacemaker of the heart. It sets the heart rate by generating electrical impulses at regular intervals.
2. Atrioventricular (AV) node: Located in the interatrial septum, near the opening of the coronary sinus, it serves as a relay station for electrical signals between the atria and ventricles. The AV node delays the transmission of impulses to allow the atria to contract before the ventricles.
3. Bundle of His: A bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conducts electrical impulses from the AV node to the ventricles. It divides into two main branches, the right and left bundle branches, which further divide into smaller Purkinje fibers.
4. Right and left bundle branches: These are extensions of the Bundle of His that transmit electrical impulses to the respective right and left ventricular myocardium. They consist of specialized conducting tissue with large diameters and minimal resistance, allowing for rapid conduction of electrical signals.
5. Purkinje fibers: Fine, branching fibers that arise from the bundle branches and spread throughout the ventricular myocardium. They are responsible for transmitting electrical impulses to the working cardiac muscle cells, triggering coordinated ventricular contraction.

In summary, the heart conduction system is a complex network of specialized muscle cells responsible for generating and conducting electrical signals that coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles, ensuring efficient blood flow throughout the body.

Atrial premature complexes (APCs or APCTs) are extra heartbeats that originate in the atria, which are the upper chambers of the heart. These early beats disrupt the normal rhythm and cause a premature contraction before the next scheduled beat. APCs can sometimes be felt as a "skipped" beat or palpitation. They are usually benign and do not require treatment unless they occur frequently or are associated with underlying heart disease.

Electrophysiologic techniques, cardiac, refer to medical procedures used to study the electrical activities and conduction systems of the heart. These techniques involve the insertion of electrode catheters into the heart through blood vessels under fluoroscopic guidance to record and stimulate electrical signals. The information obtained from these studies can help diagnose and evaluate various cardiac arrhythmias, determine the optimal treatment strategy, and assess the effectiveness of therapies such as ablation or implantable devices.

The electrophysiologic study (EPS) is a type of cardiac electrophysiologic technique that involves the measurement of electrical signals from different regions of the heart to evaluate its conduction system's function. The procedure can help identify the location of abnormal electrical pathways responsible for arrhythmias and determine the optimal treatment strategy, such as catheter ablation or medication therapy.

Cardiac electrophysiologic techniques are also used in device implantation procedures, such as pacemaker or defibrillator implantation, to ensure proper placement and function of the devices. These techniques can help program and test the devices to optimize their settings for each patient's needs.

In summary, cardiac electrophysiologic techniques are medical procedures used to study and manipulate the electrical activities of the heart, helping diagnose and treat various arrhythmias and other cardiac conditions.

Artificial cardiac pacing is a medical procedure that involves the use of an artificial device to regulate and stimulate the contraction of the heart muscle. This is often necessary when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinoatrial node, is not functioning properly and the heart is beating too slowly or irregularly.

The artificial pacemaker consists of a small generator that produces electrical impulses and leads that are positioned in the heart to transmit the impulses. The generator is typically implanted just under the skin in the chest, while the leads are inserted into the heart through a vein.

There are different types of artificial cardiac pacing systems, including single-chamber pacemakers, which stimulate either the right atrium or right ventricle, and dual-chamber pacemakers, which stimulate both chambers of the heart. Some pacemakers also have additional features that allow them to respond to changes in the body's needs, such as during exercise or sleep.

Artificial cardiac pacing is a safe and effective treatment for many people with abnormal heart rhythms, and it can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity.

The Bundle of His is a bundle of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conduct electrical impulses to the Purkinje fibers, which then stimulate contraction of the ventricles in the heart. It is named after Wilhelm His, Jr., who first described it in 1893.

The Bundle of His is a part of the electrical conduction system of the heart that helps coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles to ensure efficient pumping of blood. The bundle originates from the atrioventricular node, which receives electrical impulses from the sinoatrial node (the heart's natural pacemaker) and transmits them through the Bundle of His to the Purkinje fibers.

The Bundle of His is divided into two main branches, known as the right and left bundle branches, which further divide into smaller fascicles that spread throughout the ventricular myocardium. This ensures a coordinated contraction of the ventricles, allowing for efficient pumping of blood to the rest of the body.

Hydrops Fetalis is a serious condition characterized by the accumulation of excessive fluid in two or more fetal compartments, including the abdomen (ascites), around the heart (pericardial effusion), and/or within the lungs (pleural effusion). This accumulation can also affect the skin, causing it to become edematous. Hydrops Fetalis is often associated with various underlying causes, such as chromosomal abnormalities, congenital infections, genetic disorders, and structural defects that impair the fetus's ability to maintain fluid balance. In some cases, the cause may remain unknown. The prognosis for Hydrops Fetalis is generally poor, with a high mortality rate, although early detection and appropriate management can improve outcomes in certain situations.

Flecainide is an antiarrhythmic medication used to regularize abnormal heart rhythms, specifically certain types of irregular heartbeats called ventricular arrhythmias and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia/atrial fibrillation. It works by blocking sodium channels in the heart, which helps to slow down the conduction of electrical signals and reduces the likelihood of erratic heart rhythms.

Flecainide is available in oral forms such as tablets or capsules and is typically prescribed under the supervision of a healthcare professional experienced in managing heart rhythm disorders. It's important to note that flecainide can have serious side effects, including increasing the risk of dangerous arrhythmias in some patients, so it should only be used under close medical monitoring.

This definition is for informational purposes only and should not be considered a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you have any questions about your medications or health conditions, please consult with your healthcare provider.

Atrial flutter is a type of abnormal heart rhythm or arrhythmia that originates in the atria - the upper chambers of the heart. In atrial flutter, the atria beat too quickly, usually between 250 and 350 beats per minute, which is much faster than the normal resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute.

This rapid beating causes the atria to quiver or "flutter" instead of contracting effectively. As a result, blood may not be pumped efficiently into the ventricles - the lower chambers of the heart - which can lead to reduced cardiac output and symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, dizziness, or chest discomfort.

Atrial flutter is often caused by underlying heart conditions, such as coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, or congenital heart defects. It can also be a complication of cardiac surgery or other medical procedures. In some cases, atrial flutter may occur without any apparent underlying cause, which is known as lone atrial flutter.

Treatment for atrial flutter typically involves medications to control the heart rate and rhythm, electrical cardioversion to restore a normal heart rhythm, or catheter ablation to destroy the abnormal electrical pathways in the heart that are causing the arrhythmia. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to treat atrial flutter.

Tachycardia is a heart rate that is faster than normal. In sinoatrial nodal reentry tachycardia (SANRT), the abnormally fast heart rhythm originates in the sinoatrial node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. This type of tachycardia occurs due to a reentry circuit within the sinoatrial node, where an electrical impulse travels in a circular pattern and repeatedly stimulates the node to fire off abnormal rapid heartbeats. SANRT is typically characterized by a heart rate of over 100 beats per minute, palpitations, lightheadedness, or occasionally chest discomfort. It is usually a benign condition but can cause symptoms that affect quality of life. In some cases, treatment may be required to prevent recurrences and manage symptoms.

Ambulatory electrocardiography, also known as ambulatory ECG or Holter monitoring, is a non-invasive method of recording the electrical activity of the heart over an extended period of time (typically 24 hours or more) while the patient goes about their daily activities. The device used to record the ECG is called a Holter monitor, which consists of a small, portable recorder that is attached to the patient's chest with electrodes.

The recorded data provides information on any abnormalities in the heart's rhythm or electrical activity during different stages of activity and rest, allowing healthcare providers to diagnose and evaluate various cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, ischemia, and infarction. The ability to monitor the heart's activity over an extended period while the patient performs their normal activities provides valuable information that may not be captured during a standard ECG, which only records the heart's electrical activity for a few seconds.

In summary, ambulatory electrocardiography is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the electrical activity of the heart over an extended period, allowing healthcare providers to diagnose and manage various cardiac conditions.

Amiodarone is a Class III antiarrhythmic medication used to treat and prevent various types of irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias). It works by stabilizing the electrical activity of the heart and slowing down the nerve impulses in the heart tissue. Amiodarone is available in oral tablet and injection forms.

The medical definition of 'Amiodarone' is:

A benzofuran derivative with Class III antiarrhythmic properties, used for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias. It has a relatively slow onset of action and is therefore not useful in acute situations. Additionally, it has negative inotropic effects and may exacerbate heart failure. The most serious adverse effect is pulmonary fibrosis, which occurs in approximately 1-2% of patients. Other important side effects include corneal microdeposits, hepatotoxicity, thyroid dysfunction, and photosensitivity. Amiodarone has a very long half-life (approximately 50 days) due to its extensive tissue distribution. It is metabolized by the liver and excreted in bile and urine.

Sources:

1. UpToDate - Amiodarone use in adults: Indications, dosing, and adverse effects.
2. Micromedex - Amiodarone.
3. Drugs.com - Amiodarone.

Digoxin is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called cardiac glycosides. It is used to treat various heart conditions, such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation, by helping the heart beat stronger and more regularly. Digoxin works by inhibiting the sodium-potassium pump in heart muscle cells, which leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and a strengthening of heart contractions. It is important to monitor digoxin levels closely, as too much can lead to toxicity and serious side effects.

Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) is a condition characterized by an abnormally rapid heart rate (tachycardia) that occurs upon standing, leading to symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting. The diagnostic criteria for POTS include:

1. A heart rate increase of 30 beats per minute or more within the first 10 minutes of standing or a heart rate of 120 beats per minute or more within the first 10 minutes of standing, measured by a heart rate monitor.
2. The presence of symptoms such as lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, fatigue, headache, shortness of breath, or chest pain upon standing that are relieved by lying down.
3. Symptoms must be present for at least three months and occur in the absence of other medical conditions that could explain them.

POTS is thought to be caused by a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and blood pressure. Treatment may include lifestyle modifications, such as increasing fluid and salt intake, wearing compression stockings, and avoiding prolonged standing or sitting. Medications that help regulate blood pressure and heart rate may also be prescribed.

Premature cardiac complexes, also known as premature heartbeats or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), refer to extra or early heartbeats that originate in the lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles). These extra beats disrupt the normal rhythm and sequence of heartbeats, causing the heart to beat earlier than expected.

Premature cardiac complexes can occur in healthy individuals as well as those with heart disease. They are usually harmless and do not cause any symptoms, but in some cases, they may cause palpitations, skipped beats, or a fluttering sensation in the chest. In rare cases, frequent premature cardiac complexes can lead to more serious heart rhythm disorders or decreased heart function.

The diagnosis of premature cardiac complexes is usually made through an electrocardiogram (ECG) or Holter monitoring, which records the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. Treatment is typically not necessary unless the premature complexes are frequent, symptomatic, or associated with underlying heart disease. In such cases, medications, cardioversion, or catheter ablation may be recommended.

Pre-excitation syndromes are a group of cardiac conditions characterized by the presence of an accessory electrical pathway between the atria and ventricles of the heart. This pathway allows electrical impulses to bypass the normal conduction system, leading to early activation (pre-excitation) of a portion of the ventricular muscle. The most common pre-excitation syndrome is Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, but other types include Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome and Mahaim syndrome. These conditions can potentially lead to tachyarrhythmias or abnormally fast heart rhythms, which in some cases can be life-threatening if not properly managed.

The accessory atrioventricular (AV) bundle, also known as the bundle of Kent, is an abnormal electrical connection between the atria and ventricles of the heart. It is a type of accessory pathway that bypasses the normal AV node conduction system, allowing electrical impulses to travel directly from the atria to the ventricles.

This abnormal connection can lead to a type of arrhythmia called Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, which is characterized by a short PR interval and a wide QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG). WPW syndrome can cause palpitations, rapid heartbeat, and in some cases, may lead to more serious arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.

Accessory AV bundles are typically congenital, meaning they are present from birth, but may not cause any symptoms until later in life. Treatment for WPW syndrome may include medication, catheter ablation to destroy the accessory pathway, or in some cases, surgery.

Atrial fibrillation (A-tre-al fi-bru-la'shun) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm characterized by rapid and irregular beating of the atria, the upper chambers of the heart. In this condition, the electrical signals that coordinate heartbeats don't function properly, causing the atria to quiver instead of contracting effectively. As a result, blood may not be pumped efficiently into the ventricles, which can lead to blood clots, stroke, and other complications. Atrial fibrillation is a common type of arrhythmia and can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, fatigue, and dizziness. It can be caused by various factors, including heart disease, high blood pressure, age, and genetics. Treatment options include medications, electrical cardioversion, and surgical procedures to restore normal heart rhythm.

Heart rate is the number of heartbeats per unit of time, often expressed as beats per minute (bpm). It can vary significantly depending on factors such as age, physical fitness, emotions, and overall health status. A resting heart rate between 60-100 bpm is generally considered normal for adults, but athletes and individuals with high levels of physical fitness may have a resting heart rate below 60 bpm due to their enhanced cardiovascular efficiency. Monitoring heart rate can provide valuable insights into an individual's health status, exercise intensity, and response to various treatments or interventions.

Reciprocating tachycardia is a type of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which is a rapid heart rhythm originating in the atria or atrioventricular node. In reciprocating tachycardia, there are abnormal electrical connections between the atria and ventricles called "accessory pathways" that allow electrical impulses to bypass the normal conduction system.

In this type of tachycardia, an electrical impulse originates in one of the atria and travels down the normal conduction system to the ventricles, but then instead of following the normal route back up to the atria, it takes a shortcut through an accessory pathway. This creates a reentry circuit, where the electrical impulse continuously circulates between the atria and ventricles, causing a rapid heart rate.

Reciprocating tachycardia can be classified as either orthodromic or antidromic, depending on the direction of the electrical impulse through the accessory pathway. In orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia, the electrical impulse travels down the normal conduction system to the ventricles and then returns up the accessory pathway to the atria. This type of reciprocating tachycardia is more common than antidromic reciprocating tachycardia, which occurs when the electrical impulse travels down the accessory pathway to the ventricles and then returns up the normal conduction system to the atria.

Symptoms of reciprocating tachycardia may include palpitations, lightheadedness, shortness of breath, chest discomfort, or syncope (fainting). Treatment options for reciprocating tachycardia include medications, cardioversion, catheter ablation, and surgery.

Fetal diseases are medical conditions or abnormalities that affect a fetus during pregnancy. These diseases can be caused by genetic factors, environmental influences, or a combination of both. They can range from mild to severe and may impact various organ systems in the developing fetus. Examples of fetal diseases include congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome, and infectious diseases such as toxoplasmosis or rubella. Fetal diseases can be diagnosed through prenatal testing, including ultrasound, amniocentesis, and chorionic villus sampling. Treatment options may include medication, surgery, or delivery of the fetus, depending on the nature and severity of the disease.

Body Surface Potential Mapping (BSPM) is a non-invasive medical technique used to record and analyze the electrical activity of the heart from the surface of the body. It involves placing multiple electrodes on the skin of the chest, back, and limbs to measure the potential differences between these points during each heartbeat. This information is then used to create a detailed, visual representation of the electrical activation pattern of the heart, which can help in the diagnosis and evaluation of various cardiac disorders such as arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and ventricular hypertrophy.

The BSPM technique provides high-resolution spatial and temporal information about the cardiac electrical activity, making it a valuable tool for both clinical and research purposes. It can help identify the origin and spread of abnormal electrical signals in the heart, which is crucial for determining appropriate treatment strategies. Overall, Body Surface Potential Mapping is an important diagnostic modality that offers unique insights into the electrical functioning of the heart.

The heart atria are the upper chambers of the heart that receive blood from the veins and deliver it to the lower chambers, or ventricles. There are two atria in the heart: the right atrium receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it into the right ventricle, which then sends it to the lungs to be oxygenated; and the left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it into the left ventricle, which then sends it out to the rest of the body. The atria contract before the ventricles during each heartbeat, helping to fill the ventricles with blood and prepare them for contraction.

An implantable defibrillator is a medical device that is surgically placed inside the chest to continuously monitor the heart's rhythm and deliver electrical shocks to restore a normal heartbeat when it detects a life-threatening arrhythmia, such as ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia.

The device consists of a small generator that is implanted in the upper chest, along with one or more electrode leads that are threaded through veins and positioned in the heart's chambers. The generator contains a battery and a microcomputer that constantly monitors the heart's electrical activity and detects any abnormal rhythms.

When an arrhythmia is detected, the defibrillator delivers an electrical shock to the heart to restore a normal rhythm. This can be done automatically by the device or manually by a healthcare provider using an external programmer.

Implantable defibrillators are typically recommended for people who have a high risk of sudden cardiac death due to a history of heart attacks, heart failure, or inherited heart conditions that affect the heart's electrical system. They can significantly reduce the risk of sudden cardiac death and improve quality of life for those at risk.

Ventricular Fibrillation (VF) is a type of cardiac arrhythmia, which is an abnormal heart rhythm. In VF, the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart, beat in a rapid and unorganized manner. This results in the heart being unable to pump blood effectively to the rest of the body, leading to immediate circulatory collapse and cardiac arrest if not treated promptly. It is often caused by underlying heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, structural heart problems, or electrolyte imbalances. VF is a medical emergency that requires immediate defibrillation to restore a normal heart rhythm.

Ventricular Premature Complexes (VPCs), also known as Ventricular Extrasystoles or Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs), are extra heartbeats that originate in the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. These premature beats disrupt the normal sequence of electrical impulses in the heart and cause the ventricles to contract earlier than they should.

VPCs can result in a noticeable "skipped" or "extra" beat sensation, often followed by a stronger beat as the heart returns to its regular rhythm. They may occur occasionally in healthy individuals with no underlying heart condition, but frequent VPCs could indicate an underlying issue such as heart disease, electrolyte imbalance, or digitalis toxicity. In some cases, VPCs can be harmless and require no treatment; however, if they are frequent or associated with structural heart problems, further evaluation and management may be necessary to prevent potential complications like reduced cardiac output or heart failure.

Electric countershock, also known as defibrillation, is a medical procedure that uses an electric current to restore normal heart rhythm in certain types of cardiac arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia. The procedure involves delivering a therapeutic dose of electrical energy to the heart through electrodes placed on the chest wall or directly on the heart. This electric current helps to depolarize a large number of cardiac cells simultaneously, which can help to interrupt the abnormal electrical activity in the heart and allow the normal conduction system to regain control and restore a normal rhythm. Electric countershock is typically delivered using an automated external defibrillator (AED) or a manual defibrillator, and it is a critical component of advanced cardiac life support (ACLS).

Sotalol is a non-selective beta blocker and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It works by blocking the action of certain natural substances in your body, such as adrenaline, on the heart. This helps to decrease the heart's workload, slow the heart rate, and regulate certain types of irregular heartbeats (such as atrial fibrillation).

Sotalol is used to treat various types of irregular heartbeats (atrial fibrillation/flutter, ventricular tachycardia) and may also be used to help maintain a normal heart rhythm after a heart attack. It is important to note that Sotalol should only be prescribed by a healthcare professional who has experience in treating heart rhythm disorders.

This medical definition is based on the information provided by the National Library of Medicine (NLM).

Heart block is a cardiac condition characterized by the interruption of electrical impulse transmission from the atria (the upper chambers of the heart) to the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This disruption can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, including bradycardia (a slower-than-normal heart rate), and in severe cases, can cause the heart to stop beating altogether. Heart block is typically caused by damage to the heart's electrical conduction system due to various factors such as aging, heart disease, or certain medications.

There are three types of heart block: first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree (also known as complete heart block). Each type has distinct electrocardiogram (ECG) findings and symptoms. Treatment for heart block depends on the severity of the condition and may include monitoring, medication, or implantation of a pacemaker to regulate the heart's electrical activity.

Electrocoagulation is a medical procedure that uses heat generated from an electrical current to cause coagulation (clotting) of tissue. This procedure is often used to treat a variety of medical conditions, such as:

* Gastrointestinal bleeding: Electrocoagulation can be used to control bleeding in the stomach or intestines by applying an electrical current to the affected blood vessels, causing them to shrink and clot.
* Skin lesions: Electrocoagulation can be used to remove benign or malignant skin lesions, such as warts, moles, or skin tags, by applying an electrical current to the growth, which causes it to dehydrate and eventually fall off.
* Vascular malformations: Electrocoagulation can be used to treat vascular malformations (abnormal blood vessels) by applying an electrical current to the affected area, causing the abnormal vessels to shrink and clot.

The procedure is typically performed using a specialized device that delivers an electrical current through a needle or probe. The intensity and duration of the electrical current can be adjusted to achieve the desired effect. Electrocoagulation may be used alone or in combination with other treatments, such as surgery or medication.

It's important to note that electrocoagulation is not without risks, including burns, infection, and scarring. It should only be performed by a qualified medical professional who has experience with the procedure.

Procainamide is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat various types of irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and ventricular tachycardia. It works by prolonging the duration of the cardiac action potential and decreasing the slope of the phase 0 depolarization, which helps to stabilize the heart's electrical activity and restore a normal rhythm.

Procainamide is classified as a Class Ia antiarrhythmic drug, according to the Vaughan Williams classification system. It primarily affects the fast sodium channels in the heart muscle cells, reducing their availability during depolarization. This results in a decreased rate of impulse generation and conduction velocity, which can help to suppress abnormal rhythms.

The medication is available as an oral formulation (procainamide hydrochloride) and as an injectable solution for intravenous use. Common side effects of procainamide include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness. Procainamide can also cause a lupus-like syndrome, characterized by joint pain, skin rashes, and other autoimmune symptoms, in some patients who take the medication for an extended period.

It is essential to monitor procainamide levels in the blood during treatment to ensure that the drug is within the therapeutic range and to minimize the risk of adverse effects. Healthcare providers should also regularly assess patients' renal function, as procainamide and its active metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), are primarily excreted by the kidneys.

Treatment outcome is a term used to describe the result or effect of medical treatment on a patient's health status. It can be measured in various ways, such as through symptoms improvement, disease remission, reduced disability, improved quality of life, or survival rates. The treatment outcome helps healthcare providers evaluate the effectiveness of a particular treatment plan and make informed decisions about future care. It is also used in clinical research to compare the efficacy of different treatments and improve patient care.

Follow-up studies are a type of longitudinal research that involve repeated observations or measurements of the same variables over a period of time, in order to understand their long-term effects or outcomes. In medical context, follow-up studies are often used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of medical treatments, interventions, or procedures.

In a typical follow-up study, a group of individuals (called a cohort) who have received a particular treatment or intervention are identified and then followed over time through periodic assessments or data collection. The data collected may include information on clinical outcomes, adverse events, changes in symptoms or functional status, and other relevant measures.

The results of follow-up studies can provide important insights into the long-term benefits and risks of medical interventions, as well as help to identify factors that may influence treatment effectiveness or patient outcomes. However, it is important to note that follow-up studies can be subject to various biases and limitations, such as loss to follow-up, recall bias, and changes in clinical practice over time, which must be carefully considered when interpreting the results.

Atrioventricular (AV) block is a disorder of the electrical conduction system of the heart that causes a delay or interruption in the transmission of electrical signals from the atria (the upper chambers of the heart) to the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). This results in an abnormal heart rhythm, also known as an arrhythmia.

There are three degrees of AV block:

1. First-degree AV block: In this type of AV block, there is a delay in the conduction of electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles, but all signals are eventually conducted. This condition may not cause any symptoms and is often discovered during a routine electrocardiogram (ECG).
2. Second-degree AV block: In this type of AV block, some electrical signals from the atria are not conducted to the ventricles. There are two types of second-degree AV block: Mobitz type I and Mobitz type II. Mobitz type I is characterized by a progressive prolongation of the PR interval (the time between the electrical activation of the atria and ventricles) until a QRS complex (which represents the electrical activation of the ventricles) is dropped. Mobitz type II is characterized by a constant PR interval with occasional non-conducted P waves.
3. Third-degree AV block: In this type of AV block, no electrical signals are conducted from the atria to the ventricles. The atria and ventricles beat independently of each other, resulting in a slow heart rate (bradycardia) and an irregular rhythm. This condition can be life-threatening if not treated promptly.

The causes of AV block include aging, heart disease, medications, and certain medical conditions such as hypothyroidism and Lyme disease. Treatment depends on the severity of the condition and may include medication, a pacemaker, or surgery.

Syncope is a medical term defined as a transient, temporary loss of consciousness and postural tone due to reduced blood flow to the brain. It's often caused by a drop in blood pressure, which can be brought on by various factors such as dehydration, emotional stress, prolonged standing, or certain medical conditions like heart diseases, arrhythmias, or neurological disorders.

During a syncope episode, an individual may experience warning signs such as lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision, or nausea before losing consciousness. These episodes usually last only a few minutes and are followed by a rapid, full recovery. However, if left untreated or undiagnosed, recurrent syncope can lead to severe injuries from falls or even life-threatening conditions related to the underlying cause.

Propafenone is an antiarrhythmic medication used to treat certain types of irregular heartbeats (such as atrial fibrillation, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia). It works by blocking certain electrical signals in the heart to help it beat regularly. Propafenone belongs to a class of drugs known as Class IC antiarrhythmics.

It is important to note that this definition provides an overview of what propafenone is and how it is used, but it does not cover all possible uses, precautions, side effects, and interactions related to the drug. For more detailed information about propafenone, including its specific indications, contraindications, and potential adverse effects, consult a reliable medical reference or speak with a healthcare professional.

Verapamil is a calcium channel blocker medication that is primarily used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), and certain types of cardiac arrhythmias (irregular heart rhyats). It works by relaxing the smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels, which causes them to dilate or widen, reducing the resistance to blood flow and thereby lowering blood pressure. Verapamil also slows down the conduction of electrical signals within the heart, which can help to regulate the heart rate and rhythm.

In addition to its cardiovascular effects, verapamil is sometimes used off-label for the treatment of other conditions such as migraine headaches, Raynaud's phenomenon, and certain types of tremors. It is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release capsules, and intravenous (IV) injection.

It is important to note that verapamil can interact with other medications, so it is essential to inform your healthcare provider about all the drugs you are taking before starting this medication. Additionally, verapamil should be used with caution in people with certain medical conditions, such as heart failure, liver disease, and low blood pressure.

The heart ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart that receive blood from the atria and pump it to the lungs or the rest of the body. The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Both ventricles have thick, muscular walls to generate the pressure necessary to pump blood through the circulatory system.

Electrophysiology is a branch of medicine that deals with the electrical activities of the body, particularly the heart. In a medical context, electrophysiology studies (EPS) are performed to assess abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and to evaluate the effectiveness of certain treatments, such as medication or pacemakers.

During an EPS, electrode catheters are inserted into the heart through blood vessels in the groin or neck. These catheters can record the electrical activity of the heart and stimulate it to help identify the source of the arrhythmia. The information gathered during the study can help doctors determine the best course of treatment for each patient.

In addition to cardiac electrophysiology, there are also other subspecialties within electrophysiology, such as neuromuscular electrophysiology, which deals with the electrical activity of the nervous system and muscles.

Fetal heart rate (FHR) is the number of times a fetus's heart beats in one minute. It is measured through the use of a fetoscope, Doppler ultrasound device, or cardiotocograph (CTG). A normal FHR ranges from 120 to 160 beats per minute (bpm), although it can vary throughout pregnancy and is usually faster than an adult's heart rate. Changes in the FHR pattern may indicate fetal distress, hypoxia, or other conditions that require medical attention. Regular monitoring of FHR during pregnancy, labor, and delivery helps healthcare providers assess fetal well-being and ensure a safe outcome for both the mother and the baby.

The sinoatrial (SA) node, also known as the sinus node, is the primary pacemaker of the heart. It is a small bundle of specialized cardiac conduction tissue located in the upper part of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava. The SA node generates electrical impulses that initiate each heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and pump blood into the ventricles. This process is called sinus rhythm.

The SA node's electrical activity is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which can adjust the heart rate in response to changes in the body's needs, such as during exercise or rest. The SA node's rate of firing determines the heart rate, with a normal resting heart rate ranging from 60 to 100 beats per minute.

If the SA node fails to function properly or its electrical impulses are blocked, other secondary pacemakers in the heart may take over, resulting in abnormal heart rhythms called arrhythmias.

Bundle-branch block (BBB) is a type of conduction delay or block in the heart's electrical system that affects the way electrical impulses travel through the ventricles (the lower chambers of the heart). In BBB, one of the two main bundle branches that conduct electrical impulses to the ventricles is partially or completely blocked, causing a delay in the contraction of one of the ventricles.

There are two types of bundle-branch block: right bundle-branch block (RBBB) and left bundle-branch block (LBBB). In RBBB, the right bundle branch is affected, while in LBBB, the left bundle branch is affected. The symptoms and severity of BBB can vary depending on the underlying cause and the presence of other heart conditions.

In some cases, BBB may not cause any noticeable symptoms and may only be detected during a routine electrocardiogram (ECG). However, if BBB occurs along with other heart conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, or cardiomyopathy, it can increase the risk of serious complications such as arrhythmias, syncope, and even sudden cardiac death.

Treatment for bundle-branch block depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In some cases, no treatment may be necessary, while in others, medications, pacemakers, or other treatments may be recommended to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Recurrence, in a medical context, refers to the return of symptoms or signs of a disease after a period of improvement or remission. It indicates that the condition has not been fully eradicated and may require further treatment. Recurrence is often used to describe situations where a disease such as cancer comes back after initial treatment, but it can also apply to other medical conditions. The likelihood of recurrence varies depending on the type of disease and individual patient factors.

Bradycardia is a medical term that refers to an abnormally slow heart rate, typically defined as a resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute in adults. While some people, particularly well-trained athletes, may have a naturally low resting heart rate, bradycardia can also be a sign of an underlying health problem.

There are several potential causes of bradycardia, including:

* Damage to the heart's electrical conduction system, such as from heart disease or aging
* Certain medications, including beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and digoxin
* Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland)
* Sleep apnea
* Infection of the heart (endocarditis or myocarditis)
* Infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis or sarcoidosis

Symptoms of bradycardia can vary depending on the severity and underlying cause. Some people with bradycardia may not experience any symptoms, while others may feel weak, fatigued, dizzy, or short of breath. In severe cases, bradycardia can lead to fainting, confusion, or even cardiac arrest.

Treatment for bradycardia depends on the underlying cause. If a medication is causing the slow heart rate, adjusting the dosage or switching to a different medication may help. In other cases, a pacemaker may be necessary to regulate the heart's rhythm. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of bradycardia, as it can be a sign of a serious underlying condition.

An artificial pacemaker is a medical device that uses electrical impulses to regulate the beating of the heart. It is typically used when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinoatrial node, is not functioning properly and the heart rate is too slow or irregular. The pacemaker consists of a small generator that contains a battery and electronic circuits, which are connected to one or more electrodes that are placed in the heart.

The generator sends electrical signals through the electrodes to stimulate the heart muscle and cause it to contract, thereby maintaining a regular heart rhythm. Artificial pacemakers can be programmed to deliver electrical impulses at a specific rate or in response to the body's needs. They are typically implanted in the chest during a surgical procedure and can last for many years before needing to be replaced.

Artificial pacemakers are an effective treatment for various types of bradycardia, which is a heart rhythm disorder characterized by a slow heart rate. Pacemakers can significantly improve symptoms associated with bradycardia, such as fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, and fainting spells.

Antazoline is an antihistamine drug that is used primarily for its anti-allergic and analgesic (pain-relieving) effects. It works by blocking the action of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic symptoms. Antazoline is often found in combination with other medications, such as naphazoline, in over-the-counter products used to relieve redness and irritation in the eyes and nose.

The medical definition of Antazoline can be described as:

A first-generation antihistamine drug that exhibits both H1 receptor antagonist and local anesthetic properties. It is primarily used as a topical ophthalmic or nasal preparation to relieve redness, itching, and discomfort associated with allergic conjunctivitis and rhinitis. Antazoline may also be combined with other agents, such as naphazoline, in the treatment of sinus congestion and nasal stuffiness.

The off-label uses of Antazoline include:

* Treatment of vertigo and motion sickness
* As an adjunct to local anesthetics to prolong their duration of action

It is important to note that the use of Antazoline may be associated with certain side effects, such as dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, and headache. It should be used with caution in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, or bladder neck obstruction.

Retrospective studies, also known as retrospective research or looking back studies, are a type of observational study that examines data from the past to draw conclusions about possible causal relationships between risk factors and outcomes. In these studies, researchers analyze existing records, medical charts, or previously collected data to test a hypothesis or answer a specific research question.

Retrospective studies can be useful for generating hypotheses and identifying trends, but they have limitations compared to prospective studies, which follow participants forward in time from exposure to outcome. Retrospective studies are subject to biases such as recall bias, selection bias, and information bias, which can affect the validity of the results. Therefore, retrospective studies should be interpreted with caution and used primarily to generate hypotheses for further testing in prospective studies.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a sudden, unexpected natural death caused by the cessation of cardiac activity. It is often caused by cardiac arrhythmias, particularly ventricular fibrillation, and is often associated with underlying heart disease, although it can occur in people with no known heart condition. SCD is typically defined as a natural death due to cardiac causes that occurs within one hour of the onset of symptoms, or if the individual was last seen alive in a normal state of health, it can be defined as occurring within 24 hours.

It's important to note that sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is different from SCD, although they are related. SCA refers to the sudden cessation of cardiac activity, which if not treated immediately can lead to SCD.

In the field of medicine, "time factors" refer to the duration of symptoms or time elapsed since the onset of a medical condition, which can have significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding time factors is crucial in determining the progression of a disease, evaluating the effectiveness of treatments, and making critical decisions regarding patient care.

For example, in stroke management, "time is brain," meaning that rapid intervention within a specific time frame (usually within 4.5 hours) is essential to administering tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a clot-busting drug that can minimize brain damage and improve patient outcomes. Similarly, in trauma care, the "golden hour" concept emphasizes the importance of providing definitive care within the first 60 minutes after injury to increase survival rates and reduce morbidity.

Time factors also play a role in monitoring the progression of chronic conditions like diabetes or heart disease, where regular follow-ups and assessments help determine appropriate treatment adjustments and prevent complications. In infectious diseases, time factors are crucial for initiating antibiotic therapy and identifying potential outbreaks to control their spread.

Overall, "time factors" encompass the significance of recognizing and acting promptly in various medical scenarios to optimize patient outcomes and provide effective care.

Echocardiography is a medical procedure that uses sound waves to produce detailed images of the heart's structure, function, and motion. It is a non-invasive test that can help diagnose various heart conditions, such as valve problems, heart muscle damage, blood clots, and congenital heart defects.

During an echocardiogram, a transducer (a device that sends and receives sound waves) is placed on the chest or passed through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart. The sound waves produced by the transducer bounce off the heart structures and return to the transducer, which then converts them into electrical signals that are processed to create images of the heart.

There are several types of echocardiograms, including:

* Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE): This is the most common type of echocardiogram and involves placing the transducer on the chest.
* Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE): This type of echocardiogram involves passing a specialized transducer through the esophagus to obtain images of the heart from a closer proximity.
* Stress echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram is performed during exercise or medication-induced stress to assess how the heart functions under stress.
* Doppler echocardiography: This type of echocardiogram uses sound waves to measure blood flow and velocity in the heart and blood vessels.

Echocardiography is a valuable tool for diagnosing and managing various heart conditions, as it provides detailed information about the structure and function of the heart. It is generally safe, non-invasive, and painless, making it a popular choice for doctors and patients alike.

Disopyramide is an antiarrhythmic medication that is primarily used to treat certain types of irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias), such as ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. It works by blocking the activity of sodium channels in the heart, which helps to slow down and regulate the heart rate.

Disopyramide is available in immediate-release and extended-release forms, and it may be taken orally as a tablet or capsule. Common side effects of this medication include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and difficulty urinating. More serious side effects can include dizziness, fainting, irregular heartbeat, and allergic reactions.

It is important to take disopyramide exactly as directed by a healthcare provider, as improper use or dosing can lead to serious complications. Additionally, individuals with certain medical conditions, such as heart failure, kidney disease, or myasthenia gravis, may not be able to safely take this medication.

Hydroxyzine is an antihistamine medication that is primarily used to treat symptoms of allergies such as itching, hives, and swelling. It works by blocking the effects of histamine, a substance in the body that causes allergic reactions. In addition to its antihistaminic properties, hydroxyzine also has sedative and anxiety-reducing effects, which make it useful in treating anxiety disorders, symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, and as a sleep aid. It is available in both oral and injectable forms and is usually taken orally in the form of tablets, capsules, or syrup. As with any medication, hydroxyzine should be used under the supervision of a healthcare provider, and its use may be subject to certain precautions and contraindications depending on the individual's medical history and current health status.

Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities in the heart that are present at birth. They can affect any part of the heart's structure, including the walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, and the major blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.

Congenital heart defects can range from mild to severe and can cause various symptoms depending on the type and severity of the defect. Some common symptoms of CHDs include cyanosis (a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails), shortness of breath, fatigue, poor feeding, and slow growth in infants and children.

There are many different types of congenital heart defects, including:

1. Septal defects: These are holes in the walls that separate the four chambers of the heart. The two most common septal defects are atrial septal defect (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD).
2. Valve abnormalities: These include narrowed or leaky valves, which can affect blood flow through the heart.
3. Obstruction defects: These occur when blood flow is blocked or restricted due to narrowing or absence of a part of the heart's structure. Examples include pulmonary stenosis and coarctation of the aorta.
4. Cyanotic heart defects: These cause a lack of oxygen in the blood, leading to cyanosis. Examples include tetralogy of Fallot and transposition of the great arteries.

The causes of congenital heart defects are not fully understood, but genetic factors and environmental influences during pregnancy may play a role. Some CHDs can be detected before birth through prenatal testing, while others may not be diagnosed until after birth or later in childhood. Treatment for CHDs may include medication, surgery, or other interventions to improve blood flow and oxygenation of the body's tissues.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Financial Audit" is not a medical term. It belongs to the field of accounting and finance. A financial audit is an independent examination of an organization's financial records, statements, and accounting practices to ensure that they are accurate, complete, and in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. This process is conducted by professional auditors who are unbiased and independent from the organization being audited.

Adrenergic beta-antagonists, also known as beta blockers, are a class of medications that block the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline (also known as epinephrine and norepinephrine) on beta-adrenergic receptors. These receptors are found in various tissues throughout the body, including the heart, lungs, and blood vessels.

Beta blockers work by binding to these receptors and preventing the activation of certain signaling pathways that lead to increased heart rate, force of heart contractions, and relaxation of blood vessels. As a result, beta blockers can lower blood pressure, reduce heart rate, and decrease the workload on the heart.

Beta blockers are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), heart failure, irregular heart rhythms, migraines, and certain anxiety disorders. Some common examples of beta blockers include metoprolol, atenolol, propranolol, and bisoprolol.

It is important to note that while beta blockers can have many benefits, they can also cause side effects such as fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Additionally, sudden discontinuation of beta blocker therapy can lead to rebound hypertension or worsening chest pain. Therefore, it is important to follow the dosing instructions provided by a healthcare provider carefully when taking these medications.

Cardiomyopathies are a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle, leading to mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction. The American Heart Association (AHA) defines cardiomyopathies as "a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually (but not always) exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation and frequently lead to heart failure."

There are several types of cardiomyopathies, including:

1. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM): This is the most common type of cardiomyopathy, characterized by an enlarged left ventricle and impaired systolic function, leading to heart failure.
2. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM): In this type, there is abnormal thickening of the heart muscle, particularly in the septum between the two ventricles, which can obstruct blood flow and increase the risk of arrhythmias.
3. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM): This is a rare form of cardiomyopathy characterized by stiffness of the heart muscle, impaired relaxation, and diastolic dysfunction, leading to reduced filling of the ventricles and heart failure.
4. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC): In this type, there is replacement of the normal heart muscle with fatty or fibrous tissue, primarily affecting the right ventricle, which can lead to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
5. Unclassified cardiomyopathies: These are conditions that do not fit into any of the above categories but still significantly affect the heart muscle and function.

Cardiomyopathies can be caused by genetic factors, acquired conditions (e.g., infections, toxins, or autoimmune disorders), or a combination of both. The diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive evaluation, including medical history, physical examination, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and sometimes genetic testing. Treatment depends on the type and severity of the condition but may include medications, lifestyle modifications, implantable devices, or even heart transplantation in severe cases.

I believe there might be a misunderstanding in your question. "Dogs" is not a medical term or condition. It is the common name for a domesticated carnivore of the family Canidae, specifically the genus Canis, which includes wolves, foxes, and other extant and extinct species of mammals. Dogs are often kept as pets and companions, and they have been bred in a wide variety of forms and sizes for different purposes, such as hunting, herding, guarding, assisting police and military forces, and providing companionship and emotional support.

If you meant to ask about a specific medical condition or term related to dogs, please provide more context so I can give you an accurate answer.

Adenosine is a purine nucleoside that is composed of a sugar (ribose) and the base adenine. It plays several important roles in the body, including serving as a precursor for the synthesis of other molecules such as ATP, NAD+, and RNA.

In the medical context, adenosine is perhaps best known for its use as a pharmaceutical agent to treat certain cardiac arrhythmias. When administered intravenously, it can help restore normal sinus rhythm in patients with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) by slowing conduction through the atrioventricular node and interrupting the reentry circuit responsible for the arrhythmia.

Adenosine can also be used as a diagnostic tool to help differentiate between narrow-complex tachycardias of supraventricular origin and those that originate from below the ventricles (such as ventricular tachycardia). This is because adenosine will typically terminate PSVT but not affect the rhythm of VT.

It's worth noting that adenosine has a very short half-life, lasting only a few seconds in the bloodstream. This means that its effects are rapidly reversible and generally well-tolerated, although some patients may experience transient symptoms such as flushing, chest pain, or shortness of breath.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a type of cardiomyopathy characterized by the enlargement and weakened contraction of the heart's main pumping chamber (the left ventricle). This enlargement and weakness can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and fluid retention. DCM can be caused by various factors including genetics, viral infections, alcohol and drug abuse, and other medical conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes. It is important to note that this condition can lead to heart failure if left untreated.

Cryosurgery is a medical procedure that uses extreme cold, such as liquid nitrogen or argon gas, to destroy abnormal or unwanted tissue. The intense cold causes the water inside the cells to freeze and form ice crystals, which can rupture the cell membrane and cause the cells to die. Cryosurgery is often used to treat a variety of conditions including skin growths such as warts and tumors, precancerous lesions, and some types of cancer. The procedure is typically performed in a doctor's office or outpatient setting and may require local anesthesia.

In medical terms, the heart is a muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity that functions as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body. It's responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removing carbon dioxide and other wastes. The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria on the top and two ventricles on the bottom. The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs, while the left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the rest of the body. The heart's rhythmic contractions and relaxations are regulated by a complex electrical conduction system.

Tricuspid atresia is a congenital heart defect where the tricuspid valve, which regulates blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle, fails to develop properly. As a result, there is no direct pathway for blood to move from the right atrium to the right ventricle and then to the lungs for oxygenation.

In this condition, blood from the body returning to the heart enters the right atrium but cannot flow through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. Instead, it flows through an opening in the interatrial septum (atrial septal defect) into the left atrium and then into the left ventricle. The left ventricle pumps this blood to the body and a portion of it goes to the lungs via a patent ductus arteriosus or other collateral vessels.

Tricuspid atresia is often associated with other heart defects, such as transposition of the great arteries, pulmonary stenosis, or total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Symptoms can vary depending on the severity and associated defects but may include cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin), shortness of breath, fatigue, and poor growth. Treatment typically involves surgical interventions to create a path for blood to flow to the lungs and establish proper oxygenation.

A newborn infant is a baby who is within the first 28 days of life. This period is also referred to as the neonatal period. Newborns require specialized care and attention due to their immature bodily systems and increased vulnerability to various health issues. They are closely monitored for signs of well-being, growth, and development during this critical time.

Cardiac surgical procedures are operations that are performed on the heart or great vessels (the aorta and vena cava) by cardiothoracic surgeons. These surgeries are often complex and require a high level of skill and expertise. Some common reasons for cardiac surgical procedures include:

1. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG): This is a surgery to improve blood flow to the heart in patients with coronary artery disease. During the procedure, a healthy blood vessel from another part of the body is used to create a detour around the blocked or narrowed portion of the coronary artery.
2. Valve repair or replacement: The heart has four valves that control blood flow through and out of the heart. If one or more of these valves become damaged or diseased, they may need to be repaired or replaced. This can be done using artificial valves or valves from animal or human donors.
3. Aneurysm repair: An aneurysm is a weakened area in the wall of an artery that can bulge out and potentially rupture. If an aneurysm occurs in the aorta, it may require surgical repair to prevent rupture.
4. Heart transplantation: In some cases, heart failure may be so severe that a heart transplant is necessary. This involves removing the diseased heart and replacing it with a healthy donor heart.
5. Arrhythmia surgery: Certain types of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) may require surgical treatment. One such procedure is called the Maze procedure, which involves creating a pattern of scar tissue in the heart to disrupt the abnormal electrical signals that cause the arrhythmia.
6. Congenital heart defect repair: Some people are born with structural problems in their hearts that require surgical correction. These may include holes between the chambers of the heart or abnormal blood vessels.

Cardiac surgical procedures carry risks, including bleeding, infection, stroke, and death. However, for many patients, these surgeries can significantly improve their quality of life and longevity.

Atrial function in a medical context refers to the role and performance of the two upper chambers of the heart, known as the atria. The main functions of the atria are to receive blood from the veins and help pump it into the ventricles, which are the lower pumping chambers of the heart.

The atria contract in response to electrical signals generated by the sinoatrial node, which is the heart's natural pacemaker. This contraction helps to fill the ventricles with blood before they contract and pump blood out to the rest of the body. Atrial function can be assessed through various diagnostic tests, such as echocardiograms or electrocardiograms (ECGs), which can help identify any abnormalities in atrial structure or electrical activity that may affect heart function.

Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal studies, are a type of cohort study in which data is collected forward in time, following a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or exposure over a period of time. The researchers clearly define the study population and exposure of interest at the beginning of the study and follow up with the participants to determine the outcomes that develop over time. This type of study design allows for the investigation of causal relationships between exposures and outcomes, as well as the identification of risk factors and the estimation of disease incidence rates. Prospective studies are particularly useful in epidemiology and medical research when studying diseases with long latency periods or rare outcomes.

The endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart and the valves between them. It is a thin, smooth membrane that is in contact with the blood within the heart. This layer helps to maintain the heart's internal environment, facilitates the smooth movement of blood through the heart, and provides a protective barrier against infection and other harmful substances. The endocardium is composed of simple squamous epithelial cells called endothelial cells, which are supported by a thin layer of connective tissue.

Fetal distress is a term used to describe situations where a fetus is experiencing problems during labor or delivery that are causing significant physiological changes. These changes may include an abnormal heart rate, decreased oxygen levels, or the presence of meconium (the baby's first stool) in the amniotic fluid. Fetal distress can be caused by a variety of factors, such as problems with the umbilical cord, placental abruption, maternal high blood pressure, or prolonged labor. It is important to monitor fetal well-being during labor and delivery to detect and address any signs of fetal distress promptly. Treatment may include changing the mother's position, administering oxygen, giving intravenous fluids, or performing an emergency cesarean section.

Cardiac catheterization is a medical procedure used to diagnose and treat cardiovascular conditions. In this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or leg and threaded up to the heart. The catheter can be used to perform various diagnostic tests, such as measuring the pressure inside the heart chambers and assessing the function of the heart valves.

Cardiac catheterization can also be used to treat certain cardiovascular conditions, such as narrowed or blocked arteries. In these cases, a balloon or stent may be inserted through the catheter to open up the blood vessel and improve blood flow. This procedure is known as angioplasty or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Cardiac catheterization is typically performed in a hospital cardiac catheterization laboratory by a team of healthcare professionals, including cardiologists, radiologists, and nurses. The procedure may be done under local anesthesia with sedation or general anesthesia, depending on the individual patient's needs and preferences.

Overall, cardiac catheterization is a valuable tool in the diagnosis and treatment of various heart conditions, and it can help improve symptoms, reduce complications, and prolong life for many patients.

Heterotaxy syndrome is a rare and complex congenital disorder characterized by the abnormal lateralization or arrangement of internal organs in the chest and abdomen. In this condition, the normal left-right (LR) asymmetry of the thoracic and abdominal organs is disrupted, resulting in either complete or partial reversal of the usual LR orientation. The term "heterotaxy" literally means "different arrangement."

Heterotaxy syndrome can be further classified into two main types:

1. **Ivemark's syndrome** (or left atrial isomerism): In this type, there is a mirror-image reversal of the normal LR organization of the thoracic and abdominal organs. This results in both sides of the body having structures that are typically found on the left side (left atrial isomerism). Common features include:
* Complete heart block or complex congenital heart defects, such as transposition of the great arteries, double outlet right ventricle, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
* Bilateral bilobed lungs with a central location of the liver (situs ambiguus).
* Bronchial malformations, including bilateral eparterial bronchi.
* Gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, such as intestinal malrotation and biliary atresia.
* Increased incidence of situs inversus totalis (complete mirror-image reversal of the normal LR arrangement).

2. **Right atrial isomerism** (or asplenia syndrome): In this type, there is a lack of normal LR organization, and both sides of the body have structures that are typically found on the right side (right atrial isomerism). Common features include:
* Complex congenital heart defects, such as single ventricle, double outlet right ventricle, pulmonary stenosis or atresia, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return.
* Absent or multiple spleens (polysplenia) with varying degrees of functional asplenia.
* Bilateral trilobed lungs with a right-sided location of the liver (situs ambiguus).
* Bronchial malformations, including bilateral hyperarterial bronchi.
* Gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, such as intestinal malrotation and biliary atresia.
* Increased incidence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Both situs ambiguus and heterotaxy syndrome are associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to the complex congenital heart defects, gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, and immunological dysfunction in cases of asplenia or hyposplenia. Early diagnosis and management by a multidisciplinary team are crucial for improving outcomes in these patients.

Hemodynamics is the study of how blood flows through the cardiovascular system, including the heart and the vascular network. It examines various factors that affect blood flow, such as blood volume, viscosity, vessel length and diameter, and pressure differences between different parts of the circulatory system. Hemodynamics also considers the impact of various physiological and pathological conditions on these variables, and how they in turn influence the function of vital organs and systems in the body. It is a critical area of study in fields such as cardiology, anesthesiology, and critical care medicine.

"Lavandula" is the biological name for a genus of plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It includes around 39 species of flowering plants native to the Old World, primarily the Mediterranean region and parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe. The most common species is Lavandula angustifolia, also known as English lavender or true lavender. These plants are well-known for their fragrant purple flowers and have been used in various applications, such as perfumes, essential oils, and herbal remedies, due to their pleasant scent and potential medicinal properties. However, it is important to note that the term "Lavandula" itself does not constitute a medical definition but rather refers to a group of plants with diverse uses and benefits.

The refractory period, electrophysiological, refers to the time interval during which a cardiac or neural cell is unable to respond to a new stimulus immediately after an action potential has been generated. This period is divided into two phases: the absolute refractory period and the relative refractory period.

During the absolute refractory period, the cell cannot be re-stimulated, regardless of the strength of the stimulus, due to the rapid inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels that are responsible for the rapid depolarization during an action potential. This phase is crucial for maintaining the unidirectional conduction of electrical impulses and preventing the occurrence of re-entry circuits, which can lead to life-threatening arrhythmias in the heart or hyperexcitability in neural tissue.

The relative refractory period follows the absolute refractory period and is characterized by a reduced excitability of the cell. During this phase, a stronger than normal stimulus is required to elicit an action potential due to the slower recovery of voltage-gated sodium channels and the partial activation of potassium channels, which promote repolarization. The duration of both the absolute and relative refractory periods varies depending on the cell type, its physiological state, and other factors such as temperature and pH.

In summary, the electrophysiological refractory period is a fundamental property of excitable cells that ensures proper electrical signaling and prevents uncontrolled excitation or re-entry circuits.

Postoperative complications refer to any unfavorable condition or event that occurs during the recovery period after a surgical procedure. These complications can vary in severity and may include, but are not limited to:

1. Infection: This can occur at the site of the incision or inside the body, such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection.
2. Bleeding: Excessive bleeding (hemorrhage) can lead to a drop in blood pressure and may require further surgical intervention.
3. Blood clots: These can form in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis) and can potentially travel to the lungs (pulmonary embolism).
4. Wound dehiscence: This is when the surgical wound opens up, which can lead to infection and further complications.
5. Pulmonary issues: These include atelectasis (collapsed lung), pneumonia, or respiratory failure.
6. Cardiovascular problems: These include abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), heart attack, or stroke.
7. Renal failure: This can occur due to various reasons such as dehydration, blood loss, or the use of certain medications.
8. Pain management issues: Inadequate pain control can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and decreased mobility.
9. Nausea and vomiting: These can be caused by anesthesia, opioid pain medication, or other factors.
10. Delirium: This is a state of confusion and disorientation that can occur in the elderly or those with certain medical conditions.

Prompt identification and management of these complications are crucial to ensure the best possible outcome for the patient.

Sinus arrhythmia is a type of heart rhythm disorder (arrhythmia) where the normal rhythm generated by the sinus node in the heart varies in rate or pattern. The sinus node is the natural pacemaker of the heart and usually sets a steady pace for heartbeats. However, in sinus arrhythmia, the heart rate may speed up or slow down abnormally during breathing in (inspiration) or breathing out (expiration).

When the heart rate increases during inspiration, it is called "inspiratory sinus arrhythmia," and when the heart rate decreases during expiration, it is called "expiratory sinus arrhythmia." Most people experience a mild form of inspiratory sinus arrhythmia, which is considered normal, especially in children and young adults.

However, if the variation in heart rate is significant or accompanied by symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, or chest discomfort, it may require medical evaluation and treatment. Sinus arrhythmia can be caused by various factors, including lung disease, heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, or the use of certain medications.

Ebstein anomaly is a congenital heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve, which is the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle of the heart. In Ebstein anomaly, the tricuspid valve is abnormally formed and positioned, causing it to leak blood back into the right atrium. This can lead to various symptoms such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and cyanosis (bluish discoloration of the skin). Treatment for Ebstein anomaly may include medication, surgery, or a combination of both. It is important to note that the severity of the condition can vary widely among individuals, and some people with Ebstein anomaly may require more intensive treatment than others.

Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS) is a term used to describe a group of abnormal heart rhythm disturbances that originates in the sinoatrial node (the natural pacemaker of the heart). This syndrome is characterized by impaired functioning of the sinoatrial node, resulting in various abnormalities such as sinus bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate), sinus arrest (complete cessation of sinus node activity), and/or sinoatrial exit block (failure of the electrical impulse to leave the sinus node and spread to the atria).

People with SSS may experience symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, or syncope (fainting) due to inadequate blood supply to the brain caused by slow heart rate. The diagnosis of SSS is typically made based on the patient's symptoms and the results of an electrocardiogram (ECG), Holter monitoring, or event recorder that shows evidence of abnormal sinus node function. Treatment options for SSS may include lifestyle modifications, medications, or implantation of a pacemaker to regulate the heart rate.

Fluoroscopy is a type of medical imaging that uses X-rays to obtain real-time moving images of the internal structures of the body. A continuous X-ray beam is passed through the body part being examined, and the resulting fluoroscopic images are transmitted to a monitor, allowing the medical professional to view the structure and movement of the internal organs and bones in real time.

Fluoroscopy is often used to guide minimally invasive procedures such as catheterization, stent placement, or joint injections. It can also be used to diagnose and monitor a variety of medical conditions, including gastrointestinal disorders, musculoskeletal injuries, and cardiovascular diseases.

It is important to note that fluoroscopy involves exposure to ionizing radiation, and the risks associated with this exposure should be carefully weighed against the benefits of the procedure. Medical professionals are trained to use the lowest possible dose of radiation necessary to obtain the desired diagnostic information.

Propanolamines are a class of pharmaceutical compounds that contain a propan-2-olamine functional group, which is a secondary amine formed by the replacement of one hydrogen atom in an ammonia molecule with a propan-2-ol group. They are commonly used as decongestants and bronchodilators in medical treatments.

Examples of propanolamines include:

* Phenylephrine: a decongestant used to relieve nasal congestion.
* Pseudoephedrine: a decongestant and stimulant used to treat nasal congestion and sinus pressure.
* Ephedrine: a bronchodilator, decongestant, and stimulant used to treat asthma, nasal congestion, and low blood pressure.

It is important to note that propanolamines can have side effects such as increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, and insomnia, so they should be used with caution and under the supervision of a healthcare professional.

Equipment failure is a term used in the medical field to describe the malfunction or breakdown of medical equipment, devices, or systems that are essential for patient care. This can include simple devices like syringes and thermometers, as well as complex machines such as ventilators, infusion pumps, and imaging equipment.

Equipment failure can have serious consequences for patients, including delayed or inappropriate treatment, injury, or even death. It is therefore essential that medical equipment is properly maintained, tested, and repaired to ensure its safe and effective operation.

There are many potential causes of equipment failure, including:

* Wear and tear from frequent use
* Inadequate cleaning or disinfection
* Improper handling or storage
* Power supply issues
* Software glitches or bugs
* Mechanical failures or defects
* Human error or misuse

To prevent equipment failure, healthcare facilities should have established policies and procedures for the acquisition, maintenance, and disposal of medical equipment. Staff should be trained in the proper use and handling of equipment, and regular inspections and testing should be performed to identify and address any potential issues before they lead to failure.

Intravenous injections are a type of medical procedure where medication or fluids are administered directly into a vein using a needle and syringe. This route of administration is also known as an IV injection. The solution injected enters the patient's bloodstream immediately, allowing for rapid absorption and onset of action. Intravenous injections are commonly used to provide quick relief from symptoms, deliver medications that are not easily absorbed by other routes, or administer fluids and electrolytes in cases of dehydration or severe illness. It is important that intravenous injections are performed using aseptic technique to minimize the risk of infection.

Pulmonary veins are blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. There are four pulmonary veins in total, two from each lung, and they are the only veins in the body that carry oxygen-rich blood. The oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins is then pumped by the left ventricle to the rest of the body through the aorta. Any blockage or damage to the pulmonary veins can lead to various cardiopulmonary conditions, such as pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure.

Epicardial mapping is a medical procedure used to create a detailed map of the electrical activity on the surface of the heart (epicardium). This technique is often used during electrophysiology studies to help diagnose and locate the source of abnormal heart rhythms, such as ventricular tachycardia or atrial fibrillation.

During epicardial mapping, a specialist (usually an electrophysiologist) will introduce a catheter through a vein or artery, which is then guided to the heart. Once in position, electrodes on the tip of the catheter record electrical signals from the heart's surface. These signals are used to create a detailed map of the heart's electrical activity, allowing the specialist to identify areas with abnormal electrical patterns.

This information can be crucial for determining the best course of treatment, such as targeted ablation therapy to eliminate the source of the arrhythmia. Epicardial mapping is typically performed in an electrophysiology lab or cardiac catheterization laboratory under fluoroscopy guidance, and it requires expertise in both cardiovascular medicine and interventional techniques.

The fetal heart is the cardiovascular organ that develops in the growing fetus during pregnancy. It starts to form around 22 days after conception and continues to develop throughout the first trimester. By the end of the eighth week of gestation, the fetal heart has developed enough to pump blood throughout the body.

The fetal heart is similar in structure to the adult heart but has some differences. It is smaller and more compact, with a four-chambered structure that includes two atria and two ventricles. The fetal heart also has unique features such as the foramen ovale, which is a hole between the right and left atria that allows blood to bypass the lungs, and the ductus arteriosus, a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta and diverts blood away from the lungs.

The fetal heart is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood from the placenta to the rest of the body and returning deoxygenated blood back to the placenta for re-oxygenation. The rate of the fetal heartbeat is faster than that of an adult, typically ranging from 120 to 160 beats per minute. Fetal heart rate monitoring is a common method used during pregnancy and childbirth to assess the health and well-being of the developing fetus.

Hypotension is a medical term that refers to abnormally low blood pressure, usually defined as a systolic blood pressure less than 90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) or a diastolic blood pressure less than 60 mm Hg. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels as the heart pumps blood.

Hypotension can cause symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, and fainting, especially when standing up suddenly. In severe cases, hypotension can lead to shock, which is a life-threatening condition characterized by multiple organ failure due to inadequate blood flow.

Hypotension can be caused by various factors, including certain medications, medical conditions such as heart disease, endocrine disorders, and dehydration. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience symptoms of hypotension, as it can indicate an underlying health issue that requires treatment.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels. It is measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and is given as two figures:

1. Systolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out into the arteries.
2. Diastolic pressure: This is the pressure when the heart rests between beats, allowing it to fill with blood.

Normal blood pressure for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg, although this can vary slightly depending on age, sex, and other factors. High blood pressure (hypertension) is generally considered to be a reading of 130/80 mmHg or higher, while low blood pressure (hypotension) is usually defined as a reading below 90/60 mmHg. It's important to note that blood pressure can fluctuate throughout the day and may be affected by factors such as stress, physical activity, and medication use.

Prenatal ultrasonography, also known as obstetric ultrasound, is a medical diagnostic procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of the developing fetus, placenta, and amniotic fluid inside the uterus. It is a non-invasive and painless test that is widely used during pregnancy to monitor the growth and development of the fetus, detect any potential abnormalities or complications, and determine the due date.

During the procedure, a transducer (a small handheld device) is placed on the mother's abdomen and moved around to capture images from different angles. The sound waves travel through the mother's body and bounce back off the fetus, producing echoes that are then converted into electrical signals and displayed as images on a screen.

Prenatal ultrasonography can be performed at various stages of pregnancy, including early pregnancy to confirm the pregnancy and detect the number of fetuses, mid-pregnancy to assess the growth and development of the fetus, and late pregnancy to evaluate the position of the fetus and determine if it is head down or breech. It can also be used to guide invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling.

Overall, prenatal ultrasonography is a valuable tool in modern obstetrics that helps ensure the health and well-being of both the mother and the developing fetus.

Situs Inversus is a congenital condition in which the major visceral organs are situated in mirror-image positions to their normal locations. Instead of being on the left side, the heart and its large blood vessels are on the right side, while the liver is on the left side and the lungs are reversed. The stomach, spleen, and pancreas may also be affected. It's important to note that this condition is generally asymptomatic and often goes unnoticed unless there are complications or associated abnormalities.

There are two types of Situs Inversus: total (complete reversal of all organs) and partial (reversal of only some organs). Total Situs Inversus is also sometimes referred to as "mirror-image dextrocardia" because the heart, which is usually on the left side, is located on the right side in a mirrored position.

While Situs Inversus itself does not typically cause health problems, people with this condition may have an increased risk for certain medical conditions, such as congenital heart defects or primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), which can lead to chronic respiratory infections and infertility.

Transposition of the Great Vessels is a congenital heart defect in which the two main vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body are switched in position. Normally, the aorta arises from the left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to the body, while the pulmonary artery arises from the right ventricle and carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In transposition of the great vessels, the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle. This results in oxygen-poor blood being pumped to the body and oxygen-rich blood being recirculated back to the lungs, which can lead to serious health problems and is often fatal if not corrected through surgery soon after birth.

Isoproterenol is a medication that belongs to a class of drugs called beta-adrenergic agonists. Medically, it is defined as a synthetic catecholamine with both alpha and beta adrenergic receptor stimulating properties. It is primarily used as a bronchodilator to treat conditions such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by relaxing the smooth muscles in the airways, thereby improving breathing.

Isoproterenol can also be used in the treatment of bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate), cardiac arrest, and heart blocks by increasing the heart rate and contractility. However, due to its non-selective beta-agonist activity, it may cause various side effects such as tremors, palpitations, and increased blood pressure. Its use is now limited due to the availability of more selective and safer medications.

Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker medication that is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure), angina (chest pain), and certain heart rhythm disorders. It works by relaxing the muscles of the blood vessels, which lowers blood pressure and improves blood flow to the heart. Diltiazem may also be used to reduce the risk of heart attack in patients with coronary artery disease.

The medication is available in various forms, including immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, and extended-release capsules. It is usually taken orally, one to three times a day, depending on the formulation and the individual patient's needs. Diltiazem may cause side effects such as dizziness, headache, nausea, and constipation.

It is important to follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider and to inform them of any other medications you are taking, as well as any medical conditions you have, before starting diltiazem.

Physiological monitoring is the continuous or intermittent observation and measurement of various body functions or parameters in a patient, with the aim of evaluating their health status, identifying any abnormalities or changes, and guiding clinical decision-making and treatment. This may involve the use of specialized medical equipment, such as cardiac monitors, pulse oximeters, blood pressure monitors, and capnographs, among others. The data collected through physiological monitoring can help healthcare professionals assess the effectiveness of treatments, detect complications early, and make timely adjustments to patient care plans.

In the context of healthcare, "safety" refers to the freedom from harm or injury that is intentionally designed into a process, system, or environment. It involves the prevention of adverse events or injuries, as well as the reduction of risk and the mitigation of harm when accidents do occur. Safety in healthcare aims to protect patients, healthcare workers, and other stakeholders from potential harm associated with medical care, treatments, or procedures. This is achieved through evidence-based practices, guidelines, protocols, training, and continuous quality improvement efforts.

Myocardial infarction (MI), also known as a heart attack, is a medical condition characterized by the death of a segment of heart muscle (myocardium) due to the interruption of its blood supply. This interruption is most commonly caused by the blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot formed on the top of an atherosclerotic plaque, which is a buildup of cholesterol and other substances in the inner lining of the artery.

The lack of oxygen and nutrients supply to the heart muscle tissue results in damage or death of the cardiac cells, causing the affected area to become necrotic. The extent and severity of the MI depend on the size of the affected area, the duration of the occlusion, and the presence of collateral circulation.

Symptoms of a myocardial infarction may include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and sweating. Immediate medical attention is necessary to restore blood flow to the affected area and prevent further damage to the heart muscle. Treatment options for MI include medications, such as thrombolytics, antiplatelet agents, and pain relievers, as well as procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

Isolated Noncompaction of the Ventricular Myocardium (INVM) is a rare genetic cardiomyopathy characterized by a thickened, spongy appearance of the left ventricular myocardium. This condition results from the failure of myocardial fibers to compact during fetal development, leading to prominent trabeculations and deep recesses in the ventricular wall. INVM can be asymptomatic or present with various symptoms such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic events. It is often diagnosed using echocardiography, cardiac MRI, or cardiac catheterization. INVM can be associated with other genetic disorders, but when it occurs in isolation, it is referred to as "isolated" noncompaction.

The Fontan procedure is a type of open-heart surgery used to treat specific types of complex congenital (present at birth) heart defects. It's typically performed on children with single ventricle hearts, where one of the heart's lower chambers (the right or left ventricle) is underdeveloped or missing.

In a normal heart, oxygen-poor (blue) blood returns from the body to the right atrium, then flows through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The right ventricle pumps the blue blood to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and turns red. Oxygen-rich (red) blood then returns from the lungs to the left atrium, flows through the mitral valve into the left ventricle, and the left ventricle pumps it out to the body through the aorta.

However, in a single ventricle heart, the underdeveloped or missing ventricle cannot effectively pump blood to the lungs and the body simultaneously. The Fontan procedure aims to separate the blue and red blood circulation to improve oxygenation of the body's tissues.

The Fontan procedure involves two stages:

1. In the first stage, usually performed in infancy, a shunt or a band is placed around the pulmonary artery (the blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the lungs) to control the amount of blood flowing into the lungs. This helps prevent lung congestion due to excessive blood flow.
2. The second stage, the Fontan procedure itself, takes place when the child is between 18 months and 4 years old. During this surgery, the surgeon creates a connection between the inferior vena cava (the large vein that returns blue blood from the lower body to the heart) and the pulmonary artery. This allows oxygen-poor blood to flow directly into the lungs without passing through the underdeveloped ventricle.

The Fontan procedure significantly improves the quality of life for many children with single ventricle hearts, although they may still face long-term complications such as heart failure, arrhythmias, and protein-losing enteropathy (a condition where the body loses too much protein in the stool). Regular follow-up care with a pediatric cardiologist is essential to monitor their health and manage any potential issues.

Pregnancy is a physiological state or condition where a fertilized egg (zygote) successfully implants and grows in the uterus of a woman, leading to the development of an embryo and finally a fetus. This process typically spans approximately 40 weeks, divided into three trimesters, and culminates in childbirth. Throughout this period, numerous hormonal and physical changes occur to support the growing offspring, including uterine enlargement, breast development, and various maternal adaptations to ensure the fetus's optimal growth and well-being.

The azygos vein is a large, unpaired venous structure in the thoracic cavity of the human body. It begins as the ascending lumbar vein, which receives blood from the lower extremities and abdominal organs. As it enters the thorax through the diaphragm, it becomes the azygos vein and continues to ascend along the vertebral column.

The azygos vein receives blood from various tributaries, including the intercostal veins, esophageal veins, mediastinal veins, and bronchial veins. It then arches over the right mainstem bronchus and empties into the superior vena cava, which returns blood to the right atrium of the heart.

The azygos vein provides an important collateral pathway for venous return in cases where the inferior vena cava is obstructed or occluded. It also plays a role in the spread of certain thoracic diseases, such as tuberculosis and cancer.

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia (ARVD) is a rare cardiac condition characterized by the replacement of the normal heart muscle tissue in the right ventricle with fatty and fibrous tissues. This can lead to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), particularly during exercise or emotional stress.

The condition can be inherited and is often associated with genetic mutations that affect the desmosomes, which are protein structures that help connect heart muscle cells together. These mutations can weaken the heart muscle and make it more prone to arrhythmias and heart failure over time.

Symptoms of ARVD may include palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting, especially during exercise. In some cases, the condition may not cause any symptoms and may only be discovered during a routine medical exam or evaluation for another condition.

Diagnosis of ARVD typically involves a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging tests such as echocardiography or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and electrophysiological testing to assess heart rhythm abnormalities. Treatment may include medications to control arrhythmias, implantable devices such as pacemakers or defibrillators, and lifestyle modifications such as avoiding strenuous exercise. In severe cases, a heart transplant may be necessary.

In epidemiology, the incidence of a disease is defined as the number of new cases of that disease within a specific population over a certain period of time. It is typically expressed as a rate, with the number of new cases in the numerator and the size of the population at risk in the denominator. Incidence provides information about the risk of developing a disease during a given time period and can be used to compare disease rates between different populations or to monitor trends in disease occurrence over time.

Intravenous (IV) infusion is a medical procedure in which liquids, such as medications, nutrients, or fluids, are delivered directly into a patient's vein through a needle or a catheter. This route of administration allows for rapid absorption and distribution of the infused substance throughout the body. IV infusions can be used for various purposes, including resuscitation, hydration, nutrition support, medication delivery, and blood product transfusion. The rate and volume of the infusion are carefully controlled to ensure patient safety and efficacy of treatment.

The tricuspid valve is the heart valve that separates the right atrium and the right ventricle in the human heart. It is called "tricuspid" because it has three leaflets or cusps, which are also referred to as flaps or segments. These cusps are named anterior, posterior, and septal. The tricuspid valve's function is to prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atrium during systole, ensuring unidirectional flow of blood through the heart.

Imidazolidines are a class of heterocyclic organic compounds that contain a four-membered ring with two nitrogen atoms and two carbon atoms. The nitrogen atoms are adjacent to each other in the ring structure. These compounds have various applications, including as building blocks for pharmaceuticals and other organic materials. However, I couldn't find a specific medical definition related to disease or pathology for "imidazolidines." If you have any further questions or need information about a specific imidazolidine derivative with medicinal properties, please let me know!

... Sound Sound of a 20 year old male's heart in an episode of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ... "What Is Supraventricular Tachycardia?". WebMD. Retrieved 3 July 2021. Re-entrant Supraventricular Tachycardia (RSVT) Archived ... tachycardia that is seen. Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a rare tachycardia caused by increased automaticity of the AV ... Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an umbrella term for fast heart rhythms arising from the upper part of the heart. This is ...
... (PSVT) is a type of supraventricular tachycardia, named for its intermittent episodes ... About 2.3 per 1000 people have paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Problems typically begin in those 12 to 45 years old. ... "Adenosine vs Verapamil (calcium channel blocker) in the acute treatment of supraventricular tachycardias". Archived from the ... "BestBets: Comparing Valsalva manoeuvre with carotid sinus massage in adults with supraventricular tachycardia". Archived from ...
Mitchell J, Lazarenko G (November 2008). "Wide QRS complex tachycardia. Diagnosis: Supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant ... In individuals with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), adenosine is used to help identify and convert the rhythm. Certain SVTs ... When given for the evaluation or treatment of a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), the initial dose is 6 mg to 12 mg, ... Supraventricular tachycardia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 354 (10): 1039-1051. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp051145. PMID ...
Patients with supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and other illnesses may be trained to perform vagal maneuvers ... Davis, MD CP (22 August 2005). Shiel Jr WC (ed.). "Supraventricular Tachycardia". eMedicineHealth.com. Archived from the ...
It causes supraventricular tachycardia during exercise. Most of the time this causes cessation of exercise when the SVT occurs ...
... and other forms of supraventricular tachycardia (e.g., AV nodal reentrant tachycardia). Adults who survived congenital heart ... which may make it more difficult to separate from other supraventricular tachycardias or ventricular tachycardia. QRS complexes ... It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia. High blood pressure and valvular heart disease are the most common modifiable ... During AF, if all of the impulses from the atria passed through the AV node, there would be severe ventricular tachycardia, ...
Most automatic tachycardias are supraventricular tachycardias (SVT). It is important to recognise an automatic tachycardia ... is an automatic tachycardia. Atrial fibrillation may be considered an automatic tachycardia. Junctional ectopic tachycardia, in ... These tachycardias, or fast heart rhythms, differ from reentrant tachycardias (AVRT and AVNRT) in which there is an abnormal ... Idioventricular tachycardia is notable because it is the only automatic tachycardia which is not an SVT. Treatment depends on ...
"Supraventricular Tachycardia, Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia: Overview - eMedicine". Retrieved 21 December 2008. Campbell, R. W ... This occurs more frequently when treating JET than other forms of supraventricular tachycardia, requiring treatment with a ... The differential diagnosis of JET includes other forms of supraventricular tachycardia, most commonly atrioventricular nodal ... of patients with supraventricular tachycardiaThe Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of ...
... supraventricular tachycardia but occurs at a rate less than one-tenth of the most common supraventricular tachycardia (atrial ... A supraventricular tachycardia with a ventricular heart rate of 150 beats per minute is suggestive (though not necessarily ... Evaluation and initial treatment of supraventricular tachycardia". New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (15): 1438-48. doi: ... it is usually associated with a fast heart rate and is classified as a type of supraventricular tachycardia. Atrial flutter is ...
Lane has also been diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia. Johnson, Natasha (21 March 2021). "ABC journalist Sabra Lane on ...
The code title (or rubric) is Supraventricular tachycardia. However, there are several other clinical concepts that are also ... Amongst them are paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, paroxysmal junctional tachycardia, auricular tachycardia and nodal tachycardia ... So, in the tachycardia example above, each type and clinical term for tachycardia would have its own code listed. This makes ...
... is used in the treatment of many types of supraventricular tachycardias, including AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia ( ... This includes ventricular and supraventricular tachycardias. Its use is only recommended in those with dangerous arrhythmias or ... It has use in the treatment of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) tachycardia and in the suppression of arrhythmias in ... January 2001). "Torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia induced by mosapride and flecainide in the presence of hypokalemia ...
Tachycardias include SVT (supraventricular tachycardia) and VT (ventricular tachycardia). SVT does not cause syncope except in ... Ventricular tachycardia originate in the ventricles. VT causes syncope and can result in sudden death. Ventricular tachycardia ... This condition, called tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, is usually caused by sinoatrial node dysfunction or block or ... On standing the person will experience reflex tachycardia (at least 20% increased over supine) and a drop in blood pressure. ...
... supraventricular tachycardia, ventricular tachycardia, congestive heart failure, and prevention of migraine headaches. It is an ... Off-label uses include supraventricular tachycardia and thyroid storm. Adverse effects, especially with higher doses, include ...
The majority of time symptomatic WPW fits the definition of AVRT (Supraventricular tachycardia) however AVNRT (dual AV nodal ... Supraventricular Tachycardia: Atrioventricular Nodal Reentry and Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Goodman & Gilman's The ... AV reentrant tachycardia AV nodal reentrant tachycardia "Cardiac Arrhythmias". Retrieved 2007-07-21. Am J Cardiol. 1984 Jul 30; ... Re-entry ventricular arrhythmia is a type of paroxysmal tachycardia occurring in the ventricle where the cause of the ...
A Tachycardia is the medical term as in Supraventricular tachycardia. Tachycardia may also refer to: Tachycardia: A Journal, an ... online book by Satsvarupa dasa Goswami This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Tachycardia. If an ...
September 2009). "Meta-analysis of ablation of atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia". The American Journal of ... December 2017). "Noninvasive Cardiac Radiation for Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia". The New England Journal of Medicine. ... For automatic atrial tachycardias, the success rates are 70-90%.[citation needed] The potential complications include bleeding ...
Supraventricular tachycardias include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. ... There are four main types of arrhythmia: extra beats, supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular arrhythmias, and ... A heart rate that is too fast - above 100 beats per minute in adults - is called tachycardia. A heart rate that is too slow - ... Ventricular arrhythmias include ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. Arrhythmias are due to problems with the ...
Supraventricular tachycardias include atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. ... Wandering atrial pacemaker Atrial tachycardia Multifocal atrial tachycardia Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) Atrial flutter ... Re-entry is also responsible for most paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, and dangerous ventricular tachycardia. These ... It can also evaluate the risk in people with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, as well as terminate supraventricular tachycardia ...
AV-nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a type of abnormal fast heart rhythm. It is a type of supraventricular tachycardia ( ... AV nodal reentrant tachycardia is the most common regular supraventricular tachycardia. It is more common in women than men ( ... Rosero, Spencer (2015), "A Brief Overview of Supraventricular Tachycardias", in Huang, MD, David T.; Prinzi, MD, Travis (eds ... "2015 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Report of the American ...
Parasramka, S; Dufresne, A (September 2012). "Supraventricular tachycardia induced by chocolate: is chocolate too sweet for the ...
"Doubling of the Ventricular Rate by Interpolated Junctional Extrasystoles Resembling Supraventricular tachycardia". Pacing and ... "Bidirectional fascicular tachycardia with alternating axis deviation following acute myocardial infarction". International ...
The Valsalva maneuver may be used to arrest episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. Blood pressure (BP) rises at onset of ... "Comparison of Treatment of Supraventricular Tachycardia by Valsalva Maneuver and Carotid Sinus Massage". Annals of Emergency ... effectiveness of the conventional Valsalva maneuver in terminating supraventricular tachycardia. The Valsalva maneuver is used ... demonstrated that in patients with cardiovascularly stable supraventricular tachycardia, a modified Valsalva maneuver started ...
Lim, SH; Anantharaman, V; Teo, WS; Goh, PP; Tan, AT (Jan 1998). "Comparison of treatment of supraventricular tachycardia by ... "Heart rate is a predictor of success in the treatment of adults with symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia". Eur ... Tachycardia algorithm. Advanced Cardiac Life Support Provider Manual (2007). Greenwood, Richard J.; Dupler, Donald A. (1962-08- ... massage is used to diagnose carotid sinus syncope and is sometimes useful for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT ...
After a game against Porto Nuervo, she was diagnosed with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. River declined to fund ...
It is a supraventricular tachycardia, and a cause of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT). PJRT can cause chronic ... "Tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy and the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia." Texas Heart Institute ... This means that the associated tachycardia may be subclinical and only diagnosed at a late stage, after significant damage to ... Without treatment, the prevalence of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy has been reported to be between 20% and 50%, however ...
Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, Goh PP, Tan AT (January 1998). "Comparison of treatment of supraventricular tachycardia by ... "Heart rate is a predictor of success in the treatment of adults with symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia". ... massage is used to diagnose carotid sinus syncope and is sometimes useful for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT ... from ventricular tachycardia. It, like the valsalva maneuver, is a therapy for SVT. However, it is less effective than ...
... tachycardias), such as atrial fibrillation, supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular tachycardia. Many attempts have been ... These agents are particularly useful in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardias. They decrease conduction through the AV ... Such agents include: Adenosine is used intravenously for terminating supraventricular tachycardias. Digoxin decreases ... "protocol for management of haemodynamically stable ventricular tachycardia - General Practice Notebook". www.gpnotebook.co.uk. ...
She was born with supraventricular tachycardia, a condition causing an abnormal resting heart rate. Her birth name, Destiny ...
A form of ventricular tachycardia originating from this anatomical structure is called RVOT tachycardia.[citation needed] The ... In the right ventricle, the inflow and outflow is separated by the supraventricular crest. In the left ventricle, the anterior ...
Supraventricular Tachycardia Sound Sound of a 20 year old males heart in an episode of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ... "What Is Supraventricular Tachycardia?". WebMD. Retrieved 3 July 2021. Re-entrant Supraventricular Tachycardia (RSVT) Archived ... tachycardia that is seen. Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a rare tachycardia caused by increased automaticity of the AV ... Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an umbrella term for fast heart rhythms arising from the upper part of the heart. This is ...
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (paroxysmal SVT) is an episodic condition with an abrupt onset and termination. (See ... encoded search term (Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia) and Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia What to Read Next on ... Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia. Updated: Apr 05, 2017 * Author: Monika Gugneja, MD; Chief Editor: Mikhael F El-Chami, ... Supraventricular tachycardia. ECG diagnosis and anatomy. Eur Heart J. 1997 May. 18 Suppl C:C2-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. ...
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. It occurs when a short ... Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. It occurs when a short ... Atrial Tachycardia. Atrial tachycardia is responsible for about 5 percent of PSVTs. It occurs when an electrical impulse fires ... Atrioventricular Nodal Re-entrant Tachycardia (AVNRT). Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common ...
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of irregular heartbeat. It happens when your heart beats very quickly ... Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT). Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of arrhythmia, or ... What is paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia?. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a general term used to ... What causes paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia?. PSVT (also called re-entry tachycardia) is a type of atrial arrhythmia. ...
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is episodes of rapid heart rate that start in a part of the heart above the ... Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is episodes of rapid heart rate that start in a part of the heart above the ... PSVT; Supraventricular tachycardia; Abnormal heart rhythm - PSVT; Arrhythmia - PSVT; Rapid heart rate - PSVT; Fast heart rate ... Kalman JM, Sanders P. Supraventricular Tachycardias. In: Libby P, Bonow RO, Mann DL, Tomaselli GF, Bhatt DL, Solomon SD, eds. ...
Supraventricular Tachycardia Resources for Providers. The irregularly fast or erratic heartbeats of Supraventricular ... Tachycardia (SVT) may lead to symptoms such as chest pain or dizziness. Learn more about SVT and how to help your patients ...
Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) in Children Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an arrhythmia, or abnormal heart beat. It ... To diagnose a tachycardia like SVT, we need to record the fast heart beat happening. If your child is showing symptoms, we can ... Large EP program: Our team of EP specialists see a large volume of children with SVT, as well as other kinds of tachycardia. An ... SVT is the most common abnormal fast heart rhythm in children (these are called tachycardias). Babies can be born with it, or ...
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is a kind of abnormally fast heartbeat. Learn more about this condition, including causes, ... What is supraventricular tachycardia?. Supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) is a kind of abnormally fast heart rhythm (heartbeat ... Key points about supraventricular tachycardia. *SVT is a type of abnormal heart rhythm. Something signals a part outside of the ... How is supraventricular tachycardia treated?. SVT needs short-term and long-term treatment. Options for short-term treatment ...
What are the risks of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) if left untreated?. *Does supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) increase ... Does supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) always require treatment?. *What are the treatment options for supraventricular ... What medications are used for supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and what are the side effects I should watch for? ... If youve been diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia, there are several key questions that you should ask your ...
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European protocol for the management of fetal supraventricular tachycardia. European Association of Pediatric Cardiology]. ... Flecainide against fetal supraventricular tachycardia complicated by hydrops fetalis.. *In utero conversion of supraventricular ... Fetal supraventricular tachycardias and their treatment. Apropos of 23 cases].. *Flecainide in the intrauterine treatment of ... fetal supraventricular tachycardia.. *Amiodarone in treatment of fetal supraventricular tachycardia. A case report and review ...
Learn more about the cardiac arrhythmia supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), including its ECG characteristics, symptoms, ... Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is another name for supraventricular tachycardia. What Are Vagal Maneuvers and How Are ... What Causes Supraventricular Tachycardia?. Potential causes of supraventricular tachycardia include:. *Medications (examples ... Introduction: What Is Supraventricular Tachycardia?. Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an arrhythmia initiated above the ...
Conclusions: The prevalence of hydrops fetalis did not differ in fetal atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia with 1:1 ... There was no difference between the response rate to digoxin in fetus with atrial flutter or supraventricular tachycardia. ... Results: Atrial flutter accounted for 26.2% of all cases of fetal tachyarrhythmias, and supraventricular tachycardia for 73.2 ... Objective: To review the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of fetal atrial flutter compared with supraventricular tachycardia. ...
Supraventricular Tachycardia Cardioverted by an Automated External Debrillator in a 9-year-old Male with a History of Wolff- ... We describe a case report of an AED cardioversion of a stable, pediatric patient with acute supraventricular tachycardia ...
Investigational etripamil nasal spray is well tolerated for self-treating recurrent episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular ... tachycardia (PSVT) without medical supervision, according to a study published online Sept. 27 in the Journal of the American ... Self-Administered Etripamil Safe, Effective for Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia. Oct 02, 2023 ... etripamil nasal spray is well tolerated for self-treating recurrent episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) ...
Copyright © 2023 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. All rights reserved.. ...
Persistent supraventricular tachycardia after volatile inhalational anaesthetic induction with sevoflurane in a pediatric ... Persistent supraventricular tachycardia after volatile inhalational anaesthetic induction with sevoflurane in a pediatric ... We present a four year-old child who developed a persistent supraventricular tachycardia after inhaled anaesthetic induction ... An episode of persistent supraventricular tachycardia with a clear causal relationship with sevoflurane administration is not ...
A 63-year-old women with a history of palpitations presented to the emergency department with a supraventricular tachycardia; ... Carotid sinus massage: is it a safe way to terminate supraventricular tachycardia? ... Carotid sinus massage: is it a safe way to terminate supraventricular tachycardia? ... it is recommended that CSM not be used for the termination of narrow complex tachycardia in the elderly population. ...
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is found among people who take Dilaudid, especially for people who are female, 60+ old ... What is Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia?. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is found to be associated with 2,449 ... Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in Moderna COVID Vaccine *Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in Pfizer BioNTech ... How severe was Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and when was it recovered:. *Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in ...
sinus tachycardia. Signs & symptoms that indicate a patient is unstable. Delivery of a synchronized shock for the treatment of ... For more on narrow complex tachycardias, check out the pod resource page at passacls.com.**American Cancer Society (ACS) ... Differentiating Sinus Tachycardia from Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT). Pass ACLS Tip of the Day. ... ECG characteristics of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) vs. sinus tachycardia. Signs & symptoms that indicate a patient is ...
A modification to the Valsalva manoeuvre improves its effectiveness in treating supraventricular tachycardia ... A modification to the Valsalva manoeuvre improves its effectiveness in treating supraventricular tachycardia ... A modification to the Valsalva manoeuvre improves its effectiveness in treating supraventricular tachycardia ...
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia basically means an episodic increase in your heart rate to... ... What Causes Supraventricular Tachycardia Heart Arrhythmias?. hello, im a female age 50, i have svt heart arrithmia, that ... What Causes Supraventricular Tachycardia Heart Arrhythmias? Hi, Thanks for writing to Health Care Magic, I am Dr Asad Riaz, I ... Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia basically means an episodic increase in your heart rate to around 250-300 beats per ...
Tag: Supraventricular tachycardia. Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia: anatomical and electrophysiological ... Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia in infants and children: effectiveness of medical and non-medical treatment. ... Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia in infants and children: effectiveness of medical and non-medical treatment ... Case reports Facilitation of atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia by iatrogenic right bundle branch block. Case reports ...
Supraventricular tachycardia can be classified based on QRS width into: *Narrow complex tachycardia: Sinus tachycardia, atrial ... There are different types of supraventricular tachycardia, including sinus tachycardia, inappropriate sinus tachycardia, sinus ... Supraventricular tachycardia can be classified based on pulse regularity into: *Regular: Sinus tachycardia, atrial flutter, ... AV nodal re-entry tachycardia, AV reciprocating tachycardia, junctional tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia, and Wolff- ...
Supraventricular" by people in this website by year, and whether "Tachycardia, Supraventricular" was a major or minor topic of ... "Tachycardia, Supraventricular" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicines controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH ( ... Delayed termination and transformation of a supraventricular tachycardia-What is the mechanism? Heart Rhythm. 2022 12; 19(12): ... Below are the most recent publications written about "Tachycardia, Supraventricular" by people in Profiles. ...
AV re-entrant tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, sinoatrial nodal re-entrant tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia, ... Supraventricular Tachycardia Top 10. Authors: Dr. Andrew E. Darby. Credit/contact hours: .5. Estimated time to complete: 30 ... Supraventricular tachycardia may be defined as an abnormally rapid heart rhythm originating above the ventricles, often, but ... This tutorial will primarily focus on AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT), AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), and atrial ...
How can supraventricular tachycardia be treated?. In many cases the episode of supraventricular tachycardia is short (lasting ... Who can suffer from supraventricular tachycardia?. The first episode of supraventricular tachycardia often begins in childhood ... What are the symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia?. An episode of supraventricular tachycardia can last for seconds, ... Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heart rate, over 100 beats per minute in adults. Supraventricular tachycardia is an ...
Sharing expert opinion in diagnostic reasoning.
Supraventricular tachycardia. Supraventricular tachycardia is the most common heart rhythm abnormality in children. About 50% ... However, children who receive a diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia when they are older are less likely to outgrow it. ... Ventricular tachycardia: Ventricular tachycardia can increase the risk of heart attacks.. *Atrial flutter and atrial ... Ventricular tachycardia. This is when the heartbeat starts in the lower chambers of the heart rather than the top chambers, ...
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is an abnormal fast heartbeat. It begins and ends suddenly. The heart may beat ... Supraventricular tachycardia: an overview of diagnosis and management. Clin Med (Lond). 2020;20(1):43-47. ... Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/supraventricular- ... www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/s/supraventricular-tachycardia.html. Accessed September 13, 2021. ...
  • There are four main types of SVT: atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT), and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atrial fibrillation affects about 25 per 1000 people, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia 2.3 per 1000, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome 2 per 1000, and atrial flutter 0.8 per 1000. (wikipedia.org)
  • Supraventricular Tachycardia Sound Sound of a 20 year old male's heart in an episode of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (paroxysmal SVT) is an episodic condition with an abrupt onset and termination. (medscape.com)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia . (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a general term used to describe a type of arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat). (clevelandclinic.org)
  • What are the types of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias? (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is episodes of rapid heart rate that start in a part of the heart above the ventricles. (medlineplus.gov)
  • This condition is also called paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. (cedars-sinai.org)
  • FRIDAY, Sept. 29, 2023 (HealthDay News) - Investigational etripamil nasal spray is well tolerated for self-treating recurrent episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) without medical supervision, according to a study published online Sept. 27 in the Journal of the American Heart Association . (physiciansweekly.com)
  • The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Dilaudid and have Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. (ehealthme.com)
  • Among them, 45 people (0.05%) have Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. (ehealthme.com)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is found to be associated with 2,449 drugs and 1,788 conditions by eHealthMe. (ehealthme.com)
  • Do you take Dilaudid and have Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia? (ehealthme.com)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia basically means an episodic increase in your heart rate to around 250-300 beats per minutes that may settle on its own, with vagal meanuvres or at times may require drugs. (healthcaremagic.com)
  • Hi,Thanks for writing to Health Care Magic, I am Dr Asad Riaz, I have closely read your question and I understand your concerns, I will hereby guide you regarding your health related problem.Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia basically means an episodic increase in your heart rate to around 250-300 beats per minutes that may settle on its own, with vagal meanuvres or at times may require drugs. (healthcaremagic.com)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is an abnormal fast heartbeat. (cvs.com)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia) characterized by unpredictable acute episodes in which the heartbeat commonly exceeds 150-200bpm. (jixing.com)
  • Association of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia with Ischemic Stroke: A National Case-Control Study. (jixing.com)
  • Cost Effectiveness Analysis and Payment Policy Recommendation-Population-Based Survey with Big Data Methodology for Readmission Prevention of Patients with Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia treated with Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation. (jixing.com)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in ankylosing spondylitis: a large cohort observation study and literature review. (jixing.com)
  • Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in the general population. (jixing.com)
  • Diltiazem converts paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) to normal sinus rhythm by interrupting the reentry circuit in AV nodal reentrant tachycardias and reciprocating tachycardias, e.g. (nih.gov)
  • Comparing methods of adenosine administration in paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: a pilot randomized controlled trial. (nih.gov)
  • Essentials of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia for the Pediatrician. (nih.gov)
  • We sought to investigate the long-term efficacy of slow- pathway catheter ablation in patients with spontaneous, documented paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) and dual atrioventricular (AV) node pathways but without inducible tachycardia. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Flecainide acetate treatment of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: dose-response studies. (bvsalud.org)
  • For patient education information, see the Heart Health Center , as well as Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT, PSVT) , Atrial Fibrillation (AFib ) , Atrial Flutter , and Arrhythmias (Heart Rhythm Disorders) . (medscape.com)
  • Atrioventricular nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common cause of PSVT. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • PSVT (also called re-entry tachycardia) is a type of atrial arrhythmia. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • The lack of reproduction of clinical PSVT by programmed electrical stimulation, which is not uncommon in AV node reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT), is a dilemma in making the decision of the therapeutic end point of radiofrequency catheter ablation. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Slow-pathway catheter ablation is highly effective in eliminating spontaneous PSVT in which the tachycardia is not inducible despite the presence of dual AV node pathways. (tmu.edu.tw)
  • Supraventricular tachycardias are the most common type of arrhythmias in children and babies. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • Beta-blockers are the first-line treatment for long-term symptomatic rate control in patients with a range of cardiac arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. (rattleinnaustin.com)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia refers to several types of arrhythmias that share two key qualities. (naplesheartrhythm.com)
  • In this case, congestive heart failure may represent underlying anemia (eg, Rh sensitization, fetal-maternal transfusion), arrhythmias (usually supraventricular tachycardia), or myocardial dysfunction (myocarditis or cardiomyopathy). (medscape.com)
  • Many types of irregular heart rhythms (arrhythmias) can cause tachycardia. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia is a broad term that includes arrhythmias that start above the ventricles. (mayoclinic.org)
  • In the clinical setting, the distinction between narrow and wide complex tachycardia (supraventricular vs. ventricular) is fundamental since they are treated differently. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the less common situation in which a wide-complex tachycardia may be supraventricular, a number of algorithms have been devised to assist in distinguishing between them. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aberrant conduction during SVT results in a wide-complex tachycardia. (medscape.com)
  • Given the prevalence of atherosclerotic vascular disease in the general population and the safe alternatives available, it is recommended that CSM not be used for the termination of narrow complex tachycardia in the elderly population. (bmj.com)
  • Wide complex tachycardia: AF with aberrations and AF with WPW . (wikidoc.org)
  • A narrow complex tachycardia with an accessory conduction pathway, often termed "supraventricular tachycardia with pre-excitation" (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
  • Polymorphic Wide QRS Complex Tachycardia: Differential Diagnosis. (nih.gov)
  • [ 1 ] It was touted as the drug of choice for treating wide complex tachycardia (WCT) of various types, especially for monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT). (medscape.com)
  • The exact mechanism for such a causal relationship with sevoflurane administration is unknown, and possible diagnoses include atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia (AVNRT) and the existence of an accessory pathway. (cun.es)
  • This tutorial will primarily focus on AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia (AVNRT), AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT), and atrial tachycardia (AT). (cardiovillage.com)
  • AVNRT is the most common supraventricular tachycardia in adults. (naplesheartrhythm.com)
  • Sinoatrial node reentrant tachycardia (SANRT) is caused by a reentry circuit localised to the SA node, resulting in a P-wave of normal shape and size (morphology) that falls before a regular, narrow QRS complex. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reentrant supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) involve reentrant pathways with a component above the bifurcation of the His bundle. (msdmanuals.com)
  • AV nodal reentrant tachycardia occurs most often in otherwise healthy patients. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Accessory pathway reentrant tachycardia involves tracts of conducting tissue that partially or totally bypass normal AV connections (bypass tracts). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Sinus tachycardia is physiologic when a reasonable stimulus, such as the catecholamine surge associated with fright, stress, or physical activity, provokes the tachycardia. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, sinus tachycardia is considered part of the diagnoses included in SVT by most sources. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sinus tachycardia is the most common regular SVT. (medscape.com)
  • Carotid sinus massage: is it a safe way to terminate supraventricular tachycardia? (bmj.com)
  • ECG characteristics of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) vs. sinus tachycardia. (amazon.com)
  • The differential diagnosis for such rhythms includes sinus tachycardia, AV nodal re-entrant tachycardia, AV re-entrant tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, sinoatrial nodal re-entrant tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia, junctional tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. (cardiovillage.com)
  • Upon exertion, sinus tachycardia can also be seen in some inborn errors of metabolism that result in metabolic myopathies , such as McArdle's disease (GSD-V) . [10] [11] Metabolic myopathies interfere with the muscle's ability to create energy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sinus node disease encompasses a wide range of clinical presentations from sinus bradycardia to sinus arrest or bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome ( 4 ). (escardio.org)
  • If you have sinus tachycardia, they'll help you pinpoint the cause and suggest things to lower your heart rate. (webmd.com)
  • Sinus tachycardia is commonly encountered in clinical practice and when persistent, can result in significant symptoms and impaired quality of life, warranting further evaluation. (medscape.com)
  • In this review, we focus on two challenging problems that span the spectrum of abnormally fast sinus HR. The first section reviews inappropriate sinus tachycardia, a complex disorder characterized by rapid sinus HR without a clear underlying cause, with particular emphasis on current management options. (medscape.com)
  • [ 4-10 ] Over the course of the past few years, high resting sinus HR within the normal range of 60-100 bpm has become an exciting area of investigation as more and more data have emerged supporting its role in predicting hard clinical end points, [ 9 , 11-13 ] and has led to suggestions that it is time to redefine tachycardia. (medscape.com)
  • Common causes of sinus tachycardia. (medscape.com)
  • IST is a diagnosis of exclusion and extensive evaluation to identify secondary causes of sinus tachycardia should be performed. (medscape.com)
  • Sinus tachycardia refers to a typical increase in the heart rate often caused by exercise or stress. (mayoclinic.org)
  • exceptions include atrial fibrillation (AF) and multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT). (medscape.com)
  • Atrial tachycardia is responsible for about 5 percent of PSVTs. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Multifocal atrial tachycardia is a related type. (cedars-sinai.org)
  • Multifocal atrial tachycardia is more common in people with heart failure or other heart or lung diseases. (cedars-sinai.org)
  • Macroreentrant scar-mediated atrial tachycardia terminated by a nonpropagated stimulus within a narrow diastolic isthmus: Electroanatomic correlation. (jefferson.edu)
  • Kosiuk J, Lindemann F, Hindricks G, Bollmann A. Termination of the left atrial tachycardia by the ablation of epicardial critical isthmus visualized with a novel high-resolution mapping system. (jefferson.edu)
  • What Are ECG Characteristics of Supraventricular Tachycardia? (aclsonline.us)
  • The irregularly fast or erratic heartbeats of Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT) may lead to symptoms such as chest pain or dizziness. (pcna.net)
  • What are the symptoms of supraventricular tachycardia? (cedars-sinai.org)
  • Symptoms may vary based on how long the tachycardia lasts and how fast the heart rate is. (cedars-sinai.org)
  • In many cases the episode of supraventricular tachycardia is short (lasting seconds to an hour) with symptoms stopping quickly. (scvc.co.uk)
  • What symptoms develop due to supraventricular tachycardia? (naplesheartrhythm.com)
  • Tachycardia may not cause any symptoms or complications. (mayoclinic.org)
  • The presence of this extra path can encourage a "short circuit" arrhythmia known as an atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). (cedars-sinai.org)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an arrhythmia, or abnormal heart beat. (luriechildrens.org)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an arrhythmia initiated above the ventricles, at or above the atrioventricular (AV) node. (aclsonline.us)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia is the most common type of arrhythmia in infants and children, but it occurs in people of all ages. (naplesheartrhythm.com)
  • Fetal supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), characterized by fetal heart rate between 220 and 260 bpm, is a rare but most commonly encountered fetal cardiac arrhythmia in pregnancy that may be associated with adverse perinatal outcome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Azimilide Supraventricular Arrhythmia Program 3 (SVA-3) Investigators. (bvsalud.org)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an umbrella term for fast heart rhythms arising from the upper part of the heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is in contrast to the other group of fast heart rhythms - ventricular tachycardia, which start within the lower chambers of the heart. (wikipedia.org)
  • Atrial premature beats Various rhythms result from supraventricular foci (usually in the atria). (msdmanuals.com)
  • If you develop an irregular rapid heart rate, you can receive prompt and comprehensive care at Naples Heart Rhythm Specialists, P.A., where the doctors are experts in the diagnosis and treatment of abnormal heart rhythms like supraventricular tachycardia. (naplesheartrhythm.com)
  • Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heart rate, over 100 beats per minute in adults. (scvc.co.uk)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia is an abnormally fast heart rate caused by an abnormal electrical impulse from an area above the ventricles, the lower chambers of the heart. (scvc.co.uk)
  • Most have a narrow QRS complex, although, occasionally, electrical conduction abnormalities may produce a wide QRS complex that may mimic ventricular tachycardia (VT). (wikipedia.org)
  • The prevalence of hydrops fetalis did not differ in fetal atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia with 1:1 conduction. (bmj.com)
  • The therapeutic benefits of diltiazem in supraventricular tachycardias are related to its ability to slow AV nodal conduction time and prolong AV nodal refractoriness. (nih.gov)
  • Diltiazem exhibits frequency (use) dependent effects on AV nodal conduction such that it may selectively reduce the heart rate during tachycardias involving the AV node with little or no effect on normal AV nodal conduction at normal heart rates. (nih.gov)
  • This can present with palpitations or syncope from an atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia or rarely sudden death secondary to ventricular fibrillation from rapid conduction of atrial fibrillation across the accessory pathway. (escardio.org)
  • The exact diagnosis (eg, VT vs supraventricular tachycardia with aberrant conduction) was not the focus of the study, given that in real-world scenarios the real diagnosis is typically uncertain, and no ECG criteria have been found to be reliable in this distinction. (medscape.com)
  • Verapamil is the drug of choice for initial management of AV-junctional tachycardia for which a combination with digitalis may be considered. (rattleinnaustin.com)
  • Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by uncoordinated atrial activation with consequent deterioration of atrial mechanical function. (nih.gov)
  • Tachycardia , also called tachyarrhythmia , is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate . (wikipedia.org)
  • We describe a case report of an AED cardioversion of a stable, pediatric patient with acute supraventricular tachycardia secondary to underlying Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. (nih.gov)
  • However, children who receive a diagnosis of supraventricular tachycardia when they are older are less likely to outgrow it. (healthline.com)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia: an overview of diagnosis and management. (cvs.com)
  • Does supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) increase my risk of cardiac arrest? (cardiosmart.org)
  • A subset of these cases with more sustained periods of tachycardia is clinically relevant for enhanced risk of cardiac failure, non-immune hydrops, and fetal death [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But if left untreated, some forms of tachycardia can lead to serious health problems, including heart failure, stroke or sudden cardiac death. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Vagal maneuvers are used to try to slow an episode of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) . (gvortho.com)
  • Treatment for supraventricular tachycardia may begin with vagal maneuvers to quickly slow down your heartbeat. (naplesheartrhythm.com)
  • Treatment for tachycardia may include specific maneuvers, medication, cardioversion or surgery to control a rapid heartbeat. (mayoclinic.org)
  • European protocol for the management of fetal supraventricular tachycardia. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • TY - JOUR T1 - [European protocol for the management of fetal supraventricular tachycardia. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Fetal tachycardia, first recognized in 1930 by Hyman et al. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Available at: https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions/s/supraventricular-tachycardia.html. (cvs.com)
  • Although present from birth, the tachycardias (rapid heartbeats) that result from the abnormal electrical connection often take years or decades before they become a problem. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • Self-administered intranasal etripamil using a symptom-prompted, repeat-dose regimen for atrioventricular-nodal-dependent supraventricular tachycardia (RAPID): a multicentre, randomised trial. (jefferson.edu)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia may be defined as an abnormally rapid heart rhythm originating above the ventricles, often, but not always, with a narrow QRS complex on the ECG. (cardiovillage.com)
  • Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is a condition in which there is an extra electrical pathway in the heart that leads to periods of rapid heart rate ( tachycardia ). (medlineplus.gov)
  • This may cause a very rapid heart rate called supraventricular tachycardia. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Includes 2 atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, 2 supraventricular tachycardia, 2 bradycardia. (cdc.gov)
  • An electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to classify the type of tachycardia. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is the most common type of tachycardia. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Tachycardias can be further classified as either regular or irregular. (wikipedia.org)
  • In tachycardia, an irregular electrical signal (impulse) starting in the upper or lower chambers of the heart causes the heart to beat faster. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Fever , hyperventilation , diarrhea and severe infections can also cause tachycardia, primarily due to increase in metabolic demands. (wikipedia.org)
  • For the acute treatment of ventricular tachycardias, lidocain has proved most effective. (rattleinnaustin.com)
  • The main pumping chamber, the ventricle, is protected (to a certain extent) against excessively high rates arising from the supraventricular areas by a "gating mechanism" at the atrioventricular node, which allows only a proportion of the fast impulses to pass through to the ventricles. (wikipedia.org)
  • The word supraventricular means above the ventricles. (cedars-sinai.org)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) is an abnormally increased heart rate (over 100 beats per minute at rest) with origin above the level of the ventricles. (nih.gov)
  • Narrow complex tachycardias tend to originate in the atria, while wide complex tachycardias tend to originate in the ventricles. (wikipedia.org)
  • And second, they're caused by abnormal electrical activity that begins above the ventricles (supraventricular), which are the two lower chambers of your heart. (naplesheartrhythm.com)
  • These can be caused by multiple connections from the top to the bottom chambers of your heart either directly or through the AV node, resulting in tachycardia. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • There are several classification systems for supraventricular tachycardia , based on site of origin, QRS width, pulse regularity, and AV node dependence. (wikidoc.org)
  • During supraventricular tachycardia, the electrical impulse from the SA node is over ridden or short circuited by another area of the heart with faster impulses. (scvc.co.uk)
  • You develop a supraventricular tachycardia when the signal begins somewhere in the atria other than the SA node. (naplesheartrhythm.com)
  • 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardiaThe Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). (nih.gov)
  • What are the risks of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) if left untreated? (cardiosmart.org)
  • A resting heart rate of more than 100 beats per minute is defined as a tachycardia. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sound of a teen's heart during tachycardia. (wikipedia.org)
  • A congenital heart lesion, Ebstein's anomaly, is most commonly associated with supraventricular tachycardia. (wikipedia.org)
  • In general, a history of structural heart disease markedly increases the likelihood that the tachycardia is ventricular in origin. (wikipedia.org)
  • In other circumstances, an irritable focus in the top chambers of your heart could also trigger tachycardia. (clevelandclinic.org)
  • SVT is the most common abnormal fast heart rhythm in children (these are called tachycardias). (luriechildrens.org)
  • To diagnose a tachycardia like SVT, we need to record the fast heart beat happening. (luriechildrens.org)
  • Supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) is a kind of abnormally fast heart rhythm (heartbeat). (cedars-sinai.org)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia may occur intermittently, and an individual may experience regular heart rates between episodes. (aclsonline.us)
  • If frequent episodes of supraventricular tachycardia occur over time and go untreated, the heart may become weakened, contributing to the development of heart failure. (aclsonline.us)
  • Supraventricular tachycardia is the most common heart rhythm abnormality in children. (healthline.com)
  • Ventricular tachycardia can increase the risk of heart attacks. (healthline.com)
  • [1] In general, a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ventricular Tachycardia Your heart is a muscle that pumps blood through your body. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Tachycardia is a condition that makes your heart beat more than 100 times per minute. (webmd.com)
  • Treatments for ventricular tachycardia may include medication to reset the heart's electrical signals or ablation, a procedure that destroys the abnormal heart tissue that is leading to the condition. (webmd.com)
  • Tachycardia (tak-ih-KAHR-dee-uh) is the medical term for a heart rate over 100 beats a minute. (mayoclinic.org)
  • Other types of tachycardia are grouped according to the part of the heart responsible for the fast heart rate and the cause. (mayoclinic.org)
  • A physical exam done during a tachycardia episode will show a heart rate faster than 100 beats per minute. (medlineplus.gov)
  • An electrocardiographic finding of episodic supraventricular tachycardia with abrupt onset and termination. (nih.gov)
  • Delayed termination and transformation of a supraventricular tachycardia-What is the mechanism? (jefferson.edu)
  • Tachycardia termination occurred in 11 (38%) in the amiodarone group and 22 (67%) in the procainamide group. (medscape.com)
  • Medication, such as digoxin and beta blockers, may also be prescribed to prevent recurring episodes of supraventicular tachycardia. (scvc.co.uk)
  • Ventricular tachycardia episodes may be brief and last only a couple of seconds without causing harm. (mayoclinic.org)
  • In many patients, the tachycardia episode can be stopped by bearing down or rubbing the carotid artery. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
  • An episode of persistent supraventricular tachycardia with a clear causal relationship with sevoflurane administration is not found in the literature. (cun.es)
  • The first episode of supraventricular tachycardia often begins in childhood or early adulthood. (scvc.co.uk)
  • An episode of supraventricular tachycardia can last for seconds, minutes or hours. (scvc.co.uk)
  • For more on narrow complex tachycardias, check out the pod resource page at passacls.com. (amazon.com)
  • Tachycardias may be classified as either narrow complex tachycardias (supraventricular tachycardias) or wide complex tachycardias. (wikipedia.org)
  • Noninvasive clues for diagnosing ventricular tachycardia mechanism. (nih.gov)