Superoxide dismutase. Medical search

An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. EC 1.15.1.1.

Highly reactive compounds produced when oxygen is reduced by a single electron. In biological systems, they may be generated during the normal catalytic function of a number of enzymes and during the oxidation of hemoglobin to METHEMOGLOBIN. In living organisms, SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE protects the cell from the deleterious effects of superoxides.

An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the conversion of HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to water and oxygen. It is present in many animal cells. A deficiency of this enzyme results in ACATALASIA.

A disturbance in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in favor of the former, leading to potential damage. Indicators of oxidative stress include damaged DNA bases, protein oxidation products, and lipid peroxidation products (Sies, Oxidative Stress, 1991, pxv-xvi).

Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. They counteract the harmful and damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues.

An enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of 2 moles of glutathione in the presence of hydrogen peroxide to yield oxidized glutathione and water. EC 1.11.1.9.

A strong oxidizing agent used in aqueous solution as a ripening agent, bleach, and topical anti-infective. It is relatively unstable and solutions deteriorate over time unless stabilized by the addition of acetanilide or similar organic materials.

A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.

Molecules or ions formed by the incomplete one-electron reduction of oxygen. These reactive oxygen intermediates include SINGLET OXYGEN; SUPEROXIDES; PEROXIDES; HYDROXYL RADICAL; and HYPOCHLOROUS ACID. They contribute to the microbicidal activity of PHAGOCYTES, regulation of signal transduction and gene expression, and the oxidative damage to NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS.

Highly reactive molecules with an unsatisfied electron valence pair. Free radicals are produced in both normal and pathological processes. They are proven or suspected agents of tissue damage in a wide variety of circumstances including radiation, damage from environment chemicals, and aging. Natural and pharmacological prevention of free radical damage is being actively investigated.

Substances that influence the course of a chemical reaction by ready combination with free radicals. Among other effects, this combining activity protects pancreatic islets against damage by cytokines and prevents myocardial and pulmonary perfusion injuries.

A heavy metal trace element with the atomic symbol Cu, atomic number 29, and atomic weight 63.55.

The dialdehyde of malonic acid.

An iron-molybdenum flavoprotein containing FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE that oxidizes hypoxanthine, some other purines and pterins, and aldehydes. Deficiency of the enzyme, an autosomal recessive trait, causes xanthinuria.

Peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of lipids using hydrogen peroxide as an electron acceptor.

Heterocyclic compounds in which an oxygen is attached to a cyclic nitrogen.

A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035)

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)

A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.

Porphyrins which are combined with a metal ion. The metal is bound equally to all four nitrogen atoms of the pyrrole rings. They possess characteristic absorption spectra which can be utilized for identification or quantitative estimation of porphyrins and porphyrin-bound compounds.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

A flavoprotein enzyme that catalyzes the univalent reduction of OXYGEN using NADPH as an electron donor to create SUPEROXIDE ANION. The enzyme is dependent on a variety of CYTOCHROMES. Defects in the production of superoxide ions by enzymes such as NADPH oxidase result in GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC.

A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

A free radical gas produced endogenously by a variety of mammalian cells, synthesized from ARGININE by NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE. Nitric oxide is one of the ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT RELAXING FACTORS released by the vascular endothelium and mediates VASODILATION. It also inhibits platelet aggregation, induces disaggregation of aggregated platelets, and inhibits platelet adhesion to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide activates cytosolic GUANYLATE CYCLASE and thus elevates intracellular levels of CYCLIC GMP.

Low-molecular-weight end products, probably malondialdehyde, that are formed during the decomposition of lipid peroxidation products. These compounds react with thiobarbituric acid to form a fluorescent red adduct.

Molecules which contain an atom or a group of atoms exhibiting an unpaired electron spin that can be detected by electron spin resonance spectroscopy and can be bonded to another molecule. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical and Technical Terms, 4th ed)

Catalyzes the oxidation of GLUTATHIONE to GLUTATHIONE DISULFIDE in the presence of NADP+. Deficiency in the enzyme is associated with HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA. Formerly listed as EC 1.6.4.2.

Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.

The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

Electron-accepting molecules in chemical reactions in which electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (OXIDATION-REDUCTION).

Inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group.

A metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. It is a necessary trace element in the diet, forming an essential part of many enzymes, and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. Zinc deficiency is associated with ANEMIA, short stature, HYPOGONADISM, impaired WOUND HEALING, and geophagia. It is known by the symbol Zn.

A purine base found in most body tissues and fluids, certain plants, and some urinary calculi. It is an intermediate in the degradation of adenosine monophosphate to uric acid, being formed by oxidation of hypoxanthine. The methylated xanthine compounds caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline and their derivatives are used in medicine for their bronchodilator effects. (Dorland, 28th ed)

A strain of albino rat developed at the Wistar Institute that has spread widely at other institutions. This has markedly diluted the original strain.

A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.

A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).

Granular leukocytes having a nucleus with three to five lobes connected by slender threads of chromatin, and cytoplasm containing fine inconspicuous granules and stainable by neutral dyes.

A strain of albino rat used widely for experimental purposes because of its calmness and ease of handling. It was developed by the Sprague-Dawley Animal Company.

Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.

Peroxides produced in the presence of a free radical by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the cell in the presence of molecular oxygen. The formation of lipid peroxides results in the destruction of the original lipid leading to the loss of integrity of the membranes. They therefore cause a variety of toxic effects in vivo and their formation is considered a pathological process in biological systems. Their formation can be inhibited by antioxidants, such as vitamin E, structural separation or low oxygen tension.

A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.

Cells propagated in vitro in special media conducive to their growth. Cultured cells are used to study developmental, morphologic, metabolic, physiologic, and genetic processes, among others.

Single pavement layer of cells which line the luminal surface of the entire vascular system and regulate the transport of macromolecules and blood components.

A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.

Any of the processes by which nuclear, cytoplasmic, or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in enzyme synthesis.

A hemeprotein from leukocytes. Deficiency of this enzyme leads to a hereditary disorder coupled with disseminated moniliasis. It catalyzes the conversion of a donor and peroxide to an oxidized donor and water. EC 1.11.1.7.

Red blood cells. Mature erythrocytes are non-nucleated, biconcave disks containing HEMOGLOBIN whose function is to transport OXYGEN.

Techniques used for determining the values of photometric parameters of light resulting from LUMINESCENCE.

Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

An NADPH-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-ARGININE and OXYGEN to produce CITRULLINE and NITRIC OXIDE.

Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A trihydroxybenzene or dihydroxy phenol that can be prepared by heating GALLIC ACID.

The protein components of enzyme complexes (HOLOENZYMES). An apoenzyme is the holoenzyme minus any cofactors (ENZYME COFACTORS) or prosthetic groups required for the enzymatic function.

A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

A class of compounds of the type R-M, where a C atom is joined directly to any other element except H, C, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I, or At. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Interstitial space between cells, occupied by INTERSTITIAL FLUID as well as amorphous and fibrous substances. For organisms with a CELL WALL, the extracellular space includes everything outside of the CELL MEMBRANE including the PERIPLASM and the cell wall.

Use of a pulse of X-rays or fast electrons to generate free radicals for spectroscopic examination.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A large lobed glandular organ in the abdomen of vertebrates that is responsible for detoxification, metabolism, synthesis and storage of various substances.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.

A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.

RNA sequences that serve as templates for protein synthesis. Bacterial mRNAs are generally primary transcripts in that they do not require post-transcriptional processing. Eukaryotic mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and must be exported to the cytoplasm for translation. Most eukaryotic mRNAs have a sequence of polyadenylic acid at the 3' end, referred to as the poly(A) tail. The function of this tail is not known for certain, but it may play a role in the export of mature mRNA from the nucleus as well as in helping stabilize some mRNA molecules by retarding their degradation in the cytoplasm.

The physiological widening of BLOOD VESSELS by relaxing the underlying VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE.

The relationship between the dose of an administered drug and the response of the organism to the drug.

The appearance of carbonyl groups (such as aldehyde or ketone groups) in PROTEINS as the result of several oxidative modification reactions. It is a standard marker for OXIDATIVE STRESS. Carbonylated proteins tend to be more hydrophobic and resistant to proteolysis.

Structurally related forms of an enzyme. Each isoenzyme has the same mechanism and classification, but differs in its chemical, physical, or immunological characteristics.

Compounds or agents that combine with an enzyme in such a manner as to prevent the normal substrate-enzyme combination and the catalytic reaction.

Laboratory mice that have been produced from a genetically manipulated EGG or EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN.

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of beta-D-glucose and oxygen to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and peroxide. It is a flavoprotein, highly specific for beta-D-glucose. The enzyme is produced by Penicillium notatum and other fungi and has antibacterial activity in the presence of glucose and oxygen. It is used to estimate glucose concentration in blood or urine samples through the formation of colored dyes by the hydrogen peroxide produced in the reaction. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.1.3.4.

A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A purine and a reaction intermediate in the metabolism of adenosine and in the formation of nucleic acids by the salvage pathway.

The main trunk of the systemic arteries.

An increase in the rate of synthesis of an enzyme due to the presence of an inducer which acts to derepress the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

Peroxidases that utilize ASCORBIC ACID as an electron donor to reduce HYDROGEN PEROXIDE to WATER. The reaction results in the production of monodehydroascorbic acid and DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID.

Compounds containing the -SH radical.

One of the mechanisms by which CELL DEATH occurs (compare with NECROSIS and AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS). Apoptosis is the mechanism responsible for the physiological deletion of cells and appears to be intrinsically programmed. It is characterized by distinctive morphologic changes in the nucleus and cytoplasm, chromatin cleavage at regularly spaced sites, and the endonucleolytic cleavage of genomic DNA; (DNA FRAGMENTATION); at internucleosomal sites. This mode of cell death serves as a balance to mitosis in regulating the size of animal tissues and in mediating pathologic processes associated with tumor growth.

A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE, CHRONIC) often die as a result of recurrent bacterial infections.

The span of viability of a cell characterized by the capacity to perform certain functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, some form of responsiveness, and adaptability.

Identification of proteins or peptides that have been electrophoretically separated by blot transferring from the electrophoresis gel to strips of nitrocellulose paper, followed by labeling with antibody probes.

A group of cytochromes with covalent thioether linkages between either or both of the vinyl side chains of protoheme and the protein. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539)

A CALCIUM-dependent, constitutively-expressed form of nitric oxide synthase found primarily in ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.

A diverse group of agents, with unique chemical structures and biochemical requirements, which generate NITRIC OXIDE. These compounds have been used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and the management of acute myocardial infarction, acute and chronic congestive heart failure, and surgical control of blood pressure. (Adv Pharmacol 1995;34:361-81)

Ions with the suffix -onium, indicating cations with coordination number 4 of the type RxA+ which are analogous to QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS (H4N+). Ions include phosphonium R4P+, oxonium R3O+, sulfonium R3S+, chloronium R2Cl+

A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.

A group of compounds that contain a bivalent O-O group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univalent. They can either be inorganic or organic in nature. Such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxygen readily. Thus they are strong oxidizing agents and fire hazards when in contact with combustible materials, especially under high-temperature conditions. The chief industrial uses of peroxides are as oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of polymerization. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed)

A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.

Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

Materials fabricated by BIOMIMETICS techniques, i.e., based on natural processes found in biological systems.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.

A technique for detecting short-lived reactive FREE RADICALS in biological systems by providing a nitrone or nitrose compound for an addition reaction to occur which produces an ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY-detectable aminoxyl radical. In spin trapping, the compound trapping the radical is called the spin trap and the addition product of the radical is identified as the spin adduct. (Free Rad Res Comm 1990;9(3-6):163)

Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)

Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in ischemic tissues resulting from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION), including swelling; HEMORRHAGE; NECROSIS; and damage from FREE RADICALS. The most common instance is MYOCARDIAL REPERFUSION INJURY.

Conversion of an inactive form of an enzyme to one possessing metabolic activity. It includes 1, activation by ions (activators); 2, activation by cofactors (coenzymes); and 3, conversion of an enzyme precursor (proenzyme or zymogen) to an active enzyme.

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

A genus of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are common in the marine environment and on the surfaces and in the intestinal contents of marine animals. Some species are bioluminescent and are found as symbionts in specialized luminous organs of fish.

A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

Inorganic oxides that contain nitrogen.

Proteins prepared by recombinant DNA technology.

Complex cytotoxic antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces flocculus or S. rufochronmogenus. It is used in advanced carcinoma and causes leukopenia.

Synthetic or natural substances which are given to prevent a disease or disorder or are used in the process of treating a disease or injury due to a poisonous agent.

Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)

A natural product that has been considered as a growth factor for some insects.

Diabetes mellitus induced experimentally by administration of various diabetogenic agents or by PANCREATECTOMY.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

The N-acetyl derivative of CYSTEINE. It is used as a mucolytic agent to reduce the viscosity of mucous secretions. It has also been shown to have antiviral effects in patients with HIV due to inhibition of viral stimulation by reactive oxygen intermediates.

A tetrameric enzyme that, along with the coenzyme NAD+, catalyzes the interconversion of LACTATE and PYRUVATE. In vertebrates, genes for three different subunits (LDH-A, LDH-B and LDH-C) exist.

A powerful vasodilator used in emergencies to lower blood pressure or to improve cardiac function. It is also an indicator for free sulfhydryl groups in proteins.

A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.

A neurotransmitter found at neuromuscular junctions, autonomic ganglia, parasympathetic effector junctions, a subset of sympathetic effector junctions, and at many sites in the central nervous system.

Established cell cultures that have the potential to propagate indefinitely.

A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.

Strains of mice in which certain GENES of their GENOMES have been disrupted, or "knocked-out". To produce knockouts, using RECOMBINANT DNA technology, the normal DNA sequence of the gene being studied is altered to prevent synthesis of a normal gene product. Cloned cells in which this DNA alteration is successful are then injected into mouse EMBRYOS to produce chimeric mice. The chimeric mice are then bred to yield a strain in which all the cells of the mouse contain the disrupted gene. Knockout mice are used as EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS for diseases (DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL) and to clarify the functions of the genes.

Inorganic chemicals that contain manganese as an integral part of the molecule.

Drugs used to protect against ionizing radiation. They are usually of interest for use in radiation therapy but have been considered for other, e.g. military, purposes.

A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.

Chemicals that bind to and remove ions from solutions. Many chelating agents function through the formation of COORDINATION COMPLEXES with METALS.

The termination of the cell's ability to carry out vital functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, responsiveness, and adaptability.

The muscle tissue of the HEART. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC) connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow.

3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.

A CALCIUM-independent subtype of nitric oxide synthase that may play a role in immune function. It is an inducible enzyme whose expression is transcriptionally regulated by a variety of CYTOKINES.

The phenotypic manifestation of a gene or genes by the processes of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION and GENETIC TRANSLATION.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.

Intracellular fluid from the cytoplasm after removal of ORGANELLES and other insoluble cytoplasmic components.

A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.

Inorganic or organic compounds that contain divalent iron.

A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.

Neurons which activate MUSCLE CELLS.

Pigment obtained by the oxidation of epinephrine.

A compound formed by the combination of hemoglobin and oxygen. It is a complex in which the oxygen is bound directly to the iron without causing a change from the ferrous to the ferric state.

Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.

The portion of the descending aorta proceeding from the arch of the aorta and extending to the DIAPHRAGM, eventually connecting to the ABDOMINAL AORTA.

Nitrogenous products of NITRIC OXIDE synthases, ranging from NITRIC OXIDE to NITRATES. These reactive nitrogen intermediates also include the inorganic PEROXYNITROUS ACID and the organic S-NITROSOTHIOLS.

The process by which chemical compounds provide protection to cells against harmful agents.

Drugs used to cause dilation of the blood vessels.

Histochemical localization of immunoreactive substances using labeled antibodies as reagents.

A diuretic and renal diagnostic aid related to sorbitol. It has little significant energy value as it is largely eliminated from the body before any metabolism can take place. It can be used to treat oliguria associated with kidney failure or other manifestations of inadequate renal function and has been used for determination of glomerular filtration rate. Mannitol is also commonly used as a research tool in cell biological studies, usually to control osmolarity.

Body organ that filters blood for the secretion of URINE and that regulates ion concentrations.

A series of prostaglandin-like compounds that are produced by the attack of free-radical species on unsaturated fatty acids, especially ARACHIDONIC ACID, of cellular MEMBRANES. Once cleaved from the lipid membrane by the action of phospholipases they can circulate into various bodily fluids and eventually be excreted. Although these compounds resemble enzymatically synthesized prostaglandins their stereoisometric arrangement is usually different than the "naturally occurring" compounds.

The intracellular transfer of information (biological activation/inhibition) through a signal pathway. In each signal transduction system, an activation/inhibition signal from a biologically active molecule (hormone, neurotransmitter) is mediated via the coupling of a receptor/enzyme to a second messenger system or to an ion channel. Signal transduction plays an important role in activating cellular functions, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Examples of signal transduction systems are the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-postsynaptic receptor-calcium ion channel system, the receptor-mediated T-cell activation pathway, and the receptor-mediated activation of phospholipases. Those coupled to membrane depolarization or intracellular release of calcium include the receptor-mediated activation of cytotoxic functions in granulocytes and the synaptic potentiation of protein kinase activation. Some signal transduction pathways may be part of larger signal transduction pathways; for example, protein kinase activation is part of the platelet activation signal pathway.

A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.

The extent to which an enzyme retains its structural conformation or its activity when subjected to storage, isolation, and purification or various other physical or chemical manipulations, including proteolytic enzymes and heat.

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

A transferase that catalyzes the addition of aliphatic, aromatic, or heterocyclic FREE RADICALS as well as EPOXIDES and arene oxides to GLUTATHIONE. Addition takes place at the SULFUR. It also catalyzes the reduction of polyol nitrate by glutathione to polyol and nitrite.

Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

The relatively long-lived phagocytic cell of mammalian tissues that are derived from blood MONOCYTES. Main types are PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; HISTIOCYTES; KUPFFER CELLS of the liver; and OSTEOCLASTS. They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed.)

Cells that can carry out the process of PHAGOCYTOSIS.

Overexpression of CuZn superoxide dismutase protects RAW 264.7 macrophages against nitric oxide cytotoxicity. (1/8742)

Initiation of nitric oxide (NO.)-mediated apoptotic cell death in RAW 264.7 macrophages is associated with up-regulation of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD; SOD2) and down-regulation of cytosolic copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD; SOD1) at their individual mRNA and protein levels. To evaluate the decreased CuZnSOD expression and the initiation of apoptosis we stably transfected macrophages to overexpress human CuZnSOD. Individual clones revealed a 2-fold increase in CuZnSOD activity. Expression of a functional and thus protective CuZnSOD was verified by attenuated superoxide (O2(.)-)-mediated apoptotic as well as necrotic cell death. In this study we showed that SOD-overexpressing macrophages (R-SOD1-12) were also protected against NO.-initiated programmed cell death. Protection was substantial towards NO. derived from exogenously added NO donors or when NO. was generated by inducible NO synthase activation, and was evident at the level of p53 accumulation, caspase activation and DNA fragmentation. Stimulation of parent and SOD-overexpressing cells with a combination of lipopolysaccharide and murine interferon gamma produced equivalent amounts of nitrite/nitrate, which ruled out attenuated inducible NO. synthase activity during protection. Because protection by a O2(.)--scavenging system during NO. -intoxication implies a role of NO. and O2(.)- in the progression of cell damage, we used uric acid to delineate the role of peroxynitrite during NO.-elicited apoptosis. The peroxynitrite scavenger uric acid left S-nitrosoglutathione or spermine-NO-elicited apoptosis unaltered, blocking only 3-morpholinosydnonimine-mediated cell death. As a result we exclude peroxynitrite from contributing, to any major extent, to NO. -mediated apoptosis. Therefore protection observed with CuZnSOD overexpression is unlikely to stem from interference with peroxynitrite formation and/or action. Unequivocally, the down-regulation of CuZnSOD is associated with NO. cytotoxicity, whereas CuZnSOD overexpression protects macrophages from apoptosis. (+info)

In vivo formation of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase disulfide bond in Escherichia coli. (2/8742)

We have found that the in vivo folding of periplasmic Escherichia coli Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase is assisted by DsbA, which catalyzes the efficient formation of its single disulfide bond, whose integrity is essential to ensure full catalytic activity to the enzyme. In line with these findings, we also report that the production of recombinant Xenopus laevis Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase is enhanced when the enzyme is exported in the periplasmic space or is expressed in thioredoxin reductase mutant strains. Our data show that inefficient disulfide bond oxidation in the bacterial cytoplasm inhibits Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase folding in this cellular compartment. (+info)

Inflammatory cell-mediated tumour progression and minisatellite mutation correlate with the decrease of antioxidative enzymes in murine fibrosarcoma cells. (3/8742)

We isolated six clones of weakly tumorigenic fibrosarcoma (QR) from the tumorigenic clone BMT-11 cl-9. The QR clones were unable to grow in normal C57BL/6 mice when injected s.c. (1x10(5) cells). However, they formed aggressive tumours upon co-implantation with a 'foreign body', i.e. a gelatin sponge, and the rate of tumour take ranged from 8% to 58% among QR clones. The enhanced tumorigenicity was due to host cell-mediated reaction to the gelatin sponge (inflammation). Immunoblot analysis and enzyme activity assay revealed a significant inverse correlation between the frequencies of tumour formation by QR clones and the levels of manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD, P<0.005) and glutathione peroxidase (GPchi, P<0.01) in the respective tumour clones. Electron spin resonance (ESR) revealed that superoxide-scavenging ability of cell lysates of the QR clone with high level of Mn-SOD was significantly higher than that with low level of the antioxidative enzyme in the presence of potassium cyanide, an inhibitor for copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD) (P<0.001). Minisatellite mutation (MSM) induced by the inflammatory cells in tumour cells were investigated by DNA fingerprint analysis after QR clones had been co-cultured with gelatin-sponge-reactive cells. The MSM rate was significantly higher in the subclones with low levels of Mn-SOD and GPchi (P<0.05) than in the subclones with high levels of both enzymes. The MSM of the subclones with low levels of both enzymes was inhibited in the presence of mannitol, a hydroxyl radical scavenger. The content of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) by which the cellular DNA damage caused by active oxygen species can be assessed was significantly low in the tumours arising from the QR clone with high levels of Mn-SOD and GPchi even if the clone had been co-implanted with gelatin sponge, compared with the arising tumour from the QR clone with low levels of those antioxidative enzymes (P<0.001). In contrast, CuZn-SOD and catalase levels in the six QR clones did not have any correlation with tumour progression parameters. These results suggest that tumour progression is accelerated by inflammation-induced active oxygen species particularly accompanied with declined levels of intracellular antioxidative enzymes in tumour cells. (+info)

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the susceptibility of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin-induced oxidative damage. (4/8742)

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), the hormonal form of vitamin D, has anticancer activity in vivo and in vitro. Doxorubicin exerts its cytotoxic effect on tumor cells mainly by two mechanisms: (a) generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); and (b) inhibition of topoisomerase II. We studied the combined cytotoxic action of 1,25(OH)2D3 and doxorubicin on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Pretreatement with 1,25(OH)2D3 resulted in enhanced cytotoxicity of doxorubicin. The average enhancing effect after a 72-h pretreatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 (10 nM) followed by a 24-h treatment with 1 microg/ml doxorubicin was 74+/-9% (mean +/- SE). Under these experimental conditions, 1,25(OH)2D3 on its own did not affect cell number or viability. 1,25(OH)2D3 also enhanced the cytotoxic activity of another ROS generating quinone, menadione, but did not affect cytotoxicity induced by the topoisomerase inhibitor etoposide. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine slightly reduced the cytotoxic activity of doxorubicin but had a marked protective effect against the combined action of 1,25(OH)2D3 and doxorubicin. These results indicate that ROS are involved in the interaction between 1,25(OH)2D3 and doxorubicin. 1,25(OH)2D3 also increased doxorubicin cytotoxicity in primary cultures of rat cardiomyocytes. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 1,25(OH)2D3 alone markedly reduced the activity, protein, and mRNA levels of the cytoplasmic antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, which indicated that the hormone inhibits its biosynthesis. This reduction in the antioxidant capacity of the cells could account for the synergistic interaction between 1,25(OH)2D3 and doxorubicin and may also suggest increased efficacy of 1,25(OH)2D3 or its analogues in combination with other ROS-generating anticancer therapeutic modalities. (+info)

A cell-surface superoxide dismutase is a binding protein for peroxinectin, a cell-adhesive peroxidase in crayfish. (5/8742)

Peroxinectin, a cell-adhesive peroxidase (homologous to human myeloperoxidase), from the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, was shown by immuno-fluorescence to bind to the surface of crayfish blood cells (haemocytes). In order to identify a cell surface receptor for peroxinectin, labelled peroxinectin was incubated with a blot of haemocyte membrane proteins. It was found to specifically bind two bands of 230 and 90 kDa; this binding was decreased in the presence of unlabelled peroxinectin. Purified 230/90 kDa complex also bound peroxinectin in the same assay. In addition, the 230 kDa band binds the crayfish beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein. The 230 kDa band could be reduced to 90 kDa, thus showing that the 230 kDa is a multimer of 90 kDa units. The peroxinectin-binding protein was cloned from a haemocyte cDNA library, using immuno-screening or polymerase chain reaction based on partial amino acid sequence of the purified protein. It has a signal sequence, a domain homologous to CuZn-containing superoxide dismutases, and a basic, proline-rich, C-terminal tail, but no membrane-spanning segment. In accordance, the 90 and 230 kDa bands had superoxide dismutase activity. Immuno-fluorescence of non-permeabilized haemocytes with affinity-purified antibodies confirmed that the crayfish CuZn-superoxide dismutase is localized at the cell surface; it could be released from the membrane with high salt. It was thus concluded that the peroxinectin-binding protein is an extracellular SOD (EC-SOD) and a peripheral membrane protein, presumably kept at the cell surface via ionic interaction with its C-terminal region. This interaction with a peroxidase seems to be a novel function for an SOD. The binding of the cell surface SOD to the cell-adhesive/opsonic peroxinectin may mediate, or regulate, cell adhesion and phagocytosis; it may also be important for efficient localized production of microbicidal substances. (+info)

Role of iNOS in the vasodilator responses induced by L-arginine in the middle cerebral artery from normotensive and hypertensive rats. (6/8742)

1. The substrate of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), L-arginine (L-Arg, 0.01 microM - 1 mM), induced endothelium-independent relaxations in segments of middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) from normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and hypertensive rats (SHR) precontracted with prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha). These relaxations were higher in SHR than WKY arteries. 2. L-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 2-amine-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-tiazine (AMT), unspecific and inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitors, respectively, reduced those relaxations, specially in SHR. 3. Four- and seven-hours incubation with dexamethasone reduced the relaxations in MCAs from WKY and SHR, respectively. 4. Polymyxin B and calphostin C, protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, reduced the L-Arg-induced relaxation. 5. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 7 h incubation) unaltered and inhibited these relaxations in WKY and SHR segments, respectively. LPS antagonized the effect polymyxin B in WKY and potentiated L-Arg-induced relaxations in SHR in the presence of polymyxin B. 6. The contraction induced by PGF2alpha was greater in SHR than WKY arteries. This contraction was potentiated by dexamethasone and polymyxin B although the effect of polymyxin B was higher in SHR segments. LPS reduced that contraction and antagonized dexamethasone- and polymyxin B-induced potentiation, these effects being greater in arteries from SHR. 7. These results suggest that in MCAs: (1) the induction of iNOS participates in the L-Arg relaxation and modulates the contraction to PGF2alpha; (2) that induction is partially mediated by a PKC-dependent mechanism; and (3) the involvement of iNOS in such responses is greater in the hypertensive strain. (+info)

Effects of pyrogallol, hydroquinone and duroquinone on responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation and NO in the rat anococcygeus muscle. (7/8742)

1. The hypothesis that endogenous superoxide dismutase (SOD) protects the nitrergic transmitter from inactivation by superoxide and that this explains the lack of sensitivity of the transmitter to superoxide generators was tested in the rat isolated anococcygeus muscle. 2. Responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation or to NO were not significantly affected by exogenous SOD or by the Cu/Zn SOD inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETCA). 3. Hydroquinone produced a concentration-dependent reduction of responses to NO with an IC50 of 27 microM, and higher concentrations reduced relaxant responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation with an IC50 of 612 microM. The effects of hydroquinone were only slightly reversed by SOD, so it does not appear to be acting as a superoxide generator. 4. Pyrogallol produced a concentration-dependent reduction in responses to NO with an IC50 value of 39 microM and this effect was reversed by SOD (100-1000 u ml(-1)). Pyrogallol did not affect responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation. Treatment with DETCA did not alter the differentiating action of pyrogallol. 5. Duroquinone produced a concentration-dependent reduction of relaxations to NO with an IC50 value of 240 microM and 100 microM slightly decreased nitrergic relaxations. After treatment with DETCA, duroquinone produced greater reductions of relaxant responses to NO and to nitrergic stimulation, the IC50 values being 8.5 microM for NO and 40 microM for nitrergic nerve stimulation: these reductions were reversed by SOD. 6. The findings do not support the hypothesis that the presence of Cu/Zn SOD explains the greater susceptibility of NO than the nitrergic transmitter to the superoxide generator pyrogallol, but suggest that it may play a role in the effects of duroquinone. (+info)

Stabilization of L-ascorbic acid by superoxide dismutase and catalase. (8/8742)

The effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase on the autoxidation rate of L-ascorbic acid (ASA) in the absence of metal ion catalysts were examined. The stabilization of ASA by SOD was confirmed, and the enzyme activity of SOD, which scavenges the superoxide anion formed during the autoxidation of ASA, contributed strongly to this stabilization. The stabilization of ASA by catalase was observed for the first time; however, the specific enzyme ability of catalase would not have been involved in the stabilization of ASA. Such proteins as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin also inhibited the autoxidation of ASA, therefore it seems that non-specific interaction between ASA and such proteins as catalase and BSA might stabilize ASA and that the non-enzymatic superoxide anion scavenging ability of proteins might be involved. (+info)

... the reaction of superoxide with SOD is first order with respect to superoxide concentration. Moreover, superoxide dismutase has ... "Phenotypes of mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase and copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase". The ... Three forms of superoxide dismutase are present in humans, in all other mammals, and most chordates. SOD1 is located in the ... Superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase

... (Ni-SOD) is a metalloenzyme that, like the other superoxide dismutases, protects cells from ... repressing the transcription of other superoxide dismutases. In particular, expression of iron superoxide dismutase (Fe-SOD) is ... Sheng, Yuewei (2014). "Superoxide Dismutases and Superoxide Reductases". Chemical Reviews. 114 (7): 3854-3918. doi:10.1021/ ... Nickel superoxide dismutase is an incredibly efficient enzyme, indicating the redox mechanism is very fast. This means that ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_superoxide_dismutase

2002). Superoxide dismutase. San Diego: Academic Press. ISBN 0-08-049697-0. List of Streptomyces species LPSN bacterio.net ... from is involved in expression of nickel-containing superoxide dismutase". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 228 (1): 21-26. doi: ... "Examination of the Nickel Site Structure and Reaction Mechanism in Superoxide Dismutase". Biochemistry. 38 (12): 3744-3752. doi ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_seoulensis

Gardner, Paul R. (2002). "Aconitase: Sensitive target and measure of superoxide". Superoxide Dismutase. Methods in Enzymology. ... The iron sulfur cluster is highly sensitive to oxidation by superoxide. Aconitase employs a dehydration-hydration mechanism. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconitase

Keele BB, McCord JM, Fridovich I (November 1970). "Superoxide dismutase from escherichia coli B. A new manganese-containing ... McCord JM, Fridovich I (November 1969). "Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein)". J. Biol. ... he and his supervisor Irwin Fridovich were the first to describe the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase. McCord joined ... "The induction of human superoxide dismutase and catalase in vivo: a fundamentally new approach to antioxidant therapy". Free ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_M._McCord

Fridovich I (1995). "Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutases" (PDF). Annual Review of Biochemistry. 64: 97-112. doi: ... Kresge N, Simoni RD, Hill RL (2006). "Forty Years of Superoxide Dismutase Research: the Work of Irwin Fridovich (JBC Classics: ... BB Keele Jr; JM McCord; I Fridovich (1970). "Superoxide Dismutase from Escherichia coli B: A new manganese-containing enzyme". ... His discovery of the superoxide dismutase reaction essentially started the field of oxygen free radicals in biology and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Fridovich

Otherwise, the superoxide ion must be destroyed before it does unwanted damage in a cell. The superoxide dismutase enzymes ... It involves both oxidation and reduction of superoxide ions. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) group of enzymes increase the rate ... 2002). Superoxide Dismutase: 349 (Methods in Enzymology). Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-12-182252-1. Heinrich P, Löffler G, ... This enzyme also contains zinc ions for stabilization and is activated by copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase (CCS). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloprotein

Jenney FE, Verhagen MF, Cui X, Adams MW (1999). "Anaerobic microbes: oxygen detoxification without superoxide dismutase". ... Superoxide reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of highly reactive and toxic superoxide (O2−) into less toxic ... "Reaction of the desulfoferrodoxin from Desulfoarculus baarsii with superoxide anion. Evidence for a superoxide reductase ... Yeh AP, Hu Y, Jenney FE, Adams MW, Rees DC (2000). "Structures of the superoxide reductase from Pyrococcus furiosus in the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superoxide_reductase

Superoxide dismutase Oxidative stress Antioxidants C. Muth; Y. Glenz; M. Klaus; P. Radermacher; Guenter Speit; X. Leverve (2004 ... Superoxide dismutase (SOD) helps to slow the creation of ROS, ultimately playing a key role in the defense against cell damage ... which typically contains high quantities of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) Gliadin, a wheat protein designed to protect ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glisodin

Determination and analysis of the 2 Å structure of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase. Journal of Molecular Biology. 1982 Sep 15 ... Structure and mechanism of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase. Nature. 1983 Nov;306(5940):284-7. According to Google Scholar, ... Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and structural defects in Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase. Science. 1993 Aug 20;261(5124):1047-51. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_D._Getzoff

Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn] also known as superoxide dismutase 1 or hSod1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD1 ... SOD1 binds copper and zinc ions and is one of three superoxide dismutases responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals ... "Entrez Gene: SOD1 superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult))". Murray CJ, Lopez AD (May 1997). " ... Trist BG, Hilton JB, Hare DJ, Crouch PJ, Double KL (April 2021). "Superoxide Dismutase 1 in Health and Disease: How a Frontline ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOD1

Oury, TD; Ho, YS; Piantadosi, Claude A; Crapo, JD (1992). "Extracellular superoxide dismutase, nitric oxide, and central ... "Superoxide dismutase responds to hyperoxia in rat hippocampus". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine. 31 (2): 227-32. PMID 15485085 ... One species produced by the body, the superoxide anion (O− 2), is possibly involved in iron acquisition. Higher than normal ... Thom, Steven R (1992). "Inert gas enhancement of superoxide radical production". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 295 ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity

Therefore, copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase is proposed to be one of the most promising biomarkers of Cu toxicity in ... Youn HD, Kim EJ, Roe JH, Hah YC, Kang SO (1996). "A novel nickel-containing superoxide dismutase from Streptomyces spp". ... Gray EH, De Vos KJ, Dingwall C, Perkinton MS, Miller CC (2010). "Deficiency of the copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase ... Improperly folded metal proteins, for example, CCS or Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) present in brain, blood or other ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QPNC-PAGE

Catalase Superoxide dismutase Glutathione reductase Selenium deficiency PDB: 1GP1; Epp O, Ladenstein R, Wendel A (June 1983 ... One study has suggested that glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase polymorphisms play a role in the development of ... Yang S, Jensen MK, Rimm EB, Willett W, Wu T (November 2014). "Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and ... Katar M, Ozugurlu AF, Ozyurt H, Benli I (February 2014). "Evaluation of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzyme ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_peroxidase

Superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial (SOD2), also known as manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), is an enzyme ... As a member of the iron/manganese superoxide dismutase family, this protein transforms toxic superoxide, a byproduct of the ... Kang SW (2015). "Superoxide dismutase 2 gene and cancer risk: evidence from an updated meta-analysis". Int J Clin Exp Med. 8 (9 ... "Entrez Gene: SOD2 superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial". Becuwe P, Ennen M, Klotz R, Barbieux C, Grandemange S (Dec 2014). " ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOD2

discovered superoxide dismutase (SOD)-mimicking activities of fullerene derivatives. The term "nanozyme" was coined in 2004 by ... "Accelerated discovery of superoxide-dismutase nanozymes via high-throughput computational screening". Nature Communications. 12 ... "A Cerium Vanadate Nanozyme with Specific Superoxide Dismutase Activity Regulates Mitochondrial Function and ATP Synthesis in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_enzyme

SOD1 The SOD1 gene on chromosome 21 that codes for the superoxide dismutase protein is associated with 2% of cases and is ... Zn-superoxide dismutase aggregates in spinal cords of model mice". primary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of ... "Epidemiology of mutations in superoxide dismutase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis". primary. Annals of Neurology. 41 (2): 210- ... SOD1 protein is responsible for destroying naturally occurring, but harmful superoxide radicals produced by the mitochondria. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics_of_neurodegenerative_diseases

Pharmacokinetics of superoxide dismutase in rats after oral administration », Bio. Drug. Disp., 17, 1996, p. 165-174 V.Dapsance ... Immunoregulatory properties of Superoxide Dismutase in Oxidative Stress in cancer, AIDS and Neurodegenerative Diseases., New- ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éric_Postaire

"Chlorovirus PBCV-1 Encodes an Active Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase". Journal of Virology. 88 (21): 12541-12550. doi:10.1128/ ... which can decompose the rapid accumulated superoxide in host cells during infection, thereby benefiting virus replication. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycodnaviridae

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant in mitochondria. Several enzymes activated by manganese ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_neuroscience

Formaldehyde dismutase Superoxide dismutase Chlorite dismutase Eric J. Toone (2006). Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas ... v t e A dismutase is an enzyme that catalyzes a dismutation reaction. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismutase

... has large amounts of superoxide dismutase enzymes and magnesium. Nycomed, a Swiss drug company which manufactures ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actovegin

The dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide can also be catalyzed by the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase with a ... Many phytoplankton, for instance, have been found to have numerous superoxide-scavenging (superoxide dismutase) and hydrogen ... The antioxidant superoxide dismutase catalyses the formation of hydrogen peroxide from the superoxide anion through the ... Barros, MP; Granbom, M; Colepicolo, P; Pedersén, M (2003). "Temporal mismatch between induction of superoxide dismutase and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species_production_in_marine_microalgae

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant in mitochondria. Several enzymes activated by manganese ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(medicine)

Sansone, Susanna-Assunta (2001). The role of CU-ZN-cofactored superoxide dismutase in salmonella virulence. london.ac.uk (PhD ... Her thesis investigated the role of the cofactored enzyme superoxide dismutase in the virulence of Salmonella. After earning ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna-Assunta_Sansone

... superoxide dismutase activity, instead of peroxidase activity; a novel peroxidase mechanism; a protein-protein or Ca2+ induced ... This unstable superoxide, generated at the extracellular surface, may rapidly convert to hydrogen peroxide and be utilized by ... The current model for ROS generation by C. elegans DUOX1 (CeDUOX1) proposes that superoxide is generated through reduction of ... Cross AR, Jones OT (May 1991). "Enzymic mechanisms of superoxide production". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1057 (3): 281-98. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_oxidase_1

"A lead-absorbing protein with superoxide dismutase activity from Streptomyces subrutilus". FEMS Microbiology Letters. 194 (1): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomyces_subrutilus

"Fibulin-5 is a novel binding protein for extracellular superoxide dismutase". Circulation Research. 95 (11): 1067-74. doi: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBLN5

Lund DD, Chu Y, Miller JD, Heistad DD (2009). "Protective effect of extracellular superoxide dismutase on endothelial function ... Van Rammsdonk, Jeremy M.; Hekimi, Siegfried (2009). Kim, Stuart K. (ed.). "Deletion of the Mitochondrial Superoxide Dismutase ... demonstrated the role of endogenous extracellular superoxide dismutase in protecting against endothelial dysfunction during the ... blocking the production of the naturally occurring antioxidant superoxide dismutase has recently been shown to increase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-radical_theory_of_aging

"Role of antioxidant-1 in extracellular superoxide dismutase function and expression". Circ. Res. 96 (7): 723-9. doi:10.1161/01. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATOX1

... by enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and others). However, some mutations that increase ROS ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA

Examples on antioxidative metalloenzymes are the superoxide dismutases, SOD1 and SOD2, which have copper, zinc, or manganese, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Aaseth

Characterization, superoxide dismutase and catecholase - mimetic activities". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 45 (9): ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_naproxen

Another study in aging rats found that epitalon increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epitalon

Volkel H, Scholz M, Link J, Selzle M, Werner P, Tunnemann R, Jung G, Ludolph AC, Reuter A (August 2001). "Superoxide dismutase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP3CA

... peroxisomes contain also a complex battery of antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, the components of the ... It has been demonstrated that peroxisomes generate superoxide (O2•−) and nitric oxide (•NO) radicals. There is evidence now ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peroxisome

... superoxide dismutase) H2O2 → (catalase) H2O + O2 TRAP-Fe3+ (purple) + O2− ∙→ TRAP-Fe2+ (pink) + O2 H2O2 + TRAP-Fe2+ (pink) → HO ... Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated in macrophages and osteoclasts from superoxide (O2−.), which forms from the action ... Darden AG, Ries WL, Wolf WC, Rodriguiz RM, Key LL (May 1996). "Osteoclastic superoxide production and bone resorption: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartrate-resistant_acid_phosphatase

Richardson J, Thomas KA, Rubin BH, Richardson DC (April 1975). "Crystal structure of bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase at 3 A ... zinc superoxide dismutase". Journal of Molecular Biology. 160 (2): 181-217. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(82)90174-7. PMID 7175933. ... where they solved the first crystal structure of superoxide dismutase (2SOD). By 1977 she published her findings on protein ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_S._Richardson

54-55 Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) mRNA expression increases in the gill and mantle in response to Vibrio anguillarum ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argopecten_irradians

... melatonin promotes the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione ... 2. O2 could react with the active site iron (II) first, producing iron (III) superoxide which could then react with the THB to ... radical scavenger within mitochondria which also promotes the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, ... A slow transfer of one electron from the THB to O2 could produce a superoxide which could recombine with the THB radical to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melatonin

Münch, Christian; O'Brien, John; Bertolotti, Anne (2011-03-01). "Prion-like propagation of mutant superoxide dismutase-1 ... "Exposure of hydrophobic surfaces initiates aggregation of diverse ALS-causing superoxide dismutase-1 mutants". Journal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bertolotti

A critical enzyme in counteracting the toxicity of these species is superoxide dismutase, which is present in both the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_repair

... of Cornu aspersum produced under stress have skin-regenerative properties because of antioxidant superoxide dismutase and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornu_aspersum

nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated using an agar medium supplemented with superoxide dismutase, and proposal of ... nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated using an agar medium supplemented with superoxide dismutase, and proposal of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patulibacter

"Different regulatory mechanisms modulate the expression of a dinoflagellate iron-superoxide dismutase". J. Biol. Chem. 276 (23 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Woodland_Hastings

The structural genes under this regulon include sodA (Mn-superoxide dismutase(SOD)), zwf (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase( ... Peroxide and superoxide are the two major active oxygen species. It is found that the peroxide and superoxide stress responses ... When stressed under elevated levels of the superoxide radical anion O2−, bacteria respond by invoking the superoxide stimulon. ... superoxide dismutases encoded by sodA and sodB), catalases (katE and katG), glutathione synthetase (gshAB) and glutathione ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidation_response

Rotilio G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo MR (2004). "Interplay of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide synthase in ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOS1

... of oxygen to aging and diseases was not accepted until 1969 due to the work of McCord and Fridovich on superoxide dismutase ...

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Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, glycolate oxidase, flagellar peroxidase), lateral flagella (when present), and, in many species, ...

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Later, this gene was identified by researchers from Duke University as the gene coding for the enzyme superoxide dismutase, ... 317-330 History of Superoxide dismutase gene discovery in Pubmed Jay Tischfield's lab The Progeria Research Foundation's Cell ...

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"Low activity of superoxide dismutase and high activity of glutathione reductase in erythrocytes from centenarians". Age Ageing ...

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... superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, class 3 aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, and tissue ...

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One example of an imidazolate complex from biochemistry is found at the active site of copper-containing superoxide dismutase. ...

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... β-lactamase Catalase Carbonic anhydrase Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase Cytochrome c peroxidase Fumarase Superoxide dismutase ...

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... and superoxide dismutase. In 2011, several compounds (antifungals, fungicides, and biocides) where shown to effectively inhibit ...

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The best studied cellular antioxidants are the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Less ... in some cases catalyzing the production of superoxide from dioxygen or hydrogen peroxide from superoxide. The immune system ... These include superoxide (•O− 2), nitric oxide (•NO) and their particularly reactive product, peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Although ... Base damage is mostly indirect and caused by the reactive oxygen species generated, e.g., O2− (superoxide radical), OH ( ...

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Other anti-aging effects come from increasing the presence of superoxide dismutase in the brain and liver; it is an enzyme that ...

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... promoting superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities and reducing malondialdehyde level in the brain, kidney ...

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Superoxide dismutase, administered intravenously during high tidal volume ventilation, may help prevent pulmonary dysfunction. ... Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important antioxidant, and possesses anti-inflammatory capacity. In this study, we aimed ... Intravenous Superoxide Dismutase as a Protective Agent to Prevent Impairment of Lung Function Induced by High Tidal Volume ...

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Impaired Spinal Cord Glutamate Transport Capacity and Reduced Sensitivity to Riluzole in a Transgenic Superoxide Dismutase ...

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Morphological and cell fractionation approaches were used to establish unambiguously the distribution of CuZn superoxide ... dismutase (CuZn SOD) in rat hepatocytes. Immunocytochemical observations revealed a primarily cytoplasmic localization of the ... Distribution of CuZn superoxide dismutase in rat liver Free Radic Biol Med. 1993 Feb;14(2):201-7. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(93) ... and cell fractionation approaches were used to establish unambiguously the distribution of CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZn SOD ...

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Nickel superoxide dismutase. File:94-SuperoxideDismutase-Ni 6mer.png. Structure of Streptomyces Ni superoxide dismutase hexamer ... File:Superoxide dismutase 2 PDB 1VAR.png. Structure of a human Mn superoxide dismutase 2 tetramer.[1] ... File:Iron Superoxide Dismutase Active Site.png Active site for iron superoxide dismutase ... the reaction of superoxide with SOD is first order with respect to superoxide concentration. Moreover, superoxide dismutase has ...

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H oxidase and the superoxide-scavenging enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) under hyperglycemia, increases oxidative stress and ... which is induced by an imbalance of the superoxide-producing enzyme NAD(P) ... Renal superoxide excess, which is induced by an imbalance of the superoxide-producing enzyme NAD(P)H oxidase and the superoxide ... Modulation of renal superoxide dismutase by telmisartan therapy in C57BL/6-Ins2(Akita) diabetic mice Hypertens Res. 2012 Feb;35 ...

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Aim: To investigate whether the extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) level ... Aim: To investigate whether the extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) and manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) level ... Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase, a Potential Extracellular Biomarker Candidate for Prolactinoma. Issue: Vol 61, Issue 7 ( ... Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) is an extracellular protein and serum EC-SOD could be a good candidate for the ...

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Mutant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) enzymes implicated in Lou Gehrigs disease. ... Mutant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) enzymes implicated in Lou Gehrigs disease. Aug 11, 2005 - 2:51:00 AM ... RxPG] A new study indicates that mutant Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) enzymes that are associated with an inherited form of ...

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Manganese superoxide dismutase, but not CuZn superoxide dismutase, is highly expressed in the granulomas of pulmonary ... The superoxide dismutases (SOD)s are the only superoxide radical scavenging enzymes present in mammalian cells 8, 9. They are ... Superoxide dismutases (SOD)s are the only enzymes capable of consuming superoxide radicals. The purpose of the present study ... Manganese superoxide dismutase is increased in the airways of smokers lungs. T. Harju, R. Kaarteenaho-Wiik, R. Sirviö, P. ...

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Timeline for Fold d.44: Fe,Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-terminal domain: *Fold d.44: Fe,Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), C- ... Fold d.44: Fe,Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-terminal domain appears in SCOPe 2.06. *Fold d.44: Fe,Mn superoxide dismutase ( ... Lineage for Fold d.44: Fe,Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-terminal domain. *Root: SCOPe 2.07 *. Class d: Alpha and beta ... d.44.1: Fe,Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD), C-terminal domain [54719] (2 families) automatically mapped to Pfam PF02777. ...

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Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) provides the main defence against oxidative stress within mitochondria. Ala9Val is a ... Polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase gene Noha E Elsakka 1 , Nigel R Webster, Helen F Galley ... Polymorphism in the manganese superoxide dismutase gene Noha E Elsakka et al. Free Radic Res. 2007 Jul. ... Manganese superoxide dismutase: effect of the ala16val polymorphism on protein, activity, and mRNA levels in human breast ...

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Assessment of antioxidants status and superoxide dismutase activity in HIV-infected children. Overview of attention for article ...

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of dietary supplementation in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) on light- ... Dietary Superoxide Dismutase Protects Against Light-Induced Retinal Oxidative Stress in Young Senescence Accelerated Mice (SAM ... Dietary Superoxide Dismutase Protects Against Light-Induced Retinal Oxidative Stress in Young Senescence Accelerated Mice (SAM ... Dietary Superoxide Dismutase Protects Against Light-Induced Retinal Oxidative Stress in Young Senescence Accelerated Mice (SAM ...

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... copper chelation and superoxide dismutase-like activities. In: Transition Metal Chemistry. 2008 ; Vol. 33, No. 2. pp. 105-202. ... copper chelation and superoxide dismutase-like activities. / Bailey, M.A.; Ingram, Matthew; Naughton, D.P.; Rutt, Ken; Dodd, H. ... copper chelation and superoxide dismutase-like activities",. author = "M.A. Bailey and Matthew Ingram and D.P. Naughton and Ken ... Aminosalicylic acid conjugates of EDTA as potential anti-inflammatory pro-drugs: synthesis, copper chelation and superoxide ...

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The anti-oxidant defense genes superoxide dismutase 3 showed an upregulation in the OGD paradigm while thioredoxin reductase ... From: Neuroprotective dobutamine treatment upregulates superoxide dismutase 3, anti-oxidant and survival genes and attenuates ...

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Chan, P., Huang, W. P., Liu, J. C., Chen, Y. J., & Cheng, J. T. (2000). Changes in superoxide dismutase activity and mRNA in ... Chan, P, Huang, WP, Liu, JC, Chen, YJ & Cheng, JT 2000, Changes in superoxide dismutase activity and mRNA in vivo after short ... Changes in superoxide dismutase activity and mRNA in vivo after short- term supplementation with trilinolein in rats. / Chan, ... Changes in superoxide dismutase activity and mRNA in vivo after short- term supplementation with trilinolein in rats. Chinese ...

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Manganese activation of superoxide dismutase 2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires MTM1, a member of the mitochondrial carrier ... Manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD2) plays a critical role in guarding against mitochondrial oxidative stress and ... Luk, E., Carroll, M., Baker, M., & Culotta, V. C. (2003). Manganese activation of superoxide dismutase 2 in Saccharomyces ... Manganese activation of superoxide dismutase 2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires MTM1, a member of the mitochondrial carrier ...

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Multiple Taq I RFLPs at the human manganese superoxide dismutase (S0D2) locus on chromosome 6. (uchicago.edu)
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Dysfunction and the Pathogenesis of Kidney Disease. (bvsalud.org)
manganese superoxide dismutase ( Mn-SOD ) is one of the major components of this system, as it catalyzes the first step involved in scavenging ROS. (bvsalud.org)
However, when iNOS (-/-) mice were crossed with manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD)-overexpressing animals, mitochondrial injury was ameliorated to the level of the wild type. (uky.edu)
An important enzyme is manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD). (hemingwayristorante.it)

These constantly produced reactive oxygen radicals are scavenged by superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. (jneurosci.org)
SOD catalyzes the dismutation reaction of superoxide radical anion (O2-) to hydrogen peroxide, which is then catalyzed to innocuous O2 and H2O by glutathione peroxidase and catalase. (biovendor.com)
hence, plants and animals maintain complex systems of multiple types of antioxidants, such as glutathione, vitamin C , and vitamin E as well as enzymes such as catalase , superoxide dismutase and various peroxidases . (wikidoc.org)
As variáveis analisadas foram umidade ponderal, teor de açúcares solúveis, atividade respiratória, atividade das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO), teor de peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) e peroxidação lipídica. (scielo.br)
It is an effective combination of two very important antioxidants, Super Oxide Dismutase and Catalase. (metaboliccode.com)
Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Genotypes in Pediatric Migraine Patients. (cdc.gov)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activities and uric acid (UA) levels were measured in plasma and saliva. (bvsalud.org)
To counteract the oxidative stress mammalian cells have antioxidant system which includes enzymatic activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), and non enzymatic antioxidants including vitamins A, E, C, melatonin, uric acid (UA) and glutathione 6,10 . (bvsalud.org)
to superoxide or that "autoxidize", and when coupled with catalase Oxygen radicals clearly contribute to probably through reactions catalysed within peroxisomes or with cytosolic genomic instability, are produced by by transition metals. (who.int)
Os resultados mostraram que o consumo de etanol em padrão binge não alterou a concentração plasmática de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e do peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) bem como a atividade plasmática das enzimas superóxido dismutase (SOD), da concentração plasmática de glutationa reduzida (GSH) e da atividade plasmática da catalase. (bvsalud.org)

Some cases of ALS are caused by mutations in the antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD). (nih.gov)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidative enzyme involved in the defense system against reactive oxygen species (ROS). (biovendor.com)
SOD3 contains a unique heparin-binding domain at its carboxy-terminus that establishes localization to the extracellular matrix where the enzyme scavenges superoxide anion. (biovendor.com)
Levels of superoxide dismutase SOD, the antioxidant enzyme responsible for the dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, can vary greatly depending upon tissue site and donor status. (dtic.mil)
We examined the effects of a variety of ligands/activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) on the expression of the superoxide scavenger enzyme, Cu 2+ ,Zn 2+ -superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), and the superoxide generating enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) (NADPH) oxidase in primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and human aorta endothelial cells (HAEC). (metabolismjournal.com)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is a prime antioxidant enzyme found in two forms. (nutriessential.com)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that alternately catalyzes the dismutation (or partitioning) of the superoxide (O2−) radical into either ordinary molecular oxygen (O2) or hydrogen peroxide(H2O2). (bestgallicacid.com)
The SOD1 gene provides instructions for making an enzyme called superoxide dismutase, which is abundant in cells throughout the body. (medlineplus.gov)
This enzyme attaches (binds) to molecules of copper and zinc to break down toxic, charged oxygen molecules called superoxide radicals. (medlineplus.gov)
Most of these mutations change one of the protein building blocks (amino acids) in the superoxide dismutase enzyme. (medlineplus.gov)
The enzyme protects the cell against dangerous levels of superoxide. (bvsalud.org)

We have reported that overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) reduced superoxide production and ameliorated neuronal injury in the hippocampal CA1 subregion after global ischemia. (jneurosci.org)
Introduction: The exact molecular mechanisms by which mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause motor neuron injury remain incompletely understood, though a body of evidence suggests that the mutant protein exerts a cell-specific toxic gain of function. (ncl.ac.uk)
Worldwide, approximately 20% of cases of familial ALS are due to a mutation in the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-1 gene ( SOD1 ). (medscape.com)
The second one uses multilayer polyion complex nanoparticles of superoxide dismutase, SOD1, (Nano-SOD1), to treat inflammatory eye diseases. (publichealthtoxicology.com)
Superoxide Dismutase 1 Nanoparticles (Nano-SOD1) as a Potential Drug for the Treatment of Inflammatory Eye Diseases. (publichealthtoxicology.com)

PDF] Superoxide dismutase mimetic drug tempol aggravates anti-GBM antibody-induced glomerulonephritis in mice. (semanticscholar.org)
The methods involve the use of at least one antimitotic anti-cancer agents and a superoxide dismutase mimetic to potentiate the therapeutic effect of the anti-cancer agent(s). (epo.org)
Pre-treatment of rats with M40401, a non peptidyl superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic given directly into the Substantia Nigra or i.p. prevented both behavioural, electrocorticogram and neuropathological effects and MDA elevation. (torvergata.it)
[ 35 ] and calmangafodipir (a superoxide dismutase mimetic). (medscape.com)

All underwent clinical examination and laboratory investigations, including superoxide dismutase [‎SOD]‎ and glutathione peroxidase [‎GPx]‎ estimation before and after nutrition rehabilitation. (who.int)

Valentine JS, Doucette PA, Zittin Potter S. Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. (medlineplus.gov)

It has been demonstrated that ∼2-5% of the electron flow in isolated brain mitochondria produces superoxide anion radicals and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) ( Boveris and Chance, 1973 ). (jneurosci.org)
These data indicate that the SOD mimetics M40403 and M40401 have protective effects against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, and suggest the involvement of superoxide anion in neuronal cell injury during H/I. (elsevier.com)
Superoxide anion (O2 â ¢-) is produced by the process of oxidative phosphorylation associated with glucose , amino acid , and fatty acid metabolism , resulting in the production of adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) in the mitochondria . (bvsalud.org)

This model of motor neuron death involves cellular release of superoxide and NO radicals, which were directly measured in real time using microelectrode biosensors. (ncl.ac.uk)
These possibilities include an increase in harmful superoxide radicals, increased production of other types of toxic radicals, increased cell death, or accumulation of clumps (aggregates) of misfolded superoxide dismutase that may be toxic to cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Antioxidants like Grape Seed, Superoxide Dismutase, Ginger and Vitamins A, C, E nourish and protect against free radicals that damage cells. (kuellife.com)

Smoking , which is an important risk factor for periodontitis , induces oxidative stress in the body and causes an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants , such as superoxide dismutase (SOD). (bvsalud.org)
MiR-34a down-regulation also decreased reactive oxygen species accumulation (0.36-fold decrease), and promoted superoxide dismutase activity and the expression of SIRT1 (1.24-fold increase), heme oxygenase-1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2 like 2 to inhibit oxidative stress in septic mice. (frontiersin.org)
Superoxide dismutase 1 acts as a nuclear transcription factor to regulate oxidative stress resistance. (medlineplus.gov)
Supplementation with plant origin superoxide dismutase (GliSODin) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study conducted to assess the effects of supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress, exercise-induced inflammation and performance in athletes. (who.int)
NO is also involved in cell kil ing but often used as a marker of oxidative Hanahan and Weinberg (2011), i n can also react with superoxide at DNA damage, although other bas- their landmark review "Hallmarks diffusion-limited rates to form per- es are also susceptible to oxidation. (who.int)

Description: Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) is an oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between superoxide anions and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen. (telospub.com)
An oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reaction between SUPEROXIDES and hydrogen to yield molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. (bvsalud.org)

Fisher, Anna E.O. , Lau, Grace and Naughton, Declan P. (2005) Lipophilic ionophore complexes as superoxide dismutase mimetics. (kingston.ac.uk)

One of the key components of this machinery is the superoxide dismutase (SOD) family of enzymes which regulate ROS levels by scavenging the ROS superoxide. (bl.uk)
Mammals have three distinct SOD enzymes each responsible for managing superoxide levels in different cellular compartments. (bl.uk)

Role of calcium and superoxide dismutase in sensitizing mitochondria to peroxynitrite-induced permeability transition. (uab.edu)

How do ALS-associated mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 promote aggregation of the protein? (medlineplus.gov)

Crystallographic Structures of Bovine Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Reveal Asymmetry in Two Subunits: Functionally Important Three and Five Coordinate Copper Sites Captured in the Same Crystal. (atomistry.com)

In the Wt animals, early superoxide production, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c , Smac, and cleaved caspase-9 were observed after ischemia. (jneurosci.org)

Results Pretreatment with free Superoxide dismutase did not decrease cell death after hypoxia as measured by trypan blue exclusion. (northwestern.edu)
Paradoxical decrease in isoprostane and increase in superoxide dismutase following CPAP withdrawal in OSA. (ox.ac.uk)

Superoxide is produced as a by-product of oxygen metabolism and, if not regulated, causes many types of cell damage. (bestgallicacid.com)

However, the antioxidative activities estimated as a superoxide dismutase-like activity of broiler chicks supplemented with BV was significantly increased in comparison with those without BV supplementation. (blogspot.com)

Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of superoxide dismutase activity. (mcw.edu)
Superoxide dismutase activity was low in the liver of the diabetic group and it showed 58.5 % activity, compared with the control group. (ijpsonline.com)
Fucoidan administration elevated superoxide dismutase and it was 66.5 % and 80.6 % respectively in fucoidan 50 mg/kg and fucoidan 100 mg/kg groups, compared with the control group while in the metformin group 93.4 % activity was seen. (ijpsonline.com)
wherein, administration of fucoidan restored the superoxide dismutase activity and it was 62.9 % in the fucoidan 50 mg/kg group and 79.5 % in the fucoidan 100 mg/kg group, compared with the control group while in diabetic group 49.4 % and metformin group 94.2 % activity were observed. (ijpsonline.com)
Interestingly, Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase enhanced pore opening through a mechanism independent of its catalytic activity. (uab.edu)
Evaluating the relationship between Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Tenderness of USDA Prime and Select-grade beef. (provisioneronline.com)

Tg animals showed less superoxide production and cytochrome c and Smac release. (jneurosci.org)

IMSEAR at SEARO: Quantitative variation of superoxide dismutase levels in leukaemias. (who.int)
Poongothai A R, Vishnupriya S, Ragunadharao D. Quantitative variation of superoxide dismutase levels in leukaemias. (who.int)
Results: In the erythrocyte hemolysate, MDA (malondialdehydes) levels and SOD (superoxide dismutase) activities were found to be lower (P (tubitak.gov.tr)

S.O.D. (Superoxide Dismutase) from Douglas Laboratories contains 2, 000 M.F. units of superoxide dismutase from porcine liver extract. (nutriessential.com)

Acrylonitrile (ACN), one of the top 50 chemicals produced in the world, is a very powerful pro-oxidant compound whose metabolism leads to a profound glutathione (GSH) depletion and to a production of cyanide (CN) which, in turn, can inhibit superoxide dismutase (SOD). (cdc.gov)
sites of superoxide production, with killing functions. (who.int)

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Overexpression of CuZn superoxide dismutase protects RAW 264.7 macrophages against nitric oxide cytotoxicity. (1/8742)

In vivo formation of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase disulfide bond in Escherichia coli. (2/8742)

Inflammatory cell-mediated tumour progression and minisatellite mutation correlate with the decrease of antioxidative enzymes in murine fibrosarcoma cells. (3/8742)

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhances the susceptibility of breast cancer cells to doxorubicin-induced oxidative damage. (4/8742)

A cell-surface superoxide dismutase is a binding protein for peroxinectin, a cell-adhesive peroxidase in crayfish. (5/8742)

Role of iNOS in the vasodilator responses induced by L-arginine in the middle cerebral artery from normotensive and hypertensive rats. (6/8742)

Effects of pyrogallol, hydroquinone and duroquinone on responses to nitrergic nerve stimulation and NO in the rat anococcygeus muscle. (7/8742)

Stabilization of L-ascorbic acid by superoxide dismutase and catalase. (8/8742)

Superoxide Dismutase

Superoxides

Catalase

Oxidative Stress

Antioxidants

Glutathione Peroxidase

Hydrogen Peroxide

Paraquat

Reactive Oxygen Species

Free Radicals

Free Radical Scavengers

Copper

Malondialdehyde

Xanthine Oxidase

Lipid Peroxidation

Cyclic N-Oxides

Manganese

Oxidation-Reduction

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Ditiocarb

Metalloporphyrins

Oxygen

NADPH Oxidase

Glutathione

Nitric Oxide

Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances

Spin Labels

Glutathione Reductase

Nitroblue Tetrazolium

Hydroxyl Radical

Mitochondria

Oxidants

Hydroxides

Zinc

Xanthine

Rats, Wistar

Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

Peroxynitrous Acid

Neutrophils

Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Nitrates

Lipid Peroxides

Iron

Cells, Cultured

Endothelium, Vascular

Ascorbic Acid

Peroxidases

Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic

Peroxidase

Erythrocytes

Luminescent Measurements

Cyanides

Nitric Oxide Synthase

Plant Extracts

Aerobiosis

Kinetics

Pyrogallol

Apoenzymes

Molsidomine

Disease Models, Animal

Organometallic Compounds

1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt

Molecular Sequence Data

Extracellular Space

Pulse Radiolysis

Acetophenones

Cattle

Mutation

Liver

Aconitate Hydratase

NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases

RNA, Messenger

Vasodilation

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug

Protein Carbonylation

Isoenzymes

Enzyme Inhibitors

Mice, Transgenic

Oxidoreductases

Escherichia coli