T lymphocytes. Medical search

White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.

Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.

Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.

Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.

A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.

Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.

A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.

The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.

A critical subpopulation of regulatory T-lymphocytes involved in MHC Class I-restricted interactions. They include both cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and CD8+ suppressor T-lymphocytes.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.

A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

Measure of histocompatibility at the HL-A locus. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from two individuals are mixed together in tissue culture for several days. Lymphocytes from incompatible individuals will stimulate each other to proliferate significantly (measured by tritiated thymidine uptake) whereas those from compatible individuals will not. In the one-way MLC test, the lymphocytes from one of the individuals are inactivated (usually by treatment with MITOMYCIN or radiation) thereby allowing only the untreated remaining population of cells to proliferate in response to foreign histocompatibility antigens.

A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.

Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).

Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.

Mucoproteins isolated from the kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris); some of them are mitogenic to lymphocytes, others agglutinate all or certain types of erythrocytes or lymphocytes. They are used mainly in the study of immune mechanisms and in cell culture.

Lymphocytes that show specificity for autologous tumor cells. Ex vivo isolation and culturing of TIL with interleukin-2, followed by reinfusion into the patient, is one form of adoptive immunotherapy of cancer.

A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.

Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.

Antigens expressed on the cell membrane of T-lymphocytes during differentiation, activation, and normal and neoplastic transformation. Their phenotypic characterization is important in differential diagnosis and studies of thymic ontogeny and T-cell function.

Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.

The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.

The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.

Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.

Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.

A group of genetically identical cells all descended from a single common ancestral cell by mitosis in eukaryotes or by binary fission in prokaryotes. Clone cells also include populations of recombinant DNA molecules all carrying the same inserted sequence. (From King & Stansfield, Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.

A CELL LINE derived from human T-CELL LEUKEMIA and used to determine the mechanism of differential susceptibility to anti-cancer drugs and radiation.

A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.

The transfer of lymphocytes from a donor to a recipient or reinfusion to the donor.

They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.

Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.

Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.

Immunosuppression by reduction of circulating lymphocytes or by T-cell depletion of bone marrow. The former may be accomplished in vivo by thoracic duct drainage or administration of antilymphocyte serum. The latter is performed ex vivo on bone marrow before its transplantation.

T-cell enhancement of the B-cell response to thymic-dependent antigens.

Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.

Substances that stimulate mitosis and lymphocyte transformation. They include not only substances associated with LECTINS, but also substances from streptococci (associated with streptolysin S) and from strains of alpha-toxin-producing staphylococci. (Stedman, 25th ed)

Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

The in vitro formation of clusters consisting of a cell (usually a lymphocyte) surrounded by antigenic cells or antigen-bearing particles (usually erythrocytes, which may or may not be coated with antibody or antibody and complement). The rosette-forming cell may be an antibody-forming cell, a memory cell, a T-cell, a cell bearing surface cytophilic antibodies, or a monocyte possessing Fc receptors. Rosette formation can be used to identify specific populations of these cells.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.

An integrin heterodimer widely expressed on cells of hematopoietic origin. CD11A ANTIGEN comprises the alpha chain and the CD18 antigen (ANTIGENS, CD18) the beta chain. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 is a major receptor of T-CELLS; B-CELLS; and GRANULOCYTES. It mediates the leukocyte adhesion reactions underlying cytolytic conjugate formation, helper T-cell interactions, and antibody-dependent killing by NATURAL KILLER CELLS and granulocytes. Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 has been defined as a ligand for lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1.

Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.

55-kDa antigens found on HELPER-INDUCER T-LYMPHOCYTES and on a variety of other immune cell types. CD4 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are implicated as associative recognition elements in MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX class II-restricted immune responses. On T-lymphocytes they define the helper/inducer subset. CD4 antigens also serve as INTERLEUKIN-15 receptors and bind to the HIV receptors, binding directly to the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120.

The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.

Cell surface glycoproteins on lymphocytes and other leukocytes that mediate adhesion to specialized blood vessels called high endothelial venules. Several different classes of lymphocyte homing receptors have been identified, and they appear to target different surface molecules (addressins) on high endothelial venules in different tissues. The adhesion plays a crucial role in the trafficking of lymphocytes.

High-molecular weight glycoproteins uniquely expressed on the surface of LEUKOCYTES and their hemopoietic progenitors. They contain a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase activity which plays a role in intracellular signaling from the CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. The CD45 antigens occur as multiple isoforms that result from alternative mRNA splicing and differential usage of three exons.

Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

A specific HLA-A surface antigen subtype. Members of this subtype contain alpha chains that are encoded by the HLA-A*02 allele family.

T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated alpha and beta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. Unlike immunoglobulins, the alpha-beta T-cell receptors recognize antigens only when presented in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.

Ratio of T-LYMPHOCYTES that express the CD4 ANTIGEN to those that express the CD8 ANTIGEN. This value is commonly assessed in the diagnosis and staging of diseases affecting the IMMUNE SYSTEM including HIV INFECTIONS.

Receptors present on activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and B-LYMPHOCYTES that are specific for INTERLEUKIN-2 and play an important role in LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION. They are heterotrimeric proteins consisting of the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR ALPHA SUBUNIT, the INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR BETA SUBUNIT, and the INTERLEUKIN RECEPTOR COMMON GAMMA-CHAIN.

The fission of a CELL. It includes CYTOKINESIS, when the CYTOPLASM of a cell is divided, and CELL NUCLEUS DIVISION.

Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.

CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.

T-cell receptors composed of CD3-associated gamma and delta polypeptide chains and expressed primarily in CD4-/CD8- T-cells. The receptors appear to be preferentially located in epithelial sites and probably play a role in the recognition of bacterial antigens. The T-cell receptor gamma/delta chains are separate and not related to the gamma and delta chains which are subunits of CD3 (see ANTIGENS, CD3).

Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.

Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.

Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.

The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.

Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.

The major group of transplantation antigens in the mouse.

Differentiation antigens found on thymocytes and on cytotoxic and suppressor T-lymphocytes. CD8 antigens are members of the immunoglobulin supergene family and are associative recognition elements in MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) Class I-restricted interactions.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.

A calcium-dependent pore-forming protein synthesized in cytolytic LYMPHOCYTES and sequestered in secretory granules. Upon immunological reaction between a cytolytic lymphocyte and a target cell, perforin is released at the plasma membrane and polymerizes into transmembrane tubules (forming pores) which lead to death of a target cell.

A group of antigens that includes both the major and minor histocompatibility antigens. The former are genetically determined by the major histocompatibility complex. They determine tissue type for transplantation and cause allograft rejections. The latter are systems of allelic alloantigens that can cause weak transplant rejection.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)

The number of CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD. Determination requires the use of a fluorescence-activated flow cytometer.

A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.

Proteins that share the common characteristic of binding to carbohydrates. Some ANTIBODIES and carbohydrate-metabolizing proteins (ENZYMES) also bind to carbohydrates, however they are not considered lectins. PLANT LECTINS are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been primarily identified by their hemagglutinating activity (HEMAGGLUTININS). However, a variety of lectins occur in animal species where they serve diverse array of functions through specific carbohydrate recognition.

Costimulatory T-LYMPHOCYTE receptors that have specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN. Activation of this receptor results in increased T-cell proliferation, cytokine production and promotion of T-cell survival.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A class of lymphocytes characterized by the lack of surface markers specific for either T or B lymphocytes.

A method for the detection of very small quantities of antibody in which the antigen-antibody-complement complex adheres to indicator cells, usually primate erythrocytes or nonprimate blood platelets. The reaction is dependent on the number of bound C3 molecules on the C3b receptor sites of the indicator cell.

Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.

Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.

Form of adoptive transfer where cells with antitumor activity are transferred to the tumor-bearing host in order to mediate tumor regression. The lymphoid cells commonly used are lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). This is usually considered a form of passive immunotherapy. (From DeVita, et al., Cancer, 1993, pp.305-7, 314)

The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS on the surface of B-LYMPHOCYTES. Their MESSENGER RNA contains an EXON with a membrane spanning sequence, producing immunoglobulins in the form of type I transmembrane proteins as opposed to secreted immunoglobulins (ANTIBODIES) which do not contain the membrane spanning segment.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Proteins secreted from an organism which form membrane-spanning pores in target cells to destroy them. This is in contrast to PORINS and MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS that function within the synthesizing organism and COMPLEMENT immune proteins. These pore forming cytotoxic proteins are a form of primitive cellular defense which are also found in human LYMPHOCYTES.

The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.

The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A family of serine endopeptidases found in the SECRETORY GRANULES of LEUKOCYTES such as CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. When secreted into the intercellular space granzymes act to eliminate transformed and virus-infected host cells.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

Leukemia associated with HYPERPLASIA of the lymphoid tissues and increased numbers of circulating malignant LYMPHOCYTES and lymphoblasts.

Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.

A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

A tumor necrosis factor receptor subtype found in a variety of tissues and on activated LYMPHOCYTES. It has specificity for FAS LIGAND and plays a role in regulation of peripheral immune responses and APOPTOSIS. Multiple isoforms of the protein exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING. The activated receptor signals via a conserved death domain that associates with specific TNF RECEPTOR-ASSOCIATED FACTORS in the CYTOPLASM.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Antigens expressed primarily on the membranes of living cells during sequential stages of maturation and differentiation. As immunologic markers they have high organ and tissue specificity and are useful as probes in studies of normal cell development as well as neoplastic transformation.

A transmembrane protein belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that was originally discovered on cells of the lymphoid-myeloid lineage, including activated T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS. It plays an important role in immune homeostasis and cell-mediated toxicity by binding to the FAS RECEPTOR and triggering APOPTOSIS.

A subclass of HLA-D antigens that consist of alpha and beta chains. The inheritance of HLA-DR antigens differs from that of the HLA-DQ ANTIGENS and HLA-DP ANTIGENS.

Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.

Glycoprotein members of the immunoglobulin superfamily which participate in T-cell adhesion and activation. They are expressed on most peripheral T-lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and thymocytes, and function as co-receptors or accessory molecules in the T-cell receptor complex.

Cells grown in vitro from neoplastic tissue. If they can be established as a TUMOR CELL LINE, they can be propagated in cell culture indefinitely.

The genetic region which contains the loci of genes which determine the structure of the serologically defined (SD) and lymphocyte-defined (LD) TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS, genes which control the structure of the IMMUNE RESPONSE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENS, HUMAN; the IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES which control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, and genes which determine the structure and/or level of the first four components of complement.

Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.

Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

A round-to-oval mass of lymphoid tissue embedded in the lateral wall of the PHARYNX. There is one on each side of the oropharynx in the fauces between the anterior and posterior pillars of the SOFT PALATE.

Polymorphic class I human histocompatibility (HLA) surface antigens present on almost all nucleated cells. At least 20 antigens have been identified which are encoded by the A locus of multiple alleles on chromosome 6. They serve as targets for T-cell cytolytic responses and are involved with acceptance or rejection of tissue/organ grafts.

The movement of leukocytes in response to a chemical concentration gradient or to products formed in an immunologic reaction.

Proteins isolated from the roots of the pokeweed, Phytolacca americana, that agglutinate some erythrocytes, stimulate mitosis and antibody synthesis in lymphocytes, and induce activation of plasma cells.

Adherence of cells to surfaces or to other cells.

A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.

Antigens determined by leukocyte loci found on chromosome 6, the major histocompatibility loci in humans. They are polypeptides or glycoproteins found on most nucleated cells and platelets, determine tissue types for transplantation, and are associated with certain diseases.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.

Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).

An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.

Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.

Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.

Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.

Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).

A technique of culturing mixed cell types in vitro to allow their synergistic or antagonistic interactions, such as on CELL DIFFERENTIATION or APOPTOSIS. Coculture can be of different types of cells, tissues, or organs from normal or disease states.

Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.

White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).

Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.

The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting B-cells in humans. It is thought to be the causative agent of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS and is strongly associated with oral hairy leukoplakia (LEUKOPLAKIA, HAIRY;), BURKITT LYMPHOMA; and other malignancies.

This enzyme is a lymphoid-specific src family tyrosine kinase that is critical for T-cell development and activation. Lck is associated with the cytoplasmic domains of CD4, CD8 and the beta-chain of the IL-2 receptor, and is thought to be involved in the earliest steps of TCR-mediated T-cell activation.

Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Any of several ways in which living cells of an organism communicate with one another, whether by direct contact between cells or by means of chemical signals carried by neurotransmitter substances, hormones, and cyclic AMP.

A protein extracted from boiled culture of tubercle bacilli (MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS). It is used in the tuberculin skin test (TUBERCULIN TEST) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in asymptomatic persons.

Serum containing GAMMA-GLOBULINS which are antibodies for lymphocyte ANTIGENS. It is used both as a test for HISTOCOMPATIBILITY and therapeutically in TRANSPLANTATION.

All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.

Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.

The largest lymphatic vessel that passes through the chest and drains into the SUBCLAVIAN VEIN.

Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that serves as a homing receptor for lymphocytes to lymph node high endothelial venules.

Eukaryotic cell line obtained in a quiescent or stationary phase which undergoes conversion to a state of unregulated growth in culture, resembling an in vitro tumor. It occurs spontaneously or through interaction with viruses, oncogenes, radiation, or drugs/chemicals.

Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.

A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).

Partial proteins formed by partial hydrolysis of complete proteins or generated through PROTEIN ENGINEERING techniques.

A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)

Surface ligands, usually glycoproteins, that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion. Their functions include the assembly and interconnection of various vertebrate systems, as well as maintenance of tissue integration, wound healing, morphogenic movements, cellular migrations, and metastasis.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.

Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.

An inhibitory T CELL receptor that is closely related to CD28 ANTIGEN. It has specificity for CD80 ANTIGEN and CD86 ANTIGEN and acts as a negative regulator of peripheral T cell function. CTLA-4 antigen is believed to play role in inducing PERIPHERAL TOLERANCE.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.

The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

Molecule composed of the non-covalent association of the T-cell antigen receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL) with the CD3 complex (ANTIGENS, CD3). This association is required for the surface expression and function of both components. The molecule consists of up to seven chains: either the alpha/beta or gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor, and four or five chains in the CD3 complex.

Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).

The uptake of naked or purified DNA by CELLS, usually meaning the process as it occurs in eukaryotic cells. It is analogous to bacterial transformation (TRANSFORMATION, BACTERIAL) and both are routinely employed in GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUES.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.

An immunological attack mounted by a graft against the host because of tissue incompatibility when immunologically competent cells are transplanted to an immunologically incompetent host; the resulting clinical picture is that of GRAFT VS HOST DISEASE.

Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).

Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.

Transplantation between individuals of the same species. Usually refers to genetically disparate individuals in contradistinction to isogeneic transplantation for genetically identical individuals.

Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody that exerts immunosuppressive effects by inducing peripheral T-cell depletion and modulation of the T-cell receptor complex (CD3/Ti).

Cell surface glycoproteins that bind to chemokines and thus mediate the migration of pro-inflammatory molecules. The receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family. Like the CHEMOKINES themselves, the receptors can be divided into at least three structural branches: CR, CCR, and CXCR, according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.

Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

An energy dependent process following the crosslinking of B CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS by multivalent ligands (bivalent anti-antibodies, LECTINS or ANTIGENS), on the B-cell surface. The crosslinked ligand-antigen receptor complexes collect in patches which flow to and aggregate at one pole of the cell to form a large mass - the cap. The caps may then be endocytosed or shed into the environment.

Surgical removal of the thymus gland. (Dorland, 28th ed)

Combinations of diagnostic or therapeutic substances linked with specific immune substances such as IMMUNOGLOBULINS; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES; or ANTIGENS. Often the diagnostic or therapeutic substance is a radionuclide. These conjugates are useful tools for specific targeting of DRUGS and RADIOISOTOPES in the CHEMOTHERAPY and RADIOIMMUNOTHERAPY of certain cancers.

Soluble protein factors generated by activated lymphocytes that affect other cells, primarily those involved in cellular immunity.

A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.

Cells contained in the bone marrow including fat cells (see ADIPOCYTES); STROMAL CELLS; MEGAKARYOCYTES; and the immediate precursors of most blood cells.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.

A classification of B-lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.

Molecules found on the surface of some, but not all, B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, and macrophages, which recognize and combine with the Fc (crystallizable) portion of immunoglobulin molecules.

Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.

Unstable isotopes of chromium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Cr atoms with atomic weights of 46-49, 51, 55, and 56 are radioactive chromium isotopes.

The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.

The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic tissue and is the site of production of erythrocytes and granular leukocytes. Bone marrow is made up of a framework of connective tissue containing branching fibers with the frame being filled with marrow cells.

A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.

An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.

DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.

Species of the genus LENTIVIRUS, subgenus primate immunodeficiency viruses (IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES, PRIMATE), that induces acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in monkeys and apes (SAIDS). The genetic organization of SIV is virtually identical to HIV.

A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.

Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.

The number of CELLS of a specific kind, usually measured per unit volume or area of sample.

T-cell development: a new marker of differentiation state. (1/39207)

Differentiation of T cells is a complicated affair and there has been a dearth of markers that faithfully reflect thymocyte phenotype. A new strategy based on T-cell receptor gene sequencing has revealed a marker that can be used to monitor thymocyte differentiation with fidelity and without perturbation. (+info)

The hematopoietic-specific adaptor protein gads functions in T-cell signaling via interactions with the SLP-76 and LAT adaptors. (2/39207)

BACKGROUND: The adaptor protein Gads is a Grb2-related protein originally identified on the basis of its interaction with the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the docking protein Shc. Gads protein expression is restricted to hematopoietic tissues and cell lines. Gads contains a Src homology 2 (SH2) domain, which has previously been shown to have a similar binding specificity to that of Grb2. Gads also possesses two SH3 domains, but these have a distinct binding specificity to those of Grb2, as Gads does not bind to known Grb2 SH3 domain targets. Here, we investigated whether Gads is involved in T-cell signaling. RESULTS: We found that Gads is highly expressed in T cells and that the SLP-76 adaptor protein is a major Gads-associated protein in vivo. The constitutive interaction between Gads and SLP-76 was mediated by the carboxy-terminal SH3 domain of Gads and a 20 amino-acid proline-rich region in SLP-76. Gads also coimmunoprecipitated the tyrosine-phosphorylated form of the linker for activated T cells (LAT) adaptor protein following cross-linking of the T-cell receptor; this interaction was mediated by the Gads SH2 domain. Overexpression of Gads and SLP-76 resulted in a synergistic augmentation of T-cell signaling, as measured by activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and this cooperation required a functional Gads SH2 domain. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that Gads plays an important role in T-cell signaling via its association with SLP-76 and LAT. Gads may promote cross-talk between the LAT and SLP-76 signaling complexes, thereby coupling membrane-proximal events to downstream signaling pathways. (+info)

JNK2 is required for efficient T-cell activation and apoptosis but not for normal lymphocyte development. (3/39207)

BACKGROUND: The Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway has been implicated in cell proliferation and apoptosis, but its function seems to depend on the cell type and inducing signal. In T cells, JNK has been implicated in both antigen-induced activation and apoptosis. RESULTS: We generated mice lacking the JNK2 isozymes. The mutant mice were healthy and fertile but defective in peripheral T-cell activation induced by antibody to the CD3 component of the T-cell receptor (TCR) complex - proliferation and production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4 and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were reduced. The proliferation defect was restored by exogenous IL-2. B-cell activation was normal in the absence of JNK2. Activation-induced peripheral T-cell apoptosis was comparable between mutant and wild-type mice, but immature (CD4(+) CD8(+)) thymocytes lacking JNK2 were resistant to apoptosis induced by administration of anti-CD3 antibody in vivo. The lack of JNK2 also resulted in partial resistance of thymocytes to anti-CD3 antibody in vitro, but had little or no effect on apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody, dexamethasone or ultraviolet-C (UVC) radiation. CONCLUSIONS: JNK2 is essential for efficient activation of peripheral T cells but not B cells. Peripheral T-cell activation is probably required indirectly for induction of thymocyte apoptosis resulting from administration of anti-CD3 antibody in vivo. JNK2 functions in a cell-type-specific and stimulus-dependent manner, being required for apoptosis of immature thymocytes induced by anti-CD3 antibody but not for apoptosis induced by anti-Fas antibody, UVC or dexamethasone. JNK2 is not required for activation-induced cell death of mature T cells. (+info)

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency. (4/39207)

BACKGROUND: Since 1968 it has been known that bone marrow transplantation can ameliorate severe combined immunodeficiency, but data on the long-term efficacy of this treatment are limited. We prospectively studied immunologic function in 89 consecutive infants with severe combined immunodeficiency who received hematopoietic stem-cell transplants at Duke University Medical Center between May 1982 and September 1998. METHODS: Serum immunoglobulin levels and lymphocyte phenotypes and function were assessed and genetic analyses performed according to standard methods. Bone marrow was depleted of T cells by agglutination with soybean lectin and by sheep-erythrocyte rosetting before transplantation. RESULTS: Seventy-seven of the infants received T-cell-depleted, HLA-haploidentical parental marrow, and 12 received HLA-identical marrow from a related donor; 3 of the recipients of haploidentical marrow also received placental-blood transplants from unrelated donors. Except for two patients who received placental blood, none of the recipients received chemotherapy before transplantation or prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease. Of the 89 infants, 72 (81 percent) were still alive 3 months to 16.5 years after transplantation, including all of the 12 who received HLA-identical marrow, 60 of the 77 (78 percent) who were given haploidentical marrow, and 2 of the 3 (67 percent) who received both haploidentical marrow and placental blood. T-cell function became normal within two weeks after transplantation in the patients who received unfractionated HLA-identical marrow but usually not until three to four months after transplantation in those who received T-cell-depleted marrow. At the time of the most recent evaluation, all but 4 of the 72 survivors had normal T-cell function, and all the T cells in their blood were of donor origin. B-cell function remained abnormal in many of the recipients of haploidentical marrow. In 26 children (5 recipients of HLA-identical marrow and 21 recipients of haploidentical marrow) between 2 percent and 100 percent of B cells were of donor origin. Forty-five of the 72 children were receiving intravenous immune globulin. CONCLUSIONS: Transplantation of marrow from a related donor is a life-saving and life-sustaining treatment for patients with any type of severe combined immunodeficiency, even when there is no HLA-identical donor. (+info)

Tyrosine phosphorylation and complex formation of Cbl-b upon T cell receptor stimulation. (5/39207)

Cbl-b, a mammalian homolog of Cbl, consists of an N-terminal region (Cbl-b-N) highly homologous to oncogenic v-Cbl, a Ring finger, and a C-terminal region containing multiple proline-rich stretches and potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites. In the present study, we demonstrate that upon engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR), endogenous Cbl-b becomes rapidly tyrosine-phosphorylated. In heterogeneous COS-1 cells, Cbl-b was phosphorylated on tyrosine residues by both Syk- (Syk/Zap-70) and Src- (Fyn/Lck) family kinases, with Syk kinase inducing the most prominent effect. Syk associates and phosphorylates Cbl-b in Jurkat T cells. A Tyr-316 Cbl-binding site in Syk was required for the association with and for the maximal tyrosine phosphorylation of Cbl-b. Mutation at a loss-of-function site (Gly-298) in Cbl-b-N disrupts its interaction with Syk. Cbl-b constitutively binds Grb2 and becomes associated with Crk-L upon TCR stimulation. The Grb2- and the Crk-L-binding regions were mapped to the C-terminus of Cbl-b. The Crk-L-binding sites were further determined to be Y655DVP and Y709KIP, with the latter being the primary binding site. Taken together, these results implicate that Cbl-b is involved in TCR-mediated intracellular signaling pathways. (+info)

Vascular endothelial growth factor activates nuclear factor of activated T cells in human endothelial cells: a role for tissue factor gene expression. (6/39207)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic inducer that stimulates the expression of tissue factor (TF), the major cellular initiator of blood coagulation. Here we show that signaling triggered by VEGF induced DNA-binding and transcriptional activities of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and AP-1 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). VEGF also induced TF mRNA expression and gene promoter activation by a cyclosporin A (CsA)-sensitive mechanism. As in lymphoid cells, NFAT was dephosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus upon activation of HUVECs, and these processes were blocked by CsA. NFAT was involved in the VEGF-mediated TF promoter activation as evidenced by cotransfection experiments with a dominant negative version of NFAT and site-directed mutagenesis of a newly identified NFAT site within the TF promoter that overlaps with a previously identified kappaB-like site. Strikingly, this site bound exclusively NFAT not only from nuclear extracts of HUVECs activated by VEGF, a stimulus that failed to induce NF-kappaB-binding activity, but also from extracts of cells activated with phorbol esters and calcium ionophore, a combination of stimuli that triggered the simultaneous activation of NFAT and NF-kappaB. These results implicate NFAT in the regulation of endothelial genes by physiological means and shed light on the mechanisms that switch on the gene expression program induced by VEGF and those regulating TF gene expression. (+info)

Activation-dependent transcriptional regulation of the human Fas promoter requires NF-kappaB p50-p65 recruitment. (7/39207)

Fas (CD95) and Fas ligand (CD95L) are an interacting receptor-ligand pair required for immune homeostasis. Lymphocyte activation results in the upregulation of Fas expression and the acquisition of sensitivity to FasL-mediated apoptosis. Although Fas upregulation is central to the preservation of immunologic tolerance, little is known about the molecular machinery underlying this process. To investigate the events involved in activation-induced Fas upregulation, we have examined mRNA accumulation, fas promoter activity, and protein expression in the Jurkat T-cell line treated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin (P/I), pharmacological mimics of T-cell receptor activation. Although resting Jurkat cells express Fas, Fas mRNA was induced approximately 10-fold in 2 h upon P/I stimulation. Using sequential deletion mutants of the human fas promoter in transient transfection assays, we identified a 47-bp sequence (positions -306 to -260 relative to the ATG) required for activation-driven fas upregulation. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of a previously unrecognized composite binding site for both the Sp1 and NF-kappaB transcription factors at positions -295 to -286. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and supershift analyses of this region documented constitutive binding of Sp1 in unactivated nuclear extracts and inducible binding of p50-p65 NF-kappaB heterodimers after P/I activation. Sp1 and NF-kappaB transcription factor binding was shown to be mutually exclusive by EMSA displacement studies with purified recombinant Sp1 and recombinant p50. The functional contribution of the kappaB-Sp1 composite site in P/I-inducible fas promoter activation was verified by using kappaB-Sp1 concatamers (-295 to -286) in a thymidine kinase promoter-driven reporter construct and native promoter constructs in Jurkat cells overexpressing IkappaB-alpha. Site-directed mutagenesis of the critical guanine nucleotides in the kappaB-Sp1 element documented the essential role of this site in activation-dependent fas promoter induction. (+info)

RFLAT-1: a new zinc finger transcription factor that activates RANTES gene expression in T lymphocytes. (8/39207)

RANTES (Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted) is a chemoattractant cytokine (chemokine) important in the generation of inflammatory infiltrate and human immunodeficiency virus entry into immune cells. RANTES is expressed late (3-5 days) after activation in T lymphocytes. Using expression cloning, we identified the first "late" T lymphocyte associated transcription factor and named it "RANTES Factor of Late Activated T Lymphocytes-1" (RFLAT-1). RFLAT-1 is a novel, phosphorylated, zinc finger transcription factor that is expressed in T cells 3 days after activation, coincident with RANTES expression. While Rel proteins play the dominant role in RANTES gene expression in fibroblasts, RFLAT-1 is a strong transactivator for RANTES in T cells. (+info)

Lymphocyte. Main article: Lymphocyte. Lymphocytes are much more common in the lymphatic system than in blood. Lymphocytes are ... Lymphocyte. 30%. Small lymphocytes 7-8. Large lymphocytes 12-15. *B cells: releases antibodies and assists activation of T ... lymphocytes) by hematopoietic lineage (cellular differentiation lineage).[6] Lymphocytes can be further classified as T cells, ... Lymphocytes include: *B cells make antibodies that can bind to pathogens, block pathogen invasion, activate the complement ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_cell

T independent antigen elicits antibody production by B lymphocytes without T lymphocyte involvement. There are 2 distinct ... Antibody production independent of T lymphocytes[edit]. For most protein antigens, the production of antibodies by B ... But when the concentration of TI-1 is lower, it can activate only B lymphocytes with specific binding of TI-1 on their BCR, and ... TI-1 antigens activate B-cells via Toll like receptors, which are, in human, expressed on the surface of B lymphocytes after ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_independent_antigen_

Transformation of B-lymphocytes[edit]. When EBV infects B cells in vitro, lymphoblastoid cell lines eventually emerge that are ... and I infections in B-lymphocytes. EBV latent infection of B-lymphocytes is necessary for virus persistence, subsequent ... EBV Latency III and II infections of B-lymphocytes, Latency II infection of oral epithelial cells, and Latency II infection of ... The latent programs reprogram and subvert infected B-lymphocytes to proliferate and bring infected cells to the sites at which ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr

A lymphoblast is a modified naive lymphocyte with altered cell morphology. It occurs when the lymphocyte is activated by an ... Lymphoblasts can also refer to immature cells which typically differentiate to form mature lymphocytes.[2] Normally ... Lymphoblasts look like immature lymphocytes, and were once thought to be precursor cells.".[4] Commonly, when speaking about ... The Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium defines a lymphoblast as "A lymphocyte that has become larger after being ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoblast

Lymphocytes Stimulate growth and maturation of T-cells Mechanism[edit]. Diagram showing key components of the MAPK/ERK pathway ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor

... granular lymphocytes known today as NK cells. The demonstration that density gradient-isolated large granular lymphocytes were ... Natural killer cells, or NK cells, are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system. The role NK cells ... A functional marker of human non-T lymphocytes". Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 21 (2): 226-35. PMC 1538269. PMID 810282 ... Large granular lymphocyte entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of. *. Calmeiro J, Carrascal M, Gomes C, Falcão A, Cruz MT ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NK_cell

These effects are primarily due to the loss of any helper T cell that can interact with the B lymphocyte correctly. Another ... Sallusto F, Lenig D, Förster R, Lipp M, Lanzavecchia A (1999). "Two subsets of memory T lymphocytes with distinct homing ... commonly lymphocytes and macrophages, resulting in chronic inflammation and cytokine release. Antibodies do not play a direct ... "Molecular interactions mediating T-B lymphocyte collaboration in human lymphoid follicles. Roles of T cell-B-cell-activating ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helper_T_cells

A T cell, or T lymphocyte, is a type of lymphocyte (a subtype of white blood cell) that plays a central role in cell-mediated ... within a population of lymphocytes known as intraepithelial lymphocytes. In rabbits, sheep, and chickens, the number of γδ T ... T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells, by the presence of a T-cell ... The T lymphocyte activation pathway: T cells contribute to immune defenses in two major ways; some direct and regulate immune ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Cells

The Lymphocytes - represented by: *Lymphocytes B as marshals in small one-man round flying craft with two aimable side-mounted ... Lymphocytes T: the same sort of craft but with a large uppercase T on the underbelly at the bow. They can discharge smoke that ... Immature leucocytes: teenage humanoids with the same uniform as the lymphocyte B pilots: seen in the bone marrow, which is ... Captain Courageous and Ace for the lymphocyte B crafts' pilots; Plasmus and Globina for Hemo and Globin, Corpo for Jumbo; ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time..._Life

Intraepithelial lymphocytes: distributed throughout the tissue.. *Intraepithelial macrophages[5][6]. Stereocilia[edit]. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epididymis

T-lymphocytes. Glycoproteins. Budding. Nucleus. Nucleus. Nasal and ocular secretion Percavirus. Mammals. B-lymphocytes. ... B-lymphocytes. Glycoproteins. Budding. Nucleus. Nucleus. Saliva Rhadinovirus. Humans; mammals. B-lymphocytes. Glycoproteins. ... The gammaherpesviruses, including HVS, EBV, KSHV, and RRV, are capable of establishing latent infection in lymphocytes.[9] ... A striking feature of the four gammaherpesviruses is that they contain distinct ORFs involved in lymphocyte signaling events. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammaherpesvirinae

Peripheral blood lymphocytes. Normal Micronucleus test. Normal Heart weight. Normal Brain histopathology. Normal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_arginine_methyltransferase_5

Peripheral blood lymphocytes. Normal Micronucleus test. Normal Heart weight. Normal Skin Histopathology. Normal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MYH9

Peripheral blood lymphocytes. Normal Micronucleus test. Normal Heart weight. Normal Skin Histopathology. Normal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynucleotide_phosphorylase

Peripheral blood lymphocytes. Normal. Micronucleus test. Normal. Heart weight. Normal. Brain histopathology. Normal. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100B

Peripheral blood lymphocytes. Normal Heart weight. Normal Salmonella infection. Normal[8] Citrobacter infection. Normal[9] ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optineurin

The mantle zone (or just mantle) of a lymphatic nodule (or lymphatic follicle) is an outer ring of small lymphocytes ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_zone

After recognizing an antigen, an antigen presenting cell such as the macrophage or B lymphocyte engulfs it completely by a ... or B lymphocytes) involving an arm of the immune system known as humoral immunity. The antibodies are soluble and do not ... The role of lymphocytes in mediating both cell-mediated and humoral responses was demonstrated by James Gowans in 1959.[30] ... What makes the analogy even stronger is that the B lymphocytes have to compete with each other for signals that promote their ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyclonal

Suppresses the action of lymphocytes. *Possesses lytic enzymes, cytolysin, aggregation substance, pheromones, and lipoteichoic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis

Lymphocyte-rich. Is a rare subtype, show many features which may cause diagnostic confusion with nodular lymphocyte predominant ... Lymphocyte depleted. Is a rare subtype, composed of large numbers of often pleomorphic RS cells with only few reactive ... Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma expresses CD20, and is not currently considered a form of classical Hodgkin's ... Micrograph showing a "popcorn cell", the Reed-Sternberg cell variant seen in nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma. H ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodgkins_lymphoma

Necrosis is increased in T lymphocytes.. Tingible body macrophages (TBMs) - large phagocytic cells in the germinal centers of ... B and T cell tolerance for apoptotic cells is abrogated, and the lymphocytes get activated by these autoantigens; inflammation ... The cytokines B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLys), interleukin 6, interleukin 17, interleukin 18, type I interferons, and tumor ... The body's sensitized B-lymphocyte cells will now produce antibodies against these nuclear-related proteins. These antibodies ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus

Reducing numbers of T-lymphocytes etc.. unknown. etanercept. decoy TNF receptor. bDMARD. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMARD

Association with p56lck in T lymphocytes". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 271 (5): 2863-7. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.5.2863. ... CD44 participates in a wide variety of cellular functions including lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, ... "Lymphocyte CD44 binds the COOH-terminal heparin-binding domain of fibronectin". The Journal of Cell Biology. 116 (3): 817-25. ... protein tyrosine kinases Lck and Fyn in glycosphingolipid-rich plasma membrane domains of human peripheral blood lymphocytes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD44

Lymphocytes[change , change source]. Lymphocytes are round white blood cells a bit bigger than a red blood cell. Their center ... There are three known types of lymphocytes, called T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells (NK cells). ...

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell

The B lymphocyte, in this ready-to-respond form, is known as a "naive B lymphocyte." The naive B lymphocyte expresses both ... Nemazee D (2006). "Receptor editing in lymphocyte development and central tolerance". Nat Rev Immunol. 6 (10): 728-740. doi: ... How Lymphocytes Produce Antibody from Cells Alive!. *Antibody applications Fluorescent antibody image library, University of ... Goding J (1978). "Allotypes of IgM and IgD receptors in the mouse: a probe for lymphocyte differentiation". Contemp Top ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibody

In the lymphatic system a lymph node is a secondary lymphoid organ.[1] Lymph nodes contain lymphocytes, a type of white blood ... In order to do this, lymph nodes contain lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, which includes B cells and T cells. These ... Both B and T lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from circulating blood through specialized high endothelial venules found in the ... In the course of the lymph, lymphocytes may be activated as part of the adaptive immune response. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymph_Nodes

In a similar fashion, cytotoxic T lymphocytes patrol an area of skin and play an important role in controlling both the ... Their immunology centres on the interaction of immunoregulatory cytokines and discrete subpopulations of T lymphocytes. The ... and present the antigen to T-lymphocytes. This process is controlled by cytokines and chemokines - with tumor necrosis factor ... the differentiated DCs present the allergenic epitope associated with the allergen to T lymphocytes. These T cells then divide ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis

The thymic cortex, mainly composed of lymphocytes; functions as a site for somatic recombination of T cell receptors, and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortex_(anatomy)

Associated organs composed of lymphoid tissue are the sites of lymphocyte production. Lymphocytes are concentrated in the lymph ... the spleen retains the ability to produce lymphocytes. The spleen stores red blood cells and lymphocytes. It can store enough ... The tertiary lymphoid tissue[clarification needed] typically contains far fewer lymphocytes, and assumes an immune role only ... The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ and the site of maturation for T cells, the lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoid_system

"CD8 alpha - Marker for cytotoxic T Lymphocytes". Archived from the original on 21 September 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2016.. ... The cytoplasmic tails of the CD8 co-receptor interact with Lck (lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase). Once the T cell ... "CD8 alpha - Marker for cytotoxic T lymphocytes". Archived from the original on 2015-09-21.. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD8

... adrenaline and cytotoxic lymphocyte function, we re-assessed the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes in ME/CFS. Forty-eight patients ... adrenaline and cytotoxic lymphocyte function, we re-assessed the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes in ME/CFS. Forty-eight patients ... cytotoxicity lymphocyte aberrances were not found among ME/CFS patients. These assessments of cytotoxic lymphocytes therefore ... Cytotoxic lymphocytes combat intracellular infections. Their function is attenuated by stress. Despite numerous studies, the ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2017.00723/full

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of a white blood cell in a vertebrates immune system. Lymphocytes include natural killer ... Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes[edit]. Main article: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte. In some cancers, such as melanoma and ... A lymphocyte count is usually part of a peripheral complete blood cell count and is expressed as the percentage of lymphocytes ... The formation of lymphocytes is known as lymphopoiesis. B cells mature into B lymphocytes in the bursa equivalent, which in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphocytes

Lymphocyte, Lymphocytes, سیالویاتی, Lymphocytic (ur); Limfocit (hr); лімфоцит (uk); Lymfocyter (sv); Limfocyty (pl); לימפוציטים ... Dosieroj en kategorio "Lymphocytes". La jenaj 77 dosieroj estas en ĉi tiu kategorio, el 77 entute. ... lymphocyte (en); خلية لمفاوية (ar); 淋巴細胞 (yue); Лимфоциттер (ky); Lìm-pâ Se-pâu (hak); Lymphozyt (nds); Lymphozyt (de); ... lymphocyte (fr); Limfosit (jv); Limfociti (hr); ލިމްފަސައިޓް (dv); Bạch huyết bào (vi); لىيمفوتسىيتتەر (kk-arab); Lïmfocïtter ( ...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lymphocytes?uselang=eo

Learn more about lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. We look at their function, normal levels, and what happens if levels ... There are two categories of lymphocytes known as B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. These are commonly referred to as B cells and ... The normal lymphocyte range in adults is between 1,000 and 4,800 lymphocytes in 1 microliter (µL) of blood. In children, the ... In children, the lymphocyte count would be around 9,000 lymphocytes in 1 µL of blood, although this value can change with age. ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320987

Anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) is an infusion of animal- antibodies against human T cells which is used in the treatment of ... the latter of which was made by injecting horses with human thoracic duct lymphocytes and was called "Lymphoser Berna". Hakim, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-lymphocyte_globulin

Source for information on T Cells or T-Lymphocytes: World of Microbiology and Immunology dictionary. ... T cells or T-lymphocytes When a vertebrate encounters substances that are capable of causing it harm, a protective system known ... The T-8 lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) that can destroy the body cells that have the original ... T Cells or T-Lymphocytes. Updated About encyclopedia.com content Print Article Share Article ...

https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/t-cells-or-t-lymphocytes

Immunology of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes.. Holmes EC.. Abstract. Frequently peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) do not ... The tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) interact most closely with the tumor cells and are likely to more accurately reflect ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3155935?dopt=Abstract

T. Nitta and Y. Takahama, "The lymphocyte guard-IANs: regulation of lymphocyte survival by IAN/GIMAP family proteins," Trends ... S. J. McLeod and M. R. Gold, "Activation and function of the Rap1 GTPase in B lymphocytes," International Reviews of Immunology ... E. Genot and D. A. Cantrell, "Ras regulation and function in lymphocytes," Current Opinion in Immunology, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. ... P. Poussier, A. F. Nakhooda, J. A. Falk, C. Lee, and E. B. Marliss, "Lymphopenia and abnormal lymphocyte subsets in the "BB" ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jst/2010/268589/ref/

Lymphocyte homing.. Yednock TA1, Rosen SD.. Author information. 1. Department of Anatomy, University of California, San ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2646861?dopt=Abstract

... or the presence of a high number of lymphocytes, can be caused by many different disorders and diseases, including ... What is the cause of having a high lymphocyte count in the blood?. A: A high lymphocyte count is referred to as lymphocytosis ... The Mayo Clinic asserts that the exact thresholds at which a high number of lymphocytes in a blood sample is considered to ... Children have much higher lymphocyte counts than adults, and the count tends to vary with age. In some cases, children must ...

https://www.reference.com/science/causes-elevated-lymphocytes-8448fe1a569d2cda

Lymphocyte Count - an overview , ScienceDirect Topics www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/lymphocyte-count ... www.sightdx.com/knowledge-center/lymphocyte. Everything you need to know about Lymphocytes: definition count and normal ranges ... Jul 12, 2019 ... Lymphocytes help fight off diseases, so its normal to see a temporary increase after an infection. A count ... Lymphocyte counts are low and cellular responses to mitogens and antigens usually become ... A significant association between ...

https://www.reference.com/web?q=lymphocytes%20lower%20than%2020&qo=pagination&o=600605&l=dir&sga=1&qsrc=998&page=1

Locally resident intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are primarily T cells with potent cytolytic and immunoregulatory capacities ... Regulatory function for murine intraepithelial lymphocytes. Two subsets of CD3+, T cell receptor-1+ intraepithelial lymphocyte ... Intraepithelial lymphocytes traffic to the intestine and enhance resistance to Toxoplasma gondii oral infection. J. Immunol. ... Novel function for intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes: murine CD3+, γ/δ TCR+ T cells produce IFN-γ and IL-5. J. Immunol. ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/ni1101-997?error=cookies_not_supported&code=db2f95e2-d8fd-4d16-af76-491c80ce0db9

Search for lymphocyte at other dictionaries: OneLook, Oxford, American Heritage, Merriam-Webster, Wikipedia. See lymphocyte ... Definitions of lymphocyte: *noun: an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but ...

http://www.rhymezone.com/r/d=lymphocyte

T and B lymphocytes flow out from the arterial terminal, and migrate in the reticular framework. … Homing of lymphocytes to ... CD3+ and Pax5+ Lymphocytes in the Dermis of Normal Skin from the Dorsolateral Thorax of Cats [in Japanese] Fickle Daniel C. , ... Decreased Expression of MicroRNA-107 in B Lymphocytes of Patients with Antibody-Mediated Renal Allograft Rejection Zhang Zhe- ... mAb BW-3C3 react to a fraction of the lymphocytes. … The mAb-positive cells were identical to cells that also stained with ...

https://ci.nii.ac.jp/keyword/B-Lymphocytes

In the immune system such diverse cell types as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, hybridomas, and natural ... In: Gupta S., Paul W.E. (eds) Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation II. Springer, Boston, MA. * DOI https ... Subset-specific expression of potassium channels in developing murine T lymphocytes. Science 239: 771 (1988).PubMedCrossRef ... Cahalan MD, Chandy KG, DeCoursey TE, Gupta S, Lewis R, Sutro JB: Ion channels in T lymphocytes. In: Gupta S, Paul WE, and Fauci ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-5803-0_14

... a method for automatic counting of lymphocytes in histopathology images using connected components is presented. Our multi-step ... In this paper, a method for automatic counting of lymphocytes in histopathology images using connected components is presented ... Graf F., Grzegorzek M., Paulus D. (2010) Counting Lymphocytes in Histopathology Images Using Connected Components. In: Ünay D ... Application to lymphocyte segmentation on breast cancer histopathology. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 57(7), 1676 ...

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-17711-8_27

This Review focuses on the major populations of T lymphocytes known to mediate tissue repair, their reparative mechanisms, and ... Specific populations of T lymphocytes have emerged as important reparative cells with context-specific actions. These T cells ...

https://www.jci.org/articles/view/124614/figure/1

Lymphocyte 3.7 (L) Lymphocyte Absolute 0.6 (L) Absolute Neutrophil 14.9 (H) He has always been a super healthy kid. He seems to ... Lymphocyte 3.7 (L) Lymphocyte Absolute 0.6 (L) Absolute Neutrophil 14.9 (H) He has always been a super healthy kid. He seems to ... High WBC, Low lymphocytes. My 12yr old son had some blood work done in the ER, we were there due to some severe abdominal pain ... lymphocyte 0.25 - 0.33 mine is 0.25 my rbc is low what does this mean?? ive been diagnose of ptb ...

http://www.medhelp.org/posts/Leukemia--Lymphoma-/High-WBC--Low-lymphocytes/show/781123

... turnover in lymphocytes since it is known that increased PI turnover is an early event induced by con A and other mitogenic ... colchicine also has been shown to inhibit con A-induced lymphocyte transformation at an early stage in the sequence of events ... con A inhibition of lymphocyte immunoglobulin receptor capping is reversed by colchicine2-4 and con A-induced aggregation of ... Colchicine inhibits phosphatidylinositol turnover induced in lymphocytes by concavalin A. *R. ROBERT SCHELLENBERG1. & ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/265741a0?error=cookies_not_supported&code=988b29c6-4ad5-42bd-bf39-af271ece28ea

Lymphocyte definition, a type of white blood cell having a large, spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin layer of nongranular ... lymphocyte. Historical Examples. of lymphocyte. *. When large forms of the lymphocyte are present, the distinction is often ... Origin of lymphocyte. First recorded in 1885-90; lympho- + -cyte. Related formslym·pho·cyt·ic [lim-fuh-sit-ik] /ˌlɪm fəˈsɪt ɪk/ ... a type of white blood cell formed in lymphoid tissueSee also B-lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte ...

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/lymphocyte

Description Monitoring lymphocyte counts in a patient with HIV infection is one way to assess the degree of immunosuppression ... CD4 lymphocytes act as the on switch for part of the immune system, so as the number of CD4 cells drops, damage to the immune ... Monitoring lymphocyte counts in a patient with HIV infection is one way to assess the degree of immunosuppression and the risk ... HIV infects and kills certain white blood cells called CD4 lymphocytes, reducing their number. The number of CD4 cells usually ...

https://www.healthcentral.com/encyclopedia/cd4-lymphocyte-monitoring

Therefore, a large number of mutant T-lymphocytes with a person means that their owner has become a prey to irradiation or his/ ... Double increase of mutant lymphocyte frequency (more than 6.2 mutants per 10,000 cells) as compared to the background group was ... Increased frequency of mutations in patients lymphocytes is the evidence of risk. But, unfortunately, the lack of mutation ... Thus, European researchers have discovered that people with increased frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in lymphocytes of ...

http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life-sciences/report-56238.html

T lymphocytes synonyms, T lymphocytes pronunciation, T lymphocytes translation, English dictionary definition of T lymphocytes ... n. Any of a class of lymphocytes, including the helper T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, that form in bone marrow and mature ... Related to T lymphocytes: MHC, B lymphocytes, Cytotoxic T lymphocytes. T cell. n.. Any of a class of lymphocytes, including the ... T lymphocyte. lymph cell, lymphocyte - an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell ...

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/T+lymphocytes

T. Diamond, "Review of Text-T Lymphocytes in the Liver," HPB Surgery, vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 421-421, 2000. https://doi.org/ ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/hpb/2000/072350/cta/

Bare lymphocyte syndrome type I (BLS I) is an inherited disorder of the immune system (primary immunodeficiency). ... Bare lymphocyte syndrome type I (BLS I) is an inherited disorder of the immune system (primary immunodeficiency). ... URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/bare-lymphocyte-syndrome-type-i/ Bare lymphocyte syndrome type I. ... on cells, including infection-fighting white blood cells (lymphocytes), which is where the condition got its name. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/bare-lymphocyte-syndrome-type-i

Bare lymphocyte syndrome type II (BLS II) is an inherited disorder of the immune system categorized as a form of combined ... Genetic Testing Registry: Bare lymphocyte syndrome type 2, complementation group A *Genetic Testing Registry: Bare lymphocyte ... which leads to an absence of MHC class II proteins on the surface of certain lymphocytes. Lack of these proteins on lymphocytes ... Bare lymphocyte syndrome type II (BLS II) is an inherited disorder of the immune system categorized as a form of combined ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/bare-lymphocyte-syndrome-type-ii/

ROle of Apoptosis in Lymphocyte Depression (ROALD) - 03.23.17. Overview , Description , Applications , Operations , Results , ... ROle of Apoptosis in Lymphocyte Depression (ROALD) will to determine the role of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in loss of T ... lymphocyte activity in microgravity.. * Various aspects of the apoptotic process will be assessed, using human T-lymphocytes, ... In this project, we plan to ascertain whether or not Space conditions might induce apoptosis in human lymphocytes through a 5- ...

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/424.html

Lymphocytes are white blood cells whose function is to fight off infection. There are three major categories of lymphocytes: B- ... Significance of Low Lymphocytes Acquired from RA or Its Treatment. Abnormally low lymphocytes, or lymphocytopenia, presents ... RA can cause low lymphocytes. Lymphocytes, sometimes referred to as "fighter cells," attack infection-causing microorganisms. ... Lymphocytes are a vital component of the bodys immune system. Medical intervention may be necessary if the number of ...

https://www.ehow.co.uk/about_5052221_can-arthritis-cause-low-lymphocytes.html

Autologous Lymphocytes - A persons white blood cells. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the ... Medical Word - Autologous Lymphocytes. Ans : A persons white blood cells. Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune ... Autologous Lymphocytes - Glossary. Written & Compiled by Medindia Content Team. Medically Reviewed by The Medindia Medical ...

http://www.medindia.net/glossary/autologous_lymphocytes.htm

Lymphocytes are complex cells that direct the bodys immune system. Learn about T lymphocyte types and functions, B lymphocytes ... Lymphocytes are complex cells that direct the bodys immune system. T lymphocytes start in the bone marrow from pluripotent ... T lymphocytes (T cells) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity ( ... antibody production). Seventy-five percent of lymphocytes are T cells. Lymphocytes are different from the other WBCs because ...

https://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/circulatory/blood3.htm

Any of the lymphocytes that act to defend the body against disease by binding foreign antigens to receptors on the surface of their cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
The most important effectors of the cell-mediated immune response, cytotoxic T lymphocytes , are the main immune cells that recognize foreign antigens on the surface of infected "self" cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
Cantor H and Boyse EA (1975) Functional subclasses of T‐lymphocytes bearing different Ly antigens. (els.net)
In their search for antigens, lymphocytes continuously shuttle among blood vessels, lymph vessels, and lymphatic tissues. (sciencemag.org)
The role of lymphocytes involves recognizing harmful particles, or antigens, and carrying out processes to deal with them. (wisegeek.com)
B lymphocytes become activated when they bind to their specific antigens. (wisegeek.com)
The other type of cell produced by B lymphocytes, the memory cell, remembers antigens so that the body can respond more quickly if they attack again. (wisegeek.com)
The data provide strong indications that one critical role of T-cell participation in humoral responses to antigens is to circumvent the development of a tolerogenic signal that, in the absence of such T-cell function, might otherwise ensue after binding of the antigenic determinants by specific precursor B lymphocytes. (rupress.org)
A test for histocompatibility of HL-A antigens in which donor and recipient lymphocytes are mixed in culture. (dictionary.com)
Sites on antigens that are recognized by T-lymphocytes . (citizendium.org)

Special cytokines called interleukins that are produced by the T-4 lymphocytes mediate this proliferation. (encyclopedia.com)
Lee SC, Sabath DE, Deutsch C, Prystowsky MB: Increased voltage-gated potassium conductance during interleukin 2-stimulated proliferation of a mouse helper T lymphocyte clone. (springer.com)
Though there is no coherent explanation for these observations, and it is not known which biomolecules might act as gravity responders, recent evidence seems to suggest that inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation depends on alterations occurring within the first few hours of microgravity. (nasa.gov)
Antigen receptor stimulation of mature alpha beta T lymphocytes can lead either to proliferation or death. (nih.gov)
In 2012, National Jewish Health Advanced Diagnostic Laboratories introduced a nickel lymphocyte proliferation test (NiLPT) to detect nickel sensitization. (nationaljewish.org)
Nickel lymphocyte proliferation testing is a clinically useful tool for evaluating patients undergoing initial joint replacement surgery or revision. (nationaljewish.org)
Overall, the presence of B lymphocytes was associated with increased tissue proliferation, reduced cell death and a more supportive environment for wound healing. (eurekalert.org)
So, I just followed but I can't get any lymphocytes proliferation after pulsed with BrdU. (protocol-online.org)
This amino acid has been shown to play a role in lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production by lymphocytes and macrophages and phagocytosis and superoxide production by macrophages and neutrophils. (scielo.br)

In this article, we look at different types of lymphocytes, what normal levels to have in the blood are, and what happens if levels get too low or too high. (medicalnewstoday.com)
There are two main types of lymphocytes: T-cells and B-cells. (aaaai.org)
The two main types of lymphocytes are T cells and B cells , which function in the adaptive immune system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Different types of lymphocytes exist, known as T cells , B cells and natural killer cells, and their roles differ accordingly. (wisegeek.com)
the common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) can differentiate into all types of lymphocytes but lack the myeloid potential under physiological conditions, although some myeloid-related genes can be detected in CLPs depending on experimental conditions [ 1 , 2 ]. (intechopen.com)

Prompted by advances in the understanding of defects in lymphocyte cytotoxicity, the discovery of adaptive natural killer (NK) cell subsets associated with certain viral infections, and compelling links between stress, adrenaline, and cytotoxic lymphocyte function, we reassessed the role of cytotoxic lymphocytes in ME/CFS. (frontiersin.org)
Divergent hematological traits in swine may confer physiological differences, so we studied transcriptome profiles in spleens of Yorkshire pigs with different peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets. (thefreedictionary.com)
We will provide flow cytometry plots showing strategies to identify and characterize NK, T and B lymphocytes and their subsets in circulation. (intechopen.com)

The NK cells are sometimes labeled "large granular lymphocytes," while the T cells and B cells are labeled as "small lymphocytes. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells (NK cells). (phys.org)
Natural killer cells are large granular lymphocytes, with visible granules contained in their cytoplasm and a lobed nucleus. (wisegeek.com)

Following maturation, the lymphocytes enter the circulation and peripheral lymphoid organs (e.g. the spleen and lymph nodes ) where they survey for invading pathogens and/or tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
A person with a high lymph count could be suffering from a condition called lymphocytosis, an elevated level of white blood cells called lymphocytes. (reference.com)
Lymphocytes are found in the lymph nodes and spleen and circulate continuously in the blood and lymph. (dictionary.com)
any of several closely related lymphocytes, developed in the thymus, that circulate in the blood and lymph and regulate the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells. (thefreedictionary.com)
Lymphocytes continually pass back and forth between lymph tissue, lymph fluid and blood. (howstuffworks.com)
Antibody blockade of IL-2 but not IL-4 reverses the marked reduction of lymph node V beta 8+ T cells caused in mice by the bacterial superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. IL-2 may thus participate in a feedback regulatory mechanism by predisposing mature T lymphocytes to apoptosis. (nih.gov)
Lymphocytes are produced inside bone marrow before traveling to areas of the lymphatic system such as the spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. (wisegeek.com)
After they mature, the lymphocytes enter the circulation and lymphoid organs (e.g. the spleen and lymph nodes ) where they are able to sense invading pathogens and tumour cells. (wikipedia.org)
Mesenteric lymph nodes show log-jamming of lymphocytes subjacent to sinus-lining endothelium. (ingentaconnect.com)
The S1P receptor system may represent an early physiological link between the non-specific inflammatory response and the alteration of lymphocyte traffic through draining lymph nodes. (ingentaconnect.com)
Surgery to remove the lymph nodes is the main treatment for stage I nodular lymphocyte-predominant childhood HL when doctors think the tumour can be completely removed, or resected. (cancer.ca)
Mature lymphocytes recirculate via blood and lymph through lymphoid tissues in a relatively quiescent state until stimulated to proliferate during, for example, a bacterial or viral infection. (scielo.br)
The WBC differential channel classifies Lymphocytes (LYMPH), Monocytes (MONO), Eosinophils (EO), and Granulocytes by cellular complexity and nucleic acid content. (crlcorp.com)

B cells mature into B lymphocytes in the bursa equivalent, which in humans is the GALT , which is thought to be located in the Peyer's patches of the intestine, [4] while T cells migrate to and mature in a distinct organ, called the thymus . (wikipedia.org)
Any of a class of lymphocytes, including the helper T cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, that form in bone marrow and mature in the thymus. (thefreedictionary.com)
ROle of Apoptosis in Lymphocyte Depression (ROALD) will determine the role of programmed apoptosis (cell death) in loss of T-lymphocyte (white blood cells originating in the thymus) activity in microgravity. (nasa.gov)
T lymphocytes start in the bone marrow from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, then travel to and mature in the thymus gland. (howstuffworks.com)
CD8 T cells and B cells also differentiate into cytotoxic thymus‐derived lymphocytes and plasma cells, respectively, driven by specific activation in the context of CD4 T H cells (helper) and the cytokine microenvironment. (els.net)
Together, the thymus and marrow produce approximately 109 mature lymphocytes each day, which are then released into the circulation. (amamanualofstyle.com)
B cells mature into B lymphocytes in the bone marrow, [4] while T cells migrate to and mature in a distinct organ, called the thymus . (wikipedia.org)
Lymphocyte differentiation in the rabbit thymus. (biomedsearch.com)

IHC tested on neurological tissues highlighted a heterogeneous population of infiltrating T and B lymphocytes admixed macrophages. (nii.ac.jp)
In the immune system such diverse cell types as T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, hybridomas, and natural killer cells express an assortment of channels (reviewed in 3). (springer.com)
In this work, researchers have shown that in B lymphocytes HDAC7 is involved in the transcriptional repression of "inappropriate" gens characteristic of other cell types such as macrophages and T lymphocytes. (eurekalert.org)
Eric Newsholme's laboratory was the first to show glutamine utilization by lymphocytes and macrophages. (scielo.br)
Lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils play an important role in the immune and inflammatory response. (scielo.br)
Indeed, it was not until the pioneering work of Eric Newsholme's laboratory in the 1980's that it was established that immune cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages could utilize glutamine at high rates in addition to glucose (3,4). (scielo.br)
The metabolic fate of glutamine in lymphocytes, macrophages and neutrophils will be discussed in the present paper. (scielo.br)

Immunology of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. (nih.gov)
The tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) interact most closely with the tumor cells and are likely to more accurately reflect tumor host interactions. (nih.gov)
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes will be obtained from a small piece of tumour tissue removed from the invaded lymphnode after surgery. (clinicaltrials.gov)
A preparation of cells, consisting of autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, that are manipulated in vitro and, upon administration in vivo, re-infiltrate the tumor to initiate tumor cell lysis. (cancer.gov)
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are white blood cells that have left the bloodstream and migrated towards a tumor. (wikipedia.org)
The 'Global Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes Immunotherapy Market Opportunity & Clinical Trials Insight 2025' report has been added to ResearchAndMarkets.com's offering. (yahoo.com)
Now-a-days, the market of immunotherapy is more attributed towards developing Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes for causing complete remission of the tumor cells from the cancer patients. (yahoo.com)

A third type of lymphocyte, known as a natural killer or NK cell, comes from the same place as B and T cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
A type of lymphocyte. (nih.gov)
Some pathogens that influence the presence of this type of lymphocyte in the blood will also cause this altered cell to take on defining characteristics, such as changes to the shape of the nucleus and the quantity or color of the cytoplasm in the lymphocyte. (wisegeek.com)

hi , my percentage of lymphocytes is very low just 14,26 % and the number is1.26 is this s. (medhelp.org)
When white blood cells are counted, the lymphocyte count is the percentage of lymphocytes present. (wikipedia.org)

B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow. (howstuffworks.com)
The journal 'Immunity' yesterday released a study showing strong evidence, and confirming a previous controversial study, that between initial and subsequent infection 80% of CD4 memory T-lymphocytes are located within bone marrow and not the circulatory system as has been widely believed by heath researchers. (chiro.org)
Lymphoid hematopoiesis is not trivial, because although lymphocytes are found in the bloodstream and their precursor originates in the bone marrow, they mainly belong to the separate lymphatic system, which interacts with the blood circulation. (intechopen.com)
Lymphocyte immune globulin is also used to treat aplastic anemia (a condition in which your bone marrow does not produce enough new blood cells). (rexhealth.com)

There are two categories of lymphocytes known as B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
There are three major categories of lymphocytes: B-cells, T-cells and NK-cells. (ehow.co.uk)
The two main categories of lymphocytes are the B lymphocytes ( B cells ) and T lymphocytes ( T cell ), both of which are involved in the adaptive immune system (Alberts 1989). (newworldencyclopedia.org)

All lymphocytes originate, during this process, from a common lymphoid progenitor before differentiating into their distinct lymphocyte types. (wikipedia.org)
Homing of lymphocytes to lymphoid tissues is regulated by selective interactions between cell surface homing receptors and tissue vascular addressins at sites of lymphocyte recruitment from the blood. (nii.ac.jp)
Lymphocytes belong to the lymphoid lineage and are considered as divergent from other blood cells lineages as those from the myeloid or erythroid lineage. (intechopen.com)
Blood lymphocyte numbers, which are maintained by recirculation through secondary lymphoid organs, are essential for the efficient development of immune responses. (ingentaconnect.com)

Effector lymphocytes function to eliminate the antigen, either by releasing antibodies (in the case of B cells), cytotoxic granules ( cytotoxic T cells ) or by signaling to other cells of the immune system ( helper T cells ). (wikipedia.org)
Anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) is an infusion of animal- antibodies against human T cells which is used in the treatment of acute rejection in organ transplantation. (wikipedia.org)
Lymphocytes have a number of roles in the immune system, including the production of antibodies and other substances that fight infection and disease. (medindia.net)
Certain lymphocytes (called B cells) act by stimulating the production of antibodies. (thefreedictionary.com)
Patients suffering from B-cell lymphomas can be treated with antibodies directed against the B-lymphocyte antigen CD20. (phys.org)
One important role of lymphocytes is the production of antibodies, and plasma cells are responsible for this. (wisegeek.com)
Stimulation of resting B lymphocytes with antibodies to surface immunoglobulin (sIgD or sIgM) induces protein tyrosine phosphorylation, implicating one or more B-cell protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) in sIg signal transduction. (pnas.org)
Researchers of the Cellular Differentiation Group at the Epigenetics and Cancer Biology Program at IDIBELL, led by researcher Maribel Parra, have identified a transcriptional repressor, the histone deacetylase HDAC7, involved in the generation and the identity of B lymphocytes, the cells responsible to create antibodies in our immune system. (eurekalert.org)
In their report published in Wound Repair and Regeneration , the investigators from the MGH Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center (VIC) describe how application of mature B lymphocytes - the immune cells best known for producing antibodies - greatly accelerated the healing of acute and chronic wounds in both diabetic and nondiabetic mice. (eurekalert.org)

Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is an uncommon subtype of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). (uptodate.com)
See 'Clinical manifestations, pathologic features, and diagnosis of nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma' . (uptodate.com)
The following are treatment options for childhood nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). (cancer.ca)

Also see Evans 2002 (3): "Our findings provide the first evidence that depression may alter the function of killer lymphocytes in HIV-infected women and suggest that depression may decrease natural killer cell activity and lead to an increase in activated CD8 T lymphocytes and viral load" (quote from the abstract). (thefreedictionary.com)

Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. (phys.org)
Small lymphocytes consist of T cells and B cells. (phys.org)

Microscopically, in a Wright's stained peripheral blood smear , a normal lymphocyte has a large, dark-staining nucleus with little to no eosinophilic cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
The normal lymphocyte range in adults is between 1,000 and 4,800 lymphocytes in 1 microliter (µL) of blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The atypical lymphocyte has more cytoplasm and thus grows larger in size than a normal lymphocyte as a reaction to infection, hormone production, radiation or other factors that influence the immune system. (wisegeek.com)

S. J. McLeod and M. R. Gold, "Activation and function of the Rap1 GTPase in B lymphocytes," International Reviews of Immunology , vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 763-789, 2001. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, the comprehension about lymphocytes and their contribution to the immune response will favor their application in developmental hematology and immunology. (intechopen.com)

In this project, we plan to ascertain whether or not Space conditions might induce apoptosis in human lymphocytes through a 5-LOX-mediated pathway. (nasa.gov)
To investigate whether carbamate pesticides also induce apoptosis in human T lymphocytes, in the present study Jurkat human T cells were treated in vitro with thiram, maneb, carbaryl or ziram. (mdpi.com)

Increased expansions of adaptive NK cells or deviant cytotoxic lymphocyte adrenaline-mediated inhibition were not observed. (frontiersin.org)
Lymphocytes include natural killer cells (which function in cell-mediated , cytotoxic innate immunity ), T cells (for cell-mediated , cytotoxic adaptive immunity ), and B cells (for humoral , antibody -driven adaptive immunity ). (wikipedia.org)
A stained lymphocyte surrounded by red blood cells viewed using a light microscope . (wikipedia.org)
The three major types of lymphocyte are T cells , B cells and natural killer (NK) cells. (wikipedia.org)
A scanning electron microscope image of normal circulating human blood showing red blood cells , several types of white blood cells including lymphocytes, a monocyte , a neutrophil and many small disc-shaped platelets . (wikipedia.org)
Lymphocytes are white blood cells that are also one of the body's main types of immune cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The immune system is a complex network of cells known as immune cells that include lymphocytes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Lymphocytes are types of white blood cells that help the immune system defend against disease and infection. (aaaai.org)
The T cells and the B cells together are called the lymphocytes. (encyclopedia.com)
The large clone of identical lymphocytes then differentiates into different cells that can destroy the original antigen. (encyclopedia.com)
The T-8 lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) that can destroy the body cells that have the original antigenic epitope on its surface, e.g., bacterial infected cells, viral infected cells, and tumor cells. (encyclopedia.com)
Some of the T lymphocytes become memory cells. (encyclopedia.com)
Lymphocytes are produced by the same stem cells that produce red blood cells. (reference.com)
Lymphocytes normally represent 20 - 40% of circulating white blood cells. (reference.com)
Locally resident intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) are primarily T cells with potent cytolytic and immunoregulatory capacities, which they use to sustain epithelial integrity. (nature.com)
Yoshikai, Y. The interaction of intestinal epithelial cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes in host defense. (nature.com)
Specific populations of T lymphocytes have emerged as important reparative cells with context-specific actions. (jci.org)
for example, phagocytosis by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) leads to a selective depletion of con A binding sites which is prevented by colchicine 1 , con A inhibition of lymphocyte immunoglobulin receptor capping is reversed by colchicine 2-4 and con A-induced aggregation of PMNs, fibroblasts and hepatoma cells is inhibited by colchicine 5-7 . (nature.com)
HIV infects and kills certain white blood cells called CD4 lymphocytes, reducing their number. (healthcentral.com)
CD4 lymphocytes act as the 'on switch' for part of the immune system , so as the number of CD4 cells drops, damage to the immune system may progress. (healthcentral.com)
Double increase of mutant lymphocyte frequency (more than 6.2 mutants per 10,000 cells) as compared to the background group was discovered with 37 percent of cancer patients, and this result cannot be considered accidental. (innovations-report.com)
Washington, January 4 ( ANI ): In a new study, researchers claim to have succeeded for the first time in creating cancer-specific, immune system cells called killer T lymphocytes , from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). (thefreedictionary.com)
It contributes to the development of T lymphocytes , guard cells that participate in immune system reactions. (thefreedictionary.com)
on cells, including infection-fighting white blood cells (lymphocytes), which is where the condition got its name. (medlineplus.gov)
To help the body recognize and fight infections, MHC class II proteins on lymphocytes bind to fragments of proteins (peptides) from foreign invaders so that other specialized immune system cells can interact with them. (medlineplus.gov)
When these immune system cells recognize the peptides as harmful, they trigger the lymphocytes to launch immune responses to get rid of the foreign invaders. (medlineplus.gov)
It has been suggested that reduced growth response in lymphocytes during spaceflight might be linked to apoptosis, based on morphological anomalies and cDNA microarray analysis of space-flown human lymphoblastoid (Jurkat) cells. (nasa.gov)
In this context, 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) plays a central role in interleukin-2 expression and activation of human lymphocytes, and is involved in the initiation of programmed death (apoptosis) triggered by several stimuli in different human cells. (nasa.gov)
Lymphocytes, sometimes referred to as "fighter cells," attack infection-causing microorganisms. (ehow.co.uk)
Lymphocytes are white blood cells whose function is to fight off infection. (ehow.co.uk)
Lymphocytes are complex cells that direct the body's immune system . (howstuffworks.com)
T lymphocytes (T cells) are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. (howstuffworks.com)
Seventy-five percent of lymphocytes are T cells. (howstuffworks.com)
Both T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) can become memory cells. (nih.gov)
Other lymphocyte-like cells are commonly known as natural killer cells, or NK cells, and are part of the innate immune system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
While offering protection against millions of possible invaders, including viruses , bacteria , are cancer cells, lymphocytes allow normal body cells and helpful, symbiotic bacteria to flourish at the same time. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In addition, lymphocyte-like cells called natural killer (NK) cells are involved in the immune system, albeit part of the innate immune system . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Lymphocytes are activated upon antigen (Ag) recognition by their clonotypic surface Ag receptors, TCR in the case of T cells and BCR in the case of B cells. (els.net)
T lymphocyte cells form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes and, in the presence of transforming agents (mitogens), differentiate and divide. (fpnotebook.com)
Phospholipid methylation in murine T lymphocytes but not B cells was stimulated by mitogenic lectins such as concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin, and the methylation was then returned to the control level by the concomitant activation of phospholipase A2. (pnas.org)
Deletion of GRK2 in lymphocytes compromises desensitization by high vascular S1P concentrations, thereby reducing responsiveness to the chemokine signal and trapping the cells in the vascular compartment. (sciencemag.org)
The role of lymphocytes of the natural killer cell type is not as specific and they can recognize many different types of antigen , including infected cells and some tumor cells. (wisegeek.com)
T lymphocytes can be subdivided into helper and killer T cells. (wisegeek.com)
Helper T cells have what is probably the most important role of lymphocytes in the immune system. (wisegeek.com)
Results were again significantly better than for l-PEI, although further research into the response of individual T cells to the transfection agent will be necessary, before either method can be used to routinely transfect primary T lymphocytes. (mdpi.com)
A mathematical model for the interaction of between cancer cells and immune system, involving CML cancer cells, naive and effector T-lymphocytes. (ebi.ac.uk)
The CD4 percentage is the percentage of CD4 cells in the total lymphocyte count . (thebody.com)
Lymphocytes are the only cells in the body capable of specifically recognizing and distinguishing different antigenic determinants and are responsible for the two defining characteristics of the adaptive immune response, specificity and memory. (ozon.ru)
Since lymphocytes play an integral role in the bodys immune response as well as have several important physiologic roles to play within the body, any aberration in these cells leads to widespread pathological conditions. (ozon.ru)
Tristram G. Parslow(pp40-41) Lymphocytes are the cells that carry out antigen-specific immune responses. (amamanualofstyle.com)
Some of the viruses that alter lymphocyte production in the body are the Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, syphilis and hepatitis C . The Eppstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus atypical lymphocyte structures are often called Downey cells in honor of Hal Downey, who discovered them in 1923. (wisegeek.com)
For example, infectious mononucleosis produces an atypical lymphocyte that has more cytoplasm than the usual white blood cells. (wisegeek.com)
In addition to being larger than typical lymphocytes, these cells also exhibit the presence of nucleoli. (wisegeek.com)
Tetramers of human lymphocyte antigen A2 that were complexed with two different human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-derived peptides or with a peptide derived from influenza A matrix protein bound to peptide-specific cytotoxic T cells in vitro and to T cells from the blood of HIV-infected individuals. (sciencemag.org)
Our demonstration that B lymphocytes - immune system cells that are abundant in the blood - can accelerate wound healing in both healthy and diabetic skin potentially opens up an exciting path to a new treatment for chronic wounds, such as diabetic foot ulcers," says Ruxandra Sîrbulescu, PhD, of the MGH-VIC, lead and corresponding author of the report. (eurekalert.org)
Look at percentage of cells within the lymphocyte gate that express the B-cell marker CD19, and compare to healthy controls and non-healthy controls. (clinicaltrials.gov)
So you could try washing your stimulator cells before adding responders or you might have to add a peptide for lymphocyte recognition and response! (protocol-online.org)
They are named "natural killer cells" because they do not require prior activation in order to kill cells which are missing MHC class I. The X lymphocyte is a reported cell type expressing both a B-cell receptor and T-cell receptor and is hypothesized to be implicated in type 1 diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. (medicalxpress.com)
They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and natural killer cells by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors (TCR). (medicalxpress.com)
The treatment regimen associated with the TIL therapy comprises of collection of lymphocytes that have the ability to engage themselves in the tumor cells destruction. (yahoo.com)
Upon administration, BCMA-specific CAR-expressing T-lymphocytes specifically recognize and kill BCMA-expressing tumor cells. (cancer.gov)

A thymocyte-derived lymphocyte of immunological importance that is long-lived (months to years) and is responsible for cell-mediated immunity. (fpnotebook.com)
Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. (fpnotebook.com)

According to Japanese and Russian researchers' data, the patients suffering from larynx cancer and some other malignant growths, even before treatment starts experience increase of quantity of lymphocytes with T-cell receptor (TCR) genes mutations. (innovations-report.com)
Desensitization of a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor enables lymphocytes to leave the vascular compartment. (sciencemag.org)
Receptor-mediated formation, metabolism, and mode of action of these novel second messengers in T lymphocytes will be reviewed. (frontiersin.org)
Recirculating populations of B and T lymphocytes are regulated by the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor-dependent control of lymphocyte egress. (ingentaconnect.com)
Pharmacological subversion of the S1P receptor system, through systemic S1P agonist-induced inhibition of lymphocyte egress, suppresses antigenic responses to peripheral, but not to systemically, delivered antigen. (ingentaconnect.com)
T lymphocytes that constitutively express the IL-2 receptor a-chain, CD25, and the transcription factor Foxp3, comprising approximately 10% of the [CD4.sup. (thefreelibrary.com)
A preparation of autologous peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (PBTL) that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the B cell maturation antigen (BCMA), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. (cancer.gov)

Lack of these proteins on lymphocytes impairs the body's immune response to bacteria, viruses, and fungi, leading to persistent infections in individuals with BLS II syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Lymphocytes are a vital component of the body's immune system. (ehow.co.uk)
Lymphocytes play an important and integral role in the body's defenses, and are part of a system of extraordinary complexity and coordination. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In addition to making changes in the structure of the body's lymphocytes, most viruses that can create an atypical lymphocyte are also transmitted through sex or the exchange of bodily fluids. (wisegeek.com)
Lymphocyte immune globulin anti-thymocyte (also called equine anti-thymocyte immune globulin), is an immunosuppressant that lowers your body's immune system. (rexhealth.com)

Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). (fpnotebook.com)
T-helper cell type (Th)2 lymphocytes play an important role in the initiation, progression and persistence of allergic diseases, including asthma. (ersjournals.com)
In contrast to strictly cytokine-producing helper ILCs, resident innate lymphocyte populations with cytolytic potential have been identified in multiple tissues in both mouse and human. (jimmunol.org)

Frequently peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) do not reflect the tumor host relationship and cell mediated immunity in the PBL does not often correlate with prognosis. (nih.gov)

B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity (antibody production). (howstuffworks.com)

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of a single human lymphocyte. (wikipedia.org)

Learn more about the role of lymphocytes in primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDD). (aaaai.org)
What Is the Role of Lymphocytes? (wisegeek.com)
The appearance as well as the role of lymphocytes can vary. (wisegeek.com)

By comparison with controls, a significant slowing of the cell cycle of lymphocytes in vitro was observed in all FA patients, and possibly in FA heterozygotes, although to a lesser degree. (nih.gov)

Lymphocyte stimulation leads to the activation of selected transcription factors depending on the type of signals. (els.net)
Anti-immunoglobulin stimulation of B lymphocytes activates src-related protein-tyrosine kinases. (pnas.org)
The presence of an atypical lymphocyte, otherwise referred to as a reactive lymphocyte or an atypical white blood cell, in the bloodstream is an indicator of antigen stimulation or immune system activation in the body. (wisegeek.com)

Chemokines mediate entry of lymphocytes into lymphatic tissues, and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) promotes localization of lymphocytes to the vasculature. (sciencemag.org)

In summary, employing sensitive assays and analyses for quantification of cytotoxic lymphocyte differentiation and function, cytotoxicity lymphocyte aberrances were not found among ME/CFS patients. (frontiersin.org)
Lymphocyte differentiation and function is directed by specific transcription factors that determine the cell lineage. (els.net)

Incited by the role of CD4+ T-lymphocytes in the production of immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibody by B-lymphocytes, subsequent studies in the late 1980s demonstrated that they are also involved in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma 2 , 3 . (ersjournals.com)

This Review focuses on the major populations of T lymphocytes known to mediate tissue repair, their reparative mechanisms, and the diseases in which they have been implicated. (jci.org)
Les thymocytes doubles n gatifs sont tout d'abord isol s, puis s par s en diverses sous populations (DN1, DN2, DN3 et DN4) suivant l'expression des marqueurs CD44 (une prot ine d'adh sion) et CD25 (cha ne α du r cepteur de l'IL-2). (unice.fr)
Detection of gene expression specific for different kind of immune cell populations can then be used to determine the degree of lymphocyte infiltration as has been shown in breast cancer. (wikipedia.org)
Lympho-depletion is thought to eliminate the negative effects of other lymphocytes that may compete for growth factors and decrease anti-tumor effects of the TILs, depleting regulatory or inhibitory lymphocyte populations. (wikipedia.org)

A high lymphocyte count is referred to as lymphocytosis and is caused by a bacterial or viral infection, cancer, autoimmune disorders, tuberculosis, HIV/AI. (reference.com)
Lymphocytes help fight off diseases, so it's normal to see a temporary increase after an infection. (reference.com)
Monitoring lymphocyte counts in a patient with HIV infection is one way to assess the degree of immunosuppression and the risk of developing opportunistic infections. (healthcentral.com)
At 3 days postinfection, neither DEP exposure nor Listeria infection resulted in significant changes in T lymphocytes when compared with the air-exposed, noninfected control (data not shown). (thefreedictionary.com)
Lymphocytopenia, the medical term for a low number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood, places individuals at a high risk for infection. (ehow.co.uk)
is normal for a chronic hiv infection to have atipical lymphocytes (betewn 1-2%) 2. (thebody.com)
Memory lymphocytes can recognize an antigen introduced into the body during a prior infection or vaccination. (nih.gov)
The shape, color and size of the lymphocyte can offer lab pathologists the opportunity to identify the source of the infection. (wisegeek.com)
An increase in lymphocyte concentration is usually a sign of a viral infection (in some rare case, leukemias are found through an abnormally high lymphocyte count in an otherwise normal person). (wikipedia.org)

HealthCentral explains that lymphocytosis, or the presence of a high number of lymphocytes, can be caused by many different disorders and diseases, including mononucleosis, toxoplasmosis, AIDS and tuberculosis. (reference.com)
however, adults with more than 3,000 lymphocytes per milliliter of blood are generally considered to suffer from lymphocytosis. (reference.com)
In some cases, children must have more than 9,000 lymphocytes per milliliter of blood to be considered to suffer from lymphocytosis. (reference.com)

My absolute lymphocyte value is 4243. (thebody.com)
A low normal to low absolute lymphocyte count is found with infections after surgery or trauma. (wikipedia.org)

Although lymphocytes are always present in the bloodstream, interaction with immune system triggers is required to create an environment in which the abnormal lymphocyte is produced. (wisegeek.com)

Yes atypical lymphocytes reflect the size and shape of lymphocytes as they can be seen under the microscope. (thebody.com)
These viruses, which have the ability to remain dormant for many years, are often first identified by the presence of atypical lymphocytes in the blood. (wisegeek.com)
I got to look at a few slides of atypical lymphocytes when I took Anatomy and Physiology. (wisegeek.com)
She often has to look for atypical lymphocytes in her samples, among other atypical things! (wisegeek.com)
As the article said, different atypical lymphocytes have different characteristics. (wisegeek.com)

Thus, European researchers have discovered that people with increased frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in lymphocytes of blood more often fall ill with cancer. (innovations-report.com)
These mutations are easy to discover via a special immunological test, which was used by the Obninsk physicians for search of mutant lymphocytes in blood of patients with thyroid gland cancer. (innovations-report.com)

Unusually high or low lymphocyte counts can be a sign of disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Children have much higher lymphocyte counts than adults, and the count tends to vary with age. (reference.com)
CD4 counts and total lymphocyte count? (thebody.com)
Higher white blood cell counts and the presence of atypical lymphocyte cell structures in the bloodstream are indicative of infections. (wisegeek.com)

The process can also involve a preliminary chemotherapy regimen to deplete endogenous lymphocytes in order to provide the adoptively transferred TILs with enough access to surround the tumor sites. (wikipedia.org)

Klein, J. R. Ontogeny of the Thy-1-, Lyt-2 + murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte. (nature.com)
DeCoursey TE, Chandy KG, Gupta S, Cahalan MD: Two types of potassium channels in murine T lymphocytes. (springer.com)
DeCoursey TE, Chandy KG, Gupta S, Cahalan MD: Mitogen induction of ion channels in murine T lymphocytes. (springer.com)
Lewis RS and Cahalan MD. Subset-specific expression of potassium channels in developing murine T lymphocytes. (springer.com)
These results suggest that the mitogenesis of murine T lymphocytes is triggered by the activation of both phospholipid methyltransferase(s) and phospholipase A2. (pnas.org)

they form effector and memory lymphocytes. (wikipedia.org)
Memory lymphocytes mount a rapid and strong immune response when exposed to an antigen for a second time. (nih.gov)

Forty-eight patients from two independent cohorts fulfilling the Canada 2003 criteria for ME/CFS were evaluated with respect to cytotoxic lymphocyte phenotype and function. (frontiersin.org)
Reproducible differences between patients and controls were not found in cytotoxic lymphocyte numbers, cytotoxic granule content, activation status, exocytotic capacity, target cell killing, or cytokine production. (frontiersin.org)

A lymphocyte is one of the subtypes of a white blood cell in a vertebrate 's immune system . (wikipedia.org)
This investigation looked at how spaceflight influences immune cell function, including the role of programmed cell death (apoptosis) in loss of T-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. (nasa.gov)
Lymphocytes are one type of white blood cell. (thebody.com)
___ B cell → ___ B, importante en la producción de anticuerpos. (thefreedictionary.com)
Lymphocyte activation triggers multiple signalling cascades that converge in the cell nucleus to cause significant changes in the pattern of gene expression that determine the phenotype of activated lymphocytes and, ultimately, the type of immune response. (els.net)
A T lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell. (fpnotebook.com)
Re: [Felvtalk] Immunoregolin or Lymphocyte T-cell immun. (mail-archive.com)
The 2 main types are the T lymphocyte and the B lymphocyte, also called the T cell and the B cell. (amamanualofstyle.com)
Crowding by the surrounding red blood cell is the reason why the lymphocytes produced by infectious mononucleosis often have a dented shape to their cytoplasm. (wisegeek.com)
All lymphocytes come from a common basic lymphocyte cell before differentiating into their distinct lymphocyte types. (wikipedia.org)
In normal situations, the coarse, dense nucleus of a lymphocyte is approximately the size of a red blood cell (about 7 μm in diameter). (wikipedia.org)

A drastic reduction of lymphocytes can lead to persistent infections from fungi, bacteria and viruses. (ehow.co.uk)
Lymphocytes are different from the other WBCs because they can recognize and have a memory of invading bacteria and viruses . (howstuffworks.com)

Lymphocyte immune globulin is made of certain blood products from horses and may contain viruses and other infectious agents. (rexhealth.com)

In children, the normal range is between 3,000 and 9,500 lymphocytes in 1 µL of blood. (medicalnewstoday.com)
What is the cause of having a high lymphocyte count in the blood? (reference.com)
In the F0 generation, we obtained 35 pups and 25 out of them were positive for Surveyor assay, and most of mutants displayed dramatic reductions of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood. (nii.ac.jp)
My daughter is about the same age and has chronic low lymphocytes results when her blood is drawn. (medhelp.org)
Medical intervention may be necessary if the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood becomes depressed. (ehow.co.uk)
The effects of other virus or lymphocyte disorders can also often be estimated by counting the numbers of lymphocytes present in the blood . (wikipedia.org)
While using lymphocyte immune globulin, you may need frequent blood tests. (rexhealth.com)

T lymphocytes can also help control immune responses. (fpnotebook.com)

these lymphocytes are the main agents of the acquired immune system. (wikipedia.org)

Lymphocytopenia, also referred to as lymphopenia, occurs when your lymphocyte count in your bloodstream is lower than normal. (reference.com)

These images are a random sampling from a Bing search on the term "T-Lymphocyte. (fpnotebook.com)

Mutations in the CIITA , RFX5 , RFXANK , or RFXAP gene prevent transcription of MHC class II genes, which leads to an absence of MHC class II proteins on the surface of certain lymphocytes. (medlineplus.gov)

The genetic modification of human T lymphocytes with established non-viral methods is inefficient. (mdpi.com)

Anatomy47

Organisms16

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs104

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment36

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science3

Health Care1

T-cell development: a new marker of differentiation state. (1/39207)

The hematopoietic-specific adaptor protein gads functions in T-cell signaling via interactions with the SLP-76 and LAT adaptors. (2/39207)

JNK2 is required for efficient T-cell activation and apoptosis but not for normal lymphocyte development. (3/39207)

Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for the treatment of severe combined immunodeficiency. (4/39207)

Tyrosine phosphorylation and complex formation of Cbl-b upon T cell receptor stimulation. (5/39207)

Vascular endothelial growth factor activates nuclear factor of activated T cells in human endothelial cells: a role for tissue factor gene expression. (6/39207)

Activation-dependent transcriptional regulation of the human Fas promoter requires NF-kappaB p50-p65 recruitment. (7/39207)

RFLAT-1: a new zinc finger transcription factor that activates RANTES gene expression in T lymphocytes. (8/39207)

Lymphocytes

Lymphocyte Activation

T-Lymphocytes

T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic

Lymphocyte Subsets

Lymphocyte Count

B-Lymphocytes

CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Cytotoxicity, Immunologic

CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes

Cells, Cultured

Spleen

T-Lymphocyte Subsets

Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed

Interleukin-2

Antigens, CD3

Flow Cytometry

Phytohemagglutinins

Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating

Mice, Inbred C57BL

Concanavalin A

Antigens, CD

Mice, Inbred BALB C

Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell

Leukocyte Count

Interferon-gamma

Antibodies, Monoclonal

Immunity, Cellular

Clone Cells

Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic

Jurkat Cells

Thymus Gland

Lymphocyte Transfusion

Lymph Nodes

Antigens, Surface

Immunophenotyping

Lymphocyte Depletion

Lymphocyte Cooperation

Epitopes

Mitogens

Killer Cells, Natural

Cell Line

Rosette Formation

Molecular Sequence Data

Cytokines

Cell Separation

Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1

T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer

Antigens, CD4

Immunologic Memory

Receptors, Lymphocyte Homing

Antigens, CD45

Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte

Membrane Glycoproteins

HLA-A2 Antigen

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta

CD4-CD8 Ratio

Receptors, Interleukin-2

Cell Division

Antigens, Neoplasm

T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory

Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta

Dendritic Cells

Mice, Inbred Strains

Monocytes

Antigens

HIV-1

Leukocytes, Mononuclear

H-2 Antigens

Antigens, CD8

Amino Acid Sequence

Histocompatibility Antigens Class I

Perforin

Histocompatibility Antigens

Macrophages

Antigen Presentation

CD4 Lymphocyte Count

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Lectins