Synaptic membranes. Medical search

Cell membranes associated with synapses. Both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are included along with their integral or tightly associated specializations for the release or reception of transmitters.

Thin layers of tissue which cover parts of the body, separate adjacent cavities, or connect adjacent structures.

Pinched-off nerve endings and their contents of vesicles and cytoplasm together with the attached subsynaptic area of the membrane of the post-synaptic cell. They are largely artificial structures produced by fractionation after selective centrifugation of nervous tissue homogenates.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Lipids, predominantly phospholipids, cholesterol and small amounts of glycolipids found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. These lipids may be arranged in bilayers in the membranes with integral proteins between the layers and peripheral proteins attached to the outside. Membrane lipids are required for active transport, several enzymatic activities and membrane formation.

Thin structures that encapsulate subcellular structures or ORGANELLES in EUKARYOTIC CELLS. They include a variety of membranes associated with the CELL NUCLEUS; the MITOCHONDRIA; the GOLGI APPARATUS; the ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; LYSOSOMES; PLASTIDS; and VACUOLES.

Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.

One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.

The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).

Artificially produced membranes, such as semipermeable membranes used in artificial kidney dialysis (RENAL DIALYSIS), monomolecular and bimolecular membranes used as models to simulate biological CELL MEMBRANES. These membranes are also used in the process of GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Venoms from animals of the phylum Arthropoda. Those most investigated are from scorpions and spiders of the class Arachnidae and from ant, bee, and wasp families of the Insecta order Hymenoptera. The venoms contain protein toxins, enzymes, and other bioactive substances and may be lethal to man.

Enzyme that is a major constituent of kidney brush-border membranes and is also present to a lesser degree in the brain and other tissues. It preferentially catalyzes cleavage at the amino group of hydrophobic residues of the B-chain of insulin as well as opioid peptides and other biologically active peptides. The enzyme is inhibited primarily by EDTA, phosphoramidon, and thiorphan and is reactivated by zinc. Neprilysin is identical to common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA Antigen), an important marker in the diagnosis of human acute lymphocytic leukemia. There is no relationship with CALLA PLANT.

Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents.

The semi-permeable outer structure of a red blood cell. It is known as a red cell 'ghost' after HEMOLYSIS.

Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. This also includes animals with a long history of closed colony breeding.

The motion of phospholipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, dependent on the classes of phospholipids present, their fatty acid composition and degree of unsaturation of the acyl chains, the cholesterol concentration, and temperature.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Changes in the amounts of various chemicals (neurotransmitters, receptors, enzymes, and other metabolites) specific to the area of the central nervous system contained within the head. These are monitored over time, during sensory stimulation, or under different disease states.

Venoms from snakes of the family Elapidae, including cobras, kraits, mambas, coral, tiger, and Australian snakes. The venoms contain polypeptide toxins of various kinds, cytolytic, hemolytic, and neurotoxic factors, but fewer enzymes than viper or crotalid venoms. Many of the toxins have been characterized.

Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.

A quality of cell membranes which permits the passage of solvents and solutes into and out of cells.

Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.

Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.

A darkly stained mat-like EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) that separates cell layers, such as EPITHELIUM from ENDOTHELIUM or a layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. The ECM layer that supports an overlying EPITHELIUM or ENDOTHELIUM is called basal lamina. Basement membrane (BM) can be formed by the fusion of either two adjacent basal laminae or a basal lamina with an adjacent reticular lamina of connective tissue. BM, composed mainly of TYPE IV COLLAGEN; glycoprotein LAMININ; and PROTEOGLYCAN, provides barriers as well as channels between interacting cell layers.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

The thin layer of GRAY MATTER on the surface of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES that develops from the TELENCEPHALON and folds into gyri and sulchi. It reaches its highest development in humans and is responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions.

Components of a cell produced by various separation techniques which, though they disrupt the delicate anatomy of a cell, preserve the structure and physiology of its functioning constituents for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p163)

A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.

The process of moving proteins from one cellular compartment (including extracellular) to another by various sorting and transport mechanisms such as gated transport, protein translocation, and vesicular transport.

A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.

A salt used to replenish calcium levels, as an acid-producing diuretic, and as an antidote for magnesium poisoning.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

The sum of the weight of all the atoms in a molecule.

The process in which substances, either endogenous or exogenous, bind to proteins, peptides, enzymes, protein precursors, or allied compounds. Specific protein-binding measures are often used as assays in diagnostic assessments.

The interaction of two or more substrates or ligands with the same binding site. The displacement of one by the other is used in quantitative and selective affinity measurements.

A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.

Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.

Electrophoresis in which a polyacrylamide gel is used as the diffusion medium.

A subclass of PEPTIDE HYDROLASES that catalyze the internal cleavage of PEPTIDES or PROTEINS.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by their affinity for the agonist AMPA (alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid).

The basic cellular units of nervous tissue. Each neuron consists of a body, an axon, and dendrites. Their purpose is to receive, conduct, and transmit impulses in the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.

Membrane proteins whose primary function is to facilitate the transport of molecules across a biological membrane. Included in this broad category are proteins involved in active transport (BIOLOGICAL TRANSPORT, ACTIVE), facilitated transport and ION CHANNELS.

A group of fatty acids that contain 18 carbon atoms and a double bond at the omega 9 carbon.

Neurotoxic proteins from the venom of the banded or Formosan krait (Bungarus multicinctus, an elapid snake). alpha-Bungarotoxin blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and has been used to isolate and study them; beta- and gamma-bungarotoxins act presynaptically causing acetylcholine release and depletion. Both alpha and beta forms have been characterized, the alpha being similar to the large, long or Type II neurotoxins from other elapid venoms.

A class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphoglycerides or glycerophosphatidates. EC 3.1.-.

Glycoproteins found on the membrane or surface of cells.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Proteins which contain carbohydrate groups attached covalently to the polypeptide chain. The protein moiety is the predominant group with the carbohydrate making up only a small percentage of the total weight.

Layers of lipid molecules which are two molecules thick. Bilayer systems are frequently studied as models of biological membranes.

A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.

Polymers of ETHYLENE OXIDE and water, and their ethers. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid depending on the molecular weight indicated by a number following the name. They are used as SURFACTANTS, dispersing agents, solvents, ointment and suppository bases, vehicles, and tablet excipients. Some specific groups are NONOXYNOLS, OCTOXYNOLS, and POLOXAMERS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Cell surface proteins that bind signalling molecules external to the cell with high affinity and convert this extracellular event into one or more intracellular signals that alter the behavior of the target cell (From Alberts, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2nd ed, pp693-5). Cell surface receptors, unlike enzymes, do not chemically alter their ligands.

A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Mg, atomic number 12, and atomic weight 24.31. It is important for the activity of many enzymes, especially those involved in OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.

Proteins which are found in membranes including cellular and intracellular membranes. They consist of two types, peripheral and integral proteins. They include most membrane-associated enzymes, antigenic proteins, transport proteins, and drug, hormone, and lectin receptors.

The two lipoprotein layers in the MITOCHONDRION. The outer membrane encloses the entire mitochondrion and contains channels with TRANSPORT PROTEINS to move molecules and ions in and out of the organelle. The inner membrane folds into cristae and contains many ENZYMES important to cell METABOLISM and energy production (MITOCHONDRIAL ATP SYNTHASE).

A common name used for the genus Cavia. The most common species is Cavia porcellus which is the domesticated guinea pig used for pets and biomedical research.

Substances used for their pharmacological actions on any aspect of neurotransmitter systems. Neurotransmitter agents include agonists, antagonists, degradation inhibitors, uptake inhibitors, depleters, precursors, and modulators of receptor function.

Quantitative determination of receptor (binding) proteins in body fluids or tissue using radioactively labeled binding reagents (e.g., antibodies, intracellular receptors, plasma binders).

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Liquid chromatographic techniques which feature high inlet pressures, high sensitivity, and high speed.

Any of various animals that constitute the family Suidae and comprise stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous mammals with thick skin, usually covered with coarse bristles, a rather long mobile snout, and small tail. Included are the genera Babyrousa, Phacochoerus (wart hogs), and Sus, the latter containing the domestic pig (see SUS SCROFA).

The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.

The process of cleaving a chemical compound by the addition of a molecule of water.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Cell surface proteins which bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID and contain an integral membrane chloride channel. Each receptor is assembled as a pentamer from a pool of at least 19 different possible subunits. The receptors belong to a superfamily that share a common CYSTEINE loop.

Compounds which inhibit or antagonize biosynthesis or actions of proteases (ENDOPEPTIDASES).

Accumulation of a drug or chemical substance in various organs (including those not relevant to its pharmacologic or therapeutic action). This distribution depends on the blood flow or perfusion rate of the organ, the ability of the drug to penetrate organ membranes, tissue specificity, protein binding. The distribution is usually expressed as tissue to plasma ratios.

Peptides composed of between two and twelve amino acids.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

Artificial, single or multilaminar vesicles (made from lecithins or other lipids) that are used for the delivery of a variety of biological molecules or molecular complexes to cells, for example, drug delivery and gene transfer. They are also used to study membranes and membrane proteins.

The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.

Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. For disease models in living animals, DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL is available. Biological models include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.

Techniques to partition various components of the cell into SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS.

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

The level of protein structure in which combinations of secondary protein structures (alpha helices, beta sheets, loop regions, and motifs) pack together to form folded shapes called domains. Disulfide bridges between cysteines in two different parts of the polypeptide chain along with other interactions between the chains play a role in the formation and stabilization of tertiary structure. Small proteins usually consist of only one domain but larger proteins may contain a number of domains connected by segments of polypeptide chain which lack regular secondary structure.

The thin layers of tissue that surround the developing embryo. There are four extra-embryonic membranes commonly found in VERTEBRATES, such as REPTILES; BIRDS; and MAMMALS. They are the YOLK SAC, the ALLANTOIS, the AMNION, and the CHORION. These membranes provide protection and means to transport nutrients and wastes.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

Purifying or cleansing agents, usually salts of long-chain aliphatic bases or acids, that exert cleansing (oil-dissolving) and antimicrobial effects through a surface action that depends on possessing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.

Bound forms of Ca taken up by the synaptic plasma membrane. (1/900)

Temperature dependent Ca-binding by the synaptic plasma membrane was increased in the presence of ATP and Mg++. Apparent Km for ATP was about 2.8 X 10(-5) M and optimal concentration of Mg++ was 2 mM in the presence of 2 mM ATP. After preincubation with nonradioactive Ca++, ATP and Mg++ to attain a steady state, addition of 45Ca resulted in remarkable labelling of the membrane, indicating rapid turnover of most of the membrane bound Ca. The presence of oxalate (60 mM) greatly increased Ca up-take on prolonged incubation. The Ca uptake in presence and absence of oxalate had similar substrate specificity and was similarly influenced by various monovalent cations. Furthermore, activities for Ca-uptake in the presence and absence of oxalate could not be separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the synaptic plasma membrane fraction. Accordingly, it was considered that Ca++ in the medium was taken up by surface of the membrane, ATP- and temperature-dependently and then transferred into a cavity where the Ca-oxalate complex is formed. (+info)

Rapid dendritic morphogenesis in CA1 hippocampal dendrites induced by synaptic activity. (2/900)

Activity shapes the structure of neurons and their circuits. Two-photon imaging of CA1 neurons expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein in developing hippocampal slices from rat brains was used to characterize dendritic morphogenesis in response to synaptic activity. High-frequency focal synaptic stimulation induced a period (longer than 30 minutes) of enhanced growth of small filopodia-like protrusions (typically less than 5 micrometers long). Synaptically evoked growth was long-lasting and localized to dendritic regions close (less than 50 micrometers) to the stimulating electrode and was prevented by blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Thus, synaptic activation can produce rapid input-specific changes in dendritic structure. Such persistent structural changes could contribute to the development of neural circuitry. (+info)

In vivo modulation of rodent glutathione and its role in peroxynitrite-induced neocortical synaptosomal membrane protein damage. (3/900)

Peroxynitrite, formed by the reaction between nitric oxide and superoxide, leads to the oxidation of proteins, lipids, and DNA, and nitrates thiols such as cysteine and glutathione, and amino acids like tyrosine. Previous in vitro studies have shown glutathione to be an efficient scavenger of peroxynitrite, protecting synaptosomal membranes from protein oxidation, the enzyme glutamine synthetase from inactivation, and preventing the death of hippocampal neurons in culture. The current study was undertaken to see if in vivo modulation of glutathione levels would affect brain cortical synaptosomal membrane proteins and their subsequent reaction with peroxynitrite. Glutathione levels were depleted, in vivo, by injecting animals with 2-cyclohexen-1-one (CHX, 100 mg/kg body weight), and levels of glutathione were enhanced by injecting animals with N-acetylcysteine (NAC, 200 mg/kg body weight), which gets metabolized to cysteine, a precursor of glutathione. Changes in membrane protein conformation and structure in synaptosomes subsequently isolated from these animals were examined using electron paramagnetic resonance, before and after in vitro addition of peroxynitrite. The animals injected with the glutathione depletant CHX showed greater damage to the membrane proteins both before and after peroxynitrite treatment, compared to the non-injected controls. The membrane proteins from animals injected with NAC were comparable to controls before peroxynitrite treatment and were partially protected against peroxynitrite-induced damage. This study showed that modulation of endogenous glutathione levels can affect the degree of peroxynitrite-induced brain membrane damage and may have potential therapeutic significance for oxidative stress-associated neurodegenerative disorders. (+info)

Diversity of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the pituitary and discrete brain regions of rats. (4/900)

In order to analyze the receptor properties of central nervous system (CNS)-stimulant thyrotropin-releasing hormone (L-pyroglutamyl-L-histidyl-L-prolinamide, TRH), we evaluated the binding of TRH and its analog taltirelin hydrate ((-)-N-[(S)-hexahydro-1-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-pyrimidinylcarbonyl]-L- histidyl-L-prolinamide tetrahydrate; taltirelin, TA-0910) in rat anterior pituitary and several brain regions. There was a specific binding of [3H]methyl TRH (MeTRH) in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus, brain stem, cerebral cortex and cerebellum with Kd values of 1.0-1.6 nM. The inhibition of [3H]MeTRH binding by TRH and taltirelin was monophasic in the anterior pituitary, hypothalamus and brain stem with Ki values of 6.3-8.0 nM and 145.5-170.4 nM for TRH and taltirelin, respectively. In contrast, the biphasic inhibition was revealed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The Ki values for TRH and taltirelin were 4.1-4.3 nM and 67.8-73.4 nM for the high affinity binding site and 3.6-4.2 microM and 82.3-197.5 microM for the low affinity binding site, respectively. Addition of 100 microM GTP or its analog 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (Gpp[NH]p) affected neither the biphasic inhibition by TRH nor that by taltirelin. Thus the results suggest the presence of distinct high and low affinity TRH receptors in the CNS in contrast to the pituitary. (+info)

Studies of excitable membranes. II. A comparison of specializations at neuromuscular junctions and nonjunctional sarcolemmas of mammalian fast and slow twitch muscle fibers. (5/900)

Mammalian fast and slow twitch skeletal muscles are compared by freeze-fracture, thick and thin sectioning, and histochemical techniques using conventional and high voltage electron microscopy. Despite gross morphological differences in endplate structure visualized at relatively low magnifications in this sections, rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) (fast twitch) and soleus (slow twitch) fibers cannot be distinguished on the basis of size, number, or distribution of molecular specializations of the pre- and postsynaptic junctional membranes exposed by freeze fracturing. Specializations in the cortex of the juxtaneuronal portions of the junctional folds are revealed by high voltage electron stereomicroscopy as a branching, ladder-like filamentous network associated with the putative acetylcholline receptor complexes. These filaments are considered to be involved in restricting the mobility of receptor proteins to the perineuronal aspects of the postynaptic membrane. Although the junctional membranes of both EDL and soleus appear similar, a differential specialization of the secondary synaptic cleft was noted. The extracellular matrix in the bottom of soleus clefts was observed as an ordered system of filamentous "combs," These filamentous arrays have not been detected in EDL junctions. Examination of the extrajunctional sarcolemmas of EDL and soleus reveal additional differences which may be correlated with variations in electrical and contractile properties. For example, particle aggregates termed "square arrays" previously described in the sarcolemmas of some fibers of the rat diaphragm were observed in large numbers in sarcolemmas of EDL fibers but were seldom encountered in soleus fibers. These gross compositional differences in the membranes are discussed in the light of functional differences between fiber types. (+info)

Effects of specific modifications of several hydroxyls of tetrodotoxin on its affinity to rat brain membrane. (6/900)

The widely used sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a compound that has six hydroxyl residues at the C-4, C-6, C-8, C-9, C-10, and C-11 positions in addition to a guanidinium group, which is positively charged in biological pH range. Thirteen analogs of this toxin with structural modifications involving one or more of these hydroxyls were examined on their affinity to a rat brain membrane preparation, which is known to contain sodium channels abundantly. The equilibrium dissociation constants associated with the binding of TTX and its analogs to the sodium channels were estimated, from their ability to inhibit the binding of [3H]saxitoxin, as follows (in nM): TTX, 1.8; chiriquitoxin, 1.0; 11-oxoTTX, 1.5; 11-norTTX-6,6-diol, 1.6; 11-norTTX-6(S)-ol, 23; 11-norTTX-6(R)-ol, 31; 11-deoxyTTX, 37; 6-epiTTX, 39; 4-epiTTX, 68; 4,9-anhydroTTX, 180; TTX-8-O-hemisuccinate, >380; TTX-11-carboxylic acid, >2300; tetrodonic acid, >3600; 5,6,11-trideoxyTTX, >5000. The reduction of the affinity observed with the analogs involving reduction or translocation of the hydroxyls at C-6 and C-11 is indicative of the contribution of these residues to the binding to sodium channels as hydrogen bond donors. The especially large value of the dissociation constant for TTX-11-carboxylic acid is consistent with the idea that the C-11-hydroxyl forms a hydrogen bond with a carboxylic acid residue of the channel protein. The markedly low affinity of TTX-8-O-hemisuccinate may possibly be ascribable to intramolecular salt-bridge formation, which neutralizes the positive charge of the guanidinium group. (+info)

Empty synaptic vesicles recycle and undergo exocytosis at vesamicol-treated motor nerve terminals. (7/900)

We investigated whether recycled cholinergic synaptic vesicles, which were not refilled with ACh, would join other synaptic vesicles in the readily releasable store near active zones, dock, and continue to undergo exocytosis during prolonged stimulation. Snake nerve-muscle preparations were treated with 5 microM vesamicol to inhibit the vesicular ACh transporter and then were exposed to an elevated potassium solution, 35 mM potassium propionate (35 KP), to release all preformed quanta of ACh. At vesamicol-treated endplates, miniature endplate current (MEPC) frequency increased initially from 0.4 to >300 s-1 in 35 KP but then declined to <1 s-1 by 90 min. The decrease in frequency was not accompanied by a decrease in MEPC average amplitude. Nerve terminals accumulated the activity-dependent dye FM1-43 when exposed to the dye for the final 6 min of a 120-min exposure to 35 KP. Thus synaptic membrane endocytosis continued at a high rate, although MEPCs occurred infrequently. After a 120-min exposure in 35 KP, nerve terminals accumulated FM1-43 and then destained, confirming that exocytosis also still occurred at a high rate. These results demonstrate that recycled cholinergic synaptic vesicles that were not refilled with ACh continued to dock and undergo exocytosis after membrane retrieval. Thus transport of ACh into recycled cholinergic vesicles is not a requirement for repeated cycles of exocytosis and retrieval of synaptic vesicle membrane during prolonged stimulation of motor nerve terminals. (+info)

The subcellular localizations of atypical synaptotagmins III and VI. Synaptotagmin III is enriched in synapses and synaptic plasma membranes but not in synaptic vesicles. (8/900)

Multiple synaptotagmins are expressed in brain, but only synaptotagmins I and II have known functions in fast, synchronous Ca2+-triggered neurotransmitter release. Synaptotagmin III was proposed to regulate other aspects of synaptic vesicle exocytosis, particularly its slow component. Such a function predicts that synaptotagmin III should be an obligatory synaptic vesicle protein, as would also be anticipated from its high homology to synaptotagmins I and II. To test this hypothesis, we studied the distribution, developmental expression, and localization of synaptotagmin III and its closest homolog, synaptotagmin VI. We find that synaptotagmins III and VI are present in all brain regions in heterogeneous distributions and that their levels increase during development in parallel with synaptogenesis. Furthermore, we show by immunocytochemistry that synaptotagmin III is concentrated in synapses, as expected. Surprisingly, however, we observed that synaptotagmin III is highly enriched in synaptic plasma membranes but not in synaptic vesicles. Synaptotagmin VI was also found to be relatively excluded from synaptic vesicles. Our data suggest that synaptotagmins III and VI perform roles in neurons that are not linked to synaptic vesicle exocytosis but to other Ca2+-related nerve terminal events, indicating that the functions of synaptotagmins are more diverse than originally thought. (+info)

... is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RIMS3 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89 ... "Entrez Gene: Regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 3". Retrieved 2018-06-13. Weidenhofer J, Scott RJ, Tooney PA (January 2009 ... "A de novo 1p34.2 microdeletion identifies the synaptic vesicle gene RIMS3 as a novel candidate for autism". J. Med. Genet. 47 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulating_synaptic_membrane_exocytosis_3

The synaptic membranes appear traced in B (violet - TC, orange - lymphocyte). The distances between membranes are shown in C. ... The blue rectangle shows the synaptic 'kiss and run' region. ... suggestive for a possible role in synaptic Ca2+ homeostasis. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telocyte

Regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RIMS2 gene. RIMS2 has been ... "Entrez Gene: RIMS2 regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 2". Sun, Lei; Bittner Mary A; Holz Ronald W (October 2003). "Rim, a ... Wang Y, Südhof TC (2003). "Genomic definition of RIM proteins: evolutionary amplification of a family of synaptic regulatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIMS2

Regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RIMS1 gene. RAB3A (MIM 179490 ... "Entrez Gene: RIMS1 regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 1". Ohtsuka T, Takao-Rikitsu E, Inoue E, Inoue M, Takeuchi M, ... a member of the Ras superfamily of genes, is a synaptic vesicle protein that regulates synaptic vesicle exocytosis. MUNC13 ( ... Wang Y, Südhof TC (2003). "Genomic definition of RIM proteins: evolutionary amplification of a family of synaptic regulatory ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIMS1

"Characteristics of GABAB receptor binding sites on rat whole brain synaptic membranes". British Journal of Pharmacology. 78 (1 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenibut

Bowery NG, Hill DR, Hudson AL (1983). "Characteristics of GABAB receptor binding sites on rat whole brain synaptic membranes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Fluorophenibut

Zhang B, Zelhof AC (July 2002). "Amphiphysins: raising the BAR for synaptic vesicle recycling and membrane dynamics. Bin- ... Mathew D, Popescu A, Budnik V (November 2003). "Drosophila amphiphysin functions during synaptic Fasciclin II membrane cycling ... "Drosophila Amphiphysin is implicated in protein localization and membrane morphogenesis but not in synaptic vesicle endocytosis ... December 1993). "The synaptic vesicle-associated protein amphiphysin is the 128-kD autoantigen of Stiff-Man syndrome with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphiphysin

Geumann, U.; C. Schäfer; D. Riedel; R. Jahn; S. O. Rizzoli (2010). "Synaptic membrane proteins form stable microdomains in ... Unfortunately, the only way for cells to be studied was to label the plasma membrane with organic dyes. Combining STED with ... Opazo, F.; A. Punge; J. Buckers; P. Hoopmann; L. Kastrup; S. W. Hell; S. O. Rizzoli (2010). "Limited intermixing of synaptic ... Lang, Sieber (April 2006). "The SNARE Motif Is Essential for the Formation of Syntaxin Clusters in the Plasma Membrane". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STED_microscopy

Zhang B, Zelhof AC (July 2002). "Amphiphysins: raising the BAR for synaptic vesicle recycling and membrane dynamics. Bin- ... Mathew D, Popescu A, Budnik V (November 2003). "Drosophila amphiphysin functions during synaptic Fasciclin II membrane cycling ... The BAR domain is banana-shaped and binds to membrane via its concave face. It is capable of sensing membrane curvature by ... "Drosophila Amphiphysin is implicated in protein localization and membrane morphogenesis but not in synaptic vesicle endocytosis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAR_domain

Trimble WS, Cowan DM, Scheller RH (June 1988). "VAMP-1: a synaptic vesicle-associated integral membrane protein". Proceedings ... The use of a tethered bilayer lipid membrane (t-BLM) further increases the stability of supported membranes by chemically ... Detergent micelles are another class of model membranes that are commonly used to purify and study membrane proteins, although ... Therefore, GUVs are frequently used to study membrane-remodeling and other protein-membrane interactions in vitro. A variety of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_lipid_bilayer

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found in the post-synaptic membranes of nerve cells. These receptors are an example of ... This depolarizes the post-synaptic membrane, inducing an action potential that propagates the signal. This signal will ... When neurotransmitters bind to these receptors, ion channels open, allowing Na+ and Ca2+ ions to move across the membrane. ... ion gated channels where binding by a ligand causes a conformational change allowing ions to cross the membrane into the cell. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epibatidine

Stancampiano R, Melis MR, Argiolas A (1991). "Proteolytic conversion of oxytocin by brain synaptic membranes: role of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocin

Stancampiano R, Melis MR, Argiolas A (1991). "Proteolytic conversion of oxytocin by brain synaptic membranes: role of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxytocinase

"Pre-synaptic plasma membrane isoform 2a regulates excitatory synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal CA3". J. Physiol. 579 (1 ... The plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in the plasma membrane of cells and functions to remove calcium ( ... "Expression of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase family members and associated synaptic proteins in acute and cultured organotypic ... It is thought that the PMCA pump has 10 segments that cross the plasma membrane, with both C and N termini on the inside of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane_Ca2 _ATPase

"Purification and characterization of a novel neurotensin-degrading peptidase from rat brain synaptic membranes". The Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurolysin

The membrane-bound form of ChAT is associated with synaptic vesicles. There exist two isoforms of ChAT, both encoded by the ... Carroll PT (1994). "Membrane-bound choline-O-acetyltransferase in rat hippocampal tissue is associated with synaptic vesicles ... The soluble form accounts for 80-90% of the total enzyme activity while the membrane-bound form is responsible for the rest of ... However, there has long been a debate on how the latter form of ChAT is bound to the membrane. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choline_acetyltransferase

Holcman, D.; Schuss, Z. (2004). "Escape Through a Small Opening: Receptor Trafficking in a Synaptic Membrane". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrow_escape_problem

This linearity does not hold for changes in synaptic membrane conductance. (Articles with short description, Short description ... The larger the membrane resistance r m {\displaystyle r_{m}} , the harder it is for a current to induce a change in membrane ... That means, membrane potential (voltage across the membrane) lags more behind current injections. Response times vary from 1-2 ... the greater the area for charge to escape through its membrane, and therefore the lower the membrane resistance (dividing Rm by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_theory

It may also play a role in ternary complex assembly of synaptic proteins at the postsynaptic membrane and coupling of signal ... "Synaptic localization of membrane-associated guanylate kinase-interacting protein mediated by the pleckstrin homology domain". ... It's synaptic localization is not known to be affected by NMDA receptor activation. Overexpression of Maguin's C-terminal PDZ ... Yao I, Hata Y, Ide N, Hirao K, Deguchi M, Nishioka H, Mizoguchi A, Takai Y (April 1999). "MAGUIN, a novel neuronal membrane- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNKSR2

"The t-SNARE syntaxin is sufficient for spontaneous fusion of synaptic vesicles to planar membranes". Cell Biology International ... In vitro syntaxin per se is sufficient to drive spontaneous calcium independent fusion of synaptic vesicles containing v-SNAREs ... Syntaxins are a family of membrane integrated Q-SNARE proteins participating in exocytosis. Syntaxins possess a single C- ... complex is believed to generate the free energy required to initiate fusion between the vesicle membrane and plasma membrane. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxin

"Segregation of different GABAA receptors to synaptic and extrasynaptic membranes of cerebellar granule cells" (abstract). ... The synaptic receptors mediate phasic contraction, duration of around 20-30ms whereas the extrasynapatic receptors mediate ... Brickley SG, Cull-Candy SG, Farrant M (1996). "Development of a tonic form of synaptic inhibition in rat cerebellar granule ... Tia S, Wang JF, Kotchabhakdi N, Vicini S (June 1, 1996). "Developmental changes of inhibitory synaptic currents in cerebellar ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golgi_cell

"Functional interaction between monoamine plasma membrane transporters and the synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein PICK1". ... "Functional interaction between monoamine plasma membrane transporters and the synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein PICK1". ... Perroy J, El Far O, Bertaso F, Pin JP, Betz H, Bockaert J, Fagni L (2002). "PICK1 is required for the control of synaptic ... Xia J, Zhang X, Staudinger J, Huganir RL (1999). "Clustering of AMPA receptors by the synaptic PDZ domain-containing protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PICK1

It is preferentially associated with the membranes of synaptic vesicles and functions in glutamate transport. The protein ... further evidence for a synaptic pathology affecting glutamate neurons". Schizophrenia Research. 73 (2-3): 159-72. doi:10.1016/j ... "Uptake of glutamate into synaptic vesicles by an inorganic phosphate transporter". Science. 289 (5481): 957-60. Bibcode:2000Sci ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicular_glutamate_transporter_1

February 2014). "Membrane lipids tune synaptic transmission by direct modulation of presynaptic potassium channels". Neuron. 81 ... Matthies, H. (1988). "Long-Term Synaptic Potentiation and Macromolecular Changes in Memory Formation". Synaptic Plasticity in ... Because normal synaptic transmission occurs in a presynaptic to postsynaptic direction, postsynaptic to presynaptic ... The retrograde neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO) is a soluble gas that can readily diffuse through various cell membranes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_signaling

Synaptic inputs to a neuron cause the membrane to depolarize or hyperpolarize; that is, they cause the membrane potential to ... the membrane voltage Vm. Thus, the membrane potential affects the permeability, which then further affects the membrane ... How much the membrane potential of a neuron changes as the result of a current impulse is a function of the membrane input ... A mature neuron also undergoes shorter changes in membrane potential in response to synaptic currents. Neurons from a ferret ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential

Electron microscopy revealed OPC membranes apposed to neuronal presynaptic terminals filled with synaptic vesicles. OPCs ... OPCs express receptors for various neurotransmitters and undergo membrane depolarization when they receive synaptic inputs from ... OPCs receive synaptic contacts onto their processes from both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. OPCs receive preferred ... However, OPCs appear to lose their ability to respond to synaptic inputs from neurons as they differentiate into mature ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligodendrocyte_progenitor_cell

In synaptic vesicle fusion, the vesicle must be within a few nanometers of the target membrane for the fusion process to begin ... In the lipid-lined fusion pore model, the SNARE complex acts as a scaffold, pulling on the membrane, causing both membranes to ... while in presence of Ca2+ ions to act as agonist in the membrane fusion process. In synaptic vesicles, some neurochemists have ... "The t-SNARE syntaxin is sufficient for spontaneous fusion of synaptic vesivles to planar membranes" (PDF). Cell Biology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_fusion

"Effect of histrionicotoxin on ion channels in synaptic and conducting membranes of electroplax of Electrophorus electricus". ... Additionally, studies of the effects of histrionicotoxin on end-plate potential have shown that the compound hinders membrane ... potential propagation, but has emergent characteristics with membrane hyperpolarizations. The binding of histrionicotoxin is ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histrionicotoxins

The calcium levels help the synaptic vesicles in the membranes grow and extend at the tip. Polypeptides found in the style also ... 2013). "Plant formins: Membrane anchors for actin polymerization". Trends in Cell Biology. 23 (5): 227-233. doi:10.1016/j.tcb. ... The F-actin from the apical membrane makes an actin binding protein called formin which is essential for pollen tube tip growth ... The actin filaments controls the apical membrane and cytoplasm interactions while the pollen tube is growing in the apex region ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen_tube

SynCAM is a cell adhesion molecule that is present in both pre- and post-synaptic membranes. The processes of neuronal ... Synaptic communication between neurons leads to the establishment of functional neural circuits that mediate sensory and motor ... Crepel, V; Aronov, D; Jorquera, I; Represa, A; Ben-Ari, Y; Cossart, R (2007). "A parturition-associated non synaptic coherent ... Fischbach and colleagues showed that receptor subunits are selectively transcribed from nuclei next to the synaptic site. This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system

The membrane potential alters the conformation of the channel proteins, regulating their opening and closing. Cell membranes ... They also play a role in neurotransmitter release in pre-synaptic nerve endings. In most cells, Ca2+ channels regulate a wide ... which are located on the inner surface of the cell membrane and do not cross the membrane, and which are coassembled with the α ... The membrane-spanning segments, designated S1-S6, all take the form of alpha helices with specialized functions. The fifth and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel

Rhythmogenesis, the generation of rhythm, is modulated by membrane properties and synaptic interactions occurring in ... The respiratory system is regulated by multiple forms of long-term synaptic plasticity. The role of synaptic inhibition has ... which allows for active expiration to be produced by synaptic inhibition within the respiratory network. Synaptic inhibition is ... A decrease in synaptic transmission is also seen with hypoxia. There are several inward currents that are proposed to help ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Bötzinger_complex

"Enhanced macroscopic desensitization shapes the response of alpha4 subtype-containing GABAA receptors to synaptic and ... Membrane protein stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRA4

... from synaptic spaces into presynaptic neurons or neighboring glial cells. It is abundantly expressed in the human brain, heart ... Membrane proteins, Neurotransmitter transporters, Solute carrier family, Molecular neuroscience, All stub articles, Membrane ... The plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a low-affinity monoamine transporter protein which in humans is encoded by ... Dahlin A, Xia L, Kong W, Hevner R, Wang J (May 2007). "Expression and immunolocalization of the plasma membrane monoamine ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_membrane_monoamine_transporter

Other solutions entail an incubator with an impermeable membrane that has a specific mix of gases (air with 5% CO2 is typical) ... Chao ZC, Wagenaar DA, Potter SM (2005). "Effects of Random External Background Stimulation on Network Synaptic Stability after ... This chamber serves as a non-humidified incubator that is enclosed by a fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) membrane that is ... To eliminate aberrant activity, researchers commonly use magnesium or synaptic blockers to quiet the network. However, this ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultured_neuronal_network

They participate in long term potentiation and long term depression, and they are removed from the synaptic membrane in ... The lipophilic diacylglycerol remains in the membrane, acting as a cofactor for the activation of protein kinase C. These ... Like other glutamate receptors, mGluRs have been shown to be involved in synaptic plasticity and in neurotoxicity and ... These receptors are involved in presynaptic inhibition, and do not appear to affect postsynaptic membrane potential by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor

NMDA induces a calcium flux that allows for synaptic plasticity which is crucial for AHN. Researchers injected both ... Androgens have also been found to signal through membrane androgen receptors, which are distinct from the classical nuclear ... Lang F, Alevizopoulos K, Stournaras C (2013). "Targeting membrane androgen receptors in tumors". Expert Opin. Ther. Targets. 17 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen

In cardiac tissue, alpha II-spectrin is found in myocytes at Z-discs, costameres, and the sarcolemma membrane, and in cardiac ... "Synaptic scaffolding proteins in rat brain. Ankyrin repeats of the multidomain Shank protein family interact with the ... Bennett PM, Baines AJ, Lecomte MC, Maggs AM, Pinder JC (2004). "Not just a plasma membrane protein: in cardiac muscle cells ... Steiner JP, Bennett V (1988). "Ankyrin-independent membrane protein-binding sites for brain and erythrocyte spectrin". J. Biol ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPTAN1

"The exocyst complex is required for targeting of Glut4 to the plasma membrane by insulin". Nature. 422 (6932): 629-33. Bibcode: ... "Ral-GTPase influences the regulation of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles". Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (6): 1714-22. ... "The exocyst complex is required for targeting of Glut4 to the plasma membrane by insulin" (PDF). Nature. 422 (6932): 629-33. ... a multiple protein complex essential for targeting exocytic vesicles to specific docking sites on the plasma membrane. Though ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EXOC3

When synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapse that bind with post-synaptic membrane proteins to pass a ... Synaptic fatigue, or short-term synaptic depression, is an activity-dependent form of short term synaptic plasticity that ... Synaptic fatigue can affect many synapses of many different types of neurons. The existence and observations of synaptic ... Recycling of synaptic-vesicle membrane proteins is rapid, as indicated by the ability of many neurons to fire fifty times a ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_fatigue

Synaptic action of benzodiazepines: GABAA receptors located at synapses are activated when they are exposed to high ... at neuronal membranes could not only potentiate the L-838,417-induced analgesia but also rescue its analgesic potential at high ... Herd MB, Belelli D, Lambert JJ (Oct 2007). "Neurosteroid modulation of synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptors". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAA_receptor_positive_allosteric_modulator

They also uncovered the mechanism underlying inhibitory synaptic transmission. In a series of seminal papers in the early 1970s ... Katz and Ricardo Miledi, described a statistical analysis of fluctuations they observed in the membrane potential at the frog ... at UCL in Katz's biophysics laboratory and it was here that he developed his interest in the molecular aspects of synaptic ... technique to demonstrate that impulse transmission relied upon the selective permeability of the nerve fibre membrane to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCL_Neuroscience

Shepherd, Gordon M. (2004). "1. Introduction to synaptic circuits". The Synaptic Organization of the Brain (5th ed.). Oxford ... The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell. Synapses are the key functional elements ... The synaptic network that finally emerges is only partly determined by genes, though. In many parts of the brain, axons ... A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells. When an action potential, traveling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain

Sanyal S, Sandstrom DJ, Hoeffer CA, Ramaswami M (April 2002). "AP-1 functions upstream of CREB to control synaptic plasticity ... "Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-kappaB pathways by a Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus K15 membrane ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP-1_transcription_factor

The glycine transporter 2 is a membrane protein which recaptures glycine, a major inhibitory transmitter in the spinal cord and ... GlyT2 main physiological role is to recapture glycine released in the synaptic cleft and to maintain high glycine concentration ... 2001). "The role of N-glycosylation in transport to the plasma membrane and sorting of the neuronal glycine transporter GLYT2 ... Rousseau F, Aubrey KR, Supplisson S (2008). "The glycine transporter GlyT2 controls the dynamics of synaptic vesicle refilling ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium-_and_chloride-dependent_glycine_transporter_2

While it has been hypothesized that there are several membrane associated receptors for nuclear hormones, many of the rapid ... When mice were created with this single, conservative amino acid substitution in TRβ, synaptic maturation and plasticity in the ... Small lipophilic substances such as natural hormones diffuse through the cell membrane and bind to nuclear receptors located in ... Furthermore, these membrane associated receptors function through alternative signal transduction mechanisms not involving gene ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_receptor

... targeting of the nitric oxide-sensitive alpha2beta1 guanylyl cyclase to synaptic membranes". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (48): 44647-52 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUCY1B3

Na-K-ATPase is a protein that pumps Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane. Na-K-ATPase helps to keep the body at equilibrium by ... The neuronal cells have the calcium-signaling microdomains in the cytoplasm right next to the pre- and post-synaptic calcium ... Francis, A. A.; Mehta, B.; Zenisek, D. (2011). "Development of new peptide-based tools for studying synaptic ribbon function". ... Shigetomi, E.; Kracun, S.; Khakh, B. S. (2010). "Monitoring astrocyte calcium microdomains with improved membrane targeted ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_concentration_microdomains

SNARE proteins are a family of a proteins that are located in cell membranes to mediate any secretory pathways. The complex is ... Fasshauer, D.; Sutton, R. B.; Brunger, A. T.; Jahn, R. (1998-12-22). "Conserved structural features of the synaptic fusion ... SNARE complex is a bundle formed by 4 alpha-helical proteins, including vesicle-associated Synaptobrevin and cell-membrane- ... McMahon, Harvey T.; Südhof, Thomas C. (1995-02-03). "Synaptic Core Complex of Synaptobrevin, Syntaxin, and SNAP25 Forms High ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_ionic_layer

A recent leading hypothesis is the mechanical manipulation of stretch-sensitive membranes actually stimulates certain voltage- ... and their synaptic plasticity, which is essentially the neuron's ability to function. For instance, when focused on the motor ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcranial_pulsed_ultrasound

Okamoto M, Südhof TC (1998). "Mints, Munc18-interacting proteins in synaptic vesicle exocytosis". J. Biol. Chem. 272 (50): ... "Novel cadherin-related membrane proteins, Alcadeins, enhance the X11-like protein-mediated stabilization of amyloid beta- ... regarded as a putative vesicular trafficking protein in the brain that can form a complex with the potential to couple synaptic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APBA2

The final aim of these studies is a detailed molecular understanding of synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission, which in turn ... methods protein interactions at cell membranes are studied. In the focus of the research team is the analysis of physiological ... origin and distribution as well as on genetic and physiological regulation of expression of different ion channels and membrane ... will be useful for the design of therapeutic strategies for neurological and psychiatric diseases that involve synaptic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Experimental_Medicine

Alcohol's ability to alter behavior and decision-making stems from its impact on synaptic transmission at GABA receptors. ... This hyperpolarization decreases the likelihood that the membrane will send an action potential to neighboring neurons; the ... Alcohol's effects on the synaptic level dampen the brain's processing ability and limit attentional capacity. Overall, the ... The increase in concentration of negative charge inside the cell hyperpolarizes the membrane. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_myopia

Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (August 1952). "A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and ... June 2007). "Interfacing neurons with carbon nanotubes: electrical signal transfer and synaptic stimulation in cultured brain ... stimulation to restore functional connectively and associated behaviors through modulation of molecular mechanisms of synaptic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain–computer_interface

The exact function of this protein is unclear, but studies of a similar murine protein suggest that it is a synaptic vesicle ... This gene encodes an integral membrane protein. ... "Characterization of synaptogyrin 3 as a new synaptic vesicle ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptogyrin_3

2009). "Recurrent rearrangements in synaptic and neurodevelopmental genes and shared biologic pathways in schizophrenia, autism ... Membrane protein stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABRG1

C4A was found to play a role in synaptic pruning, and increased C4A expression leads to reduced dendritic spines and a higher ... Alcohol-related psychosis arises from distortions to neuronal membranes, gene expression, and thiamine deficiency in some cases ... Mukaetova-Ladinska EB, Hurt J, Honer WG, Harrington CR, Wischik CM (2002). "Loss of synaptic but not cytoskeletal proteins in ... Knockout studies in Drosophila show that reduced expression of dysbindin reduced glutamatergic synaptic transmission, resulting ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_of_schizophrenia

... serve as a link between synaptic activity and synaptic plasticity, and play important roles in the processes of learning and ... Ohkubo, T; Ozawa, M. (1999). "p120ctn Binds to the Membrane-proximal Region of the E-cadherin Cytoplasmic Domain and Is ... The deletion of β-catenin in vivo results in a decrease in the number of RPVs localized in the synaptic site and an increase in ... At basal levels of synaptic activity, N-cadherins are largely monomers and are thus weakly adhesive to cadherins located in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadherin–catenin_complex_in_learning_and_memory

Noise is observed as changes in the membrane potential of a cell. The change in potential causes the accuracy of a neuron to be ... Synaptic noise refers to the constant bombardment of synaptic activity in neurons. This occurs in the background of a cell when ... From notable research by Stacey and Durand, synaptic noise has been credited for enhanced detection of weak or distal synaptic ... A computational model of synaptic noise is created and is then implemented into the neuron, simulating synaptic noise. This can ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_noise

The presence of a Cl−/Cl− exchange is also proposed because the Cl− transported across the membrane does not affect the net ... GABA is then packed and released into the post-synaptic terminals of neurons after synthesis. GABA can also be used to form ... In the two most understood forms of absence epilepsy, synaptic GABAA receptors including GAT1 play a major role in seizure ... GAT1 is a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter, which removes GABA from the synaptic cleft by shuttling it to presynaptic ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA_transporter_type_1

... *Authors: * ... Kim KT, Lee J, Lee B, Seok H, Jeon H, Kim J and Chung JH: Association between regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 2 gene ... i] From dbSNP BUILD131 (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP). RIMS2, regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 2; SNP, single-nucleotide ... We demonstrated that RIMS2, known as a regulatory gene for synaptic membrane exocytosis in the central nervous system, may be a ...

https://www.spandidos-publications.com/br/1/4/619

... SURFE²R ONE ( ... We performed SSM (solid supported membrane)-based electrophysiological analyses of synaptic vesicles and plasma membranes ... Vesicular V-ATPase (V-type H+-ATPase) and the plasma membrane-bound Na+/K+-ATPase are essential for the cycling of ... The results presented describe electrical characteristics of synaptic V-ATPase and Na+/K+-ATPase in their native surroundings, ...

https://www.nanion.de/en/products/surfe2r-n1/137-home/articles/5212-2010-electrophysiological-characterization-of-atpases-in-native-synaptic-vesicles-and-synaptic-plasma-membranes.html

Sulfated Glycoproteins, Glycolipids, and Glycosaminoglycans from Synaptic Plasma and Myelin Membranes: Isolation and ... and Glycosaminoglycans from Synaptic Plasma and Myelin Membranes: Isolation and Characterization of Sulfated Glycopeptides. ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/sulfated-glycoproteins-glycolipids-and-glycosaminoglycans-from-sy/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically

Tetrabenazine, an inhibitor of the vesicular transporter did not block ligand binding to the plasma membrane transporter. ... The pharmacological properties of the monoamine transporters in the synaptic vesicles and of the dopamine transporters in the ... Dopamine transport: pharmacological distinction between the synaptic membrane and the vesicular transporter in rat striatum Eur ... These data indicate pharmacological differences between the vesicular and synaptic membrane transporters. ...

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1397029/?dopt=Abstract

These findings suggest that synaptic vesicle membrane turnover involves retrograde axonal transport of membrane to neuronal ... Circulation and turnover of synaptic vesicle membrane in cultured fetal mammalian spinal cord neurons. S Teichberg, S Teichberg ... S Teichberg, E Holtzman, S M Crain, E R Peterson; Circulation and turnover of synaptic vesicle membrane in cultured fetal ... Loss of tracer with 10 mM Mg++ does not appear to be due to the membrane rearrangements (exocytosis coupled to endocytosis) ...

https://rupress.org/jcb/article/67/1/215/76697/Circulation-and-turnover-of-synaptic-vesicle

We show that restoration of the DAPC with Dp71 does not prevent the structural abnormalities of the post-synaptic membrane or ... We show that restoration of the DAPC with Dp71 does not prevent the structural abnormalities of the post-synaptic membrane or ... Dystrophin and utrophin influence fiber type composition and post-synaptic membrane structure. ... Dystrophin and utrophin influence fiber type composition and post-synaptic membrane structure. ...

https://www.dpag.ox.ac.uk/publications/106207

Membrane Dynamics (1) Apply Membrane Dynamics filter *(-) Remove Membrane Proteins filter Membrane Proteins ...

https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/browse?kw=&%3Bsort_by=field_scientist_last_name&%3Bf%255B0%255D=field_scientist_institutionstate%25253Atid%253A17400&%3B=&items_per_page=8&field_scientist_research_areas%5B0%5D=18095&field_scientist_research_areas%5B2%5D=17587&

Effect of oxysterols and neurosteroids on the inhibition of glycernergic synaptic membrane proteins for the development of ... This project will examine the effect of oxysterols and neurosteroids on the inhibition of glycernergic synaptic membrane ... In neurons and other cells, the membrane lipid composition influences the localisation of membrane proteins and regulates their ... The hundreds of chemically distinct lipids within cell membranes phase-separate to form microdomains that impact the ...

https://aibn.uq.edu.au/study/effect-oxysterols-and-neurosteroids-inhibition-glycernergic-synaptic-membrane-proteins-development-targeted-therapeutics

Hyperphosphorylated Human Tau Accumulates at the Synapse, Localizing on Synaptic Mitochondrial Outer Membranes and Disrupting ... Hyperphosphorylated Human Tau Accumulates at the Synapse, Localizing on Synaptic Mitochondrial Outer Membranes and Disrupting ... Hyperphosphorylated Human Tau Accumulates at the Synapse, Localizing on Synaptic Mitochondrial Outer Membranes and Disrupting ... Hyperphosphorylated Human Tau Accumulates at the Synapse, Localizing on Synaptic Mitochondrial Outer Membranes and Disrupting ...

https://experts.nebraska.edu/en/publications/hyperphosphorylated-human-tau-accumulates-at-the-synapse-localizi

Retraction Note to: Differential regulation of wild-type and mutant alpha-synuclein binding to synaptic membranes by cytosolic ... Retraction Note to: Differential regulation of wild-type and mutant alpha-synuclein binding to synaptic membranes by cytosolic ... Differential regulation of wild-type and mutant alpha-synuclein binding to synaptic membranes by cytosolic factors. BMC ...

https://bmcneurosci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12868-021-00644-1

The post-synaptic membrane. The post-synaptic membrane, as mentioned above, is a highly specialized area of the muscle fiber ... The synaptic space. Located between the presynaptic region and the post-synaptic muscle membrane lies the synaptic left, which ... Synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane, releasing ACh into the synaptic space. ... The synaptic cleft is bound laterally by a basement membrane. The primary synaptic cleft has AChR concentrated at the crests of ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/1171206-92579/what-is-myasthenia-gravis-mg

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1171206-overview

Binding of [(3)H]AMPA to non-chaotrope, non-detergent treated rat synaptic membranes: Characteristics and lack of effect of ... The binding of [(3)H]?-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) to synaptic membranes of rat brain was ... Optimal conditions for binding were a centrifugation assay employing a well washed, frozen-thawed synaptic membrane preparation ...

https://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/11047

In both, the presynaptic components have synaptic vesicles that are in part concentrated on active sites on the membrane ... This transmitter then diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on specific receptor sites on the subsynaptic membrane, ... It was postulated that the excitatory transmitter makes the receptive patches of a subsynaptic membrane permeable to all ... It was thus postulated that the essential difference between the subsynaptic membrane of excitatory and inhibitory synapses was ...

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/THE-IONIC-MECHANISMS-OF-EXCITATORY-AND-INHIBITORY-Eccles/85180cbfaae47ca765bf11e200a89f12046e6c27

Membrane Proteins (5) Apply Membrane Proteins filter *Method, Atomic Force Microscopy (1) Apply Method, Atomic Force Microscopy ...

https://www.hhmi.org/scientists/browse?kw=&%3Bsort_order=ASC&%3Bitems_per_page=25&%3B=&f%5B0%5D=17750&field_scientific_disciplines%5B1%5D=17925&field_scientist_research_areas%5B2%5D=17587

involved_in synaptic membrane adhesion IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ... involved_in modulation of chemical synaptic transmission IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ... is_active_in postsynaptic density membrane IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ... is_active_in plasma membrane IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor. more info ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/64101

... synaptic plasma membranes purified from P2 fraction. RacGAP activity was analyzed by GAP overlay assay (left panel) (Manser et ... from which synaptic plasma membranes were further purified by sucrose gradient centrifugation. The 12,000 ×g supernatant ... 3B), whereas α1-chimaerin was absent from cytosol and was restricted to microsomal and other membrane fractions (Fig. 3B). ... 5D). α2-chimaerin was predominantly soluble with some membrane-associated (Fig.5D). Endogenous α1-chimaerin was not detected ( ...

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/21/14/5191

Neurochemical abnormalities of synaptic and membrane function. Given the complexity and variety of chemical and physiological ... up- or down-regulation of receptors, or differences in synaptic density. In addition, the artefactual inﬂuence of drug ... implicated, as risk factors, genes involved in synaptic structure and function. This particularly includes, but is not ... Several of the recently identified genetic risk factors for schizophrenia also influence neurotransmitter and synaptic function ...

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223850627_The_neurochemistry_of_schizophrenia

... synaptic membranes of cells in the CNS. Also expressed in endometrial stromal cells, but not in the endometrial glandular cells ... granulocytes and synaptic membranes from the CNS. Found to cleave antigen peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex ... Membranes were blocked in fluorescent western blot (TBS-based) blocking solution before incubation with ab108310 and ab8245 ( ... class II molecules of presenting cells and to degrade neurotransmitters at synaptic junctions. Is also implicated as a ...

https://www.abcam.com/cd13-antibody-epr4058-ab108310.html

Purchase Brain Lipids in Synaptic Function and Neurological Disease - 1st Edition. Print Book & E-Book. ISBN 9780128001110, ... In synaptic membranes, brain lipids specifically interact with neurotransmitter receptors and control their activity. Moreover ... Interactions between membrane lipids and cytoplasmic domains *6.4. Interactions between membrane lipids and transmembrane ... Bacteria, viruses, and amyloids converge at brain membranes *13.3. Glycosphingolipids and cholesterol in brain membranes: "un ...

https://www.elsevier.com/books/brain-lipids-in-synaptic-function-and-neurological-disease/fantini/978-0-12-800111-0

synaptic membrane adhesion involved_in. IDA. 13702321. PMID:19252495. SynGO. synaptic membrane adhesion involved_in. IMP. ... postsynaptic density membrane is_active_in. IDA. 13702321. PMID:19252495. SynGO. postsynaptic density membrane is_active_in. ... Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate multiple steps of synapse formation and maturation. The great diversity of neuronal ... Trans-synaptic adhesion between NGL-3 and LAR regulates the formation of excitatory synapses.. ...

https://rgd.mcw.edu/rgdweb/report/reference/main.html?id=13702321

... and/or peri-synaptic localisation, while GABAA receptors are detected intra-synaptically. The GABAergic component alone ... The basal forebrain cholinergic system is widely assumed to control cortical functions via non-synaptic transmission of a ... synaptic or non-synaptic) cell membranes, and compared their density at different distance intervals from the membranes (Fig. ... Our data suggest synaptic release and action of GABA and synaptic release and a focal, synaptic and/or peri-synaptic action of ...

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05136-1?error=cookies_not_supported

Name: regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 2. Synonyms: RIM2, 2810036I15Rik, Syt3-rs. Type: Gene ...

https://www.mmrrc.org/catalog/sds.php?mmrrc_id=38606

Calcium then stimulates the transport of vesicles to the synaptic membrane; the vesicle and cell membrane fuse, leading to the ... gated channels in post-synaptic neurons, thus entering the post-synaptic cells. This "translocation" is another mechanism by ... Post-synaptic effect. When a receptor recognizes a neurotransmitter, it can result in either depolarization, a response that ... A receptor is a transmembrane protein, with part of the protein on the inside surface of the neuron membrane, part on the ...

https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Neurotransmitter

Recent reports strongly suggest that PNNs are tightly involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. Moreover, several ... The components of the ECM have been detected near glial processes, which abut onto the CNS synaptic unit, where they are part ... It consists of a presynapse, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic membrane [1-3]. This functional unit is formed during ... modifications of synaptic connections on the functional and the structural level are believed to underlie synaptic plasticity ...

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/np/2016/5214961/

Synaptic Amplification by Active Membrane in Dendritic Spines The Theoretical Foundation of Dendritic Function: The Collected ... Dendritic Spines, Synaptic Potency and Neuronal Plasticity (1974) The Theoretical Foundation of Dendritic Function: The ...

https://direct.mit.edu/pvar/article-abstract/9/4/337/18354/Human-Centered-Design-of-a-Spine-Biopsy-Simulator?searchresult=1

opioid, neuromodulation, synaptic transmission, membrane trafficking. DamienJullie. 2019‑01‑04. Sim(1.58). ... Synaptic plasticity. salvincontro. 2013‑11‑15. Sim(1.55). Josef T. Kittler (Info). UCL. Synaptic inhibtion. [email protected] ... Synaptic Plasticity. JLand52. 2005‑01‑26. Sim(1.49). Fabrice Ango (Info). Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, CNRS,. Pierre. ... Learning and Memory, Synaptic Plasticity, APMA receptor trafficking. debanjangoswami. 2013‑04‑01. Sim(1.45). ...

https://neurotree.org/neurotree/peoplelist.php?special=sim&specialN=2270

To release its neurotransmitters, a synaptic vesicle must join (fuse) with the outer membrane of the neuron. The syntaxin- ... Rizo J, Rosenmund C. Synaptic vesicle fusion. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2008 Jul;15(7):665-74. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1450. Citation on ... this protein helps regulate the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters from compartments known as synaptic ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/stxbp1/

Dynamic state variables: V_m double - Membrane potential in mV g_ex double - Excitatory synaptic conductance in nS. g_in double ... Membrane Parameters: C_m double - Capacity of the membrane in pF t_ref double - Duration of refractory period in ms. V_reset ... Synaptic parameters E_ex double - Excitatory reversal potential in mV. tau_syn_ex double - Rise time of excitatory synaptic ... The membrane potential is given by the following differential equation: C dV/dt= -g_L(V-E_L)+g_L*Delta_T*exp((V-V_T)/Delta_T)-g ...

https://senselab.med.yale.edu/MicroCircuitDB/ShowModel?model=257610&file=/ChrysanthidisEtAl2019/BCPNN_NEST_Module/module-100725/aeif_cond_exp_multisynapse.h

Recent reports strongly suggest that PNNs are tightly involved in the regulation of synaptic plasticity. (hindawi.com)
There, modifications of synaptic connections on the functional and the structural level are believed to underlie synaptic plasticity that plays a key role in the context of learning and memory [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Here, we summarize the molecular evidence linking alteration of hippocampal insulin sensitivity with changes of both adult neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. (frontiersin.org)
First, we will describe the effects of insulin on both hippocampal synaptic plasticity and hippocampal adult neurogenesis. (frontiersin.org)
Dynamic changes in synaptic strength, termed synaptic plasticity, are a cellular mechanism for the dynamic adaptation of neuronal networks that is widely recognized to underlie cognitive functions such as learning and memory. (uke.de)
In six projects, FOR 2419 scientists at ZMNH and the Universities of Hamburg and Mainz investigate different aspects of activity-dependent structural and functional synaptic plasticity at the molecular and cellular level. (uke.de)
Postsynaptic channels are generally playing a role in the integration and plasticity of synaptic inputs, as well as in the control of neuronal excitation by mediating slow inhibitory synaptic responses and contributing to the resting membrane potential. (leica-microsystems.com)
Voltage-dependent synaptic plasticity: Unsupervised probabilistic Hebbian plasticity rule based on neurons membrane potential. (archives-ouvertes.fr)
In the hippocampus, leptin is a potential cognitive enhancer as genetically obese rodents with dysfunctional leptin receptors display impairments in hippocampal synaptic plasticity. (ucc.ie)
Here, we review the data that leptin influences hippocampal synaptic plasticity via enhancing NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor function. (ucc.ie)
This unit addresses the fundamental mechanisms of neuronal excitability, signal generation and propagation, synaptic transmission, post synaptic mechanisms of signal integration, and neural plasticity. (coursera.org)
Egr1, a transcription factor involved in synaptic plasticity, is a key molecule regulating hippocampal function, but its role in stress-induced sequels has been poorly addressed. (bvsalud.org)
Junctophilin-mediated channel crosstalk essential for cerebellar synaptic plasticity. (genscript.com)

We performed SSM (solid supported membrane)-based electrophysiological analyses of synaptic vesicles and plasma membranes prepared from rat brains by sucrose-gradient fractionation. (nanion.de)
Acidification experiments revealed V-ATPase activity in fractions containing the vesicles but not in the plasma membrane fractions. (nanion.de)
The distribution of the V-ATPase- and Na + /K + -ATPase-specific currents correlated with the distribution of vesicles and plasma membranes in the sucrose gradient. (nanion.de)
The pharmacological properties of the monoamine transporters in the synaptic vesicles and of the dopamine transporters in the synaptic plasma membrane were compared. (nih.gov)
The more rapid (4-8 h) loss of tracer-containing vesicles with strychnine may reflect vesicle membrane reutilization for exocytosis. (rupress.org)
After immunolabeling, we analysed the real incidence of synapses, localised vesicle pools using STORM super-resolution imaging and we also localised membrane-docked neurotransmitter vesicles using electron tomography. (nature.com)
They are then transported to the axon terminal, where small-molecule neurotransmitter molecules are usually packaged in small, membrane-bound bags called vesicles. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
In nerve cells (neurons), this protein helps regulate the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters from compartments known as synaptic vesicles. (medlineplus.gov)
These transporters, responsible for packaging glutamate into synaptic vesicles for neurotransmitter release, utilize a proton electrochemical gradient to drive glutamate transport into the vesicle and exhibit a very distinct pharmacology and substrate specificity from the plasma membrane localized EAATs. (sigmaaldrich.com)
We probe intermediate structures in model membranes in 3D by high resolution x-ray diffraction [2] and study the interaction of model membranes with native synaptic vesicles [3], see Fig.1. (uni-goettingen.de)
When an electric current "fires" across the surface of a neuron, it causes some of the vesicles to migrate to the synapses and release their NT contents into the synaptic gap [see Figure 1]. (antiaging-nutrition.com)
Miniature bubble-like vesicles, surrounded by membranes, shuttle the cargo between organelles or fuse with the outer membrane of the cell and release their cargo to the outside. (blogspot.com)
When studying vesicle transport in mammalian cells in the 1980s and 1990s, Rothman discovered that a protein complex enables vesicles to dock and fuse with their target membranes. (blogspot.com)
In the fusion process, proteins on the vesicles and target membranes bind to each other like the two sides of a zipper. (blogspot.com)
The signalling molecules, neurotransmitters, are released from vesicles that fuse with the outer membrane of nerve cells by using the machinery discovered by Rothman and Schekman. (blogspot.com)

RIMs have been shown to interact with multiple synaptic proteins, such as UNC-13 homolog B ( C. elegans ) (UNC13B, Munc13) ( 8 ), ELKS/Rab6-interacting/CAST family member 1 (ERC1, ELKS) ( 9 , 10 ), RIM-binding proteins (RIM-BPs) ( 11 ), α-liprins and synaptotagmin 1 ( 12 - 14 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
The results presented describe electrical characteristics of synaptic V-ATPase and Na + /K + -ATPase in their native surroundings, and demonstrate the feasibility of the method for electrophysiological studies of transport proteins in native intracellular compartments and plasma membranes. (nanion.de)
In neurons and other cells, the membrane lipid composition influences the localisation of membrane proteins and regulates their activity. (edu.au)
The hundreds of chemically distinct lipids within cell membranes phase-separate to form microdomains that impact the localisation and interactions of membrane proteins. (edu.au)
Oxidative stress is an early hallmark of inflammation and disease that causes chemical modifications to membrane lipids, proteins, and other biomolecules. (edu.au)
This project will examine the effect of oxysterols and neurosteroids on the inhibition of glycernergic synaptic membrane proteins for the development of targeted therapeutics for the treatment of chronic pain in specific disease states. (edu.au)
Glucose is the main energy source used by brain cells and its transport across the plasma membrane is mediated by a specific family of membrane proteins known as glucose transporters (GLUTs) ( Shepherd and Kahn, 1999 ). (frontiersin.org)
The expression pattern and assembly profile of synaptic membrane proteins in ribbon synapses of the developing mouse retina. (mpg.de)
Distribution of synaptic vesicle proteins in the mammalian retina identifies obligatory and facultative components of ribbon synapses. (mpg.de)
The impact of the activation of these proteins on synaptic integration and regulation of transmitter release depends on their precise location relative to synapses, as well as on the density and coupling of molecules in microcompartments of the cells. (leica-microsystems.com)
The specialized synaptic membrane, contains a large variety of molecules such as receptors, ion channels, and associated structural proteins, whose precise subcellular organization facilitates its proper function. (leica-microsystems.com)
Furthermore, the impact of the activation of membrane proteins on synaptic integration and regulation of transmitter release critically depends on the density and functional coupling of receptors and ion channels in compartments of the target neurons, as well as on their location relative to excitatory and inhibitory synaptic sites. (leica-microsystems.com)
Synaptic proteins, however, cannot be detected using this method, most likely due to the inaccessibility of the epitopes in the synaptic specializations of fixed tissues [ 2 ]. (leica-microsystems.com)
ii) The postembedding immunogold method overcomes the problems of pre-embedding technique by reacting immunochemicals with the antigens exposed on the surface of the ultrathin sections and then detecting synaptic proteins with the same sensititvity as that for non-synaptic molecules. (leica-microsystems.com)
They are specialized integral membrane proteins that allow communication between the cell and the outside world. (ipfs.io)
[2] [3] Many membrane receptors include transmembrane proteins . (ipfs.io)
Synapsins (Syns) are an evolutionarily conserved family of presynaptic proteins crucial for the fine-tuning of synaptic function. (ista.ac.at)

Normal neuromuscular junction showing a presynaptic terminal with a motor nerve ending in an enlargement (bouton terminale): Synaptic cleft and postsynaptic membrane with multiple folds and embedded with several acetylcholine receptors. (medscape.com)
In synaptic membranes, brain lipids specifically interact with neurotransmitter receptors and control their activity. (elsevier.com)
Although postsynaptic cholinergic receptor distribution cannot be investigated, their response latencies suggest a focal, intra- and/or peri-synaptic localisation, while GABA A receptors are detected intra-synaptically. (nature.com)
The drug binding stabilises dimers, structures composed of two TrkB receptors, inhibiting the displacement of the TrkB receptors and increasing their quantity in synaptic cell membranes, which boosts the effects of BDNF. (indiaeducationdiary.in)
This axon terminal is frequently releasing neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft and frequently stimulating the target cell by lots of neurtransmitter binding to the neurotransmitter receptors on the target cell membrane, on the post-synaptic membrane. (khanacademy.org)
Ther may be an increase in the number of neurotransmitter receptors in the post-synaptic membrane or changes to the types of neurotransmitter receptors or the responses that occur through second messengers so that for any given amount of neurotransmitter that's released from the axon terminal from one action potential, a bigger response is seen in the target cell just because it's much more sensitive to the neurotransmitter that's being released. (khanacademy.org)
Neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels in the central nervous system are localized to synaptic and extrasynaptic membrane compartments of pre- and postsynaptic elements of neurons. (leica-microsystems.com)
Neurotransmitter receptors, localized to the synaptic membrane of postsynaptic compartments of neurons, are directly exposed to released neurotransmitters. (leica-microsystems.com)
In contrast, receptors localized to the extrasynaptic plasma membrane, remote from synaptic sites, are activated by spilledover neurotransmitters producing a tonic conductance that is not precisely time-locked to single presynaptic action potentials, but rather reflects the whole network activity on a slower time scale [ 1 ]. (leica-microsystems.com)
Receptors can also be located presynaptically either on the extrasynaptic membrane of axon terminals or over the presynaptic grid where they are activated by neurotransmitters released by the same or by neighbouring boutons. (leica-microsystems.com)
Like neurotransmitter receptors, ion channels are also localized to the somato-dendritic membranes and axon terminals of neurons. (leica-microsystems.com)
GABA B receptors are widely distributed within the central nervous system, and are found on pre- and post-synaptic membranes, but show low density. (tocris.com)
On the presynaptic membrane GABA B receptors inhibit neurotransmitter release, including acting as autoreceptors to regulate the release of GABA. (tocris.com)
Postsynaptic GABA B receptors mediate slow, inhibitory synaptic transmission, through the activation of K IR channels that mediate the late phase of the inhibitory postsynaptic potential. (tocris.com)
Cell surface receptors ( membrane receptors , transmembrane receptors ) are receptors at the surface of a cell (built into its cell membrane ) that act in cell signaling by receiving (binding to) extracellular molecules . (ipfs.io)
Since receptors usually cluster on the membrane surface, [4] [5] the placement of every receptor on each membrane surface is heterogeneous. (ipfs.io)
In certain receptors, such as the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor , the transmembrane domain forms a protein pore through the membrane, or around the ion channel . (ipfs.io)
We also provide evidence that rapid trafficking of NMDA receptors to the plasma membrane may underlie the effects of leptin on excitatory synaptic strength. (ucc.ie)
When enough receptors are simultaneously activated by NTs, the neuron will either "fire" an electric current all over its surface membrane, if the transmitter/receptors are excitatory, or else the neuron will be inhibited from electrically discharging, if the NT/receptors are inhibitory. (antiaging-nutrition.com)
Increasing evidence suggestions that membrane cholesterol is a requirement in the function of serotonin receptors 9,10 and that reduction in cholesterol levels in the plasma membrane reduces serotonin binding and signaling. (empr.com)

Dystrophin and utrophin influence fiber type composition and post-synaptic membrane structure. (ox.ac.uk)
We show that restoration of the DAPC with Dp71 does not prevent the structural abnormalities of the post-synaptic membrane or the abnormal oxidative properties of utrophin/dystrophin-deficient muscle. (ox.ac.uk)
Or the change may occur on the post-synaptic membrane. (khanacademy.org)
Either or of these changes from the axon terminal releasing more neurotransmitter or the post-synaptic membrane becoming more responsive, we're going to see an increased response in the target cell per action potential that's reaching the axon terminal. (khanacademy.org)
It seems like there's communication going both directions from both the axon terminal to the post-synaptic membrane as well as backwards. (khanacademy.org)

Circulation and turnover of synaptic vesicle membrane in cultured fetal mammalian spinal cord neurons. (rupress.org)
By contrast, in superficial (layer II/III) neurons the same stimulus evoked an EPSP that was followed by a prolonged response whose late component reversed at subthreshold membrane potentials (between -50 and -80 mV). (haifa.ac.il)
2019. Plasma Membrane Affiliated AMPA GluA1 in Estrogen Receptor β-containing Paraventricular Hypothalamic Neurons Increases Following Hypertension in a Mouse Model of Post-menopause. . (cornell.edu)
We used newly developed techniques for semiautomated reconstruction from serial electron microscopy (EM) [14] to obtain the shapes of neurons, the location of synapses, and the resultant synaptic connectivity. (janelia.org)
In the spinal cord, glial cells such as microglia and astrocytes receive signals from the injured peripheral neurons and become activated, which cause the generation of synaptic facilitation and enhanced responsiveness ofnociceptive dorsal horn neurons (central sensitization) [3]. (lckinhibitor.com)

The present findings suggest that the anion permeability of the inhibitory postsynaptic membrane in hippocampal pyramidal cells is similar to that reported for spinal motoneurons. (semanticscholar.org)
g_in double - Inhibitory synaptic conductance in nS. (yale.edu)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 2 (RIMS2, OBOE) gene polymorphisms and DLS. (spandidos-publications.com)
RIMs are encoded by four regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis genes (RIMS1-4), of which RIMS1, RIMS3 and RIMS4 express a single isoform (RIM1α, 3γ and 4γ, respectively), whereas RIMS2 (RAB3IP3, OBOE) expresses three isoforms (RIM2α, RIM2β and RIM2γ) via independent internal promoters ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

The area of the postsynaptic membrane and the volume of the synaptic cleft were calculated for the end plates of the diaphragm and sternomastoid of mouse and rat and it is concluded that the concentration of ACh receptor in the plane of thePostsynaptic membranes is considerably higher than that of A choline in the cleft during neuromuscular transmission. (semanticscholar.org)
It consists of a presynapse, the synaptic cleft, and the postsynaptic membrane [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)

Trans-synaptic adhesion between NGL-3 and LAR regulates the formation of excitatory synapses. (mcw.edu)
The great diversity of neuronal synapses predicts the presence of a large number of adhesion molecules that control synapse formation through trans-synaptic and heterophilic adhesion. (mcw.edu)
The seemingly rare synapses on cholinergic fibres (see Supplementary Discussion) supported the concept of non-synaptic transmission. (nature.com)
Glutamatergic neurotransmission at excitatory synapses is terminated by a family of high-affinity, sodium-dependent L-glutamate transporters which are present on both neuronal and astroglial plasma membranes. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Consequently, BDNF influences synaptic connectivity in multiple ways, promoting not only the morphological maturation of axonal arbors, but also their stabilization, by a mechanism that influences both synapses and axon branches. (biologists.com)
Cell membranes associated with synapses. (bvsalud.org)
To explore the underlying synaptic basis of these effects, excitatory synapses represented by postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95) were immunolabelled on a series of brain sections and stereologically quantified in the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and dorsolateral striatum (DLS), as well as in area CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus. (bvsalud.org)
However, during spontaneous network activity, branched, tubular plasma membrane invaginations accumulated, capped by clathrin-coated pits, in synapses of dynamin 1-knockout mice. (ox.ac.uk)

We demonstrate here that synaptic release of GABA from cholinergic terminals alone can suppress hippocampal sharp wave-ripples effectively and it can attenuate hippocampal epileptiform activity as well. (nature.com)

These findings suggest that synaptic vesicle membrane turnover involves retrograde axonal transport of membrane to neuronal perikarya for further processing, including lysosomal degradation. (rupress.org)
Recently, a separate family of glutamate transporters localized to the synaptic vesicle membrane have been identified and termed VGLUTs 1-3 (vesicular glutamate transporters). (sigmaaldrich.com)

TrkB is displaced in cholesterol-rich membrane compartments, such as synaptic membranes. (indiaeducationdiary.in)

the vesicle and cell membrane fuse, leading to the release of the packaged neurotransmitter, a mechanism called exocytosis . (newworldencyclopedia.org)

8. Directly hyperpolarizing or depolarizing the neuron with intracellularly applied current did not affect the rate at which the gradual shift transpired, suggesting that the frequency-dependent changes in the response were due to changes in synaptic drive and not postsynaptic factors. (haifa.ac.il)

Synaptic adhesion molecules regulate multiple steps of synapse formation and maturation. (mcw.edu)
Accumulating evidence has implicated both force-from-lipids and protein tethering mechanisms for mechanosensory transduction in NMDAR, which has been demonstrated by both, membrane stretch and application of amphipathic molecules such as arachidonic acid (AA). (edu.au)

Dynamic state variables: V_m double - Membrane potential in mV g_ex double - Excitatory synaptic conductance in nS. (yale.edu)
Synaptic parameters E_ex double - Excitatory reversal potential in mV. tau_syn_ex double - Rise time of excitatory synaptic conductance in ms (exp function). (yale.edu)

Tovar KR, Maher BJ, Westbrook GL (2009) Direct actions of carbenoxolone on synaptic transmission and neuronal membrane properties. (yale.edu)
In neuronal membrane for fusion to occur, which allows the nerve impulse to be delivered across the synaptic junction. (cdc.gov)

Presynaptic terminals were allowed to take up HRP during 1 h of strychnine-enhanced stimulation of synaptic transmitter release and then "chased" in tracer-free medium either with strychnine or with 10 mM Mg++ which depresses transmitter release. (rupress.org)

The aim of this book is to provide for the first time a comprehensive overview of brain lipid structures, and to explain the roles of these lipids in synaptic function, and in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob's and Parkinson's. (elsevier.com)

RIMs were identified as putative effectors for Rab3, which is a synaptic vesicle protein that regulates neurotransmitter release ( 6 , 7 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
These results suggest that the trans-synaptic adhesion between NGL-3 and LAR regulates excitatory synapse formation in a bidirectional manner. (mcw.edu)
Junctophilin-4, a component of the endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions, regulates Ca2+ dynamics in T cells. (genscript.com)

We identified a previously unknown trans-synaptic interaction between netrin-G ligand-3 (NGL-3), a postsynaptic density (PSD) 95-interacting postsynaptic adhesion molecule, and leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR), a receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase. (mcw.edu)
Each cell membrane can have several kinds of membrane receptor, in varying surface distribution. (ipfs.io)
A specific receptor may also be differently distributed on different membrane surfaces, depending on the membrane sort and cell function. (ipfs.io)
Rotation Model: Ligand binding to the extracellular part of the receptor induces the rotation of the receptor's transmembrane region inside the cell membrane, in doing so regulate it's activity inside the cell. (ipfs.io)
Like any integral membrane protein, a transmembrane receptor may be divided into three domains. (ipfs.io)
An increase in post-synaptic Ca2+ conductance through activation of the ionotropic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and concomitant structural changes are essential for the initiation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory formation. (edu.au)
The Greek download recruits a microcytic morphogenesis of the the characteristic membrane energy evidence( IL2RG, CD132, or Gc) and the IL7-receptor alcoholism diabetes( IL7R, IL7RA, developmental). (erik-mill.de)
Nephrin-like domains of IL2RG in enzymes lack NAD-dependent umbilical neuronal absence( X-SCID), which activates a distress of also regulated goal and NOTCH2 fuel( synaptic) receptor eNOS, but synthetic tethers of B substrates. (erik-mill.de)

A low-intensity stimulus to the white matter evoked an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) followed with variable latency by a paroxysmal depolarizing shift that reversed at suprathreshold membrane potentials and on which superimposed repetitive firing was always evident. (haifa.ac.il)
The reversal potential of the response shifted toward suprathreshold membrane potentials and subsequently superimposed repetitive firing became evident. (haifa.ac.il)

Molecular Mechanisms of Membrane Transporter. (hhmi.org)
Other mechanisms may exist as well, such as inhibition of leukotriene synthesis, lysosomal enzyme release, lipoxygenase activity, neutrophil aggregation, and various cell-membrane functions. (medscape.com)
Thus, dynamin 1-independent mechanisms can support limited synaptic vesicle endocytosis, but dynamin 1 is needed during high levels of neuronal activity. (ox.ac.uk)

These transporters mediate the efficient clearance of extracellular L-glutamate by an uptake mechanism driven largely by the sodium electrochemical gradient across the neuronal and astroglial membranes. (sigmaaldrich.com)

In plasma membranes, the currents were inhibited by the Na + /K + -ATPase inhibitor digitoxigenin. (nanion.de)

2019. Effects of estrogen and aging on synaptic morphology and distribution of phosphorylated Tyr1472 NR2B in the female rat hippocampus. . (cornell.edu)

The basal forebrain cholinergic system is widely assumed to control cortical functions via non-synaptic transmission of a single neurotransmitter. (nature.com)

These data indicate pharmacological differences between the vesicular and synaptic membrane transporters. (nih.gov)

Structural membrane biochemistry and method. (hhmi.org)

Binding of glutamate and glycine, together with depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane to remove the Mg2+ channel pore block, results in NMDAR opening for Ca2+ conductance. (edu.au)

Data show that junctophilin-4 (JP4) is expressed in T cells and localized at the endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions to regulate Ca(2+) signaling. (genscript.com)
We found that Helix synapsin silencing increases cell excitability characterized by a slightly depolarized resting membrane potential, decreases the rheobase, reduces the threshold for action potential (AP) firing and increases the mean and instantaneous firing rates, with respect to control cells. (ista.ac.at)
In this context, TRPM2 in phagocytic cells prevents nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-derived ROS production through depolarization of the plasma membrane and thereby protects against inflammation and tissue injury [23]. (lckinhibitor.com)

Vesicular V-ATPase (V-type H + -ATPase) and the plasma membrane-bound Na + /K + -ATPase are essential for the cycling of neurotransmitters at the synapse, but direct functional studies on their action in native surroundings are limited due to the poor accessibility via standard electrophysiological equipment. (nanion.de)

Let's continue our studies of neural signaling by learning about what happens at synaptic junctions, where the terminal ending of one neuron meets a complementary process of another excitable cell. (coursera.org)

Membrane Trafficking, Fusion, and Synaptic. (hhmi.org)

Tetrabenazine, an inhibitor of the vesicular transporter did not block ligand binding to the plasma membrane transporter. (nih.gov)
Various potent cocaine analogues and other compounds active at the plasma membrane transporter did not block ligand binding to the vesicular transporter. (nih.gov)
Similar to the EAATs, vesicular glutamate transport was initially described in synaptic vesicle preparations isolated from rat and bovine brain. (sigmaaldrich.com)

To release its neurotransmitters, a synaptic vesicle must join (fuse) with the outer membrane of the neuron. (medlineplus.gov)

Further, mitochondria-associated tau was determined to be outer membrane-associated using the trypsin protection assay and carbonate extraction. (nebraska.edu)
The same principle operates inside the cell and when a vesicle binds to the cell´s outer membrane to release its contents. (blogspot.com)

2] S. Aeffner, T. Reusch, B. Weinhausen and T. Salditt, Energetics of stalk intermediates in membrane fusion are controlled by lipid composition , Proc.Natl.Ac.Sci. (uni-goettingen.de)

Description: aeif_cond_exp_multisynapse is the adaptive exponential integrate and fire neuron according to Brette and Gerstner (2005), with post-synaptic conductances in the form of truncated exponentials. (yale.edu)
Thus, the reciprocal spine might operate as a mini-neuron that can generate synaptic output upon local activation ( Egger and Urban, 2006 ). (elifesciences.org)
Dynamin 1 is a neuron-specific guanosine triphosphatase thought to be critically required for the fission reaction of synaptic vesicle endocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)

Here in light blue will be the target cell membrane seeing a corresponding amount of activity from the axon terminal that it's synapsing with. (khanacademy.org)
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulates synaptic connectivity by increasing synapse number and by promoting activity-dependent axon arbor growth. (biologists.com)

Rizo J, Rosenmund C. Synaptic vesicle fusion. (medlineplus.gov)
At present, our research in membrane biophysics concentrates on the problem of membrane fusion. (uni-goettingen.de)

Molecular modelling also demonstrated that the structure of TrkB is sensitive to the cholesterol concentration of the cell membrane. (indiaeducationdiary.in)
Several changes can happen at the level of this individual synapse for synaptic neuroplasticity that are potentiation meaning that each individual action potential will start to elicit a larger response in the target cell. (khanacademy.org)
In the process of signal transduction , ligand binding affects a cascading chemical change through the cell membrane. (ipfs.io)

A selective activity-dependent requirement for dynamin 1 in synaptic vesicle endocytosis. (ox.ac.uk)
Synaptic vesicle endocytosis was severely impaired during strong exogenous stimulation but resumed efficiently when the stimulus was terminated. (ox.ac.uk)

Thus, synapse stabilization and the associated elimination of excess synaptic inputs are crucial steps in the maturation of synaptic circuits. (biologists.com)

Variable Consequences of Membrane Targeting Motifs for Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators Biophysical Journal . (neurotree.org)

Synaptobrevin on the synaptic vesicle must interact with synaptobrevin 2 (also called VAMP 2). (cdc.gov)

amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) to synaptic membranes of rat brain was characterized in the absence of detergents and chaotropes. (austin.org.au)
Our research is funded by SFB 755 Nanoscale Photonic Imaging , SFB 937 Collective Behavior of Soft and Biological Matter , SFB 803 Functionality Controlled by Organization in and Between Membranes , SFB 1286 Quantitative Synaptology , BMBF (Verbundforschung), the Roentgen-Angstrom Cluster , and the neuroscience cluster of excellence EXC171 Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) . (uni-goettingen.de)
Simvastatin and lovastatin, both lipophilic, have been found to be associated with depression, raising the possibility that lipophilic statins may pass through the BBB, affecting brain cholesterol synthesis and synaptic homeostasis. (empr.com)

Presynaptic channels that are concentrated either at the presynaptic active zone or localized to the extrasynaptic membrane of boutons are involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release, thereby playing a role in the presynaptic modulation of neuronal activity. (leica-microsystems.com)

Anatomy19

Organisms6

Chemicals and Drugs38

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes16

Technology, Industry, Agriculture5

Information Science2

Bound forms of Ca taken up by the synaptic plasma membrane. (1/900)

Rapid dendritic morphogenesis in CA1 hippocampal dendrites induced by synaptic activity. (2/900)

In vivo modulation of rodent glutathione and its role in peroxynitrite-induced neocortical synaptosomal membrane protein damage. (3/900)

Diversity of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the pituitary and discrete brain regions of rats. (4/900)

Studies of excitable membranes. II. A comparison of specializations at neuromuscular junctions and nonjunctional sarcolemmas of mammalian fast and slow twitch muscle fibers. (5/900)

Effects of specific modifications of several hydroxyls of tetrodotoxin on its affinity to rat brain membrane. (6/900)

Empty synaptic vesicles recycle and undergo exocytosis at vesamicol-treated motor nerve terminals. (7/900)

The subcellular localizations of atypical synaptotagmins III and VI. Synaptotagmin III is enriched in synapses and synaptic plasma membranes but not in synaptic vesicles. (8/900)

Synaptic Membranes

Membranes

Synaptosomes

Cell Membrane

Membrane Lipids

Intracellular Membranes

Receptors, Neurotransmitter

Enkephalin, Leucine

Membrane Potentials

Membranes, Artificial

Brain

Arthropod Venoms

Neprilysin

Synaptic Vesicles

Erythrocyte Membrane

Rats, Inbred Strains

Membrane Fluidity

Glutamates

Nerve Tissue Proteins

Brain Chemistry

Elapid Venoms

Microscopy, Electron

Cell Membrane Permeability

Synapses

Receptors, Glutamate

Basement Membrane

Kinetics

Cerebral Cortex

Subcellular Fractions

Calcium

Protein Transport

Flunitrazepam

Calcium Chloride

Carrier Proteins

Molecular Weight

Protein Binding

Binding, Competitive

Hippocampus

Receptors, Cholinergic

Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel

Endopeptidases

Amino Acid Sequence

Receptors, AMPA

Neurons

Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate

Membrane Transport Proteins

Oleic Acids

Bungarotoxins

Phospholipases

Membrane Glycoproteins

Binding Sites

Glycopeptides

Lipid Bilayers

Glutamic Acid

Polyethylene Glycols

Molecular Sequence Data

Receptors, Cell Surface

Magnesium

Membrane Proteins

Mitochondrial Membranes

Guinea Pigs

Neurotransmitter Agents

Radioligand Assay

Cells, Cultured

Adenosine Triphosphate

gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Cattle

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid

Swine

Synaptic Transmission

Hydrolysis

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Receptors, GABA-A

Protease Inhibitors

Tissue Distribution

Oligopeptides

Cell Line

Liposomes

Presynaptic Terminals

Models, Biological

$Gentaur Molecular :GenWay \ HSPC139 - Postsynaptic protein CRIPT; Hypothetical protein CRIPT \ 10-288-22281F$ Gentaur Molecular :GenWay \ HSPC139 - Postsynaptic protein CRIPT; Hypothetical protein CRIPT \ 10-288-22281F