Immune System: The body's defense mechanism against foreign organisms or substances and deviant native cells. It includes the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated response and consists of a complex of interrelated cellular, molecular, and genetic components.Immune Tolerance: The specific failure of a normally responsive individual to make an immune response to a known antigen. It results from previous contact with the antigen by an immunologically immature individual (fetus or neonate) or by an adult exposed to extreme high-dose or low-dose antigen, or by exposure to radiation, antimetabolites, antilymphocytic serum, etc.Immunity, Innate: The capacity of a normal organism to remain unaffected by microorganisms and their toxins. It results from the presence of naturally occurring ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS, constitutional factors such as BODY TEMPERATURE and immediate acting immune cells such as NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Immune Evasion: Methods used by pathogenic organisms to evade a host's immune system.Antigen-Antibody Complex: The complex formed by the binding of antigen and antibody molecules. The deposition of large antigen-antibody complexes leading to tissue damage causes IMMUNE COMPLEX DISEASES.Immune Sera: Serum that contains antibodies. It is obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by ANTIGEN injection or infection with microorganisms containing the antigen.Immunity, Cellular: Manifestations of the immune response which are mediated by antigen-sensitized T-lymphocytes via lymphokines or direct cytotoxicity. This takes place in the absence of circulating antibody or where antibody plays a subordinate role.T-Lymphocytes: Lymphocytes responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Two types have been identified - cytotoxic (T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC) and helper T-lymphocytes (T-LYMPHOCYTES, HELPER-INDUCER). They are formed when lymphocytes circulate through the THYMUS GLAND and differentiate to thymocytes. When exposed to an antigen, they divide rapidly and produce large numbers of new T cells sensitized to that antigen.Mice, Inbred C57BLImmunity: Nonsusceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effect of antigenic substances.Mice, Inbred BALB CCytokines: Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. They differ from classical hormones in that they are produced by a number of tissue or cell types rather than by specialized glands. They generally act locally in a paracrine or autocrine rather than endocrine manner.Immune Complex Diseases: Group of diseases mediated by the deposition of large soluble complexes of antigen and antibody with resultant damage to tissue. Besides SERUM SICKNESS and the ARTHUS REACTION, evidence supports a pathogenic role for immune complexes in many other IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES including GLOMERULONEPHRITIS, systemic lupus erythematosus (LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC) and POLYARTERITIS NODOSA.Immune System Diseases: Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.Immunoglobulin G: The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.Lymphocyte Activation: Morphologic alteration of small B LYMPHOCYTES or T LYMPHOCYTES in culture into large blast-like cells able to synthesize DNA and RNA and to divide mitotically. It is induced by INTERLEUKINS; MITOGENS such as PHYTOHEMAGGLUTININS, and by specific ANTIGENS. It may also occur in vivo as in GRAFT REJECTION.Antibody Formation: The production of ANTIBODIES by proliferating and differentiated B-LYMPHOCYTES under stimulation by ANTIGENS.Spleen: An encapsulated lymphatic organ through which venous blood filters.Dendritic Cells: Specialized cells of the hematopoietic system that have branch-like extensions. They are found throughout the lymphatic system, and in non-lymphoid tissues such as SKIN and the epithelia of the intestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts. They trap and process ANTIGENS, and present them to T-CELLS, thereby stimulating CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY. They are different from the non-hematopoietic FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS, which have a similar morphology and immune system function, but with respect to humoral immunity (ANTIBODY PRODUCTION).Interferon-gamma: The major interferon produced by mitogenically or antigenically stimulated LYMPHOCYTES. It is structurally different from TYPE I INTERFERON and its major activity is immunoregulation. It has been implicated in the expression of CLASS II HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS in cells that do not normally produce them, leading to AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Adaptive Immunity: Protection from an infectious disease agent that is mediated by B- and T- LYMPHOCYTES following exposure to specific antigen, and characterized by IMMUNOLOGIC MEMORY. It can result from either previous infection with that agent or vaccination (IMMUNITY, ACTIVE), or transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (IMMUNIZATION, PASSIVE).CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes: A critical subpopulation of T-lymphocytes involved in the induction of most immunological functions. The HIV virus has selective tropism for the T4 cell which expresses the CD4 phenotypic marker, a receptor for HIV. In fact, the key element in the profound immunosuppression seen in HIV infection is the depletion of this subset of T-lymphocytes.Immunization: Deliberate stimulation of the host's immune response. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of ANTIGENS or IMMUNOLOGIC ADJUVANTS. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION involves administration of IMMUNE SERA or LYMPHOCYTES or their extracts (e.g., transfer factor, immune RNA) or transplantation of immunocompetent cell producing tissue (thymus or bone marrow).Immunity, Humoral: Antibody-mediated immune response. Humoral immunity is brought about by ANTIBODY FORMATION, resulting from TH2 CELLS activating B-LYMPHOCYTES, followed by COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION.Adjuvants, Immunologic: Substances that augment, stimulate, activate, potentiate, or modulate the immune response at either the cellular or humoral level. The classical agents (Freund's adjuvant, BCG, Corynebacterium parvum, et al.) contain bacterial antigens. Some are endogenous (e.g., histamine, interferon, transfer factor, tuftsin, interleukin-1). Their mode of action is either non-specific, resulting in increased immune responsiveness to a wide variety of antigens, or antigen-specific, i.e., affecting a restricted type of immune response to a narrow group of antigens. The therapeutic efficacy of many biological response modifiers is related to their antigen-specific immunoadjuvanticity.Macrophages: The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)Cells, Cultured: Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.B-Lymphocytes: Lymphoid cells concerned with humoral immunity. They are short-lived cells resembling bursa-derived lymphocytes of birds in their production of immunoglobulin upon appropriate stimulation.Immune System Processes: Mechanisms of action and interactions of the components of the IMMUNE SYSTEM.Mice, Knockout: Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.Flow Cytometry: Technique using an instrument system for making, processing, and displaying one or more measurements on individual cells obtained from a cell suspension. Cells are usually stained with one or more fluorescent dyes specific to cell components of interest, e.g., DNA, and fluorescence of each cell is measured as it rapidly transverses the excitation beam (laser or mercury arc lamp). Fluorescence provides a quantitative measure of various biochemical and biophysical properties of the cell, as well as a basis for cell sorting. Other measurable optical parameters include light absorption and light scattering, the latter being applicable to the measurement of cell size, shape, density, granularity, and stain uptake.Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: An immunoassay utilizing an antibody labeled with an enzyme marker such as horseradish peroxidase. While either the enzyme or the antibody is bound to an immunosorbent substrate, they both retain their biologic activity; the change in enzyme activity as a result of the enzyme-antibody-antigen reaction is proportional to the concentration of the antigen and can be measured spectrophotometrically or with the naked eye. Many variations of the method have been developed.Lymphocytes: White blood cells formed in the body's lymphoid tissue. The nucleus is round or ovoid with coarse, irregularly clumped chromatin while the cytoplasm is typically pale blue with azurophilic (if any) granules. Most lymphocytes can be classified as either T or B (with subpopulations of each), or NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Antibodies, Viral: Immunoglobulins produced in response to VIRAL ANTIGENS.Inflammation: A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.Models, Immunological: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of immune system, processes, or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electrical equipment.Signal Transduction: The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.Antigens: Substances that are recognized by the immune system and induce an immune reaction.Disease Models, Animal: Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.Th1 Cells: Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, and interleukin-12. Due to their ability to kill antigen-presenting cells and their lymphokine-mediated effector activity, Th1 cells are associated with vigorous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions.Killer Cells, Natural: Bone marrow-derived lymphocytes that possess cytotoxic properties, classically directed against transformed and virus-infected cells. Unlike T CELLS; and B CELLS; NK CELLS are not antigen specific. The cytotoxicity of natural killer cells is determined by the collective signaling of an array of inhibitory and stimulatory CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. A subset of T-LYMPHOCYTES referred to as NATURAL KILLER T CELLS shares some of the properties of this cell type.Immunity, Mucosal: Nonsusceptibility to the pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or antigenic substances as a result of antibody secretions of the mucous membranes. Mucosal epithelia in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and reproductive tracts produce a form of IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) that serves to protect these ports of entry into the body.Toll-Like Receptors: A family of pattern recognition receptors characterized by an extracellular leucine-rich domain and a cytoplasmic domain that share homology with the INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR and the DROSOPHILA toll protein. Following pathogen recognition, toll-like receptors recruit and activate a variety of SIGNAL TRANSDUCING ADAPTOR PROTEINS.T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory: CD4-positive T cells that inhibit immunopathology or autoimmune disease in vivo. They inhibit the immune response by influencing the activity of other cell types. Regulatory T-cells include naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ cells, IL-10 secreting Tr1 cells, and Th3 cells.Vaccination: Administration of vaccines to stimulate the host's immune response. This includes any preparation intended for active immunological prophylaxis.Hypersensitivity, Delayed: An increased reactivity to specific antigens mediated not by antibodies but by cells.Antibodies, Bacterial: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.Immunoglobulin A: Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.Th2 Cells: Subset of helper-inducer T-lymphocytes which synthesize and secrete the interleukins IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10. These cytokines influence B-cell development and antibody production as well as augmenting humoral responses.Immunotherapy: Manipulation of the host's immune system in treatment of disease. It includes both active and passive immunization as well as immunosuppressive therapy to prevent graft rejection.Immunoglobulin M: A class of immunoglobulin bearing mu chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN MU-CHAINS). IgM can fix COMPLEMENT. The name comes from its high molecular weight and originally being called a macroglobulin.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.T-Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of T-lymphocytes, especially into helper/inducer, suppressor/effector, and cytotoxic subsets, based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Lipopolysaccharides: Lipid-containing polysaccharides which are endotoxins and important group-specific antigens. They are often derived from the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and induce immunoglobulin secretion. The lipopolysaccharide molecule consists of three parts: LIPID A, core polysaccharide, and O-specific chains (O ANTIGENS). When derived from Escherichia coli, lipopolysaccharides serve as polyclonal B-cell mitogens commonly used in laboratory immunology. (From Dorland, 28th ed)Leukocytes, Mononuclear: Mature LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES transported by the blood to the body's extravascular space. They are morphologically distinguishable from mature granulocytic leukocytes by their large, non-lobed nuclei and lack of coarse, heavily stained cytoplasmic granules.Interleukin-10: A cytokine produced by a variety of cell types, including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; DENDRITIC CELLS; and EPITHELIAL CELLS that exerts a variety of effects on immunoregulation and INFLAMMATION. Interleukin-10 combines with itself to form a homodimeric molecule that is the biologically active form of the protein.Antigens, CD: Differentiation antigens residing on mammalian leukocytes. CD stands for cluster of differentiation, which refers to groups of monoclonal antibodies that show similar reactivity with certain subpopulations of antigens of a particular lineage or differentiation stage. The subpopulations of antigens are also known by the same CD designation.Cell Line: Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.Immunoglobulins: Multi-subunit proteins which function in IMMUNITY. They are produced by B LYMPHOCYTES from the IMMUNOGLOBULIN GENES. They are comprised of two heavy (IMMUNOGLOBULIN HEAVY CHAINS) and two light chains (IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) with additional ancillary polypeptide chains depending on their isoforms. The variety of isoforms include monomeric or polymeric forms, and transmembrane forms (B-CELL ANTIGEN RECEPTORS) or secreted forms (ANTIBODIES). They are divided by the amino acid sequence of their heavy chains into five classes (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A; IMMUNOGLOBULIN D; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; IMMUNOGLOBULIN M) and various subclasses.Vaccines, DNA: Recombinant DNA vectors encoding antigens administered for the prevention or treatment of disease. The host cells take up the DNA, express the antigen, and present it to the immune system in a manner similar to that which would occur during natural infection. This induces humoral and cellular immune responses against the encoded antigens. The vector is called naked DNA because there is no need for complex formulations or delivery agents; the plasmid is injected in saline or other buffers.T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic: Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). These CD8-positive cells are distinct from NATURAL KILLER CELLS and NATURAL KILLER T-CELLS. There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2.Lymph Nodes: They are oval or bean shaped bodies (1 - 30 mm in diameter) located along the lymphatic system.Host-Pathogen Interactions: The interactions between a host and a pathogen, usually resulting in disease.Epitopes: Sites on an antigen that interact with specific antibodies.Autoimmune Diseases: Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.Immunity, Active: Resistance to a disease agent resulting from the production of specific antibodies by the host, either after exposure to the disease or after vaccination.Mice, Transgenic: Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.Immunologic Memory: The altered state of immunologic responsiveness resulting from initial contact with antigen, which enables the individual to produce antibodies more rapidly and in greater quantity in response to secondary antigenic stimulus.Gene Expression Regulation: Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control (induction or repression) of gene action at the level of transcription or translation.Immunization, Passive: Transfer of immunity from immunized to non-immune host by administration of serum antibodies, or transplantation of lymphocytes (ADOPTIVE TRANSFER).Antigens, Bacterial: Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.Antibodies: Immunoglobulin molecules having a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which they interact only with the ANTIGEN (or a very similar shape) that induced their synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially PLASMA CELLS).Time Factors: Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.Immunologic Factors: Biologically active substances whose activities affect or play a role in the functioning of the immune system.Immunosuppression: Deliberate prevention or diminution of the host's immune response. It may be nonspecific as in the administration of immunosuppressive agents (drugs or radiation) or by lymphocyte depletion or may be specific as in desensitization or the simultaneous administration of antigen and immunosuppressive drugs.Cancer Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines designed to prevent or treat cancer. Vaccines are produced using the patient's own whole tumor cells as the source of antigens, or using tumor-specific antigens, often recombinantly produced.Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: Exuberant inflammatory response towards previously undiagnosed or incubating opportunistic pathogens. It is frequently seen in AIDS patients following HAART.Monocytes: Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate BONE MARROW and released into the BLOOD; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles.Antibodies, Monoclonal: Antibodies produced by a single clone of cells.Membrane Glycoproteins: Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.Phagocytosis: The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).Immunomodulation: Alteration of the immune system or of an immune response by agents that activate or suppress its function. This can include IMMUNIZATION or administration of immunomodulatory drugs. Immunomodulation can also encompass non-therapeutic alteration of the immune system effected by endogenous or exogenous substances.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Cytotoxicity, Immunologic: The phenomenon of target cell destruction by immunologically active effector cells. It may be brought about directly by sensitized T-lymphocytes or by lymphoid or myeloid "killer" cells, or it may be mediated by cytotoxic antibody, cytotoxic factor released by lymphoid cells, or complement.Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha: Serum glycoprotein produced by activated MACROPHAGES and other mammalian MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES. It has necrotizing activity against tumor cell lines and increases ability to reject tumor transplants. Also known as TNF-alpha, it is only 30% homologous to TNF-beta (LYMPHOTOXIN), but they share TNF RECEPTORS.Autoimmunity: Process whereby the immune system reacts against the body's own tissues. Autoimmunity may produce or be caused by AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES.Complement System Proteins: Serum glycoproteins participating in the host defense mechanism of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION that creates the COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX. Included are glycoproteins in the various pathways of complement activation (CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; ALTERNATIVE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY; and LECTIN COMPLEMENT PATHWAY).Mice, Inbred C3HAntigen Presentation: The process by which antigen is presented to lymphocytes in a form they can recognize. This is performed by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Some antigens require processing before they can be recognized. Antigen processing consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by the APC, followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface. (From Rosen et al., Dictionary of Immunology, 1989)Antigen-Presenting Cells: A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.Antibody Specificity: The property of antibodies which enables them to react with some ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS and not with others. Specificity is dependent on chemical composition, physical forces, and molecular structure at the binding site.Interleukin-2: A soluble substance elaborated by antigen- or mitogen-stimulated T-LYMPHOCYTES which induces DNA synthesis in naive lymphocytes.Interleukin-12: A heterodimeric cytokine that plays a role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Interleukin-12 is a 70 kDa protein that is composed of covalently linked 40 kDa and 35 kDa subunits. It is produced by DENDRITIC CELLS; MACROPHAGES and a variety of other immune cells and plays a role in the stimulation of INTERFERON-GAMMA production by T-LYMPHOCYTES and NATURAL KILLER CELLS.Interleukin-4: A soluble factor produced by activated T-LYMPHOCYTES that induces the expression of MHC CLASS II GENES and FC RECEPTORS on B-LYMPHOCYTES and causes their proliferation and differentiation. It also acts on T-lymphocytes, MAST CELLS, and several other hematopoietic lineage cells.Immunologic Surveillance: The theory that T-cells monitor cell surfaces and detect structural changes in the plasma membrane and/or surface antigens of virally or neoplastically transformed cells.Tumor Escape: The ability of tumors to evade destruction by the IMMUNE SYSTEM. Theories concerning possible mechanisms by which this takes place involve both cellular immunity (IMMUNITY, CELLULAR) and humoral immunity (ANTIBODY FORMATION), and also costimulatory pathways related to CD28 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD28) and CD80 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD80).Mice, Inbred Strains: Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations, or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. All animals within an inbred strain trace back to a common ancestor in the twentieth generation.Lung: Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic: A specific immune response elicited by a specific dose of an immunologically active substance or cell in an organism, tissue, or cell.Immune Adherence Reaction: A method for the detection of very small quantities of antibody in which the antigen-antibody-complement complex adheres to indicator cells, usually primate erythrocytes or nonprimate blood platelets. The reaction is dependent on the number of bound C3 molecules on the C3b receptor sites of the indicator cell.HIV Infections: Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).Vaccines: Suspensions of killed or attenuated microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa), antigenic proteins, synthetic constructs, or other bio-molecular derivatives, administered for the prevention, amelioration, or treatment of infectious and other diseases.Viral Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed viruses administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious viral disease.Vaccines, Synthetic: Small synthetic peptides that mimic surface antigens of pathogens and are immunogenic, or vaccines manufactured with the aid of recombinant DNA techniques. The latter vaccines may also be whole viruses whose nucleic acids have been modified.Toll-Like Receptor 4: A pattern recognition receptor that interacts with LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 96 and LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES. It mediates cellular responses to GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA.RNA, Messenger: RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.Autoantibodies: Antibodies that react with self-antigens (AUTOANTIGENS) of the organism that produced them.Lymphocyte Count: The number of LYMPHOCYTES per unit volume of BLOOD.Leukocytes: White blood cells. These include granular leukocytes (BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and NEUTROPHILS) as well as non-granular leukocytes (LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES).Antigens, Neoplasm: Proteins, glycoprotein, or lipoprotein moieties on surfaces of tumor cells that are usually identified by monoclonal antibodies. Many of these are of either embryonic or viral origin.Toll-Like Receptor 2: A pattern recognition receptor that forms heterodimers with other TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS. It interacts with multiple ligands including PEPTIDOGLYCAN, bacterial LIPOPROTEINS, lipoarabinomannan, and a variety of PORINS.Neutrophils: Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.Lymphocyte Subsets: A classification of lymphocytes based on structurally or functionally different populations of cells.Chemokines: Class of pro-inflammatory cytokines that have the ability to attract and activate leukocytes. They can be divided into at least three structural branches: C; (CHEMOKINES, C); CC; (CHEMOKINES, CC); and CXC; (CHEMOKINES, CXC); according to variations in a shared cysteine motif.Receptors, Pattern Recognition: A large family of cell surface receptors that bind conserved molecular structures (PAMPS) present in pathogens. They play important roles in host defense by mediating cellular responses to pathogens.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Immunophenotyping: Process of classifying cells of the immune system based on structural and functional differences. The process is commonly used to analyze and sort T-lymphocytes into subsets based on CD antigens by the technique of flow cytometry.Receptors, IgG: Specific molecular sites on the surface of various cells, including B-lymphocytes and macrophages, that combine with IMMUNOGLOBULIN Gs. Three subclasses exist: Fc gamma RI (the CD64 antigen, a low affinity receptor), Fc gamma RII (the CD32 antigen, a high affinity receptor), and Fc gamma RIII (the CD16 antigen, a low affinity receptor).HIV-1: The type species of LENTIVIRUS and the etiologic agent of AIDS. It is characterized by its cytopathic effect and affinity for the T4-lymphocyte.Genetic Vectors: DNA molecules capable of autonomous replication within a host cell and into which other DNA sequences can be inserted and thus amplified. Many are derived from PLASMIDS; BACTERIOPHAGES; or VIRUSES. They are used for transporting foreign genes into recipient cells. Genetic vectors possess a functional replicator site and contain GENETIC MARKERS to facilitate their selective recognition.Antigens, Viral: Substances elaborated by viruses that have antigenic activity.Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte: Antigenic determinants recognized and bound by the T-cell receptor. Epitopes recognized by the T-cell receptor are often located in the inner, unexposed side of the antigen, and become accessible to the T-cell receptors after proteolytic processing of the antigen.Complement C3: A glycoprotein that is central in both the classical and the alternative pathway of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION. C3 can be cleaved into COMPLEMENT C3A and COMPLEMENT C3B, spontaneously at low level or by C3 CONVERTASE at high level. The smaller fragment C3a is an ANAPHYLATOXIN and mediator of local inflammatory process. The larger fragment C3b binds with C3 convertase to form C5 convertase.Cell Proliferation: All of the processes involved in increasing CELL NUMBER including CELL DIVISION.Cell Differentiation: Progressive restriction of the developmental potential and increasing specialization of function that leads to the formation of specialized cells, tissues, and organs.Lymphoid Tissue: Specialized tissues that are components of the lymphatic system. They provide fixed locations within the body where a variety of LYMPHOCYTES can form, mature and multiply. The lymphoid tissues are connected by a network of LYMPHATIC VESSELS.Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic: Thrombocytopenia occurring in the absence of toxic exposure or a disease associated with decreased platelets. It is mediated by immune mechanisms, in most cases IMMUNOGLOBULIN G autoantibodies which attach to platelets and subsequently undergo destruction by macrophages. The disease is seen in acute (affecting children) and chronic (adult) forms.Interleukin-6: A cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of B-LYMPHOCYTES and is also a growth factor for HYBRIDOMAS and plasmacytomas. It is produced by many different cells including T-LYMPHOCYTES; MONOCYTES; and FIBROBLASTS.Inflammation Mediators: The endogenous compounds that mediate inflammation (AUTACOIDS) and related exogenous compounds including the synthetic prostaglandins (PROSTAGLANDINS, SYNTHETIC).Thymus Gland: A single, unpaired primary lymphoid organ situated in the MEDIASTINUM, extending superiorly into the neck to the lower edge of the THYROID GLAND and inferiorly to the fourth costal cartilage. It is necessary for normal development of immunologic function early in life. By puberty, it begins to involute and much of the tissue is replaced by fat.Recombinant Proteins: Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.Immunization, Secondary: Any immunization following a primary immunization and involving exposure to the same or a closely related antigen.T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer: Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions.Disease Susceptibility: A constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the individual more than usually susceptible to certain diseases.Bacterial Vaccines: Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.Adoptive Transfer: Form of passive immunization where previously sensitized immunologic agents (cells or serum) are transferred to non-immune recipients. When transfer of cells is used as a therapy for the treatment of neoplasms, it is called adoptive immunotherapy (IMMUNOTHERAPY, ADOPTIVE).HemocyaninNeoplasms: New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.Immunocompetence: The ability of lymphoid cells to mount a humoral or cellular immune response when challenged by antigen.Hemocytes: Any blood or formed element especially in invertebrates.Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes: Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.Apoptosis: One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.Rho(D) Immune Globulin: Immunizing agent containing IMMUNOGLOBULIN G anti-Rho(D) used for preventing Rh immunization in Rh-negative individuals exposed to Rh-positive red blood cells.Gene Expression: The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.Host-Parasite Interactions: The relationship between an invertebrate and another organism (the host), one of which lives at the expense of the other. Traditionally excluded from definition of parasites are pathogenic BACTERIA; FUNGI; VIRUSES; and PLANTS; though they may live parasitically.Intestinal Mucosa: Lining of the INTESTINES, consisting of an inner EPITHELIUM, a middle LAMINA PROPRIA, and an outer MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE. In the SMALL INTESTINE, the mucosa is characterized by a series of folds and abundance of absorptive cells (ENTEROCYTES) with MICROVILLI.AIDS Vaccines: Vaccines or candidate vaccines containing inactivated HIV or some of its component antigens and designed to prevent or treat AIDS. Some vaccines containing antigens are recombinantly produced.Complement C1q: A subcomponent of complement C1, composed of six copies of three polypeptide chains (A, B, and C), each encoded by a separate gene (C1QA; C1QB; C1QC). This complex is arranged in nine subunits (six disulfide-linked dimers of A and B, and three disulfide-linked homodimers of C). C1q has binding sites for antibodies (the heavy chain of IMMUNOGLOBULIN G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN M). The interaction of C1q and immunoglobulin activates the two proenzymes COMPLEMENT C1R and COMPLEMENT C1S, thus initiating the cascade of COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION via the CLASSICAL COMPLEMENT PATHWAY.Neutralization Tests: The measurement of infection-blocking titer of ANTISERA by testing a series of dilutions for a given virus-antiserum interaction end-point, which is generally the dilution at which tissue cultures inoculated with the serum-virus mixtures demonstrate cytopathology (CPE) or the dilution at which 50% of test animals injected with serum-virus mixtures show infectivity (ID50) or die (LD50).Antibody-Producing Cells: Cells of the lymphoid series that can react with antigen to produce specific cell products called antibodies. Various cell subpopulations, often B-lymphocytes, can be defined, based on the different classes of immunoglobulins that they synthesize.Up-Regulation: A positive regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Cross Reactions: Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.Histocompatibility Antigens Class II: Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). Both chains can be polymorphic although there is more structural variation in the beta chains. The class II antigens in humans are called HLA-D ANTIGENS and are coded by a gene on chromosome 6. In mice, two genes named IA and IE on chromosome 17 code for the H-2 antigens. The antigens are found on B-lymphocytes, macrophages, epidermal cells, and sperm and are thought to mediate the competence of and cellular cooperation in the immune response. The term IA antigens used to refer only to the proteins encoded by the IA genes in the mouse, but is now used as a generic term for any class II histocompatibility antigen.Receptors, Immunologic: Cell surface molecules on cells of the immune system that specifically bind surface molecules or messenger molecules and trigger changes in the behavior of cells. Although these receptors were first identified in the immune system, many have important functions elsewhere.Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88: An intracellular signaling adaptor protein that plays a role in TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR and INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTORS signal transduction. It forms a signaling complex with the activated cell surface receptors and members of the IRAK KINASES.Antigen-Antibody Reactions: The processes triggered by interactions of ANTIBODIES with their ANTIGENS.Administration, Intranasal: Delivery of medications through the nasal mucosa.NF-kappa B: Ubiquitous, inducible, nuclear transcriptional activator that binds to enhancer elements in many different cell types and is activated by pathogenic stimuli. The NF-kappa B complex is a heterodimer composed of two DNA-binding subunits: NF-kappa B1 and relA.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Infection: Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.Immunoglobulin A, Secretory: The principle immunoglobulin in exocrine secretions such as milk, respiratory and intestinal mucin, saliva and tears. The complete molecule (around 400 kD) is composed of two four-chain units of IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, one SECRETORY COMPONENT and one J chain (IMMUNOGLOBULIN J-CHAINS).Histocompatibility Antigens Class I: Membrane glycoproteins consisting of an alpha subunit and a BETA 2-MICROGLOBULIN beta subunit. In humans, highly polymorphic genes on CHROMOSOME 6 encode the alpha subunits of class I antigens and play an important role in determining the serological specificity of the surface antigen. Class I antigens are found on most nucleated cells and are generally detected by their reactivity with alloantisera. These antigens are recognized during GRAFT REJECTION and restrict cell-mediated lysis of virus-infected cells.Immunity, Maternally-Acquired: Resistance to a disease-causing agent induced by the introduction of maternal immunity into the fetus by transplacental transfer or into the neonate through colostrum and milk.Skin: The outer covering of the body that protects it from the environment. It is composed of the DERMIS and the EPIDERMIS.Antigens, Surface: Antigens on surfaces of cells, including infectious or foreign cells or viruses. They are usually protein-containing groups on cell membranes or walls and may be isolated.Virus Diseases: A general term for diseases produced by viruses.Immunosuppressive Agents: Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging.Hypersensitivity: Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.Antibodies, Neutralizing: Antibodies that reduce or abolish some biological activity of a soluble antigen or infectious agent, usually a virus.Toll-Like Receptor 9: A pattern recognition receptor that binds unmethylated CPG CLUSTERS. It mediates cellular responses to bacterial pathogens by distinguishing between self and bacterial DNA.Leukocyte Count: The number of WHITE BLOOD CELLS per unit volume in venous BLOOD. A differential leukocyte count measures the relative numbers of the different types of white cells.Forkhead Transcription Factors: A subclass of winged helix DNA-binding proteins that share homology with their founding member fork head protein, Drosophila.Macrophage Activation: The process of altering the morphology and functional activity of macrophages so that they become avidly phagocytic. It is initiated by lymphokines, such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants.Immunoglobulin Isotypes: The classes of immunoglobulins found in any species of animal. In man there are nine classes that migrate in five different groups in electrophoresis; they each consist of two light and two heavy protein chains, and each group has distinguishing structural and functional properties.Mice, Inbred CBAMonitoring, Immunologic: Testing of immune status in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, immunoproliferative and immunodeficiency disorders, and autoimmune abnormalities. Changes in immune parameters are of special significance before, during and following organ transplantation. Strategies include measurement of tumor antigen and other markers (often by RADIOIMMUNOASSAY), studies of cellular or humoral immunity in cancer etiology, IMMUNOTHERAPY trials, etc.Cell Movement: The movement of cells from one location to another. Distinguish from CYTOKINESIS which is the process of dividing the CYTOPLASM of a cell.Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic: The demonstration of the cytotoxic effect on a target cell of a lymphocyte, a mediator released by a sensitized lymphocyte, an antibody, or complement.Mice, SCID: Mice homozygous for the mutant autosomal recessive gene "scid" which is located on the centromeric end of chromosome 16. These mice lack mature, functional lymphocytes and are thus highly susceptible to lethal opportunistic infections if not chronically treated with antibiotics. The lack of B- and T-cell immunity resembles severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) syndrome in human infants. SCID mice are useful as animal models since they are receptive to implantation of a human immune system producing SCID-human (SCID-hu) hematochimeric mice.Rabbits: The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.Viral Load: The quantity of measurable virus in a body fluid. Change in viral load, measured in plasma, is sometimes used as a SURROGATE MARKER in disease progression.Down-Regulation: A negative regulatory effect on physiological processes at the molecular, cellular, or systemic level. At the molecular level, the major regulatory sites include membrane receptors, genes (GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION), mRNAs (RNA, MESSENGER), and proteins.Fluorescent Antibody Technique: Test for tissue antigen using either a direct method, by conjugation of antibody with fluorescent dye (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, DIRECT) or an indirect method, by formation of antigen-antibody complex which is then labeled with fluorescein-conjugated anti-immunoglobulin antibody (FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE, INDIRECT). The tissue is then examined by fluorescence microscopy.Autoantigens: Endogenous tissue constituents that have the ability to interact with AUTOANTIBODIES and cause an immune response.Antigens, Protozoan: Any part or derivative of any protozoan that elicits immunity; malaria (Plasmodium) and trypanosome antigens are presently the most frequently encountered.Immunoglobulin E: An immunoglobulin associated with MAST CELLS. Overexpression has been associated with allergic hypersensitivity (HYPERSENSITIVITY, IMMEDIATE).Vaccines, Attenuated: Live vaccines prepared from microorganisms which have undergone physical adaptation (e.g., by radiation or temperature conditioning) or serial passage in laboratory animal hosts or infected tissue/cell cultures, in order to produce avirulent mutant strains capable of inducing protective immunity.Macaca mulatta: A species of the genus MACACA inhabiting India, China, and other parts of Asia. The species is used extensively in biomedical research and adapts very well to living with humans.Vaccines, Subunit: Vaccines consisting of one or more antigens that stimulate a strong immune response. They are purified from microorganisms or produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or they can be chemically synthesized peptides.Virus Replication: The process of intracellular viral multiplication, consisting of the synthesis of PROTEINS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; and sometimes LIPIDS, and their assembly into a new infectious particle.Glomerulonephritis: Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.Antigens, CD3: Complex of at least five membrane-bound polypeptides in mature T-lymphocytes that are non-covalently associated with one another and with the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL). The CD3 complex includes the gamma, delta, epsilon, zeta, and eta chains (subunits). When antigen binds to the T-cell receptor, the CD3 complex transduces the activating signals to the cytoplasm of the T-cell. The CD3 gamma and delta chains (subunits) are separate from and not related to the gamma/delta chains of the T-cell receptor (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA).Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell: Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.Hemolytic Plaque Technique: A method to identify and enumerate cells that are synthesizing ANTIBODIES against ANTIGENS or HAPTENS conjugated to sheep RED BLOOD CELLS. The sheep red blood cells surrounding cells secreting antibody are lysed by added COMPLEMENT producing a clear zone of HEMOLYSIS. (From Illustrated Dictionary of Immunology, 3rd ed)Myeloid Cells: The classes of BONE MARROW-derived blood cells in the monocytic series (MONOCYTES and their precursors) and granulocytic series (GRANULOCYTES and their precursors).Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.Cell Line, Tumor: A cell line derived from cultured tumor cells.Lectins, C-Type: A class of animal lectins that bind to carbohydrate in a calcium-dependent manner. They share a common carbohydrate-binding domain that is structurally distinct from other classes of lectins.Peptides: Members of the class of compounds composed of AMINO ACIDS joined together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids into linear, branched or cyclical structures. OLIGOPEPTIDES are composed of approximately 2-12 amino acids. Polypeptides are composed of approximately 13 or more amino acids. PROTEINS are linear polypeptides that are normally synthesized on RIBOSOMES.Antibodies, Protozoan: Immunoglobulins produced in a response to PROTOZOAN ANTIGENS.
Wikipedia:Plain and simple guide for medical editors
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Evolution of biological complexity
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Immune System
Immune System
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The Immune System - Peter Parham - Google Books
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immune systemAcute-phase protein | immune system | Britannica.com
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The immune system in atherosclerosis. - PubMed - NCBI
Gut Microbiota, Immune System, and Bone | SpringerLink
Exercising our immune system | EurekAlert! Science News
Immune System - nutrition, body, health, protein, vitamin
DiseasesComprise the immuneDeficiencyWeak immunePatientsInfectionsBacteriaBodyAdaptiveSystem'sAntibodiesCellsVirusesDefense systemProteinsResearchersThymusMacrophagesSuppressAntigensPathogenWeakenStrengthen your immune systemBone marrowBoost the immuneProtectsOrganismsHealthy immune systemFetal immune systemOne's immune systemChild's immune systemPerson's immune systemInflammationVaccinesDisordersHumansComplement systemProbioticsInnate immuneCoronavirusLymphInfectionsHuman immuneAutoimmunityRecognizeSubstances
Diseases2
- Immune deficiency diseases are bred either from an inborn immune system cell defect (primary immune deficiency disease) or from an extrinsic environmental agent (secondary immune deficiency disease). (blogspot.com)
- Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and lupus affect the tissue that connects the body tissue and organs, triggering a breakdown in the immune system. (blogspot.com)
Comprise the immune1
- These lymphocytes plus phagocytes (the blood cells that protect the body against foreign particles and bacteria) comprise the immune system. (blogspot.com)
Deficiency2
- When part of the immune system malfunctions or is absent, an immune deficiency disease can develop. (blogspot.com)
- Example: AIDS is caused by an extrinsic force (HIV) and is therefore a secondary immune deficiency disease. (blogspot.com)
Weak immune2
- A low white blood cell count, hence a weak immune system, leaves the body defenseless and open to attack. (blogspot.com)
- When this fails to occur, a weak immune system develops. (blogspot.com)
Patients1
- For patients with a low immune system, physicians will sometimes prescribe immune-boosting medicines such as interferon, which includes protein for combating viral infections. (blogspot.com)
Infections1
- Many people wonder why they are so susceptible to colds and other viral infections, oblivious that their own immune system may be the culprit. (blogspot.com)
Bacteria1
- To combat virus and bacteria, the white blood cells need a high supply of Vitamin C. When excess sugar is inside the body it erodes the Vitamin C present and breaks down the immune system cell structure. (blogspot.com)
Body1
- Sugar suppresses the immune system and begins affecting the body within minutes after consumption, and can last for up to 5 hours. (blogspot.com)
Adaptive18
- The innate immune system is one of the two main immunity strategies found in vertebrates (the other being the adaptive immune system ). (wikipedia.org)
- Our immune system can broadly be divided into two parts: innate and adaptive. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The adaptive system spots an enemy and produces the specific weapons - or antibodies - that are required to destroy and eliminate the invader from the body. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The adaptive system can take between 5 and 10 days to identify the antibodies that are needed and produce them in the numbers required to attack an invader successfully. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The adaptive system remembers the invader so that the next time it comes into contact with the germ, it can act quickly to launch an attack. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- What researchers do know is that the body continuously makes immune cells that are called white blood cells, or leukocytes, and it generates far more cells of the adaptive system - known as lymphocytes - that mature into B cells and T cells than are needed. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Innate as well as adaptive immune responses have been identified in atherosclerosis, with components of cholesterol-carrying low-density lipoprotein triggering inflammation, T cell activation and antibody production during the course of disease. (nih.gov)
- crap, bacteria have an adaptive immune system ? (popsci.com)
- It then alerts the cells of the adaptive immune system, which eliminates infectious organisms and provides long-term protection against them. (eurekalert.org)
- The adaptive immune system keeps developing as your dog grows. (vetinfo.com)
- The adaptive immune system can develop a 'memory' of each different foreign body it encounters. (vetinfo.com)
- The two parts of the immune system work together: if a foreign body gets past the innate immune system, the adaptive immune system is there to help defend your dog. (vetinfo.com)
- The new study specifically looks at one part of the adaptive immune system, the circulating B cell receptors that are responsible for the production of antibodies that are considered the main determinant of immunity in people. (news-medical.net)
- These are part of the adaptive immune system. (prezi.com)
- The adaptive immune system creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific pathogen, leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that same pathogen. (wikiversity.org)
- In many species, the immune system can be classified into subsystems, such as the innate immune system versus the adaptive immune system . (wikiversity.org)
- Recent research has opened several windows on the molecular mechanisms by which 1,25D signaling regulates both innate and adaptive immune responses in humans. (springer.com)
- This improved response is then retained after the pathogen has been eliminated, in the form of an immunological memory, and allows the adaptive immune system to mount faster and stronger attacks each time this pathogen is encountered. (wikipedia.org)
System's8
- NEW YORK, NY (Aug. 3, 2020) -- One of the immune system's oldest branches, called complement, may be influencing the severity of COVID disease, according to a new study from researchers at Columbia University Irving Medical Center. (sciencecodex.com)
- These peptides""chains of amino acids""are capable of selectively binding with antibodies contained in blood, revealing the immune system's complete pattern of activity under normal conditions. (redorbit.com)
- T cells, and found that it breaks the immune system's usual rules. (newscientist.com)
- into the immune system's dual nature. (popsci.com)
- proving grounds for T-cells, the immune system's main players. (popsci.com)
- The affected proteins are those responsible for regulating the immune system's response to an attack. (freerepublic.com)
- Researchers will use therapies that prevent the autoimmune system's response against its own beta cells (which are part of the islets) as well as prevent the recipient's immune responses against the transplanted islet cells. (northwestern.edu)
- The treated blood cells were then injected back into the patients, in order to "educate" the immune system's T cells not to attack these myelin proteins. (livescience.com)
Antibodies16
- 7 More importantly, maternal antibodies offer limited immunologic protection when compared with protection afforded by an infant's active immune response. (aappublications.org)
- The T cells are part of the system that destroys antigens that have been tagged by antibodies or cells that have been infected or somehow changed. (kidshealth.org)
- Once produced, these antibodies stay in a person's body, so that if his or her immune system encounters that antigen again, the antibodies are already there to do their job. (kidshealth.org)
- Lastly, antibodies can activate a group of proteins called complement that are also part of the immune system. (kidshealth.org)
- Lymphocytes bearing such self-reactive receptors, however, are eliminated or rendered impotent by several different mechanisms, so that the immune system does not normally generate significant amounts of antibodies or T cells that are reactive with the body's components (self antigens ). (britannica.com)
- This involves immune system cells rather than antibodies. (webmd.com)
- They move out into the bloodstream and with stimulation from other immune system cells they release millions of copies of highly efficient antibodies. (nytimes.com)
- We discovered that if an immune system wants to make a large number of high-affinity antibodies, mutation should be off a few days, then on one day, then off again and on again. (nytimes.com)
- The immune response may start with three to six antibodies with a sloppy fit. (nytimes.com)
- They then move into the light zone, where "less fit antibodies are killed off by other immune system cells, and the process continues," she said. (nytimes.com)
- Antibodies became a household name, and the insights gained about their function and formation led pharmaceutical giants to invest in therapies that manipulated the body's immune system to achieve a desired therapeutic goal. (forbes.com)
- The antibodies do so by recognizing antigens, typically a specific part of the pathogen that will bind to certain antibodies, and the antibodies then neutralize the pathogen by coating the outside of it and labeling the pathogen so that other immune responses will target it. (prezi.com)
- Your immune system recognizes and produces antibodies to HIV, but antibodies alone are not enough to eliminate the virus. (thebody.com)
- In response, the animals' immune systems made antibodies very similar to 2F5 that bound tightly to the epitope. (thebody.com)
- In addition to simply lowering stress levels, music also raises immune markers in your system, creating more antibodies to fight disease. (amazonaws.com)
- The immune system protects the body in two key ways: antibodies created by so-called B cells can attack bacteria and other toxic molecules (the humoral system), or T cells can interact directly with virus-infested cells (the cell-mediated system). (scientificamerican.com)
Cells144
- 5 Although the fetal immune system has the potential to respond to large numbers of foreign antigens, few foreign antigens are present in utero, and cells of the immune system are, therefore, primarily "naïve" at birth. (aappublications.org)
- 8 , 9 In addition, neonates can produce specific Th-cell subsets, including Th1-type cells that participate in cell-mediated immune responses and Th2-type cells that are primarily involved in promoting B-cell responses. (aappublications.org)
- The Ucar laboratory develops computational tools to uncover complex regulatory programs in blood-derived human immune cells associated with aging, in collaboration with clinicians, immunologists and chromatin scientists. (jax.org)
- The immune (pronounced: ih-MYOON) system, which is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, defends people against germs and microorganisms every day. (kidshealth.org)
- The immune system is made up of a network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body. (kidshealth.org)
- The cells that are part of this defense system include white blood cells, also called leukocytes (pronounced: LOO-kuh-sytes). (kidshealth.org)
- T cells are like the soldiers, destroying the invaders that the intelligence system has identified. (kidshealth.org)
- The immune system, which is made up of special cells, proteins, tissues, and organs, defends people against germs and microorganisms every day. (kidshealth.org)
- All of these specialized cells and parts of the immune system offer the body protection against disease. (kidshealth.org)
- Cytokines produced by macrophages and other cells of the innate immune system mediate the inflammatory response. (wikipedia.org)
- Eating or drinking too much sugar curbs immune system cells that attack bacteria. (webmd.com)
- This might not just affect infections but could also strengthen the type of immune cells, which can fight tumour cells. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- In the 2014 study , Valter Longo and colleagues at USC found that fasting lowered white blood cell counts, which in turn triggered the immune system to start producing new white blood cells. (forbes.com)
- White blood cells (or lymphocytes) are a key component of your body's immune system. (forbes.com)
- The immune system is a network of special cells, tissues, proteins, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially damaging foreign invaders and disease. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The immune system, in particular, contains several different types of cells that respond to various microbes in many ways. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- It is unknown what is the best mix of cells or optimum number for the immune system to work at its best. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Autoimmune diseases are conditions such as lupus , rheumatoid arthritis , inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis , and type 1 diabetes , whereby the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's cells and tissues. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- The shot has a small but harmless amount of the disease in it so your immune cells can react, learn, and remember how to protect you from it next time. (webmd.com)
- Lesions of atherosclerosis contain macrophages, T cells and other cells of the immune response, together with cholesterol that infiltrates from the blood. (nih.gov)
- It is well documented that GM can interact with non-enteral cells such as immune cells, dendritic cells, and hepatocytes, producing molecules such as short-chain fatty acids, indole derivatives, polyamines, and secondary bile acid. (springer.com)
- The receptors for some of these molecules are expressed on immune cells, and modulate the differentiation of T effector and regulatory cells: this is the reason why dysbiosis is correlated with several autoimmune, metabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. (springer.com)
- Due to the close interplay between immune and bone cells, GM has a central role in maintaining bone health and influences bone turnover and density. (springer.com)
- The immune system is made up of cells, tissues, organs, and processes that identify a substance as abnormal or foreign and prevent it from harming the body. (faqs.org)
- Much like people, individual immune cells show signs of their age, looking much different in a 25 year old than in a 65 year old. (mercurynews.com)
- The research published in "Cell" on Wednesday compared the immune cells of young people and older adults, looking specifically at their DNA - the instruction manual carried by every cell in the body. (mercurynews.com)
- In young people, immune cells follow this manual to the letter and get the job done. (mercurynews.com)
- Even twins with identical DNA show unique differences in their immune cells over time. (mercurynews.com)
- As these changes accumulate in our immune cells, he said, they might leave the body less equipped to ward off disease. (mercurynews.com)
- The researchers looked at billions of immune cells to reach this conclusion, doing so with the help of new technology. (mercurynews.com)
- But there are many types of immune cells, and there's a theory that each of their protein-building signals become "noisy" with age. (mercurynews.com)
- Someone gives us a blood sample, we take the immune cells and for every single one of them we measure chemical modifications" to their histones, said Vallania. (mercurynews.com)
- The changes cropped differently between different people, and even between individual immune cells. (mercurynews.com)
- Recent experiments exploring the use of patients' own genetically reprogrammed immune cells toward the treatment of chronic diseases such as HIV and cancer have had encouraging and sometimes high-profile results. (nature.com)
- SmartMune , a unique new product that is clinically proven to safely prime immune cells that keep the body healthy year round, is launching a national TV campaign to unveil the new brand on March 31, 2012 to consumers across the United States. (prweb.com)
- As a natural ingredient derived from the cell walls of a highly purified, proprietary strain of yeast, SmartMune activates billions of innate immune cells, which are part of the body's natural defenses. (prweb.com)
- By strengthening the function of key immune cells, SmartMune helps maintain energy, vitality, and mental clarity, as well as supporting general health and wellbeing. (prweb.com)
- SmartMune is clinically proven to activate immune cells that help keep the body healthy, particularly during periods of stress," said Don Cox, Ph.D., senior vice president of research and development for Biothera. (prweb.com)
- SmartMune activates billions of innate immune cells that are part of the body's natural defenses, to prime the immune defenses without over stimulating the immune system. (prweb.com)
- Clinical studies demonstrate that SmartMune strengthens the function of key immune cells, maintains energy, vitality and mental clarity, and activates key immune cells to protect against the harmful effects of stress. (prweb.com)
- Wellmune WGP® is a natural carbohydrate that is clinically proven to strengthen key immune cells that keep the body healthy. (prweb.com)
- Like other T cells, these destroy invading microorganisms and pump out chemical messages that encourage other immune cells to join the assault. (newscientist.com)
- IPPP is present inside our own cells, but never comes into contact with the immune system. (newscientist.com)
- Before a T cell swings into action against a microorganism, the invader must usually be digested by other immune system cells. (newscientist.com)
- T cells can rush into battle before the rest of the immune system is ready. (newscientist.com)
- He says that IPPP or similar molecules could be used to activate T cells and so give the immune system an extra boost. (newscientist.com)
- Cells of the immune system include white blood cells, such as macrophages, as well as T and B lymphocytes. (healio.com)
- Immune cells build up strength against common bugs we encounter everywhere, and this helps us resist more dangerous ones. (popsci.com)
- An Ludwig-Maximilian-Universitaet (LMU) in Munich team has dissected how mast cells regulate their calcium levels to keep the immune response under control. (eurekalert.org)
- The immune system defends us against attack by viruses and bacteria and also helps to eliminate cancer cells. (eurekalert.org)
- Ingrid Boekhoff from the Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology has now shown that the activity of certain ion-channel proteins in mast cells plays an important role in preventing allergic and anaphylactic reactions and ensuring that immune responses do not overshoot. (eurekalert.org)
- Mast cells are found in practically all organs in the body and regulate the initiation and resolution of inflammatory reactions mounted by the immune system as a means of combating infections and metabolic dysregulation. (eurekalert.org)
- This means that immune cells must be capable of detecting specific signals that interact with receptor proteins on the cell surface and converting them into clearly defined sets of molecular interactions that result in the activation of the appropriate response at the right time and in the right place. (eurekalert.org)
- It turns out that rapid and transient changes in ion concentrations are essential for the activation of many types of immune cells. (eurekalert.org)
- It is clear that cells regulate intracellular levels of these ions principally via proteins called ion channels and ion pumps, but how these flows are controlled in the context of immune responses is not understood in detail. (eurekalert.org)
- A new study suggests some preterm births occur because the fetus rejects the mother, after its immune system is triggered too early and senses maternal cells as foreign invaders. (medicinenet.com)
- Researchers found that umbilical cord blood drawn from preemies contained elevated levels of immune cells generated by the fetus. (medicinenet.com)
- Subsequent lab tests revealed that this immune response had been activated specifically to attack the mother's cells. (medicinenet.com)
- Further tests showed that the fetal immune cells were attacking cells from the mother, and releasing significantly higher levels of inflammatory chemicals as part of their attack. (medicinenet.com)
- The integrated body system of organs, tissues, cells, and cell products that differentiates self from nonself and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances. (dictionary.com)
- Central to this system are the white blood cells . (dictionary.com)
- The acquired immune response is the most sophisticated and involves a host of cells, chemicals and molecules. (unm.edu)
- Some parts of the immune system look for unhealthy cells or something foreign to the body, some send messages to other cells in the body about an attack and others work to attack and destroy micro-organisms that cause infections - like bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites - or unhealthy cells, like cancer cells. (cancer.ca)
- Lymphocytes are white blood cells found in the blood and lymphatic system . (cancer.ca)
- There are different types of white blood cells but lymphocytes have the most important role in the immune response. (cancer.ca)
- Lymphocytes are also called immune cells. (cancer.ca)
- Cancer cells develop from our own cells, so our immune system doesn't always know that it should attack them. (cancer.ca)
- Sometimes the immune system knows that cancer cells shouldn't be there, but more often our immune system doesn't notice cancer cells. (cancer.ca)
- Cancer cells can even turn off the immune response so that the immune cells don't attack them. (cancer.ca)
- Researchers at the Salk Institute say they have discovered a key control mechanism on regulatory T cells (Tregs) that determine if they send a halt signal to killer T cells during a pathogenic attack on the immune system. (genengnews.com)
- We discovered a mechanism responsible for stabilizing the cells that maintain immune system balance," said senior author Ye Zheng, Salk Ph.D., assistant professor and holder of the Hearst Foundation Developmental Chair. (genengnews.com)
- Scientists also knew that under certain conditions, Tregs can go rogue: They transform into killer T cells and join in the immune system battle. (genengnews.com)
- The immune system is composed of many interdependent cell types that collectively protect the body from bacterial, parasitic, fungal, viral infections and from the growth of tumor cells. (thebody.com)
- The cells of the immune system can engulf bacteria, kill parasites or tumor cells, or kill viral-infected cells. (thebody.com)
- The purpose of this article is to review the organs, cell types and interactions between cells of the immune system as a commentary on their importance and interdependence on the T helper subset. (thebody.com)
- Bone Marrow -- All the cells of the immune system are initially derived from the bone marrow. (thebody.com)
- During hematopoiesis, bone marrow-derived stem cells differentiate into either mature cells of the immune system or into precursors of cells that migrate out of the bone marrow to continue their maturation elsewhere. (thebody.com)
- Through a remarkable maturation process sometimes referred to as thymic education, T cells that are beneficial to the immune system are spared, while those T cells that might evoke a detrimental autoimmune response are eliminated. (thebody.com)
- An immune response is initiated when the macrophage or dendritic cells present the antigen to the appropriate B or T cells. (thebody.com)
- In a similar fashion as the spleen, the macrophages and dendritic cells that capture antigens present these foreign materials to T and B cells, consequently initiating an immune response. (thebody.com)
- The CD8+ T cells are also important in down-regulation of immune responses. (thebody.com)
- The drug is part of an emerging class of medications that work by blocking a protein called PD-1, or Programmed Death receptor, used by cancer cells to evade the body's immune system. (reuters.com)
- The lymphatic vessels of the immune system carry immune cells, which converge in lymph nodes found throughout the body. (nih.gov)
- Defects in a single mediator can produce T cells that are unable to participate fully in an immune response and/or that mount an inappropriate response, which leads to immunodeficiency, autoimmunity or leukaemia/lymphomas. (nih.gov)
- important immune cells don't know which invaders need to be removed from the body. (thebody.com)
- HIV can also infect macrophages and other immune cells. (thebody.com)
- This is usually marked by a CD4 count less than 200 cells or the onset of a particular type of illness that suggests a weakened immune system . (thebody.com)
- Although there are some research-based tests that can assess the function of certain kinds of immune system cells, these are not performed in the normal course of clinical care. (thebody.com)
- The HIV virus destroys CD4+ T-cells resulting in a chronically activated and damaged immune system without any other germs necessary for the process. (thebody.com)
- This disguise is known to help bacteria avoid recognition and bind host Siglecs, a sialic acid-specific receptor found on the surface of human immune cells. (umassmed.edu)
- They learned that the bacterium itself, using a protein called porin (PorB), can also bind multiple human Siglecs on both immune cells and female genital tract cells, including anti-inflammatory Siglec-11 and pro-inflammatory Siglec-16. (umassmed.edu)
- There are many Siglec variants and your unique arrangement of them may determine how your cells initially interact with the gonococcus, or other microbes, and how your immune system responds to it," said Varki. (umassmed.edu)
- Better understanding white blood cells and the body's immune response may help researchers detect and fight cancer. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Blood cells and immune cells are made in the bone marrow. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Selectins are required for the trafficking of innate immune system cells, T lymphocytes and platelets. (news-medical.net)
- Laboratory tests on human cells showed that the virus caused the immune system to send proteins called cytokines to infected lung cells, a reaction that would end up damaging or destroying the tissues the immune system is meant to defend. (freerepublic.com)
- The immune system is a network of cells, organs, and tissues that make up the body's defenses against harmful organisms and diseases. (prezi.com)
- Different Cells and proteins of the Immune System It all starts with the complement system. (prezi.com)
- Natural killer cells (or NK cells) Disease Parts of the Immune System Bone Marrow Thymus Spleen Lymph Nodes Leukemia Macrophages are the 'big eaters. (prezi.com)
- Effector T cells, the other clones, go around and activate other cells in the immune system, telling them that there is a problem. (prezi.com)
- The Immune System The immune system is a very important part of our bodily functions as its main function is to protect the body against millions of antigens, which attack our cells and try to reproduce viruses and diseases. (bartleby.com)
- The researchers say fasting 'flips a regenerative switch' which prompts stem cells to create brand new white blood cells, essentially regenerating the entire immune system. (telegraph.co.uk)
- It gives the 'OK' for stem cells to go ahead and begin proliferating and rebuild the entire system,' said Prof Valter Longo, Professor of Gerontology and the Biological Sciences at the University of California. (telegraph.co.uk)
- During each cycle of fasting, this depletion of white blood cells induces changes that trigger stem cell-based regeneration of new immune system cells. (telegraph.co.uk)
- When you starve, the system tries to save energy, and one of the things it can do to save energy is to recycle a lot of the immune cells that are not needed, especially those that may be damaged,' Dr Longo said. (telegraph.co.uk)
- The thymus gland, the spleen and other internal organs produce the Immune system cells. (emaxhealth.com)
- Immune cells are damaged by unstable oxygen molecules dangerously high numbers by poor nutrition, x-rays, alcohol, tobacco smoke exposure and other environmental pollutants. (emaxhealth.com)
- Vitamin A also helps strengthen immune cells. (emaxhealth.com)
- White blood cells are an integral part of the immune system. (hubpages.com)
- The immune system is a network of cells, tissues and organs dispersed throughout the body and charged with the task of defending the body against invading organisms. (hubpages.com)
- Under normal circumstances, the immune system can distinguish between the cells of your body, called "self" cells, and nonself substances such as bacteria and viruses. (hubpages.com)
- According to the National Cancer Institute, this distinction can be made because the cells of your body contain surface proteins that tell the immune system the cells belong there. (hubpages.com)
- Sometimes the immune system erroneously launches an attack on the body's own cells, says the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (hubpages.com)
- Besides the cells, another component of the immune system is the lymphatic system which is a network of nodes and vessels that runs throughout the body. (hubpages.com)
- T-cells, B-lymphocytes and plasma cells gather in various compartments inside the nodes where these immune cells encounter antigens which enter the nodes through the lymphatic vessels. (hubpages.com)
- Cancers affecting the cells of the immune system are named based on the type of immune cell that is proliferating abnormally. (hubpages.com)
- Multiple myeloma is an immune system cancer that causes the plasma cells to multiply in an abnormal, uncontrolled way. (hubpages.com)
- Some kinds of stress -- very short-term, that last only a matter of minutes -- actually redistribute cells in the bloodstream in a way that could be helpful," says Suzanne Segerstrom, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Kentucky who has conducted studies on stress and the immune system. (healthday.com)
- Microorganisms or toxins that successfully enter an organism encounter the cells and mechanisms of the innate immune system. (wikiversity.org)
- Innate immune cells express pattern recognition receptor s (PRRs) which recognize components that are conserved among broad groups of microorganisms called as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), or substances released by damaged and dying cells called as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). (wikiversity.org)
- Sesame Seed Oil stimulates the formation of healthy blood cells, enhances vitamin E activity, promotes healthy blood-fat levels, and supports proper liver and immune system function. (hubpages.com)
- The process of inflammation draws immune cells to the injured area to promote healing. (softschools.com)
- In the immune system it is the white blood cells that travel around in the blood and lymph to fight infections. (softschools.com)
- Neutrophils are immune cells central to the initial antibacterial immune response. (abc.net.au)
- Music listeners had higher numbers of an immune cell type called "natural killer cells," whose job it is to attack bacteria, infected cells, and cancerous cells. (amazonaws.com)
- In addition, genistein-injected mice possessed up to 86 percent fewer immune cells with which to fight foreign invaders, as well as significantly suppressed antibody production. (scientificamerican.com)
- In the other corner are neutrophils, the immune system cells best equipped to take down the aggressor. (sciencenews.org)
- And she's shown exactly how neutrophils manage to take down T. vaginalis - using a maneuver that scientists didn't even know the immune cells possessed. (sciencenews.org)
- Now researchers at Northwestern University's Feinberg School of Medicine have found a way to trick the immune system of mice into believing those transplanted islets are its own cells. (northwestern.edu)
- As a result, the immune system of the mice didn't try to reject the cells, because it didn't perceive them as foreign and dangerous. (northwestern.edu)
- When the same test was done without pre-treated cells, the immune system rejected the transplanted islets within 15 days. (northwestern.edu)
- Expression profiling in squamous carcinoma cells reveals pleiotropic effects of vitamin D3 signaling on cell proliferation, differentiation and immune system regulation. (springer.com)
- When infused back into the patient, the dead and dying blood cells get eaten up by large immune-system cells called macrophages in the spleen and liver. (livescience.com)
- The immune system has evolved in such a way that apoptotic cells are not seen as a threat," Miller said. (livescience.com)
- When the viruses bump into particular cells in the immune system, the viruses' shells pop open and their genes enter the cells. (npr.org)
- One of the most promising avenues is a kind of gene therapy that would block HIV's entry into cells of the immune system. (npr.org)
- Separately, Subramaniam has found evidence that HIV hide in other places in the immune system even before it enters cells. (npr.org)
- Using a microscopy technique to create 3-D models of cell surfaces, he and his team saw some immune cells took on flower-like shapes. (npr.org)
- Researchers have discovered that in many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV. (startribune.com)
- In May, he and his colleagues posted online a paper showing a range of immune system defects in severely ill patients, including a loss of virus-fighting T cells. (startribune.com)
- In a separate study, they identified three patterns of immune defects, and concluded that T cells and B cells, which help orchestrate the immune response, were inactive in roughly 30% of the 71 COVID-19 patients they examined. (startribune.com)
- The result is that the body may be signaling T cells almost at random, confusing the immune response. (startribune.com)
- These overreactions can be quelled with medications that block a molecule called IL-6, another organizer of immune cells. (startribune.com)
- People with auto-immune ailments suffer because their body's immune system is over-active and it attacks the person's own cells, not just bacteria, viruses, or foreign substances. (healthy.net)
Viruses11
- Your lifestyle can affect how well your immune system can protect you from germs, viruses, and chronic illness. (webmd.com)
- Other foods particularly good for your immune system include fresh garlic, which may help fight viruses and bacteria, and old-fashioned chicken soup . (webmd.com)
- Our immune system protects us against bacteria, viruses, and other disease-causing organisms. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- MS is a disorder of the immune system, after all: your immune system, which is the system that "attacks foreign invaders" like bacteria and viruses, killing them off -- is attacking your myelin. (healingwell.com)
- A system to detect viruses and distribute vaccines to uninfected systems can be handy. (techdirt.com)
- It is critical in helping the immune system fight off bacteria and viruses. (dailyherald.com)
- The dog immune system is a complex and effective defence against the bacteria and viruses that your dog meets in everyday life. (vetinfo.com)
- The canine immune system defends its body from bacteria and viruses. (vetinfo.com)
- According to a review by researchers from the University of Colorado Cancer Center (CU Cancer Center), viruses can manipulate the human immune system to ensure their survival and even promote cancer. (naturalnews.com)
- The immune system protects the body from bacteria, viruses, fungi and other harmful organisms. (emaxhealth.com)
- To function properly, an immune system must detect a wide variety of agents, from viruses to parasitic worm, and distinguish them from the organism's own healthy biological tissue. (wikiversity.org)
Defense system8
- This suggests that the brain's immune defense system is activated in schizophrenia," says Professor Göran Engberg, who led the study. (redorbit.com)
- The immune system is the body's biological defense system. (healio.com)
- But this so called defense system can also cause problems such as attacking donated organs or blood from another individual, unless the organs or blood are carefully matched. (bartleby.com)
- The immune system is a host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease . (wikiversity.org)
- The immune system is the body's natural defense system that helps fight infections. (rexhealth.com)
- He said that there are therapeutic techniques that directly impact specific symptoms, and there are methods that stimulate the body's own immune and defense system. (healthy.net)
- In contrast, therapeutic methods that strengthen a person's immune and defense system has longer term benefit and can prevent recurrence, but the benefit is sometimes achieved more slowly. (healthy.net)
- As Jonas Salk noted, instead of trying to attack a specific problem, another strategy to re-establish health is to attempt to stimulate a person's own immune and defense system, which is ultimately the approach commonly used with homeopathic medicines. (healthy.net)
Proteins5
- Coronaviruses, the survey found, are masters of mimicry, particularly with proteins involved in coagulation and proteins that make up complement, one of the oldest branches of the human immune system. (sciencecodex.com)
- The new coronavirus -- by mimicking complement or coagulation proteins -- might drive both systems into a hyperactive state. (sciencecodex.com)
- Generating sufficient diversity is a problem because the human body only makes on the order of 10 6 different proteins, which the immune system must use to construct receptors that can recognize potentially 10 16 different proteins or patterns. (unm.edu)
- Hong Kong scientists studying the virus have discovered that H5N1 attacks its host by overwhelming the immune system in a 'storm' of inflammatory proteins, 10 times more than in the annual 'seasonal' influenza. (freerepublic.com)
- Myelin is made of different proteins, and which ones are targeted by the immune system can vary in different MS patients , and over time. (livescience.com)
Researchers12
- Although researchers aren't exactly sure how sleep boosts the immune system, it's clear that getting enough - usually 7 to 9 hours for an adult - is key for good health. (webmd.com)
- altering the immune system to reverse paralysis Researchers have developed an experimental immune system treatment, returning the power of movement to paralyzed mice. (britannica.com)
- So, some researchers have tried to attack the second part of that problem, and devised a system of honeypots that could be outfitted with the behavioral software. (techdirt.com)
- The researchers, from the University of Adelaide and University of Colorado in Boulder, say they have discovered a key mechanism in the body's immune system that amplifies addiction to these drugs. (psychcentral.com)
- Researchers say, "What we want to do is tilt the balance in favor of the immune system and away from the tumor or lymphoma. (medindia.net)
- For the first time ever, researchers are comprehensively sequencing the human immune system, which is billions of times larger than the human genome. (news-medical.net)
- HONG KONG, Nov. 11 (UPI) -- Researchers in Hong Kong say the H5N1 bird flu virus may provoke an excessive immune reaction, explaining why it is deadly even to the young and healthy. (freerepublic.com)
- In news that may provide advocates of breast-feeding with yet more ammunition, researchers report today that soy-based infant formulas may impair the developing immune system. (scientificamerican.com)
- In the new work, researchers at the University of Illinois found that genistein, an estrogenlike component of soybeans, compromises both of these vital branches of the immune system in mice. (scientificamerican.com)
- In light of our present results and other work suggesting potential immune, reproductive, and endocrine effects," the researchers conclude, "the use of soy formula for infant nutrition and high soy/isoflavone intake by adults through the use of supplements needs to be approached with caution. (scientificamerican.com)
- However, smoking's harmful effects on the immune system are reversible, the researchers said. (hon.ch)
- Although the study was designed to test only the treatment's safety, and not whether it could effectively combat the disease, the researchers found that patients who received the highest doses of the treatment showed enhanced immune tolerance for myelin, according to the study published today (June 5) in the journal Science Translational Medicine. (livescience.com)
Thymus3
- The primary components of the immune system include the lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, bone marrow , and thymus. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Hot and cold showers, helps strengthen the thymus & Immune system: Begin your morning with a warm shower, after a few minutes, step aside and change the water temperature to cool or cold. (emaxhealth.com)
- Mice injected with genistein exhibited an up to 80 percent decrease in the size of the thymus, the center of immune cell development, education and proliferation. (scientificamerican.com)
Macrophages1
- One study published in the European Journal of Pharmacology 1 showed that a homeopathic medicine, Silicea , stimulated macrophages (macrophages are a part of the body's immune system which engulf bacteria and foreign substances). (healthy.net)
Suppress4
- Chronic stress exposes your body to a steady stream of stress hormones that suppress the immune system. (webmd.com)
- Any type of major surgery can stress the body and suppress the immune system. (breastcancer.org)
- Some medicines, such as corticosteroids or those taken to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant. (rexhealth.com)
- But "the core goal should be to restore and resurrect the immune system, not suppress it. (startribune.com)
Antigens1
- Antigens are parts of germs that cause the body's immune system to go to work. (cdc.gov)
Pathogen3
- In that time, the innate system keeps the pathogen at bay and prevents it from multiplying. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Imperfect detection: by not requiring absolute detection of every pathogen, the immune system is more flexible: the body can trade off resources used on protection for comprehensiveness of coverage. (unm.edu)
- In this way, a small number of genes can lead to an incredible diversity of receptors, allowing the immune system to recognize almost any new pathogen. (news-medical.net)
Weaken6
- People with certain health conditions may need to take medications with side effects that can weaken your immune system and put you at risk for fungal infections. (cdc.gov)
- If you live in or visit these areas and are taking medications that weaken the immune system, you're more likely to get these infections than the general population. (cdc.gov)
- Addressing Parents' Concerns: Do Multiple Vaccines Overwhelm or Weaken the Infant's Immune System? (aappublications.org)
- As a possible consequence of these trends, recent national surveys found that 23% of parents questioned the number of shots recommended for their children, 1 and 25% were concerned that vaccines might weaken the immune system. (aappublications.org)
- Some conditions and medicines weaken or impair the immune system. (rexhealth.com)
- They also found that stress hormone levels, which can weaken the immune system, decreased after being exposed to the music. (amazonaws.com)
Strengthen your immune system2
- Sound advise on how to strengthen your immune system with or without nutrition, why people get sick, food and supplements that boost the immune system, the importance of alkaline water, exercise, rest, diet, hygiene, and body cleansing in building your immune system up. (selfgrowth.com)
- Other things you can do to strengthen your immune system is exercise whenever possible, eat healthy (lean protein, fruits/vegetables, avoid sugar and white flour products), get enough rest, and take appropriate supplements. (healingwell.com)
Bone marrow1
- The immune system gets weakened when the cancer itself or cancer treatment, like chemotherapy or radiation therapy, affects the bone marrow. (cancer.ca)
Boost the immune2
- I don't think there is any simple remedy yet known to 'boost' the immune system. (netdoctor.co.uk)
- It's called oregano oil and has proven to boost the immune system by increasing the levels of interferon in the blood, as well as killing the flu virus. (newsmax.com)
Protects4
- As we age," Ucar says, "the immune system, which protects the body from infections and tumors, loses strength. (jax.org)
- The body system in humans and other animals that protects the organism by distinguishing foreign tissue and neutralizing potentially pathogenic organisms or substances. (dictionary.com)
- The "immune system" comprises many biological structures and biological process within an organism that protects against disease. (wikiversity.org)
- In humans, the blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and similar fluid-brain barriers separate the peripheral immune system from the neuroimmune system, which protects the brain. (wikipedia.org)
Organisms2
- The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. (kidshealth.org)
- Even simple unicellular organisms such as bacteria possess a rudimentary immune system in the form of enzymes that protect against bacteriophage infections. (wikipedia.org)
Healthy immune system3
- To humans, having a healthy immune system is essential. (bartleby.com)
- When it comes to preventing and fighting off colds, vitamin E tends to take a backseat to vitamin C. However, vitamin E is key to a healthy immune system. (healthline.com)
- Children should spend some time out doors to absorb the sunshine, which facilitates digestion and Vitamin D to strengthen bones and promote a healthy immune system! (emaxhealth.com)
Fetal immune system1
- Until now, no one has considered that the fetus might play a role, because the fetal immune system is still developing when preterm birth occurs, MacKenzie said. (medicinenet.com)
One's immune system2
- Throughout the years I have learned that boosting one's immune system is really important. (healingwell.com)
- Despite their small proportion of only 1% of blood they are extremely effective and important to one's immune system and health. (softschools.com)
Child's immune system2
- Is it any wonder that the average child has 12 colds a year?Your first choice should be to build your child's immune system up as easily as possible, but with the hectic pace of modern life it's not easy! (emaxhealth.com)
- Your part in protecting you and your child's immune system encompass many aspects since many factors play a role in your health. (emaxhealth.com)
Person's immune system3
- Sleep is very important for a person's immune system. (softschools.com)
- Stress can damage a person's immune system. (softschools.com)
- MS arises when a person's immune system attacks myelin, the insulating sheath surrounding neurons. (livescience.com)
Inflammation3
- The biologics used to treat conditions such as asthma, chronic hives, eczema, and sinusitis are unlike the ones used to treat autoimmune disorders, which target specific molecules in the immune system involved with inflammation. (medscape.com)
- This publication demonstrated that zinc was critical for limiting the destructive inflammation of the liver without altering the ability of the immune system to fight the hepatitis C virus. (dailyherald.com)
- This ongoing inflammation leads to the breakdown of the guts barrier and allows the body's immune system to become overstimulated," she explains. (askmen.com)
Vaccines8
- Implicit in this concern is that the infant's immune system is inadequately developed to handle vaccines safely or that multiple vaccines may overwhelm the immune system. (aappublications.org)
- This article will provide health care professionals with information about the effect of vaccines on the infant's immune system and the capacity of the immune system to respond safely to multiple vaccines. (aappublications.org)
- Mayo Clinic: "Vaccines when your immune system is compromised. (webmd.com)
- That's why they need vaccines to strengthen their immune system. (cdc.gov)
- Results, Look for the Following Discussion The Bottom Line Introduction The goal of HIV vaccines is to teach the immune system new and hopefully better ways to win the battle against the virus. (thebody.com)
- In a new study published in Nature from the Human Vaccines Project, scientists have sequenced a key part of this vast and mysterious system -- the genes encoding the circulating B cell receptor repertoire. (news-medical.net)
- The goal is to continue to interrogate the shared components of the immune system to develop safer and highly targeted vaccines and immunotherapies that work across populations. (news-medical.net)
- Due to recent technological advances, we now have an unprecedented opportunity to harness the power of the human immune system to fundamentally transform human health,' says Wayne Koff, Ph.D., CEO of the Human Vaccines Project. (news-medical.net)
Disorders9
- However, in some people, medications or immune system disorders cause overactivity or low activity of the immune system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Primary immunodeficiency disorders are usually present from birth and are caused by the immune system missing particular parts. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Secondary immunodeficiency disorders occur as a result of the immune system being compromised by environmental factors, including HIV , severe burns, malnutrition , or chemotherapy . (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Disorders of the immune system are treated with specific medications that tackle the symptoms and associated infections. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Older people also have a higher incidence of cancer and autoimmune disorders because of their weakened immune systems, he said. (mercurynews.com)
- Occasionally, the immune system can make a mistake and attack itself, resulting in autoimmune disorders. (healio.com)
- What are disorders of the immune system? (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- Allergies and being very sensitive to certain substances are both considered immune system disorders. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
- When the immune system is not functioning properly, or the immune system itself is attacking the body, a variety of health issues can begin to develop, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, colds, flu, and infections that range from mild to life-threatening. (softschools.com)
Humans2
- Previous studies have shown that interleukin-1beta can upset the dopamine system in rats in a similar way to schizophrenia in humans. (redorbit.com)
- It is known that the hypermutation mechanism in germinal centers of the dark zone stops functioning in old rats, and Dr. Kelsoe believes the same thing may happen in humans, decreasing the effectiveness of the immune system. (nytimes.com)
Complement system2
- The connection with complement suggests that existing drugs that inhibit the complement system could help treat patients with severe disease. (sciencecodex.com)
- These mechanisms include phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides called defensins, and the complement system. (wikipedia.org)
Probiotics2
- Recent research results suggest that yoghurts made with certain bacteria (called probiotics) may have a beneficial effect on the immune system. (medicalnewstoday.com)
- Probiotics and immune function. (cabi.org)
Innate immune7
- Cardiac injury activates innate immune mechanisms initiating an inflammatory reaction. (nih.gov)
- The innate immune system is built in. (vetinfo.com)
- These are part of the innate immune system.There are three types of phagocytes. (prezi.com)
- The innate immune system is found in almost every single plant, animal, fungi, insect. (prezi.com)
- Activated by the innate immune system. (prezi.com)
- The innate immune system is the first line of defense to recognize a set of a pattern-/damage-associated molecular pattern by using pattern recognition receptors. (wikiversity.org)
- Innate immune systems are found in all plants and animals. (wikipedia.org)
Coronavirus2
- Did the coronavirus make you reconsider learning how to boost immune system function and your overall health? (lifehack.org)
- Avoiding catching the coronavirus cannot be guaranteed by any strategy or drug just yet, but it is becoming evident that people with a strong and reactive immune system are able to prevent catching it (at times) or minimize the health risks it involves. (lifehack.org)
Lymph3
- The more lymph nodes you have removed, the greater the disruption to your immune system. (breastcancer.org)
- If you had lymph nodes removed, your immune system may not work as well on that side of your body. (breastcancer.org)
- Lymph nodes are part of the immune system. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Infections8
- As part of the immune system, you would expect to see complement activated, but it seems over and above what you'd see in other infections like the flu. (sciencecodex.com)
- In most cases, the immune system does a great job of keeping people healthy and preventing infections. (kidshealth.org)
- Although Microsoft didn't have a patch, and anti-virus vendors didn't have a signature on day zero, our Intrusion Prevention System had the checks for the exploit 6 months in advance of the virus, resulting in ZERO infections to our company. (techdirt.com)
- When this coordination breaks down, people are at risk for opportunistic infections (OIs) and cancers that usually do not harm people with healthy immune systems . (thebody.com)
- If your immune function is weakened your body is subject to fatigue and illness and cannot ward off infections then illness happens whether it be everyday illnesses such as colds and allergies or serious ones, produced by prolonged immune system distress? (emaxhealth.com)
- Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. (wikiversity.org)
- A concern was that the treatment might compromise the immune system , leaving the patients vulnerable to infections. (livescience.com)
- Currently, the main treatment for patients suffering from acute MS attacks involves broadly suppressing the immune system, which makes patients vulnerable to infections and cancer. (livescience.com)
Human immune8
- With the new funding from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Ucar will investigate the regulatory mechanisms behind the functional decline of the human immune system with aging. (jax.org)
- The Immune System, Third Edition emphasizes the human immune system and synthesizes immunological concepts into a comprehensible, up-to-date, and reader-friendly account of how the immune system works. (google.com)
- October 25, 1995, Wednesday An article in Science Times yesterday about the human immune system misspelled the given name of an immunologist at the University of Maryland in Baltimore who commented on a new mathematical model of how the system works. (nytimes.com)
- Leading experts in science and medicine had only a basic understanding of the powerful complexity of the human immune system. (forbes.com)
- While the Human Genome Project sequenced the human genome and led to the development of novel genomics tools, it did not tackle the size and complexity of the human immune system. (news-medical.net)
- Technological advances are enabling more comprehensive studies of the human immune system than ever before possible. (broadinstitute.org)
- The Human immune system is the body's protection system. (softschools.com)
- Vitamin D has emerged as a pleiotropic regulator of human physiology, and recent work has revealed that it has several roles in control of human immune system function. (springer.com)
Autoimmunity1
- Wu HJ, Wu E (2012) The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity. (springer.com)
Recognize2
- So the drugs try to "train" the immune system to recognize your myelin as your myelin, and stop attacking it. (healingwell.com)
- another, disease-causing virus that the immune system would recognize and attack. (popsci.com)
Substances1
- Allergies and asthma develop when the immune system responds to substances that are not harmful. (medicalnewstoday.com)
