Synapses
Specialized junctions at which a neuron communicates with a target cell. At classical synapses, a neuron's presynaptic terminal releases a chemical transmitter stored in synaptic vesicles which diffuses across a narrow synaptic cleft and activates receptors on the postsynaptic membrane of the target cell. The target may be a dendrite, cell body, or axon of another neuron, or a specialized region of a muscle or secretory cell. Neurons may also communicate via direct electrical coupling with ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES. Several other non-synaptic chemical or electric signal transmitting processes occur via extracellular mediated interactions.
Immunological Synapses
The interfaces between T-CELLS and ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS. Supramolecular organization of proteins takes place at these synapses involving various types of immune cells. Immunological synapses can have several functions including LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; enhancing, balancing, or terminating signaling; or directing cytokine secretion.
Synaptic Transmission
The communication from a NEURON to a target (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) across a SYNAPSE. In chemical synaptic transmission, the presynaptic neuron releases a NEUROTRANSMITTER that diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to specific synaptic receptors, activating them. The activated receptors modulate specific ion channels and/or second-messenger systems in the postsynaptic cell. In electrical synaptic transmission, electrical signals are communicated as an ionic current flow across ELECTRICAL SYNAPSES.
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials
Presynaptic Terminals
The distal terminations of axons which are specialized for the release of neurotransmitters. Also included are varicosities along the course of axons which have similar specializations and also release transmitters. Presynaptic terminals in both the central and peripheral nervous systems are included.
Electrical Synapses
Neuronal Plasticity
Neurons
Hippocampus
A curved elevation of GRAY MATTER extending the entire length of the floor of the TEMPORAL HORN of the LATERAL VENTRICLE (see also TEMPORAL LOBE). The hippocampus proper, subiculum, and DENTATE GYRUS constitute the hippocampal formation. Sometimes authors include the ENTORHINAL CORTEX in the hippocampal formation.
Synaptic Vesicles
Membrane-bound compartments which contain transmitter molecules. Synaptic vesicles are concentrated at presynaptic terminals. They actively sequester transmitter molecules from the cytoplasm. In at least some synapses, transmitter release occurs by fusion of these vesicles with the presynaptic membrane, followed by exocytosis of their contents.
Dendrites
Receptors, AMPA
Dendritic Spines
Long-Term Potentiation
Patch-Clamp Techniques
An electrophysiologic technique for studying cells, cell membranes, and occasionally isolated organelles. All patch-clamp methods rely on a very high-resistance seal between a micropipette and a membrane; the seal is usually attained by gentle suction. The four most common variants include on-cell patch, inside-out patch, outside-out patch, and whole-cell clamp. Patch-clamp methods are commonly used to voltage clamp, that is control the voltage across the membrane and measure current flow, but current-clamp methods, in which the current is controlled and the voltage is measured, are also used.
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
A class of ionotropic glutamate receptors characterized by affinity for N-methyl-D-aspartate. NMDA receptors have an allosteric binding site for glycine which must be occupied for the channel to open efficiently and a site within the channel itself to which magnesium ions bind in a voltage-dependent manner. The positive voltage dependence of channel conductance and the high permeability of the conducting channel to calcium ions (as well as to monovalent cations) are important in excitotoxicity and neuronal plasticity.
Neural Inhibition
Neurotransmitter Agents
Glutamic Acid
Synaptic Membranes
Long-Term Synaptic Depression
Interneurons
Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists
Mossy Fibers, Hippocampal
Models, Neurological
Pyramidal Cells
Projection neurons in the CEREBRAL CORTEX and the HIPPOCAMPUS. Pyramidal cells have a pyramid-shaped soma with the apex and an apical dendrite pointed toward the pial surface and other dendrites and an axon emerging from the base. The axons may have local collaterals but also project outside their cortical region.
Action Potentials
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Receptors, Glutamate
Cell-surface proteins that bind glutamate and trigger changes which influence the behavior of cells. Glutamate receptors include ionotropic receptors (AMPA, kainate, and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors), which directly control ion channels, and metabotropic receptors which act through second messenger systems. Glutamate receptors are the most common mediators of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. They have also been implicated in the mechanisms of memory and of many diseases.
Post-Synaptic Density
Synaptophysin
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1
Electrophysiology
Cerebellum
The part of brain that lies behind the BRAIN STEM in the posterior base of skull (CRANIAL FOSSA, POSTERIOR). It is also known as the "little brain" with convolutions similar to those of CEREBRAL CORTEX, inner white matter, and deep cerebellar nuclei. Its function is to coordinate voluntary movements, maintain balance, and learn motor skills.
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials
Cells, Cultured
Synapsins
A family of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins involved in the short-term regulation of NEUROTRANSMITTER release. Synapsin I, the predominant member of this family, links SYNAPTIC VESICLES to ACTIN FILAMENTS in the presynaptic nerve terminal. These interactions are modulated by the reversible PHOSPHORYLATION of synapsin I through various signal transduction pathways. The protein is also a substrate for cAMP- and CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES. It is believed that these functional properties are also shared by synapsin II.
Nerve Fibers
Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate
Aplysia
Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal
Surface ligands that mediate cell-to-cell adhesion and function in the assembly and interconnection of the vertebrate nervous system. These molecules promote cell adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. These are not to be confused with NEURAL CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, now known to be expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types in addition to nervous tissue.
Calcium
A basic element found in nearly all organized tissues. It is a member of the alkaline earth family of metals with the atomic symbol Ca, atomic number 20, and atomic weight 40. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and combines with phosphorus to form calcium phosphate in the bones and teeth. It is essential for the normal functioning of nerves and muscles and plays a role in blood coagulation (as factor IV) and in many enzymatic processes.
GABA Antagonists
Microscopy, Electron
Microscopy using an electron beam, instead of light, to visualize the sample, thereby allowing much greater magnification. The interactions of ELECTRONS with specimens are used to provide information about the fine structure of that specimen. In TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY the reactions of the electrons that are transmitted through the specimen are imaged. In SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY an electron beam falls at a non-normal angle on the specimen and the image is derived from the reactions occurring above the plane of the specimen.
CA1 Region, Hippocampal
Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
Receptors, Presynaptic
Organ Culture Techniques
Evoked Potentials
Electrical responses recorded from nerve, muscle, SENSORY RECEPTOR, or area of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM following stimulation. They range from less than a microvolt to several microvolts. The evoked potential can be auditory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, AUDITORY), somatosensory (EVOKED POTENTIALS, SOMATOSENSORY), visual (EVOKED POTENTIALS, VISUAL), or motor (EVOKED POTENTIALS, MOTOR), or other modalities that have been reported.
Nerve Net
A meshlike structure composed of interconnecting nerve cells that are separated at the synaptic junction or joined to one another by cytoplasmic processes. In invertebrates, for example, the nerve net allows nerve impulses to spread over a wide area of the net because synapses can pass information in any direction.
Mice, Knockout
Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.
Excitatory Amino Acid Agents
Rats, Wistar
Green Fluorescent Proteins
Membrane Proteins
Retinal Bipolar Cells
Cerebellar Cortex
Exocytosis
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 2
Receptors, GABA-A
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Vesicular Inhibitory Amino Acid Transport Proteins
2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate
Ganglia, Invertebrate
Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in invertebrates. Invertebrate ganglia may also contain neuronal processes and non-neuronal supporting cells. Many invertebrate ganglia are favorable subjects for research because they have small numbers of functional neuronal types which can be identified from one animal to another.
Microscopy, Immunoelectron
Neocortex
Neuropil
Brain Stem
Cerebral Cortex
Membrane Potentials
The voltage differences across a membrane. For cellular membranes they are computed by subtracting the voltage measured outside the membrane from the voltage measured inside the membrane. They result from differences of inside versus outside concentration of potassium, sodium, chloride, and other ions across cells' or ORGANELLES membranes. For excitable cells, the resting membrane potentials range between -30 and -100 millivolts. Physical, chemical, or electrical stimuli can make a membrane potential more negative (hyperpolarization), or less negative (depolarization).
Receptors, Cholinergic
Cell surface proteins that bind acetylcholine with high affinity and trigger intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Cholinergic receptors are divided into two major classes, muscarinic and nicotinic, based originally on their affinity for nicotine and muscarine. Each group is further subdivided based on pharmacology, location, mode of action, and/or molecular biology.
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid
Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials
Mice, Transgenic
Microscopy, Confocal
Retina
The ten-layered nervous tissue membrane of the eye. It is continuous with the OPTIC NERVE and receives images of external objects and transmits visual impulses to the brain. Its outer surface is in contact with the CHOROID and the inner surface with the VITREOUS BODY. The outer-most layer is pigmented, whereas the inner nine layers are transparent.
Cell Communication
Immunohistochemistry
Nerve Endings
Branch-like terminations of NERVE FIBERS, sensory or motor NEURONS. Endings of sensory neurons are the beginnings of afferent pathway to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. Endings of motor neurons are the terminals of axons at the muscle cells. Nerve endings which release neurotransmitters are called PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS.
Thalamus
Signal Transduction
The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.
CA3 Region, Hippocampal
Leeches
Agrin
Receptors, Kainic Acid
Protein Transport
Afferent Pathways
Brain
The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.
Cochlear Nucleus
The brain stem nucleus that receives the central input from the cochlear nerve. The cochlear nucleus is located lateral and dorsolateral to the inferior cerebellar peduncles and is functionally divided into dorsal and ventral parts. It is tonotopically organized, performs the first stage of central auditory processing, and projects (directly or indirectly) to higher auditory areas including the superior olivary nuclei, the medial geniculi, the inferior colliculi, and the auditory cortex.
Calcium Signaling
Signal transduction mechanisms whereby calcium mobilization (from outside the cell or from intracellular storage pools) to the cytoplasm is triggered by external stimuli. Calcium signals are often seen to propagate as waves, oscillations, spikes, sparks, or puffs. The calcium acts as an intracellular messenger by activating calcium-responsive proteins.
N-Methylaspartate
Spinal Cord
Dentate Gyrus
GRAY MATTER situated above the GYRUS HIPPOCAMPI. It is composed of three layers. The molecular layer is continuous with the HIPPOCAMPUS in the hippocampal fissure. The granular layer consists of closely arranged spherical or oval neurons, called GRANULE CELLS, whose AXONS pass through the polymorphic layer ending on the DENDRITES of PYRAMIDAL CELLS in the hippocampus.
Glycine
Tetrodotoxin
Vesicular Glutamate Transport Proteins
A family of vesicular neurotransmitter transporter proteins that were originally characterized as sodium dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporters. Vesicular glutamate transport proteins sequester the excitatory neurotransmitter GLUTAMATE from the CYTOPLASM into SECRETORY VESICLES in exchange for lumenal PROTONS.
Microtubule-Organizing Center
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2
A multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase subtype that occurs as an oligomeric protein comprised of twelve subunits. It differs from other enzyme subtypes in that it lacks a phosphorylatable activation domain that can respond to CALCIUM-CALMODULIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE KINASE.
Receptors, GABA-B
Auditory Pathways
Glutamate Decarboxylase
A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.
Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators
Phosphinic Acids
Perforant Pathway
A pathway of fibers that originates in the lateral part of the ENTORHINAL CORTEX, perforates the SUBICULUM of the HIPPOCAMPUS, and runs into the stratum moleculare of the hippocampus, where these fibers synapse with others that go to the DENTATE GYRUS where the pathway terminates. It is also known as the perforating fasciculus.
Bicuculline
Benzothiadiazines
Learning
Receptors, GABA
Cell-surface proteins that bind GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID with high affinity and trigger changes that influence the behavior of cells. GABA-A receptors control chloride channels formed by the receptor complex itself. They are blocked by bicuculline and usually have modulatory sites sensitive to benzodiazepines and barbiturates. GABA-B receptors act through G-proteins on several effector systems, are insensitive to bicuculline, and have a high affinity for L-baclofen.
Cochlear Nerve
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Neuropeptides
Ganglia
Amacrine Cells
Central Nervous System
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation
Picrotoxin
A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.
Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules
Cell adhesion molecule involved in a diverse range of contact-mediated interactions among neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and myotubes. It is widely but transiently expressed in many tissues early in embryogenesis. Four main isoforms exist, including CD56; (ANTIGENS, CD56); but there are many other variants resulting from alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. (From Pigott & Power, The Adhesion Molecule FactsBook, 1993, pp115-119)
Neuroglia
The non-neuronal cells of the nervous system. They not only provide physical support, but also respond to injury, regulate the ionic and chemical composition of the extracellular milieu, participate in the BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER and BLOOD-RETINAL BARRIER, form the myelin insulation of nervous pathways, guide neuronal migration during development, and exchange metabolites with neurons. Neuroglia have high-affinity transmitter uptake systems, voltage-dependent and transmitter-gated ion channels, and can release transmitters, but their role in signaling (as in many other functions) is unclear.
Rats, Long-Evans
An outbred strain of rats developed in 1915 by crossing several Wistar Institute white females with a wild gray male. Inbred strains have been derived from this original outbred strain, including Long-Evans cinnamon rats (RATS, INBRED LEC) and Otsuka-Long-Evans-Tokushima Fatty rats (RATS, INBRED OLETF), which are models for Wilson's disease and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, respectively.
Astacoidea
Endocannabinoids
Calcium Channels
Voltage-dependent cell membrane glycoproteins selectively permeable to calcium ions. They are categorized as L-, T-, N-, P-, Q-, and R-types based on the activation and inactivation kinetics, ion specificity, and sensitivity to drugs and toxins. The L- and T-types are present throughout the cardiovascular and central nervous systems and the N-, P-, Q-, & R-types are located in neuronal tissue.
Neurogenesis
Luminescent Proteins
Receptor Aggregation
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Proteins and peptides that are involved in SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION within the cell. Included here are peptides and proteins that regulate the activity of TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and cellular processes in response to signals from CELL SURFACE RECEPTORS. Intracellular signaling peptide and proteins may be part of an enzymatic signaling cascade or act through binding to and modifying the action of other signaling factors.
Analysis of Variance
Carrier Proteins
Visual Pathways
Endocytosis
Memory
Parvalbumins
Protein Subunits
Larva
Chelating Agents
Somatosensory Cortex
Superior Colliculi
Mutation
Synaptotagmins
Sensory Deprivation
Receptors, Neurotransmitter
Cell surface receptors that bind signalling molecules released by neurons and convert these signals into intracellular changes influencing the behavior of cells. Neurotransmitter is used here in its most general sense, including not only messengers that act to regulate ion channels, but also those which act on second messenger systems and those which may act at a distance from their release sites. Included are receptors for neuromodulators, neuroregulators, neuromediators, and neurohumors, whether or not located at synapses.
Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
Molecules on the surface of T-lymphocytes that recognize and combine with antigens. The receptors are non-covalently associated with a complex of several polypeptides collectively called CD3 antigens (ANTIGENS, CD3). Recognition of foreign antigen and the major histocompatibility complex is accomplished by a single heterodimeric antigen-receptor structure, composed of either alpha-beta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, ALPHA-BETA) or gamma-delta (RECEPTORS, ANTIGEN, T-CELL, GAMMA-DELTA) chains.
Animals, Genetically Modified
Synaptosomes
Drosophila
Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1
Fluorescent Dyes
Antigen-Presenting Cells
A heterogeneous group of immunocompetent cells that mediate the cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cells. Traditional antigen-presenting cells include MACROPHAGES; DENDRITIC CELLS; LANGERHANS CELLS; and B-LYMPHOCYTES. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS are not traditional antigen-presenting cells, but because they hold antigen on their cell surface in the form of IMMUNE COMPLEXES for B-cell recognition they are considered so by some authors.
Amino Acid Transport System X-AG
Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells
Photosensitive afferent neurons located in the peripheral retina, with their density increases radially away from the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Being much more sensitive to light than the RETINAL CONE CELLS, the rod cells are responsible for twilight vision (at scotopic intensities) as well as peripheral vision, but provide no color discrimination.
Ambystoma
A genus of the Ambystomatidae family. The best known species are the axolotl AMBYSTOMA MEXICANUM and the closely related tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum. They may retain gills and remain aquatic without developing all of the adult characteristics. However, under proper changes in the environment they metamorphose.
Decapodiformes
Serotonin
A biochemical messenger and regulator, synthesized from the essential amino acid L-TRYPTOPHAN. In humans it is found primarily in the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and blood platelets. Serotonin mediates several important physiological functions including neurotransmission, gastrointestinal motility, hemostasis, and cardiovascular integrity. Multiple receptor families (RECEPTORS, SEROTONIN) explain the broad physiological actions and distribution of this biochemical mediator.
Trans-synaptically induced bursts in regular spiking non-pyramidal cells in deep layers of the cat motor cortex. (1/13503)
In deep layers of the cat motor cortex, we have investigated the properties of neurons displaying trans-synaptically induced bursts. In in vivo experiments, extracellularly recorded burst neurons were separated into two subtypes based on their dependence on stimulation sites, the medullary pyramid or the ventrolateral (VL) thalamic nucleus, from which bursts of 10-20 spikes were triggered. The spike amplitude attenuation and frequency adaptation during a burst were more prominent in pyramid-dependent burst neurons than in VL-dependent burst neurons. Intracellular recordings in in vivo experiments revealed that pyramid-dependent bursts emerged from a long-lasting depolarization, while each spike during a VL-dependent burst was narrow in half-width and was followed by a fast AHP, similar to fast spiking neurons. In in vitro slice experiments, intracellular recordings were obtained from neurons that displayed a burst of attenuated spikes emerging from a long-lasting depolarization, and were also obtained from fast spiking neurons. They were morphologically recovered to be multipolar cells with sparsely spiny dendrites and local axonal networks, suggesting that they are inhibitory interneurons. The multipolar neurons displaying bursts of attenuated spikes may mediate the recurrent inhibition of pyramidal tract cells. (+info)Developmental synaptic changes increase the range of integrative capabilities of an identified excitatory neocortical connection. (2/13503)
Excitatory synaptic transmission between pyramidal cells and fast-spiking (FS) interneurons of layer V of the motor cortex was investigated in acute slices by using paired recordings at 30 degrees C combined with morphological analysis. The presynaptic and postsynaptic properties at these identified central synapses were compared between 3- and 5-week-old rats. At these two postnatal developmental stages, unitary EPSCs were mediated by the activation of AMPA receptors with fast kinetics at a holding potential of -72 mV. The amplitude distribution analysis of the EPSCs indicates that, at both stages, pyramidal-FS connections consisted of multiple functional release sites. The apparent quantal size obtained by decreasing the external calcium ([Ca2+]e) varied from 11 to 29 pA near resting membrane potential. In young rats, pairs of presynaptic action potentials elicited unitary synaptic responses that displayed paired-pulse depression at all tested frequencies. In older animals, inputs from different pyramidal cells onto the same FS interneuron had different paired-pulse response characteristics and, at most of these connections, a switch from depression to facilitation occurred when decreasing the rate of presynaptic stimulation. The balance between facilitation and depression endows pyramidal-FS connections from 5-week-old animals with wide integrative capabilities and confers unique functional properties to each synapse. (+info)Modulation of long-term synaptic depression in visual cortex by acetylcholine and norepinephrine. (3/13503)
In a slice preparation of rat visual cortex, we discovered that paired-pulse stimulation (PPS) elicits a form of homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD) in the superficial layers when carbachol (CCh) or norepinephrine (NE) is applied concurrently. PPS by itself, or CCh and NE in the absence of synaptic stimulation, produced no lasting change. The LTD induced by PPS in the presence of NE or CCh is of comparable magnitude with that obtained with prolonged low-frequency stimulation (LFS) but requires far fewer stimulation pulses (40 vs 900). The cholinergic facilitation of LTD was blocked by atropine and pirenzepine, suggesting involvement of M1 receptors. The noradrenergic facilitation of LTD was blocked by urapidil and was mimicked by methoxamine, suggesting involvement of alpha1 receptors. beta receptor agonists and antagonists were without effect. Induction of LTD by PPS was inhibited by NMDA receptor blockers (completely in the case of NE; partially in the case of CCh), suggesting that one action of the modulators is to control the gain of NMDA receptor-dependent homosynaptic LTD in visual cortex. We propose that this is a mechanism by which cholinergic and noradrenergic inputs to the neocortex modulate naturally occurring receptive field plasticity. (+info)Plasticity of first-order sensory synapses: interactions between homosynaptic long-term potentiation and heterosynaptically evoked dopaminergic potentiation. (4/13503)
Persistent potentiations of the chemical and electrotonic components of the eighth nerve (NVIII) EPSP recorded in vivo in the goldfish reticulospinal neuron, the Mauthner cell, can be evoked by afferent tetanization or local dendritic application of an endogenous transmitter, dopamine (3-hydroxytyramine). These modifications are attributable to the activation of distinct intracellular kinase cascades. Although dopamine-evoked potentiation (DEP) is mediated by the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), tetanization most likely activates a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase via an increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration. We present evidence that the eighth nerve tetanus that induces LTP does not act by triggering dopamine release, because it is evoked in the presence of a broad spectrum of dopamine antagonists. To test for interactions between these pathways, we applied the potentiating paradigms sequentially. When dopamine was applied first, tetanization produced additional potentiation of the mixed synaptic response, but when the sequence was reversed, DEP was occluded, indicating that the synapses potentiated by the two procedures belong to the same or overlapping populations. Experiments were conducted to determine interactions between the underlying regulatory mechanisms and the level of their convergence. Inhibiting PKA does not impede tetanus-induced LTP, and chelating postsynaptic Ca2+ with BAPTA does not block DEP, indicating that the initial steps of the induction processes are independent. Pharmacological and voltage-clamp analyses indicate that the two pathways converge on functional AMPA/kainate receptors for the chemically mediated EPSP and gap junctions for the electrotonic component or at intermediaries common to both pathways. A cellular model incorporating these interactions is proposed on the basis of differential modulation of synaptic responses via receptor-protein phosphorylation. (+info)Cellular sites for dynorphin activation of kappa-opioid receptors in the rat nucleus accumbens shell. (5/13503)
The nucleus accumbens (Acb) is prominently involved in the aversive behavioral aspects of kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists, including its endogenous ligand dynorphin (Dyn). We examined the ultrastructural immunoperoxidase localization of KOR and immunogold labeling of Dyn to determine the major cellular sites for KOR activation in this region. Of 851 KOR-labeled structures sampled from a total area of 10,457 microm2, 63% were small axons and morphologically heterogenous axon terminals, 31% of which apposed Dyn-labeled terminals or also contained Dyn. Sixty-eight percent of the KOR-containing axon terminals formed punctate-symmetric or appositional contacts with unlabeled dendrites and spines, many of which received convergent input from terminals that formed asymmetric synapses. Excitatory-type terminals that formed asymmetric synapses with dendritic spines comprised 21% of the KOR-immunoreactive profiles. Dendritic spines within the neuropil were the major nonaxonal structures that contained KOR immunoreactivity. These spines also received excitatory-type synapses from unlabeled terminals and were apposed by Dyn-containing terminals. These results provide ultrastructural evidence that in the Acb shell (AcbSh), KOR agonists play a primary role in regulating the presynaptic release of Dyn and other neuromodulators that influence the output of spiny neurons via changes in the presynaptic release of or the postsynaptic responses to excitatory amino acids. The cellular distribution of KOR complements those described previously for the reward-associated mu- and delta-opioid receptors in the Acb shell. (+info)GABAergic excitatory synapses and electrical coupling sustain prolonged discharges in the prey capture neural network of Clione limacina. (6/13503)
Afterdischarges represent a prominent characteristic of the neural network that controls prey capture reactions in the carnivorous mollusc Clione limacina. Their main functional implication is transformation of a brief sensory input from a prey into a lasting prey capture response. The present study, which focuses on the neuronal mechanisms of afterdischarges, demonstrates that a single pair of interneurons [cerebral A interneuron (Cr-Aint)] is responsible for afterdischarge generation in the network. Cr-Aint neurons are electrically coupled to all other neurons in the network and produce slow excitatory synaptic inputs to them. This excitatory transmission is found to be GABAergic, which is demonstrated by the use of GABA antagonists, uptake inhibitors, and double-labeling experiments showing that Cr-Aint neurons are GABA-immunoreactive. The Cr-Aint neurons organize three different pathways in the prey capture network, which provide positive feedback necessary for sustaining prolonged spike activity. The first pathway includes electrical coupling and slow chemical transmission from the Cr-Aint neurons to all other neurons in the network. The second feedback is based on excitatory reciprocal connections between contralateral interneurons. Recurrent excitation via the contralateral cell can sustain prolonged interneuron firing, which then drives the activity of all other cells in the network. The third positive feedback is represented by prominent afterdepolarizing potentials after individual spikes in the Cr-Aint neurons. Afterdepolarizations apparently represent recurrent GABAergic excitatory inputs. It is suggested here that these afterdepolarizing potentials are produced by GABAergic excitatory autapses. (+info)A genetic approach to visualization of multisynaptic neural pathways using plant lectin transgene. (7/13503)
The wiring patterns among various types of neurons via specific synaptic connections are the basis of functional logic employed by the brain for information processing. This study introduces a powerful method of analyzing the neuronal connectivity patterns by delivering a tracer selectively to specific types of neurons while simultaneously transsynaptically labeling their target neurons. We developed a novel genetic approach introducing cDNA for a plant lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), as a transgene under the control of specific promoter elements. Using this method, we demonstrate three examples of visualization of specific transsynaptic neural pathways: the mouse cerebellar efferent pathways, the mouse olfactory pathways, and the Drosophila visual pathways. This strategy should greatly facilitate studies on the anatomical and functional organization of the developing and mature nervous system. (+info)Single synaptic events evoke NMDA receptor-mediated release of calcium from internal stores in hippocampal dendritic spines. (8/13503)
We have used confocal microscopy to monitor synaptically evoked Ca2+ transients in the dendritic spines of hippocampal pyramidal cells. Individual spines respond to single afferent stimuli (<0.1 Hz) with Ca2+ transients or failures, reflecting the probability of transmitter release at the activated synapse. Both AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists block the synaptically evoked Ca2+ transients; the block by AMPA antagonists is relieved by low Mg2+. The Ca2+ transients are mainly due to the release of calcium from internal stores, since they are abolished by antagonists of calcium-induced calcium release (CICR); CICR antagonists, however, do not depress spine Ca2+ transients generated by backpropagating action potentials. These results have implications for synaptic plasticity, since they show that synaptic stimulation can activate NMDA receptors, evoking substantial Ca2+ release from the internal stores in spines without inducing long-term potentiation (LTP) or depression (LTD). (+info)
Synapses (film)
Synapses (Chinese: 那个我最亲爱的陌生人), also known as The Beloved Stranger, is a 2019 Taiwanese film directed and written by Chang Tso- ... Synapses at IMDb (Articles with short description, Short description matches Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language ... Frater, Patrick (2019-09-11). "Taiwan's Golden Horse Film Festival to Open With Dementia Drama 'Synapses'". Variety. Retrieved ...
SyNAPSE
The SyNAPSE team for IBM is led by Dharmendra Modha, manager of IBM's cognitive computing initiative. The SyNAPSE team for HRL ... SyNAPSE is a backronym standing for Systems of Neuromorphic Adaptive Plastic Scalable Electronics. The name alludes to synapses ... SyNAPSE is a DARPA program that aims to develop electronic neuromorphic machine technology, an attempt to build a new kind of ... New IBM SyNAPSE Chip Could Open Era of Vast Neural Networks IBM, August 7, 2014 "Dharmendra S Modha's Cognitive Computing Blog ...
Synapsis
... takes place during prophase I of meiosis. When homologous chromosomes synapse, their ends are first attached to the ... Thus synapsis in Drosophila is independent of meiotic recombination, consistent with the view that synapsis is a precondition ... Synapsis is the pairing of two chromosomes that occurs during meiosis. It allows matching-up of homologous pairs prior to their ... Look up synapsis in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. UC Berkeley video of chromosome end migration and match assessment during ...
Viral synapse
... (or virological synapse) is a molecularly organized cellular junction that is similar in some aspects to ... As viral synapses allow the virus to spread directly from cell to cell, they also provide a means by which the virus can escape ... Viral synapses are thought to explain how cell-to-cell transfer can operate in the HIV infection even when there is a low ... Formation of these synapses has been shown to involve reorientation of the cytoskeleton, which is triggered by engagement of ...
Usurp Synapse
Level Plane information regarding Usurp Synapse (Archived) Old Usurp Synapse Index (Archived) Official Myspace page (Archive) ( ... Usurp Synapse was a screamo band from Lafayette, Indiana. The group combined fast and frantic grindcore influenced drumming and ... Usurp Synapse formed in 1998 in Lafayette, Indiana. Their line up changed somewhat frequently during their initial run. Antonio ... That same year Mike Dixon (who previously worked in the band Rep Seki) joined Usurp Synapse as the keyboardist. Later that same ...
Peltarion Synapse
Synapse is based on the Microsoft .NET framework and all Synapse components are also .NET components. Although Peltarion has ... Synapse is a component-based development environment for neural networks and adaptive systems. Created by Peltarion, Synapse ... The development cycle in Synapse is based on the canonical data mining cycle. A notable difference however is that in Synapse ... Synapse features four different operating modes that make up the development cycle. The preprocessing mode is for data mining ...
Frozen Synapse
WTF is Frozen Synapse?. TotalBiscuit/Cynical Brit. Retrieved 28 May 2012. Ben Lee (8 March 2012). "'Fez', 'Frozen Synapse' win ... Frozen Synapse has one versus one multiplayer. Free-for-all, four-player, and two versus two are planned but will not be ... A sequel, Frozen Synapse 2, for Windows, Mac and Linux was originally planned to be released in 2016 but was pushed back to ... Frozen Synapse is a turn-based tactics video game developed by independent game developer Mode 7 Games, in which players plan ...
Tripartite synapse
Tripartite synapses occur at a number of locations in the central nervous system with astrocytes and may also exist with Muller ... Tripartite synapse refers to the functional integration and physical proximity of the presynaptic membrane, postsynaptic ... The alveus projections can form either glutamatergic or cholinergic synapses with the stratum oriens, but the astrocytes of ... Rochon, D (1 June 2001). "Synapse-glia interactions at the mammalian neuromuscular junction". The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 ( ...
Synapse (comics)
Eventually, Fisk has Synapse use his powers on Laurent, but it instead reminds him that he is Daredevil. He knocks out Synapse ... 3 #1 Synapse (Max Mullins) at Marvel Wiki Synapse (Emily Guerrero) at Marvel Wiki Max Mullins' profile in the Appendix to the ... Tired of being pushed around, Synapse planned on using his powers on Fisk, but Fisk, who had a stronger mind, knew of Synapse's ... The second Synapse, Emily Guerrero, was introduced as a new member of the Avengers. She first appeared in Uncanny Avengers Vol ...
Synapsis (beetle)
2008 Synapsis satoi Ochi & Kon, 2007 Synapsis simplex Sharp, 1875 Synapsis strnadi Kral, 2002 Synapsis tmolus (Fischer von ... 1999 Synapsis gilleti Arrow, 1931 Synapsis horaki Zidek & Pokorny, 2010 Synapsis kiuchii Hanboonsong & Masumoto, 1999 Synapsis ... 1907 Synapsis boonlongi Hanboonsong & Masumoto, 1999 Synapsis brahminus (Hope, 1831) Synapsis davidis Fairmaire, 1878 Synapsis ... 2000 Synapsis ochii Masumoto, 1995 Synapsis ovalis Boucomont, 1920 Synapsis puluongensis Bui & Bonkowski, 2018 Synapsis ...
Synapsis ilicifolia
It is the sole species in the genus Synapsis, which was described as a genus in 1866. Areces-Mallea, A.E. (1998). "Synapsis ... Synapsis ilicifolia is a species of plant in the Schlegeliaceae family. It is endemic to the island of Cuba. ... Synapsis Griseb. v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, IUCN Red List endangered ...
Synapse (disambiguation)
Look up Synapse or synapse in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A synapse is a neural junction used for communication between ... in neurobiology Electrical synapse, in electrophysiology Immunological synapse, in immunology SyNAPSE (Systems of Neuromorphic ... neurons Synapse may also refer to: Apache Synapse, open source enterprise service bus (ESB) and mediation engine Azure Synapse ... a neurology journal Synapse: The Magazine of the University of Nevada School of Medicine (online) Synapse Magazine, produced by ...
Synapse.org
The Synapse web portal is an online registry of research projects that allows data scientists to discover and share data, ... Synapse.org is an open source platform for collaborative scientific data analysis. It can store data, code, results, and ...
Silent synapse
... is involved in the maturation of synapses, essentially "awakening" the silent synapses. The characterization of silent synapses ... Silent synapses are typically considered to be immature glutamatergic synapses. As the brain matures, the relative number of ... These synapses are named "silent" because normal AMPA receptor-mediated signaling is not present, rendering the synapse ... Once AMPARs are inserted, the synapse is no longer silent; activated synapses no longer require simultaneous pre- and ...
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are not the only type of biological synapse: electrical and immunological synapses also exist. Without a ... Electrical synapses are faster than chemical synapses. Electrical synapses are found throughout the nervous system, including ... Audio help · More spoken articles) Synapse Review for Kids Synapses Biologymad.com (2004) Synapse - Cell Centered Database ... An autapse is a chemical (or electrical) synapse formed when the axon of one neuron synapses with its own dendrites. Here is a ...
Excitatory synapse
Chemical synapses are by far the most prevalent and are the main player involved in excitatory synapses. Electrical synapses, ... An excitatory synapse is a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action ... Unlike an electrical synapse, the chemical synapses are separated by a space called the synaptic cleft, typically measured ... excitatory synapses aid in the electrical transmission of neuronal signals. The physical morphology of synapses is crucial in ...
Electrical synapse
... electrical synapse-based systems co-exist with chemical synapses. Compared to chemical synapses, electrical synapses conduct ... An autapse is an electrical (or chemical) synapse formed when the axon of one neuron synapses with its own dendrites. Although ... Long-term changes can be seen in electrical synapses. For example, changes in electrical synapses in the retina are seen during ... The simplicity of electrical synapses results in synapses that are fast, but can produce only simple behaviors compared to the ...
Ribbon synapse
The ribbon synapse is a type of neuronal synapse characterized by the presence of an electron-dense structure, the synaptic ... It is found to be a part of all vertebrate synaptic ribbons in ribbon synapses and is the central portion of ribbon synapses. ... Different types of ribbon synapses have different dependence on Ca2+ releases. The hair cell ribbon synapses exhibit a steep ... In correspondence to its activity, ribbon synapses can have synaptic ribbons that vary in size. In mouse photoreceptor synapses ...
Synapse (journal)
Synapse is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of neuroscience published in New York City by Wiley-Liss to address basic science ... ". "Synapse - Wiley Online Library". Synapse. Onlinelibrary.wiley.com. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2396. Retrieved 2013-02-07. " ...
Synapse Films
"Synapse Films: About Us". "Synapse Films". synapse-films.com/. Retrieved 24 April 2020. "Here is the OFFICIAL ballot for the ( ... Synapse Films is an American DVD and Blu-ray label, founded in 1997 and specializing in cult horror, science fiction and ... Synapse Films was owned and operated by Don May, Jr. and his business partners Jerry Chandler and Charles Fiedler, the catalyst ... In 2004, Synapse released the controversial Thriller - A Cruel Picture on DVD, followed by a Blu-ray release in 2022. A ...
Synapse (software)
"synapse-project - [no description]". Git.launchpad.net. Retrieved 4 January 2019. "synapse-project - [no description]". Git. ... Synapse is a free and open-source application launcher for Linux originally created by Michal Hruby and Alberto Aldegheri. ... Wikimedia Commons has media related to Synapse (software). Official website v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... Comparison of applications launchers "synapse-project - [no description]". Git.launchpad.net. Retrieved 4 January 2019. " ...
Temporal Synapse
"Temporal Synapse , Public Art Archive". www.publicartarchive.org. Retrieved 2017-08-20. "Temporal Synapse - Project One Studio ... Temporal Synapse is a 2013 six-part permanent, reactive art installation created by Project One located inside Sidney and Lois ... Temporal Synapse is located in the Blue Elevator Bays on levels 1-6 of Sidney & Lois Eskenazi Hospital. Founded in 2009, ... Temporal Synapse was commissioned by Eskenazi Health as part of a re-imagining of the organization's historical art collection ...
Synapse (film)
Synapse at IMDb [1] at Synapse the Film [2] at Movie Pilot [3] at MVP Life v t e v t e (Articles with short description, Short ... Synapse is a science fiction thriller directed by music video director Kenlon Clark. The screenplay was written by Adam G. ... Synapse is the first theatrical content produced by Los Angeles Center Studios and Hollywood Locations. The film takes places ... "Meet Brian Brosnan Producer Of Synapse". synapsethefilm.com. 10 December 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014. "Adam Simon Think ...
Dendrodendritic synapse
Dendrodendritic synapses are activated in a similar fashion to axodendritic synapses in respects to using a chemical synapse. ... This is in contrast to the more common axodendritic synapse (chemical synapse) where the axon sends signals and the dendrite ... There is evidence that these synapses are bi-directional, in that either dendrite can signal at that synapse. Ordinarily, one ... Using bidirectional electrical synapses in the dendrodendrtic synapses they modulate inhibition of different signals thus ...
Synapse Software
The port was done by Steve Hales, who also wrote a number of games for Synapse. Synapse was developing a series of home ... so Broderbund shut Synapse down. Powell, Jack (July 1985). "Eight New Synapse Games". Antic. 4 (3). "Page 6". AtariMania. Uston ... Many of Synapse's games made their way to the UK as part of the initial wave of U.S. Gold-distributed imports (under the " ... By early 1984 Synapse was the largest third-party provider of Atari 8-bit software, but 65% of its sales came from the ...
Synapse Group
These marks include: Synapse Group Inc., Newsub Services, Synapse Solutions, Synapse Retail Ventures, and Magazine Rewards ... Synapse Group Inc. - Official website BBB Business Review: Synapse Group, Inc. Bloomberg Businessweek Profile: Synapse Group, ... "Corporate Website". Synapse Group Inc. Bloomberg Businessweek. "Synapse Group, Inc". Bloomberg. Google Finance. "Synapse Group ... Synapse Group acquired Bizrate Insights. In 2016, Synapse Group acquired Magazine Discount Center. In 2019, Synapse Group ...
Apache Synapse
... is released under the Apache License. Synapse supports the creation of Proxy Services, which allows users to ... Synapse can be extended with custom Java extensions or POJO classes, or via Apache BFS scripting languages such as Javascript, ... Apache Synapse is a simple, lightweight and high performance open source enterprise service bus (ESB) and mediation engine. It ... Synapse has implemented a non-blocking HTTP/S transport implementation over the Apache HttpComponents/NIO module to handle ...
Immunological synapse
Immunological synapses are the subject of much ongoing research. The immune synapse is also known as the supramolecular ... In immunology, an immunological synapse (or immune synapse) is the interface between an antigen-presenting cell or target cell ... For example, synapse formation is quick in CD8+ T cells, because for CD8+ T cells it is fundamental to eliminate the pathogen ... Inhibitory immunological synapse of NK cells When an NK cell encounters a self cell, it forms a so-called inhibitory ...
Axo-axonic synapse
Synapse Synaptic plasticity Neural computation Dendrodendritic synapse Palay SL (July 1956). "Synapses in the central nervous ... The difference between the axo-axonic synapses and other synapses on mauthner cells is that synapses on dendrites and soma ... Based on their locations, synapses can be classified into various kinds, such as axo-dendritic synapse, axo-somatic synapse, ... for synapses on axons). Synapse location will govern the role of that synapse in a network of neurons. In axo-dendritic ...
Rover
Introduction to Apache Synapse
Synapse Hiranya Jayathilaka ([email protected]) What to Expect… • The problem and the solution - Int... ... Introduction to Apache Synapse. *Introduction to Apache Synapse Hiranya Jayathilaka ([email protected]) ... Introducing Apache Synapse *What is Apache Synapse? • A high performance ESB implementation - Fast - Lightweight - Low resource ... synapse.apache.org/Synapse_Samples.html • Java and Apache ANT are required to try out the samples ...
Diffusion barriers constrain receptors at synapses
... proteins and the rich cytoskeletal environment may constitute obstacles to the diffusion of receptors within the synapse. To ... The flux of neurotransmitter receptors in and out of synapses depends on receptor interaction with scaffolding molecules. ... had lower mobility in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses but a higher residency time at excitatory synapses. Therefore ... Diffusion barriers constrain receptors at synapses PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e43032. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043032. Epub 2012 Aug ...
Rapid Signaling at Inhibitory Synapses in a Dentate Gyrus Interneuron Network | Journal of Neuroscience
Unitary GABAAreceptor-mediated IPSCs at BC-BC synapses recorded at the soma showed a fast rise and decay, with a mean decay ... Rapid Signaling at Inhibitory Synapses in a Dentate Gyrus Interneuron Network Message Subject (Your Name) has forwarded a page ... Rapid Signaling at Inhibitory Synapses in a Dentate Gyrus Interneuron Network. Marlene Bartos, Imre Vida, Michael Frotscher, ... Rapid Signaling at Inhibitory Synapses in a Dentate Gyrus Interneuron Network. Marlene Bartos, Imre Vida, Michael Frotscher, ...
Resources | Synapse Research Ltd.
Elena Kalodner-Martin, PhD Student, Published in Synapsis Journal : Department of English : UMass Amherst
Axon's Synapse addresses audio processing needs | TV Tech
Amongst the key new Synapse products in Las Vegas will be the GRB100 - a 3Gb/s HD and SD 48x16 channel shuffler - re-embedder. ... Also debuting at NAB, the Synapse-powered SynView multiview product line has been enhanced with 3D multiviewing, which is ... which is upgradable to handle 3Gb/s-signals.Other key product developments with Axons Synapse module family that will be ...
Honolulu: The Missing Link? Tau Mediates Aβ Toxicity at Synapse | ALZFORUM
How do active synapses counteract the inherent Aβ-mediated excitotoxicity? Is this the price to pay for an LTP-ed synapse? ... This indicates that tau plays an important role in targeting Fyn to the synapse, although some Fyn arrives at the synapse ... Honolulu: The Missing Link? Tau Mediates Aβ Toxicity at Synapse. Go to another part. Series - Alzheimers Association ... As might be expected with less Fyn at the synapse, in both Δtau74 and tau-null mice there was less phosphorylation of NR2b, and ...
Azure Synapse Analytics output from Azure Stream Analytics | Microsoft Learn
This article describes Azure Synapse Analytics as output for Azure Stream Analytics. ... Azure Synapse server name.. Username. The username that has write access to the database. Stream Analytics supports only SQL ... To use Azure Synapse Analytics as output, ensure that the storage account is configured at the job level, not at the output ... Azure Synapse Analytics is a limitless analytics service that brings together enterprise data warehousing and Big Data ...
Seeing glutamate at central synapses
Batteries | UCSF Synapse
More than 50 years of Synapse are available at the Librarys Synapse Archive ... Synapse is the UCSF student newspaper. We seek to serve as a forum for the campus community. Articles and columns represent the ... Ninad Bhats "Batteries" is the winner of the Synapse Storytelling Contest Creative Writing category. The poem introduces an ...
Spoločnosť Synapse Biomedical získava núdzové povolenie od FDA na nový systém asistencie pacientom, ktorí sú odstavovaní od...
PRNewswire/ -- Synapse Biomedical, Inc. (www.synapsebiomedical.com) získal núdzové povolenie od FDA na použitie nového DPS ... O spoločnosti Synapse Biomedical, Inc.: Spoločnosť Synapse Biomedical bola založená v roku 2002 ako vedľajší podnik Univerzity ... Synapse má ústredie v Oberlin v štáte Ohio a svoju európsku pobočku má v Enghien les Bains vo Francúzsku. Viac informácií ... Spoločnosť Synapse Biomedical získava núdzové povolenie od FDA na nový systém asistencie pacientom, ktorí sú odstavovaní od ...
TOM BIHN Synapse 19, Everyday Carry Backpack, 19L
The Synapse 19 is a carefully calculated, supremely organized backpack designed for day hiking, everyday carry, and ultralight ... Synapse 19//Synik 22 Black 210 Ballistic - $55.00. Select Freudian Slip. Add to Basket Subtract Quantity. Quantity Input. Add ... If you love the design of the Synapse 19, but want a bigger version, check out the Synapse 25. ... Sign up for notifications when the Synapse 19 becomes available!. Submit Back In Stock Sign Up. ...
A Contrast Sensitive Silicon Retina with Reciprocal Synapses
Ins and outs of CaM kinase II at synapses | Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP)
Razer Synapse - Hardware Configurator | Razer Singapore
Razer Synapse features personalized device settings, infinite settings and profiles, inter-device communication, and surface ... Razer Synapse is our unified configuration software that allows you to rebind controls or assign macros to any of your Razer ... Razer Synapse is our unified configuration software that allows you to rebind controls or assign macros to any of your Razer ... No longer limited by onboard device memory, Razer Synapse 2.0 brings the brain of your Razer hardware to the cloud allowing you ...
Synapse: Two | Ensemble Uncaged | Rachael Elliott & Andy Kozar, instructors - Longy
Synapse Audio Software Sitemap
Celebrating 125 years of the synapse: from Sherrington to the present day | Neuronal Signaling | Portland Press
Celebrating 125 years of the synapse: from Sherrington to the present day In Collection Celebrating 125 years of the Synapse ... It is 125 years since he added the term, synapse, to the scientific vernacular and 90 years since he was awarded the Nobel ... A major change in our understanding of synapses since Sherringtons day is that we now know that they are not fixed entities, ... S Clare Stanford; Celebrating 125 years of the synapse: from Sherrington to the present day. Neuronal Signal 22 December 2022; ...
Apache Spark for Azure Synapse In-cluster Caching and Shuffle Service (Preview) | Pembaruan Azure | Microsoft Azure
Optimize performance on caching and shuffle with new services from Apache Spark for Azure Synapse ... Azure Synapse Analytics Analitik tanpa batas dengan waktu perolehan wawasan yang tak tertandingi ... Apache Spark for Azure Synapse In-cluster Caching and Shuffle Service (Preview) ... Apache Spark for Azure Synapse In-cluster Caching and Shuffle Service (Preview). ...
Venice Gas House Trolley - Synapse Lapse and Reblast! CD | Leeway's Home Grown Music Network
VGHT chills as the universe undulates. This full length CD sizzles with slinky groovalicious low end and chill vocals flowing over funky beats, glossy drones, poems of hope, and even a dose of rock and blues. Madisons The Isthmus Newspaper raves, The Trolley carves out a tribal, ambient, dreamy vibe that doesnt feel like the intersection of poetry and music, but stands as
Top 6 Azure Synapse Analytics Interview Questions
... we will learn about various concepts of Azure Synapse Analytics which will help you in acing your next interview. ... How are Azure Synapse Analytics and Other Azure Services Integrated?. *Q6. With Azure Synapse Analytics, how do you Monitor and ... How are Azure Synapse Analytics and Other Azure Services Integrated?. Azure Synapse Analytics is built to work with other Azure ... How does Azure Synapse Analytics Differ from Other Analytics Services?. Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics is a cloud-based ...
Grid Modernization | Synapse Energy
Synapse has been working with other industry leaders to develop these best practices and to bring them into regulatory ... Synapse also provides clients with technical support in reviewing grid modernization plans to ensure that utility proposals are ... Synapse evaluates distribution system investments, reliability, and infrastructure issues as part of utility rate cases and ... Synapse helps clients review utility proposals to ensure that AMI investments are cost-effective, properly planned, properly ...
Automated Detection of Synapses in Serial Section Transmission Electron Microscopy Image Stacks | Heidelberg Collaboratory for...
KAKEN - Research Projects | Scrap& Build signal that dictates the synapse reformation (KAKENHI-PLANNED-16H06457)
Distribution intracellulaire et trafic des récepteurs à tyrosine kinase EphA4 et EphB2 à la synapse mature dans le système...
EFHC1, implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, functions at the cilium and synapse to modulate dopamine signaling | UBC...
EFHC1, implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, functions at the cilium and synapse to modulate dopamine signaling. ... EFHC1, implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, functions at the cilium and synapse to modulate dopamine signaling. ... EFHC1, implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, functions at the cilium and synapse to modulate dopamine signaling. ... EFHC1, implicated in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, functions at the cilium and synapse to modulate dopamine signaling ...
MicrocircuitDB: Amyloid-beta effects on release probability and integration at CA3-CA1 synapses (Romani et al. 2013)
CA1 pyramidal neuron: synaptically-induced bAP predicts synapse location (Sterratt et al. 2012). Effects of increasing CREB on ... Amyloid-beta effects on release probability and integration at CA3-CA1 synapses (Romani et al. 2013). ... CA1 pyramidal neuron: synaptically-induced bAP predicts synapse location (Sterratt et al. 2012). ... Computational modeling of the effects of amyloid-beta on release probability at hippocampal synapses. Front Comput Neurosci 7:1 ...
Fiona stanley Hospital: State Rehabilitation Service - Synapse
Azure Synapse Analytics12
- Azure Synapse Analytics is a limitless analytics service that brings together enterprise data warehousing and Big Data analytics. (microsoft.com)
- Azure Stream Analytics jobs can output to a dedicated SQL pool table in Azure Synapse Analytics and can process throughput rates up to 200MB/sec. (microsoft.com)
- To use Azure Synapse Analytics as output, ensure that the storage account is configured at the job level, not at the output level. (microsoft.com)
- The following table lists the property names and their descriptions for creating am Azure Synapse Analytics output. (microsoft.com)
- Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics is a robust cloud-based analytics solution offered as part of the Azure platform. (analyticsvidhya.com)
- Azure Synapse Analytics' primary advantage is its ability to manage structured and unstructured data, making it a potent tool for data-driven enterprises. (analyticsvidhya.com)
- Learn about the essential features and benefits of Azure Synapse Analytics. (analyticsvidhya.com)
- Learn about Azure Synapse Analytics' many security capabilities and how to manage data security in the service. (analyticsvidhya.com)
- How does Azure Synapse Analytics Differ from Other Analytics Services? (analyticsvidhya.com)
- Microsoft Azure Synapse Analytics is a cloud-based analytics solution offered as part of the Azure platform. (analyticsvidhya.com)
- Azure Synapse Analytics is a comprehensive analytics solution with unique capabilities and advantages. (analyticsvidhya.com)
- Azure Synapse Analytics comprises various components, each serving a distinct role in the overall architecture. (analyticsvidhya.com)
Neurons5
- To address this question, we studied the membrane diffusion of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA(A)R) subunits clustered (γ2) or not (α5) at inhibitory synapses in rat hippocampal dissociated neurons. (nih.gov)
- The baseline for this technology was the refinement of electron microscopy (and the development of epoxy resins), which enabled the high resolution, 2D visualization of biological tissues, including neurons and their synapses. (portlandpress.com)
- The SHANK3 protein plays a role in the functioning of synapses, which are the connections between nerve cells (neurons) where cell-to-cell communication occurs. (medlineplus.gov)
- Within synapses, the SHANK3 protein acts as a scaffold that supports the connections between neurons, ensuring that the signals sent by one neuron are received by another. (medlineplus.gov)
- A decrease in the functioning of synapses and cell-to-cell communication between neurons caused by a lack of SHANK3 protein is thought to contribute to the developmental delay, intellectual disability, and absent or severely delayed speech characteristic of people with 22q13.3 deletion syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
Inhibitory synapses3
- In contrast, γ2 was ~3-fold more confined and dwelled ~3-fold longer in inhibitory synapses than α5, indicating faster synaptic escape of α5. (nih.gov)
- Furthermore, using a gephyrin dominant-negative approach, we showed that the increased residency time of γ2 at inhibitory synapses was due to receptor-scaffold interactions. (nih.gov)
- As shown for GABA(A)R, the excitatory glutamate receptor 2 subunit (GluA2) of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) had lower mobility in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses but a higher residency time at excitatory synapses. (nih.gov)
Excitatory1
- Relative to the extrasynaptic region, γ2 and α5 showed reduced diffusion and increased confinement at both inhibitory and excitatory synapses but they dwelled for a short time at excitatory synapses. (nih.gov)
Synaptic2
- Unitary GABA A receptor-mediated IPSCs at BC-BC synapses recorded at the soma showed a fast rise and decay, with a mean decay time constant of 2.5 ± 0.2 msec (32°C). Synaptic transmission at BC-BC synapses showed paired-pulse depression (PPD) (32 ± 5% for 10 msec interpulse intervals) and multiple-pulse depression during repetitive stimulation. (jneurosci.org)
- We have built a contrast(cid:173) sensitive silicon retina that models all major synaptic interactions in the outer-plexiform layer of the vertebrate retina using current-mode CMOS circuits: namely, reciprocal synapses between cones and horizontal cells, which produce the antagonistic center/surround receptive field, and cone and horizontal cell gap junctions, which determine its size. (neurips.cc)
Signaling1
- The first in the series explains Sherrington's contribution to the debate about the term 'synapse' and its function in neuronal signaling. (portlandpress.com)
Constraints1
- Therefore barriers impose significant diffusion constraints onto receptors at synapses where they accumulate or not. (nih.gov)
Accumulation2
- Our data further reveal that the confinement and the dwell time but not the diffusion coefficient report on the synapse specific sorting, trapping and accumulation of receptors. (nih.gov)
- Acute exposures to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides inhibit ChE activities, causing accumulation of ACh at synapses, and their disruption in organisms. (cdc.gov)
Contrast1
- In contrast, 3 d of MI, which alters TC activity but does not shift OD, does not significantly affect the structure of TC synapses . (bvsalud.org)
Developments1
- In the next article of the series, Avila and Henstridge take a giant leap forward from Cajal's work and describe awesome developments in techniques for imaging synapses [ 2 ]. (portlandpress.com)
CELLS2
- Each time a new memory is created or a new skill is learned, stronger connections - or synapses - are built between brain cells. (cdc.gov)
- Supramolecular organization of proteins takes place at these synapses involving various types of immune cells. (bvsalud.org)
Reveal1
- In this studay, we have used drosohpila visual system as a model system to identify a number of S&B signals both for filopodia and synapses to reveal thier molecular mechanisms. (nii.ac.jp)
Functional2
- Rapid structural remodeling of thalamocortical synapses parallels experience-dependent functional plasticity in mouse primary visual cortex. (bvsalud.org)
- Consequently, there has been considerable debate as to whether the plasticity of TC synapses , which transmit competing visual information from each eye to V1, contributes to the early functional consequences of MC or is simply a feature of long-term deprivation. (bvsalud.org)
Examine2
- Here, we used quantitative immuno-electron microscopy to examine the possibility that alterations of TC synapses occur rapidly enough to impact OD after brief MC. (bvsalud.org)
- We also plan to examine whether systemic administration of verapamil prevents synapse loss in the cochlea. (cdc.gov)
Biological1
- Findings have shown that psychological learning processes can cause biological changes in brain synapses and neurophysiological expression. (bvsalud.org)
Brain2
- No longer limited by onboard device memory, Razer Synapse 2.0 brings the brain of your Razer hardware to the cloud allowing you an infinite number of profiles, configurations, and allows for longer, more complex macros. (razer.com)
- The article explains how it is now feasible to use block-face trimming which, in combination with sophisticated data handling, enables the assembly of 3D constructs of synapses and the mapping of their connections within the brain matrix. (portlandpress.com)
Enables1
- Synapse Pipelines is a data integration service that enables customers to design, plan, and manage data integration workflows. (analyticsvidhya.com)
Role2
- This indicates that tau plays an important role in targeting Fyn to the synapse, although some Fyn arrives at the synapse independently of tau. (alzforum.org)
- It is 125 years since he added the term, 'synapse', to the scientific vernacular and 90 years since he was awarded the Nobel prize for his work on spinal reflexes, for which the role of synapses is fundamental. (portlandpress.com)
Article1
- Elena Kalodner-Martin, a PhD student in the Composition and Rhetoric program, recently published an article titled, " Moving 'Beyond the Bikini': Exposing the Logics of Pinkwashed Healthcare " in Synapsis, an interdisciplinary health humanities journal. (umass.edu)
Faster2
- Sequential triple recordings revealed that the decay time course of IPSCs at BC-BC synapses was approximately twofold faster than that at BC-granule cell synapses, whereas the extent of PPD was comparable. (jneurosci.org)
- Young people's brains build synapses faster than adult brains. (cdc.gov)
Data4
- Synapse Studio is a web-based workspace that offers a single interface for data preparation, administration, and exploration. (analyticsvidhya.com)
- Synapse SQL is a distributed SQL engine that offers a unified view of data stored in relational and non-relational data sources. (analyticsvidhya.com)
- Synapse Spark is a distributed computing engine that can handle large amounts of data. (analyticsvidhya.com)
- The data show that 3 d of MC is sufficient to induce substantial remodeling of TC synapses . (bvsalud.org)
Supports1
- Synapse regularly supports its clients working on initiatives to establish grid modernization planning processes that allow for stakeholder and regulatory review to ensure that grid modernization plans are comprehensive, are transparent, incorporate stakeholder input, and take advantage of industry best practices. (synapse-energy.com)
Integration1
- In this presentation, I attempt to address areas like enterprise integration problems, ESB pattern, Synapse architecture, features and the configuration model. (slideshare.net)
Loss1
- New evidence indicates that TTS-inducing exposures may cause an irreversible loss of neural synapses and degeneration of the cochlear nerve even after hearing thresholds completely recover. (cdc.gov)
Check1
- If you love the design of the Synapse 19, but want a bigger version, check out the Synapse 25 . (tombihn.com)
Student1
- Synapse is the UCSF student newspaper. (ucsf.edu)
Reviews2
- This themed collection celebrates 125 years of the synapse through a series of reviews written by a team of international experts in the field. (portlandpress.com)
- Synapse reviews utility proposals for advanced metering infrastructure investments (AMI) as part of rate cases, grid modernization planning cases, or stand-alone reviews of AMI economics. (synapse-energy.com)
Products1
- Amongst the key new Synapse products in Las Vegas will be the GRB100 - a 3Gb/s HD and SD 48x16 channel shuffler - re-embedder. (tvtechnology.com)
Process1
- It also undergoes synapse S&B process during adulthood to reform and modify the circuits to adapt to the changing environment, while maintaing its high-order bahaviours at the same time. (nii.ac.jp)
Support2
- Synapse also provides clients with technical support in reviewing grid modernization plans to ensure that utility proposals are cost-effective and in the public interest. (synapse-energy.com)
- Our results support the hypothesis that the rapid plasticity of TC synapses is a key step in the sequence of events that shift OD in visual cortex . (bvsalud.org)
Offers1
- Synapse: Two offers a junction between the familiar and the unknown, narrowing the space between us. (longy.edu)
Industry1
- Synapse has been working with other industry leaders to develop these best practices and to bring them into regulatory processes. (synapse-energy.com)
Time2
- Now for the first time, a paper appearing July 22 in Cell details a molecular mechanism that links tau to Aβ toxicity at the synapse. (alzforum.org)
- Synapse helps clients review utility proposals to ensure that AMI investments are cost-effective, properly planned, properly implemented, and that its myriad benefits are fully captured over time. (synapse-energy.com)
Talk1
- This talk will be on "Seeing glutamate at central synapses" . (institut-vision.org)
Mouse2
- First authors Ittner and Yazi Ke looked for Fyn in a tau knockout (KO) mouse , and found it to be reduced by two-thirds at the synapse. (alzforum.org)
- Ittner and colleagues found that in the Δtau74 transgenic mouse, Fyn was down by three-quarters at the synapse, despite the presence of endogenous tau. (alzforum.org)
Issues1
- Synapse evaluates distribution system investments, reliability, and infrastructure issues as part of utility rate cases and other engagements. (synapse-energy.com)