Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.
An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.
An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.
Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.
Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.
Sulfur compounds in which the sulfur atom is attached to three organic radicals and an electronegative element or radical.
Stable sulfur atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sulfur, but differ in atomic weight. S-33, 34, and 36 are stable sulfur isotopes.
A genus of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria in the class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA. They are obligately acidophilic and aerobic, using reduced SULFUR COMPOUNDS to support AUTOTROPHIC GROWTH.
A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.
One of the Liliaceae used as a spice (SPICES) and traditional remedy. It contains alliin lyase and alliin, which is converted by alliin lyase to allicin, the pungent ingredient responsible for the aroma of fresh cut garlic.
A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)
A family of colorless sulfur bacteria in the order Thiotrichales, class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA.
An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.
A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that derives energy from the oxidation of one or more reduced sulfur compounds. Many former species have been reclassified to other classes of PROTEOBACTERIA.
Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.
Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.
A phase transition from liquid state to gas state, which is affected by Raoult's law. It can be accomplished by fractional distillation.
A group of proteobacteria consisting of chemoorganotrophs usually associated with the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM of humans and animals.
A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.
Compounds containing the -SH radical.
'Sulfur-containing amino acids' are a category of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, that include methionine and cysteine, which contain sulfur atoms as part of their side chains, playing crucial roles in protein structure, enzyme function, and antioxidant defense.
'Allyl compounds' are organic substances that contain the allyl group (CH2=CH-CH2-) as a functional component, which can be found in various forms such as allyl alcohol, allyl chloride, and allyl esters.
Any of the monobasic inorganic or organic acids of sulfur with the general formula RSO(OH). (From McGraw Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)
An enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of sulfite to sulfate along with the reduction of FERROCYTOCHROME C to FERRICYTOCHROME C.
Naturally occurring complex liquid hydrocarbons which, after distillation, yield combustible fuels, petrochemicals, and lubricants.
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
A NADPH-dependent oxidase that reduces hydrogen sulfite to HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is found in many microoganisms.
Oxidoreductases with specificity for oxidation or reduction of SULFUR COMPOUNDS.
Herbaceous biennial plants and their edible bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae.
A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.
An enzyme found primarily in SULFUR-REDUCING BACTERIA where it plays an important role in the anaerobic carbon oxidation pathway.
A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.
A plant genus of the family APIACEAE used for flavoring food.
Growth of organisms using AUTOTROPHIC PROCESSES for obtaining nutrients and chemotrophic processes for obtaining a primary energy supply. Chemotrophic processes are involved in deriving a primary energy supply from exogenous chemical sources. Chemotrophic autotrophs (chemoautotrophs) generally use inorganic chemicals as energy sources and as such are called chemolithoautotrophs. Most chemoautotrophs live in hostile environments, such as deep sea vents. They are mostly BACTERIA and ARCHAEA, and are the primary producers for those ecosystems.
A family of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria that deposit globules of elemental sulfur inside their cells. They are found in diverse aquatic environments.
A nutritious food consisting primarily of the curd or the semisolid substance formed when milk coagulates.
The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.
Inorganic or organic oxy acids of sulfur which contain the RSO2(OH) radical.
Sulfatases are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate ester bonds in various substrates, playing crucial roles in the metabolism and homeostasis of carbohydrates, proteoglycans, neurotransmitters, and steroid hormones within the body.
Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).
A gram-positive organism found in dairy products, fresh and salt water, marine organisms, insects, and decaying organic matter.
A microanalytical technique combining mass spectrometry and gas chromatography for the qualitative as well as quantitative determinations of compounds.
Thiophenes are aromatic heterocyclic organic compounds containing a five-membered ring with four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom, which are found in various natural substances and synthesized for use in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
A bacterial genus of the order ACTINOMYCETALES.
Inorganic or organic compounds that contain divalent iron.
Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.
One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.
Concentrated pharmaceutical preparations of plants obtained by removing active constituents with a suitable solvent, which is evaporated away, and adjusting the residue to a prescribed standard.
The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.
Inorganic oxides of sulfur.
A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.
Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-sulfur bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.4.
Chemical groups containing the covalent disulfide bonds -S-S-. The sulfur atoms can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.
The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.
The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.
A class in the phylum PROTEOBACTERIA comprised mostly of two major phenotypes: purple non-sulfur bacteria and aerobic bacteriochlorophyll-containing bacteria.
A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)
DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.
The volatile portions of substances perceptible by the sense of smell. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)
Use of plants or herbs to treat diseases or to alleviate pain.
Proteins found in any species of bacterium.
A phylum of anoxygenic, phototrophic bacteria including the family Chlorobiaceae. They occur in aquatic sediments, sulfur springs, and hot springs and utilize reduced sulfur compounds instead of oxygen.
A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.

Microbial desulfurization of organic sulfur compounds in petroleum. (1/233)

Sulfur removal from petroleum is important from the standpoint of the global environment because the combustion of sulfur compounds leads to the production of sulfur oxides, which are the source of acid rain. As the regulations for sulfur in fuels become more stringent, the existing chemical desulfurizations are coming inadequate for the "deeper desulfurization" to produce lower-sulfur fuels without new and innovative processes. Biodesulfurization is rising as one of the candidates. Several microorganisms were found to desulfurize dibenzothiophene (DBT), a representative of the organic sulfur compounds in petroleum, forming a sulfur-free compound, 2-hydroxybiphenyl. They are promising as biocatalysts in the microbial desulfurization of petroleum because without assimilation of the carbon content, they remove only sulfur from the heterocyclic compounds which is refractory to conventional chemical desulfurization. Both enzymological and molecular genetic studies are now in progress for the purpose of obtaining improved desulfurization activity of organisms. The genes involved in the sulfur-specific DBT desulfurization were identified and the corresponding enzymes have been investigated. From the practical point of view, it has been proved that the microbial desulfurization proceeds in the presence of high concentrations of hydrocarbons, and more complicated DBT analogs are also desulfurized by the microorganisms. This review outlines the progress in the studies of the microbial desulfurization from the basic and practical point of view.  (+info)

Overexpression of recombinant proteins with a C-terminal thiocarboxylate: implications for protein semisynthesis and thiamin biosynthesis. (2/233)

A facile and rapid method for the production of protein C-terminal thiocarboxylates on DNA-encoded polypeptides is described. This method, which relies on the mechanism of the cleavage reaction of intein-containing fusion proteins, can produce multi-milligram quantities of protein C-terminal thiocarboxylate quickly and inexpensively. The utility of this method for protein semisynthesis and implications for studies on the biosynthesis of thiamin are discussed.  (+info)

Heating garlic inhibits its ability to suppress 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced DNA adduct formation in rat mammary tissue. (3/233)

The present studies compared the impact of heating, either by microwave or convection oven, on the ability of garlic to reduce the in vivo bioactivation of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in 55-d-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. In study 1, rats were fed a semipurified casein-based diet and treated by gastric gavage thrice weekly for 2-wk with crushed garlic (0.7 g in 2 mL corn oil) or the carrier prior to DMBA treatment (50 mg/kg body weight). Providing crushed garlic reduced by 64% (P < 0.05) the quantity DMBA-induced DNA adducts present in mammary epithelial cells compared to controls. In study 2, microwave treatment for 60 s, but not 30 s, decreased (P < 0.05) the protection provided by garlic against DMBA-induced adduct formation. In study 3, allowing crushed garlic to stand for 10 min prior to microwave heating for 60 s significantly (P < 0.05) restored its anticarcinogenic activity. Microwave heating of garlic for 30 s resulted in a 90% loss of alliinase activity. Heating in a convection oven (study 4) also completely blocked the ability of uncrushed garlic to retard DMBA bioactivation. Study 5 revealed that providing either 0.105 micromol diallyl disulfide or S-allyl cysteine by gastric gavage thrice weekly for 2 wk was effective in retarding DMBA bioactivation but isomolar alliin was not. These studies provide evidence that alliinase may be important for the formation of allyl sulfur compounds that contribute to a depression in DMBA metabolism and bioactivation.  (+info)

Inhibitory effect of sulfur-containing compounds in Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc. on the aggregation of rabbit platelets. (4/233)

The inhibitory effects of three pure compounds isolated from wood garlic, 2,4,5-trithiahexane (I), 2,4,5,7-tetrathiaoctane (II), and 2,4,5,7-tetrathiaoctane 2,2-dioxide (III), on rabbit platelet aggregation induced by collagen, arachidonic acid, U46619, ADP (adenosine 5'-diphosphate), PAF (platelet aggregating factor), and thrombin were studied in vitro. The anti-aggregating activity of 2,4,5,7-tetrathiaoctane 4,4-dioxide (IV) was also measured with collagen and arachidonic acid. I, II, III, and IV inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by all tested agonists. I, II, and III exhibited a stronger inhibitory effect against the thrombin-induced aggregation of GFP (gel-filtered platelets) than against the aggregation induced by the other agonists. Notably, the IC50 value for III was 4 microM, which is approximately 2.5 times stronger than MATS (methyl allyl trisulfide), a major anti-platelet compound isolated from garlic. In inhibiting collagen-induced aggregation, II was as potent as MATS and aspirin, with a marked disaggregation effect on the secondary aggregation by arachidonic acid, at the rate of 47.05%/min at a concentration of 10(-4) M. I, II, and III also suppressed U46619-induced aggregation. These results suggest that sulfur-containing compounds in wood garlic not only inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism but also suppress aggregation in association with the function of the platelet plasma membrane.  (+info)

Modulation of fibroblast growth factor-2 receptor binding, signaling, and mitogenic activity by heparin-mimicking polysulfonated compounds. (5/233)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) interacts with high-affinity tyrosine-kinase fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) and low-affinity heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) in target cells. Both interactions are required for FGF-2-mediated biological responses. Here we report the FGF-2 antagonist activity of novel synthetic sulfonic acid polymers with distinct chemical structures and molecular masses (MMs). PAMPS [poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)], (MM approximately 7,000-10,000), PAS [poly(anetholesulfonic acid)], (MM approximately 9,000-11,000), PSS [poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid)], (MM = 70,000), and poly(vinylsulfonic acid) (MM = 2,000), inhibited FGF-2 binding to HSPGs and FGFRs in fetal bovine aortic endothelial GM 7373 cells. They also abrogated the formation of the HSPG/FGF-2/FGFR ternary complex, as evidenced by their capacity to prevent FGF-2-mediated cell-cell attachment of FGFR-1-overexpressing, HSPG-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells to wild-type HSPG-bearing cells. Direct interaction of the polysulfonates with FGF-2 was demonstrated by their ability to protect the growth factor from proteolytic cleavage. Accordingly, molecular modeling, based on the crystal structure of the interaction of FGF-2 with a heparin hexamer, showed the feasibility of docking PAMPS into the heparin-binding domain of FGF-2. In agreement with their FGF-2-binding capacity, PSS, PAS, and PAMPS inhibited FGF-2-induced cell proliferation in GM 7373 cells and murine brain microvascular endothelial cells. The antiproliferative activity of these compounds was associated with the abrogation of FGF-2-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of FGFR-1. Moreover, the polysulfonates PSS and PAS inhibited FGF-2-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase-1/2, involved in FGF-2 signal transduction. In conclusion, sulfonic acid polymers bind FGF-2 by mimicking heparin interaction. These compounds may provide a tool to inhibit FGF-2-induced endothelial cell proliferation in angiogenesis and tumor growth.  (+info)

Effects of nonsulfur and sulfur amino acids on the regulation of hepatic enzymes of cysteine metabolism. (6/233)

To determine the role of nonsulfur vs. sulfur amino acids in regulation of cysteine metabolism, rats were fed a basal diet or diets supplemented with a mixture of nonsulfur amino acids (AA), sulfur amino acids (SAA), or both for 3 wk. Hepatic cysteine-sulfinate decarboxylase (CSDC), cysteine dioxygenase (CDO), and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) activity, concentration, and mRNA abundance were measured. Supplementation with AA alone had no effect on any of these measures. Supplementation of the basal diet with SAA, with or without AA, resulted in a higher CDO concentration (32-45 times basal), a lower CSDC mRNA level (49-64% of basal), and a lower GCS-heavy subunit mRNA level (70-76%). The presence of excess SAA and AA together resulted in an additional type of regulation: a lower specific activity of all three enzymes was observed in rats fed diets with an excess of AA and SAA. Both SAA and AA played a role in regulation of these three enzymes of cysteine metabolism, but SAA had the dominant effects, and effects of AA were not observed in the absence of SAA.  (+info)

Transformation of sulfur compounds by an abundant lineage of marine bacteria in the alpha-subclass of the class Proteobacteria. (7/233)

Members of a group of marine bacteria that is numerically important in coastal seawater and sediments were characterized with respect to their ability to transform organic and inorganic sulfur compounds. Fifteen strains representing the Roseobacter group (a phylogenetic cluster of marine bacteria in the alpha-subclass of the class Proteobacteria) were isolated from seawater, primarily from the southeastern United States. Although more than one-half of the isolates were obtained without any selection for sulfur metabolism, all of the isolates were able to degrade the sulfur-containing osmolyte dimethyl sulfoniopropionate (DMSP) with production of dimethyl sulfide (DMS). Five isolates also degraded DMSP with production of methanethiol, indicating that both cleavage and demethylation pathways for DMSP occurred in the same organism, which is unusual. Five isolates were able to reduce dimethyl sulfoxide to DMS, and several isolates also degraded DMS and methanethiol. Sulfite oxygenase activity and methanesulfonic acid oxygenase activity were also present in some of the isolates. The ability to incorporate the reduced sulfur in DMSP and methanethiol into cellular material was studied with one of the isolates. A group-specific 16S rRNA probe indicated that the relative abundance of uncultured bacteria in the Roseobacter group increased in seawater enriched with DMSP or DMS. Because this group typically accounts for >10% of the 16S ribosomal DNA pool in coastal seawater and sediments of the southern United States, clues about its potential biogeochemical role are of particular interest. Studies of culturable representatives suggested that the group could mediate a number of steps in the cycling of both organic and inorganic forms of sulfur in marine environments.  (+info)

An anti-platelet agent, OPC-29030, inhibits translocation of 12-lipoxygenase and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid production in human platelets. (8/233)

1. In human platelets, arachidonic acid is mainly metabolized by the two enzyme systems; cyclo-oxygenase and 12-lipoxygenase. Cyclo-oxygenase produces prostaglandin H(2) which is further converted to thromboxane B(2). 12-Lipoxygenase synthesizes 12(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid which is reduced to 12(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE). 2. An anti-platelet compound, OPC-29030, dose-dependently inhibited 12(S)-HETE production with an IC(50) of 0.06+/-0.01 microM, but not synthesis of thromboxane B(2) in human platelets. Although the compound suppressed 12(S)-HETE production in human platelets, cytosolic 12-lipoxygenase activity was not inhibited up to 10 microM. Essentially identical data were obtained with a 12-lipoxygenase of human erythroleukaemia cells which had megakaryocyte/platelet-like properties. 3. OPC-29030 also suppressed production of 5(S)-HETE, a 5-lipoxygenase product, in rat basophilic leukaemia cells without inhibiting enzyme activity. It has been shown that 5-lipoxygenase binds to membrane 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) to produce 5(S)-HETE, and thus FLAP inhibitor suppresses cellular 5(S)-HETE production. 4. A FLAP inhibitor, L-655,238, suppressed platelet 12(S)-HETE production, but had no effect on the 12-lipoxygenase activity. 5. Western blot analysis showed that platelet 12-lipoxygenase translocated from cytosol to membranes upon thrombin stimulation, and OPC-29030 suppressed this process in a dose-dependent manner. 6. These results suggest that the 12-lipoxygenase of human platelets binds to FLAP or a similar protein, and OPC-29030 suppresses 12(S)-HETE production by inhibiting a certain step of the 12-lipoxygenase translocation.  (+info)

Sulfur compounds refer to chemical substances that contain sulfur atoms. Sulfur can form bonds with many other elements, including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, among others. As a result, there is a wide variety of sulfur compounds with different structures and properties. Some common examples of sulfur compounds include hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and sulfonic acids (R-SO3H).

In the medical field, sulfur compounds have various applications. For instance, some are used as drugs or drug precursors, while others are used in the production of medical devices or as disinfectants. Sulfur-containing amino acids, such as methionine and cysteine, are essential components of proteins and play crucial roles in many biological processes.

However, some sulfur compounds can also be harmful to human health. For example, exposure to high levels of hydrogen sulfide or sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory problems, while certain organosulfur compounds found in crude oil and coal tar have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Therefore, it is essential to handle and dispose of sulfur compounds properly to minimize potential health hazards.

Sulfur is not typically referred to in the context of a medical definition, as it is an element found in nature and not a specific medical condition or concept. However, sulfur does have some relevance to certain medical topics:

* Sulfur is an essential element that is a component of several amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) and is necessary for the proper functioning of enzymes and other biological processes in the body.
* Sulfur-containing compounds, such as glutathione, play important roles in antioxidant defense and detoxification in the body.
* Some medications and supplements contain sulfur or sulfur-containing compounds, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which is used topically for pain relief and inflammation.
* Sulfur baths and other forms of sulfur-based therapies have been used historically in alternative medicine to treat various conditions, although their effectiveness is not well-established by scientific research.

It's important to note that while sulfur itself is not a medical term, it can be relevant to certain medical topics and should be discussed with a healthcare professional if you have any questions or concerns about its use in medications, supplements, or therapies.

Halitosis is a medical term that refers to noticeably unpleasant breath. It's also commonly known as bad breath. This condition can result from several factors, including poor oral hygiene, certain foods, smoking, alcohol use, dry mouth, and various medical conditions (such as gastrointestinal issues, respiratory infections, or liver and kidney problems). Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices, like brushing twice a day and flossing daily, can help prevent halitosis. In some cases, mouthwashes, sugar-free gums, or mints may provide temporary relief. However, if bad breath persists, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional or dentist for further evaluation and appropriate treatment.

Thiosulfates are salts or esters of thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3). In medicine, sodium thiosulfate is used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning and as a topical treatment for wounds, skin irritations, and certain types of burns. It works by converting toxic substances into less harmful forms that can be eliminated from the body. Sodium thiosulfate is also used in some solutions for irrigation of the bladder or kidneys to help prevent the formation of calcium oxalate stones.

In the context of medicine and toxicology, sulfides refer to inorganic or organic compounds containing the sulfide ion (S2-). Sulfides can be found in various forms such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), metal sulfides, and organic sulfides (also known as thioethers).

Hydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas with a characteristic rotten egg smell. It can cause various adverse health effects, including respiratory irritation, headaches, nausea, and, at high concentrations, loss of consciousness or even death. Metal sulfides, such as those found in some minerals, can also be toxic and may release hazardous sulfur dioxide (SO2) when heated or reacted with acidic substances.

Organic sulfides, on the other hand, are a class of organic compounds containing a sulfur atom bonded to two carbon atoms. They can occur naturally in some plants and animals or be synthesized in laboratories. Some organic sulfides have medicinal uses, while others may pose health risks depending on their concentration and route of exposure.

It is important to note that the term "sulfide" has different meanings in various scientific contexts, so it is essential to consider the specific context when interpreting this term.

Sulfonium compounds are organosulfur molecules that contain a central sulfur atom bonded to three alkyl or aryl groups and have the general formula (R-S-R'-R'')+X-, where R, R', and R'' are organic groups and X is an anion. These compounds are widely used in chemical synthesis as phase-transfer catalysts, alkylating agents, and in the production of detergents, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Sulfonium compounds can also be found in some natural sources, such as certain antibiotics and marine toxins.

Sulfur isotopes are different forms of the chemical element sulfur, each with a distinct number of neutrons in their atomic nuclei. The most common sulfur isotopes are sulfur-32 (with 16 neutrons) and sulfur-34 (with 18 neutrons). These isotopes have similar chemical properties but different atomic masses, which can be used to trace the movement and cycling of sulfur through various environmental processes, such as volcanic emissions, bacterial metabolism, and fossil fuel combustion. The relative abundances of sulfur isotopes can also provide information about the origins and history of sulfur-containing minerals and compounds.

"Acidithiobacillus" is a genus of bacteria that are capable of oxidizing sulfur compounds and obtaining energy from them. These bacteria are acidophilic, meaning they thrive in highly acidic environments, with optimum growth occurring at a pH between 2 and 4. They are widely distributed in nature, including in soil, water, and mining environments that have been impacted by acid mine drainage.

The genus "Acidithiobacillus" includes several species, such as "A. ferrooxidans," "A. thiooxidans," and "A. caldus." These bacteria play important roles in the biogeochemical cycles of sulfur and iron, contributing to the weathering of minerals and the formation of acidic environments. They have also been used in industrial applications, such as the bioleaching of metals from ores and the treatment of wastewaters containing high concentrations of heavy metals.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but Tetrathionic Acid is not a medical term. It is a chemical compound with the formula S4O62-. It's an acidic oxyanion of sulfur with the sulfur in the +5 oxidation state. It is not related to human health or medicine directly. If you have any questions about a medical topic, I'd be happy to help with that instead!

Garlic (Allium sativum) is not a medical term, but rather a species of plant that belongs to the onion family. It is a widely used culinary ingredient and traditional medicine. The medicinal properties are believed to come from the sulfur-containing compounds, such as allicin, which are formed when garlic is crushed or chopped.

While garlic is not a medical treatment itself, it has been studied for its potential health benefits in various areas, including cardiovascular disease, cancer prevention, and immune function support. However, more research is needed to confirm these effects and establish recommended dosages. It's important to consult with healthcare professionals before starting any new supplement regimen, including garlic.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, flammable, and extremely toxic gas with a strong odor of rotten eggs. It is a naturally occurring compound that is produced in various industrial processes and is also found in some natural sources like volcanoes, hot springs, and swamps.

In the medical context, hydrogen sulfide is known to have both toxic and therapeutic effects on the human body. At high concentrations, it can cause respiratory failure, unconsciousness, and even death. However, recent studies have shown that at low levels, hydrogen sulfide may act as a signaling molecule in the human body, playing a role in various physiological processes such as regulating blood flow, reducing inflammation, and protecting against oxidative stress.

It's worth noting that exposure to high levels of hydrogen sulfide can be life-threatening, and immediate medical attention is required in case of exposure.

Thiotrichaceae is a family of proteobacteria characterized by the ability to oxidize inorganic sulfur compounds. The name Thiotrichaceae comes from the Greek words "thio," meaning sulfur, and "tricha," meaning hair, which refers to the filamentous or hair-like appearance of many members of this family. These bacteria are often found in environments with high sulfur content, such as sulfur springs, hot vents, and sewage treatment plants. They play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur in the environment.

3-Mercaptopropionic acid is an organic compound with the formula CH3SHCO2H. It is a colorless liquid that is used as a building block in the synthesis of various pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals. The compound is characterized by the presence of a thiol (also called a mercaptan) group, which consists of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH). This functional group makes 3-mercaptopropionic acid a strong smelling, acidic compound that can react with various substances.

In the medical field, 3-mercaptopropionic acid is not used directly as a drug or therapeutic agent. However, it may be employed in the synthesis of certain medications or as a reagent in diagnostic tests. For instance, it has been used to prepare radiopharmaceuticals for imaging and detecting brain tumors.

It is important to note that 3-mercaptopropionic acid can have adverse health effects if not handled properly. It can cause skin and eye irritation, and prolonged exposure may lead to more severe health issues. Therefore, appropriate safety measures should be taken when working with this compound in a laboratory or industrial setting.

Thiobacillus is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are capable of oxidizing inorganic sulfur compounds and sulfides to produce sulfuric acid. These bacteria play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycles of sulfur and carbon, particularly in environments like soil, water, and sediments. They are widely distributed in nature and can be found in various habitats such as acid mine drainage, sewage treatment plants, and even in the human respiratory system. Some species of Thiobacillus have been used in industrial applications for the bioremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils and wastewater treatment. However, they can also contribute to the corrosion of metals and concrete structures due to their acid production.

Sulfites are a group of chemical compounds that contain the sulfite ion (SO3−2), which consists of one sulfur atom and three oxygen atoms. In medical terms, sulfites are often used as food additives or preservatives, serving to prevent bacterial growth and preserve the color of certain foods and drinks.

Sulfites can be found naturally in some foods, such as wine, dried fruits, and vegetables, but they are also added to a variety of processed products like potato chips, beer, and soft drinks. While sulfites are generally considered safe for most people, they can cause adverse reactions in some individuals, particularly those with asthma or a sensitivity to sulfites.

In the medical field, sulfites may also be used as medications to treat certain conditions. For example, they may be used as a vasodilator to widen blood vessels and improve blood flow during heart surgery or as an antimicrobial agent in some eye drops. However, their use as a medication is relatively limited due to the potential for adverse reactions.

In the context of medicine and biology, sulfates are ions or compounds that contain the sulfate group (SO4−2). Sulfate is a polyatomic anion with the structure of a sphere. It consists of a central sulfur atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement.

Sulfates can be found in various biological molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans, which are important components of connective tissue and the extracellular matrix. Sulfate groups play a crucial role in these molecules by providing negative charges that help maintain the structural integrity and hydration of tissues.

In addition to their biological roles, sulfates can also be found in various medications and pharmaceutical compounds. For example, some laxatives contain sulfate salts, such as magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) or sodium sulfate, which work by increasing the water content in the intestines and promoting bowel movements.

It is important to note that exposure to high levels of sulfates can be harmful to human health, particularly in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a common air pollutant produced by burning fossil fuels. Prolonged exposure to SO2 can cause respiratory problems and exacerbate existing lung conditions.

Volatilization, in the context of pharmacology and medicine, refers to the process by which a substance (usually a medication or drug) transforms into a vapor state at room temperature or upon heating. This change in physical state allows the substance to evaporate and be transferred into the air, potentially leading to inhalation exposure.

In some medical applications, volatilization is used intentionally, such as with essential oils for aromatherapy or topical treatments that utilize a vapor action. However, it can also pose concerns when volatile substances are unintentionally released into the air, potentially leading to indoor air quality issues or exposure risks.

It's important to note that in clinical settings, volatilization is not typically used as a route of administration for medications, as other methods such as oral, intravenous, or inhalation via nebulizers are more common and controlled.

Epsilonproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, which are a group of gram-negative bacteria. This class includes several genera of bacteria that are commonly found in various environments, including the human body. Epsilonproteobacteria are known to be microaerophilic or anaerobic, meaning they can grow in low oxygen conditions. Some members of this class are associated with gastrointestinal diseases and have been found in the oral cavity, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract. They have also been isolated from environments such as volcanic vents and sediments. Epsilonproteobacteria are characterized by their unique morphology and metabolic properties, which distinguish them from other classes of proteobacteria.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is not a medical term per se, but it's an important chemical compound with implications in human health and medicine. Here's a brief definition:

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is primarily released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels (like coal and oil) and the smelting of metals. SO2 is also produced naturally during volcanic eruptions and some biological processes.

In medical terms, exposure to high levels of sulfur dioxide can have adverse health effects, particularly for people with respiratory conditions like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). SO2 can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs, causing coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and a tight feeling in the chest. Prolonged exposure to elevated levels of SO2 may exacerbate existing respiratory issues and lead to decreased lung function.

Regulations are in place to limit sulfur dioxide emissions from industrial sources to protect public health and reduce air pollution.

Sulfhydryl compounds, also known as thiol compounds, are organic compounds that contain a functional group consisting of a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (-SH). This functional group is also called a sulfhydryl group. Sulfhydryl compounds can be found in various biological systems and play important roles in maintaining the structure and function of proteins, enzymes, and other biomolecules. They can also act as antioxidants and help protect cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Examples of sulfhydryl compounds include cysteine, glutathione, and coenzyme A.

Sulfur-containing amino acids are a type of amino acid that contain sulfur atoms in their side chains. There are three sulfur-containing amino acids that are considered essential for human health: methionine, cysteine, and homocysteine.

Methionine is an essential amino acid, which means that it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. It contains a sulfur atom in its side chain and plays important roles in various biological processes, including methylation reactions, protein synthesis, and detoxification.

Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid, which means that it can be synthesized by the human body under normal conditions but may become essential during periods of growth or illness. It contains a sulfhydryl group (-SH) in its side chain, which allows it to form disulfide bonds with other cysteine residues and contribute to the stability and structure of proteins.

Homocysteine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that is derived from methionine metabolism. It contains a sulfur atom in its side chain and has been linked to various health problems, including cardiovascular disease, when present at elevated levels in the blood.

Other sulfur-containing amino acids include taurine, which is not incorporated into proteins but plays important roles in bile acid conjugation, antioxidant defense, and neuromodulation, and cystathionine, which is an intermediate in methionine metabolism.

Allyl compounds are organic compounds that contain the allyl group, which is a functional group with the formula CH2=CH-CH2-. The allyl group consists of a methylene bridge (CH2-) flanked by a carbon-carbon double bond (-CH=). Allyl compounds can be derived from allyl alcohol, allyl chloride, or other allyl halides and can participate in various chemical reactions due to the reactivity of the double bond. They are used in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals.

I apologize for any confusion, but "Sulfinic Acids" is not a term used in medical definitions. It is a term from the field of chemistry. Sulfinic acids are organic compounds that contain a functional group with the formula RSO(O)H, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group. They are important intermediates in organic synthesis and can be found in some natural sources. If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, I would be happy to help!

Sulfite dehydrogenase is an enzyme found in various organisms, including bacteria, fungi, and humans. It plays a crucial role in the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds. The medical definition of 'sulfite dehydrogenase' is:

An enzyme (EC 1.8.2.1) that catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate, using a variety of electron acceptors such as molecular oxygen, ferricytochrome c, or other quinones. In humans, there are two main types of sulfite dehydrogenases: one is mitochondrial (found in the inner mitochondrial membrane) and uses flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a cofactor, while the other is cytosolic and contains molybdopterin as a cofactor.

Deficiency or dysfunction of sulfite dehydrogenase can lead to an accumulation of sulfites in the body, which may result in several health issues, such as neurological disorders, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular diseases. Some individuals might have genetic mutations affecting the enzyme's function, leading to conditions like molybdenum cofactor deficiency or isolated sulfite oxidase deficiency. These rare inherited metabolic disorders can cause severe neurological symptoms and developmental delays.

Petroleum is not a medical term, but it is a term used in the field of geology and petrochemicals. It refers to a naturally occurring liquid found in rock formations, which is composed of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, organic compounds consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen.

Petroleum is not typically associated with medical definitions; however, it's worth noting that petroleum and its derivatives are widely used in the production of various medical supplies, equipment, and pharmaceuticals. Some examples include plastic syringes, disposable gloves, catheters, lubricants for medical devices, and many active ingredients in medications.

In a broader sense, environmental or occupational exposure to petroleum and its byproducts could lead to health issues, but these are not typically covered under medical definitions of petroleum itself.

Oxidation-Reduction (redox) reactions are a type of chemical reaction involving a transfer of electrons between two species. The substance that loses electrons in the reaction is oxidized, and the substance that gains electrons is reduced. Oxidation and reduction always occur together in a redox reaction, hence the term "oxidation-reduction."

In biological systems, redox reactions play a crucial role in many cellular processes, including energy production, metabolism, and signaling. The transfer of electrons in these reactions is often facilitated by specialized molecules called electron carriers, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH2).

The oxidation state of an element in a compound is a measure of the number of electrons that have been gained or lost relative to its neutral state. In redox reactions, the oxidation state of one or more elements changes as they gain or lose electrons. The substance that is oxidized has a higher oxidation state, while the substance that is reduced has a lower oxidation state.

Overall, oxidation-reduction reactions are fundamental to the functioning of living organisms and are involved in many important biological processes.

Oxidoreductases acting on sulfur group donors are a class of enzymes that catalyze redox reactions involving sulfur group donors. These enzymes play a crucial role in various biological processes, such as the metabolism of sulfur-containing compounds and the detoxification of xenobiotics.

The term "oxidoreductase" refers to any enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation-reduction reaction, where one molecule is oxidized (loses electrons) and another is reduced (gains electrons). In the case of oxidoreductases acting on sulfur group donors, the sulfur atom in the substrate serves as the electron donor.

The systematic name for this class of enzymes follows a specific format: "donor:acceptor oxidoreductase." The donor is the sulfur-containing compound that donates electrons, and the acceptor is the molecule that accepts the electrons. For example, the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction between glutathione (GSH) and a variety of electrophiles is called glutathione transferase, or GST (donor:acceptor oxidoreductase).

These enzymes are further classified into subclasses based on the type of acceptor involved in the reaction. Examples include:

* EC 1.8.1: Oxidoreductases acting on CH-NH2 group donors
* EC 1.8.3: Oxidoreductases acting on CH or CH2 groups
* EC 1.8.4: Oxidoreductases acting on the CH-CH group of donors
* EC 1.8.5: Oxidoreductases acting on a sulfur group of donors
* EC 1.8.6: Oxidoreductases acting on NADH or NADPH

The subclass EC 1.8.5, oxidoreductases acting on a sulfur group of donors, includes enzymes that catalyze redox reactions involving sulfur-containing compounds such as thiols (compounds containing -SH groups), disulfides (-S-S- bonds), and other sulfur-containing functional groups. These enzymes play crucial roles in various biological processes, including detoxification, antioxidant defense, and redox regulation.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "onions" are not a medical term. They are a type of vegetable, specifically a variety of bulb vegetables, known scientifically as Allium cepa. Onions are widely used in cooking and have been cultivated for centuries for their unique, pungent flavor and potential health benefits. If you have any questions about onions in a culinary or nutritional context, I'd be happy to try to help answer those!

Cysteine is a semi-essential amino acid, which means that it can be produced by the human body under normal circumstances, but may need to be obtained from external sources in certain conditions such as illness or stress. Its chemical formula is HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH, and it contains a sulfhydryl group (-SH), which allows it to act as a powerful antioxidant and participate in various cellular processes.

Cysteine plays important roles in protein structure and function, detoxification, and the synthesis of other molecules such as glutathione, taurine, and coenzyme A. It is also involved in wound healing, immune response, and the maintenance of healthy skin, hair, and nails.

Cysteine can be found in a variety of foods, including meat, poultry, fish, dairy products, eggs, legumes, nuts, seeds, and some grains. It is also available as a dietary supplement and can be used in the treatment of various medical conditions such as liver disease, bronchitis, and heavy metal toxicity. However, excessive intake of cysteine may have adverse effects on health, including gastrointestinal disturbances, nausea, vomiting, and headaches.

Hydrogensulfite reductase is an enzyme found in certain bacteria and archaea that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite) to sulfide, using NADPH or NADH as an electron donor. This reaction is a part of the microbial dissimilatory sulfate reduction pathway, where sulfate is reduced to sulfide and ultimately used as an electron sink for energy conservation.

The overall reaction catalyzed by hydrogensulfite reductase can be represented as follows:

HSiO3- (hydrogen sulfite) + 2H+ + 2e- → H2S (sulfide) + H2O

There are two main types of hydrogensulfite reductases, which differ in their cofactor requirements and subunit composition:

1. NADPH-dependent membrane-bound (type I) hydrogensulfite reductase: This enzyme is composed of multiple subunits and contains FAD, iron-sulfur clusters, and siroheme as cofactors. It catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen sulfite to sulfide using NADPH as an electron donor, and it is typically found in bacteria that grow under chemolithotrophic conditions (e.g., utilizing sulfur compounds or hydrogen as energy sources).
2. NADH-dependent cytoplasmic (type II) hydrogensulfite reductase: This enzyme consists of a single subunit and contains siroheme and iron-sulfur clusters as cofactors. It catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen sulfite to sulfide using NADH as an electron donor, and it is commonly found in bacteria that grow under heterotrophic conditions (e.g., utilizing organic compounds as energy sources).

In both cases, hydrogensulfite reductase plays a crucial role in the microbial sulfur cycle, contributing to the transformation of various sulfur species and their incorporation into or release from biomolecules.

Methionine is an essential amino acid, which means that it cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained through the diet. It plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including:

1. Protein synthesis: Methionine is one of the building blocks of proteins, helping to create new proteins and maintain the structure and function of cells.
2. Methylation: Methionine serves as a methyl group donor in various biochemical reactions, which are essential for DNA synthesis, gene regulation, and neurotransmitter production.
3. Antioxidant defense: Methionine can be converted to cysteine, which is involved in the formation of glutathione, a potent antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative damage.
4. Homocysteine metabolism: Methionine is involved in the conversion of homocysteine back to methionine through a process called remethylation, which is essential for maintaining normal homocysteine levels and preventing cardiovascular disease.
5. Fat metabolism: Methionine helps facilitate the breakdown and metabolism of fats in the body.

Foods rich in methionine include meat, fish, dairy products, eggs, and some nuts and seeds.

"Petroselinum" is the genus name for a group of plants that include several types of parsley. The most common variety is often used as a herb in cooking and is known as "Petroselinum crispum." It is native to the Mediterranean region and is now grown worldwide. Parsley has a bright, fresh flavor and is often used as a garnish or added to recipes for additional flavor. In addition to its use as a culinary herb, parsley has also been used in traditional medicine for its potential diuretic and digestive properties. However, it's important to note that the scientific evidence supporting these uses is limited, and more research is needed before any firm conclusions can be drawn.

Chemoautotrophic growth refers to the ability of certain organisms, typically bacteria and archaea, to derive energy for their growth and metabolism from the oxidation of inorganic chemicals, such as hydrogen sulfide or iron. These organisms are capable of synthesizing their own organic compounds using carbon dioxide (CO2) as the carbon source through a process called carbon fixation.

Chemoautotrophs are important primary producers in environments where sunlight is not available, such as deep-sea hydrothermal vents or in soil and sediments with high levels of reduced chemicals. They play a crucial role in global nutrient cycles, including the nitrogen and sulfur cycles, by converting inorganic forms of these elements into organic forms that can be used by other organisms.

Chemoautotrophic growth is in contrast to heterotrophic growth, where organisms obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds derived from other organisms or from organic debris.

Chromatiaceae is a family of bacteria that are primarily characterized by their ability to photosynthesize and store energy in the form of sulfur granules. These bacteria are often found in aquatic environments, such as in salt marshes, freshwater sediments, and marine ecosystems. They are capable of using reduced sulfur compounds as an electron donor during photosynthesis, which distinguishes them from other photosynthetic bacteria that use water as an electron donor.

Chromatiaceae bacteria are gram-negative rods or curved rods, and they typically form distinct layers in the environment where they live. They are often found in stratified water columns, where they can form a layer of purple or brown-colored cells that are visible to the naked eye. The pigmentation comes from bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids, which are used in light absorption during photosynthesis.

These bacteria play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of sulfur and carbon in aquatic environments. They can help to remove excess nutrients from the water column, and they can also serve as a food source for other organisms in the ecosystem. However, some species of Chromatiaceae can also be associated with harmful algal blooms or other environmental disturbances that can have negative impacts on water quality and aquatic life.

I am not a doctor, but I can provide some information about the term "cheese" in a general and food science context. Cheese is a dairy product made from the curdled milk of various animals, most commonly cows, goats, or sheep. The process involves enzymes (such as rennet) to coagulate milk proteins (casein), which then separate from the liquid whey. The curds are then aged, treated, and processed in various ways to create different types of cheese with unique flavors, textures, and appearances.

However, if you are looking for a medical definition related to health issues or conditions, I would recommend consulting a reliable medical resource or speaking with a healthcare professional.

Seawater is not a medical term, but it is a type of water that covers more than 70% of the Earth's surface. Medically, seawater can be relevant in certain contexts, such as in discussions of marine biology, environmental health, or water safety. Seawater has a high salt content, with an average salinity of around 3.5%, which is much higher than that of freshwater. This makes it unsuitable for drinking or irrigation without desalination.

Exposure to seawater can also have medical implications, such as in cases of immersion injuries, marine envenomations, or waterborne illnesses. However, there is no single medical definition of seawater.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "sulfonic acids" are not a medical term. They are a type of compound in chemistry, specifically strong organic acids that contain the functional group -SO3H. Sulfonic acids are widely used in industry and research, including the production of detergents, dyes, and pharmaceuticals.

If you have any questions related to medical terminology or concepts, please don't hesitate to ask!

Sulfatases are a group of enzymes that play a crucial role in the metabolism of sulfated steroids, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and other sulfated molecules. These enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of sulfate groups from these substrates, converting them into their respective unsulfated forms.

The human genome encodes for several different sulfatases, each with specificity towards particular types of sulfated substrates. For instance, some sulfatases are responsible for removing sulfate groups from steroid hormones and neurotransmitters, while others target GAGs like heparan sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.

Defects in sulfatase enzymes can lead to various genetic disorders, such as multiple sulfatase deficiency (MSD), X-linked ichthyosis, and mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type IIIC (Sanfilippo syndrome type C). These conditions are characterized by the accumulation of sulfated molecules in different tissues, resulting in progressive damage to multiple organs and systems.

Mustard gas, also known as sulfur mustard or HS, is a chemical warfare agent that has been used in military conflicts. It is a viscous, oily liquid at room temperature with a garlic-like odor. Its chemical formula is (ClCH2CH2)2S.

Mustard gas can cause severe burns and blistering of the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract upon contact or inhalation. It can also damage the immune system and lead to serious, potentially fatal, systemic effects. The onset of symptoms may be delayed for several hours after exposure, making it difficult to recognize and treat the injury promptly.

Mustard gas is classified as a vesicant, which means it causes blistering or tissue damage upon contact with the skin or mucous membranes. It can also have long-term effects, including an increased risk of cancer and other health problems. The use of mustard gas in warfare is banned by international law under the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Brevibacterium is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in nature, particularly in soil, water, and various types of decaying organic matter. Some species of Brevibacterium can also be found on the skin of animals and humans, where they play a role in the production of body odor.

Brevibacterium species are known for their ability to produce a variety of enzymes that allow them to break down complex organic compounds into simpler molecules. This makes them useful in a number of industrial applications, such as the production of cheese and other fermented foods, as well as in the bioremediation of contaminated environments.

In medical contexts, Brevibacterium species are rarely associated with human disease. However, there have been occasional reports of infections caused by these bacteria, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or who have undergone surgical procedures. These infections can include bacteremia (bloodstream infections), endocarditis (inflammation of the heart valves), and soft tissue infections. Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria, such as vancomycin or teicoplanin.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is a powerful analytical technique that combines the separating power of gas chromatography with the identification capabilities of mass spectrometry. This method is used to separate, identify, and quantify different components in complex mixtures.

In GC-MS, the mixture is first vaporized and carried through a long, narrow column by an inert gas (carrier gas). The various components in the mixture interact differently with the stationary phase inside the column, leading to their separation based on their partition coefficients between the mobile and stationary phases. As each component elutes from the column, it is then introduced into the mass spectrometer for analysis.

The mass spectrometer ionizes the sample, breaks it down into smaller fragments, and measures the mass-to-charge ratio of these fragments. This information is used to generate a mass spectrum, which serves as a unique "fingerprint" for each compound. By comparing the generated mass spectra with reference libraries or known standards, analysts can identify and quantify the components present in the original mixture.

GC-MS has wide applications in various fields such as forensics, environmental analysis, drug testing, and research laboratories due to its high sensitivity, specificity, and ability to analyze volatile and semi-volatile compounds.

Thiophenes are organic compounds that contain a heterocyclic ring made up of four carbon atoms and one sulfur atom. The structure of thiophene is similar to benzene, with the benzene ring being replaced by a thiophene ring. Thiophenes are aromatic compounds, which means they have a stable, planar ring structure and delocalized electrons.

Thiophenes can be found in various natural sources such as coal tar, crude oil, and some foods like onions and garlic. They also occur in certain medications, dyes, and pesticides. Some thiophene derivatives have been synthesized and studied for their potential therapeutic uses, including anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor activities.

In the medical field, thiophenes are used in some pharmaceuticals as building blocks to create drugs with various therapeutic effects. For example, tipepidine, a cough suppressant, contains a thiophene ring. Additionally, some anesthetics and antipsychotic medications also contain thiophene moieties.

It is important to note that while thiophenes themselves are not typically considered medical terms, they play a role in the chemistry of various pharmaceuticals and other medical-related compounds.

Molecular sequence data refers to the specific arrangement of molecules, most commonly nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or amino acids in proteins, that make up a biological macromolecule. This data is generated through laboratory techniques such as sequencing, and provides information about the exact order of the constituent molecules. This data is crucial in various fields of biology, including genetics, evolution, and molecular biology, allowing for comparisons between different organisms, identification of genetic variations, and studies of gene function and regulation.

Rhodococcus is a genus of gram-positive, aerobic, actinomycete bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including soil and water. Some species of Rhodococcus can cause opportunistic infections in humans and animals, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. These infections can affect various organs and tissues, such as the lungs, skin, and brain, and can range from mild to severe.

Rhodococcus species are known for their ability to degrade a wide variety of organic compounds, including hydrocarbons, making them important players in bioremediation processes. They also have complex cell walls that make them resistant to many antibiotics and disinfectants, which can complicate treatment of Rhodococcus infections.

Ferrous compounds are inorganic substances that contain iron (Fe) in its +2 oxidation state. The term "ferrous" is derived from the Latin word "ferrum," which means iron. Ferrous compounds are often used in medicine, particularly in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia due to their ability to provide bioavailable iron to the body.

Examples of ferrous compounds include ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate. These compounds are commonly found in dietary supplements and multivitamins. Ferrous sulfate is one of the most commonly used forms of iron supplementation, as it has a high iron content and is relatively inexpensive.

It's important to note that ferrous compounds can be toxic in large doses, so they should be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional. Overdose can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and potentially fatal consequences if left untreated.

Environmental biodegradation is the breakdown of materials, especially man-made substances such as plastics and industrial chemicals, by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to use them as a source of energy or nutrients. This process occurs naturally in the environment and helps to break down organic matter into simpler compounds that can be more easily absorbed and assimilated by living organisms.

Biodegradation in the environment is influenced by various factors, including the chemical composition of the substance being degraded, the environmental conditions (such as temperature, moisture, and pH), and the type and abundance of microorganisms present. Some substances are more easily biodegraded than others, and some may even be resistant to biodegradation altogether.

Biodegradation is an important process for maintaining the health and balance of ecosystems, as it helps to prevent the accumulation of harmful substances in the environment. However, some man-made substances, such as certain types of plastics and industrial chemicals, may persist in the environment for long periods of time due to their resistance to biodegradation, leading to negative impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in developing biodegradable materials that can break down more easily in the environment as a way to reduce waste and minimize environmental harm. These efforts have led to the development of various biodegradable plastics, coatings, and other materials that are designed to degrade under specific environmental conditions.

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are among the earliest known life forms on Earth. They are typically characterized as having a cell wall and no membrane-bound organelles. The majority of bacteria have a prokaryotic organization, meaning they lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Bacteria exist in diverse environments and can be found in every habitat on Earth, including soil, water, and the bodies of plants and animals. Some bacteria are beneficial to their hosts, while others can cause disease. Beneficial bacteria play important roles in processes such as digestion, nitrogen fixation, and biogeochemical cycling.

Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding, and some species can also exchange genetic material through conjugation. They have a wide range of metabolic capabilities, with many using organic compounds as their source of energy, while others are capable of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.

Bacteria are highly adaptable and can evolve rapidly in response to environmental changes. This has led to the development of antibiotic resistance in some species, which poses a significant public health challenge. Understanding the biology and behavior of bacteria is essential for developing strategies to prevent and treat bacterial infections and diseases.

A plant extract is a preparation containing chemical constituents that have been extracted from a plant using a solvent. The resulting extract may contain a single compound or a mixture of several compounds, depending on the extraction process and the specific plant material used. These extracts are often used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and food and beverage, due to their potential therapeutic or beneficial properties. The composition of plant extracts can vary widely, and it is important to ensure their quality, safety, and efficacy before use in any application.

In medical terms, the term "atmosphere" is not typically used as a standalone definition or diagnosis. However, in some contexts, it may refer to the physical environment or surroundings in which medical care is provided. For example, some hospitals and healthcare facilities may have different atmospheres depending on their specialties, design, or overall ambiance.

Additionally, "atmosphere" may also be used more broadly to describe the social or emotional climate of a particular healthcare setting. For instance, a healthcare provider might describe a patient's home atmosphere as warm and welcoming, or a hospital ward's atmosphere as tense or chaotic.

It is important to note that "atmosphere" is not a medical term with a specific definition, so its meaning may vary depending on the context in which it is used.

Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.

Anaerobiosis is a state in which an organism or a portion of an organism is able to live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen (O2). In biological contexts, "anaerobe" refers to any organism that does not require oxygen for growth, and "aerobe" refers to an organism that does require oxygen for growth.

There are two types of anaerobes: obligate anaerobes, which cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen and will die if exposed to it; and facultative anaerobes, which can grow with or without oxygen but prefer to grow in its absence. Some organisms are able to switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen, a process known as "facultative anaerobiosis."

Anaerobic respiration is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of molecular oxygen. In this process, organisms use alternative electron acceptors other than oxygen to generate energy through the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration. Examples of alternative electron acceptors include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide.

Anaerobic metabolism is less efficient than aerobic metabolism in terms of energy production, but it allows organisms to survive in environments where oxygen is not available or is toxic. Anaerobic bacteria are important decomposers in many ecosystems, breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the environment. In the human body, anaerobic bacteria can cause infections and other health problems if they proliferate in areas with low oxygen levels, such as the mouth, intestines, or deep tissue wounds.

Oxidoreductases are a class of enzymes that catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule (the reductant) to another (the oxidant). These enzymes play a crucial role in various biological processes, including energy production, metabolism, and detoxification.

The oxidoreductase-catalyzed reaction typically involves the donation of electrons from a reducing agent (donor) to an oxidizing agent (acceptor), often through the transfer of hydrogen atoms or hydride ions. The enzyme itself does not undergo any permanent chemical change during this process, but rather acts as a catalyst to lower the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

Oxidoreductases are classified and named based on the type of electron donor or acceptor involved in the reaction. For example, oxidoreductases that act on the CH-OH group of donors are called dehydrogenases, while those that act on the aldehyde or ketone groups are called oxidases. Other examples include reductases, peroxidases, and catalases.

Understanding the function and regulation of oxidoreductases is important for understanding various physiological processes and developing therapeutic strategies for diseases associated with impaired redox homeostasis, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular disease.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is a type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes, which are complex structures inside cells where protein synthesis occurs. The "16S" refers to the sedimentation coefficient of the rRNA molecule, which is a measure of its size and shape. In particular, 16S rRNA is a component of the smaller subunit of the prokaryotic ribosome (found in bacteria and archaea), and is often used as a molecular marker for identifying and classifying these organisms due to its relative stability and conservation among species. The sequence of 16S rRNA can be compared across different species to determine their evolutionary relationships and taxonomic positions.

Sulfur oxides (SOx) are chemical compounds that contain sulfur and oxygen in various oxidation states. The term "sulfur oxides" is often used to refer specifically to sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3), which are the most common and widely studied SOx compounds.

Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor. It is produced naturally by volcanic eruptions and is also released into the air when fossil fuels such as coal and oil are burned for electricity generation, industrial processes, and transportation. Exposure to high levels of sulfur dioxide can cause respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.

Sulfur trioxide is a colorless liquid or solid with a pungent, choking odor. It is produced industrially for the manufacture of sulfuric acid and other chemicals. Sulfur trioxide is highly reactive and can cause severe burns and eye damage upon contact.

Both sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide contribute to air pollution and have been linked to a range of health and environmental effects, including respiratory problems, acid rain, and damage to crops and forests. As a result, there are regulations in place to limit emissions of these pollutants into the air.

DNA Sequence Analysis is the systematic determination of the order of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. It is a critical component of modern molecular biology, genetics, and genetic engineering. The process involves determining the exact order of the four nucleotide bases - adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T) - in a DNA molecule or fragment. This information is used in various applications such as identifying gene mutations, studying evolutionary relationships, developing molecular markers for breeding, and diagnosing genetic diseases.

The process of DNA Sequence Analysis typically involves several steps, including DNA extraction, PCR amplification (if necessary), purification, sequencing reaction, and electrophoresis. The resulting data is then analyzed using specialized software to determine the exact sequence of nucleotides.

In recent years, high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized the field of genomics, enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of entire genomes. This has led to an explosion of genomic data and new insights into the genetic basis of many diseases and traits.

Carbon-sulfur lyases are a class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of carbon-sulfur bonds in organic compounds, resulting in the formation of a new double bond. These enzymes play important roles in various biological processes, including the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and the biosynthesis of certain cofactors and secondary metabolites.

Carbon-sulfur lyases are classified under EC number 4.4.1, which includes enzymes that catalyze the formation of carbon-carbon bonds by means other than those involving oxidoreductases. Within this class, carbon-sulfur lyases are further divided into several subcategories based on their specific reaction mechanisms and substrate specificities.

One example of a carbon-sulfur lyase is cysteine desulfurase (EC 2.8.1.7), which catalyzes the formation of alanine and a persulfide group from L-cysteine, releasing elemental sulfur as a byproduct. This enzyme plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of iron-sulfur clusters, which are essential cofactors for many proteins involved in electron transfer reactions.

Another example is 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (EC 2.8.1.2), which catalyzes the formation of a persulfide group on a cysteine residue in the enzyme itself, using 3-mercaptopyruvate as a sulfur donor. This enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites containing sulfur atoms, such as allicin in garlic and penicillamine in certain fungi.

Overall, carbon-sulfur lyases are important enzymes that play critical roles in various biological processes involving the cleavage or formation of carbon-sulfur bonds.

Disulfides are a type of organic compound that contains a sulfur-sulfur bond. In the context of biochemistry and medicine, disulfide bonds are often found in proteins, where they play a crucial role in maintaining their three-dimensional structure and function. These bonds form when two sulfhydryl groups (-SH) on cysteine residues within a protein molecule react with each other, releasing a molecule of water and creating a disulfide bond (-S-S-) between the two cysteines. Disulfide bonds can be reduced back to sulfhydryl groups by various reducing agents, which is an important process in many biological reactions. The formation and reduction of disulfide bonds are critical for the proper folding, stability, and activity of many proteins, including those involved in various physiological processes and diseases.

Phylogeny is the evolutionary history and relationship among biological entities, such as species or genes, based on their shared characteristics. In other words, it refers to the branching pattern of evolution that shows how various organisms have descended from a common ancestor over time. Phylogenetic analysis involves constructing a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree, which depicts the inferred evolutionary relationships among organisms or genes based on molecular sequence data or other types of characters. This information is crucial for understanding the diversity and distribution of life on Earth, as well as for studying the emergence and spread of diseases.

Water microbiology is not a formal medical term, but rather a branch of microbiology that deals with the study of microorganisms found in water. It involves the identification, enumeration, and characterization of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other microscopic organisms present in water sources such as lakes, rivers, oceans, groundwater, drinking water, and wastewater.

In a medical context, water microbiology is relevant to public health because it helps to assess the safety of water supplies for human consumption and recreational activities. It also plays a critical role in understanding and preventing waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms that can lead to illnesses such as diarrhea, skin infections, and respiratory problems.

Water microbiologists use various techniques to study water microorganisms, including culturing, microscopy, genetic analysis, and biochemical tests. They also investigate the ecology of these organisms, their interactions with other species, and their response to environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and nutrient availability.

Overall, water microbiology is a vital field that helps ensure the safety of our water resources and protects public health.

Alphaproteobacteria is a class of proteobacteria, a group of gram-negative bacteria. This class includes a diverse range of bacterial species that can be found in various environments, such as soil, water, and the surfaces of plants and animals. Some notable members of Alphaproteobacteria include the nitrogen-fixing bacteria Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium, which form symbiotic relationships with the roots of leguminous plants, as well as the pathogenic bacteria Rickettsia, which are responsible for causing diseases such as typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

The Alphaproteobacteria class is further divided into several orders, including Rhizobiales, Rhodobacterales, and Caulobacterales. These orders contain a variety of bacterial species that have different characteristics and ecological roles. For example, members of the order Rhizobiales are known for their ability to fix nitrogen, while members of the order Rhodobacterales include photosynthetic bacteria that can use light as an energy source.

Overall, Alphaproteobacteria is a diverse and important group of bacteria that play various roles in the environment and in the health of plants and animals.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "geologic sediments" is not a term used in medical definitions. Geological sediments are deposits of material that accumulate over time, usually in layers, as a result of natural geological processes such as weathering, erosion, and deposition. These sediments can eventually become rock formations and provide important clues about the Earth's history, including information about past climates, environments, and life on Earth.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) refers to the specific regions of DNA in a cell that contain the genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Ribosomes are complex structures composed of proteins and rRNA, which play a crucial role in protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins.

In humans, there are four types of rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S, and 5S. These rRNAs are encoded by multiple copies of rDNA genes that are organized in clusters on specific chromosomes. In humans, the majority of rDNA genes are located on the short arms of acrocentric chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.

Each cluster of rDNA genes contains both transcribed and non-transcribed spacer regions. The transcribed regions contain the genes for the four types of rRNA, while the non-transcribed spacers contain regulatory elements that control the transcription of the rRNA genes.

The number of rDNA copies varies between species and even within individuals of the same species. The copy number can also change during development and in response to environmental factors. Variations in rDNA copy number have been associated with various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.

In the context of medicine, "odors" refer to smells or scents that are produced by certain medical conditions, substances, or bodily functions. These odors can sometimes provide clues about underlying health issues. For example, sweet-smelling urine could indicate diabetes, while foul-smelling breath might suggest a dental problem or gastrointestinal issue. However, it's important to note that while odors can sometimes be indicative of certain medical conditions, they are not always reliable diagnostic tools and should be considered in conjunction with other symptoms and medical tests.

Phytotherapy is the use of extracts of natural origin, especially plants or plant parts, for therapeutic purposes. It is also known as herbal medicine and is a traditional practice in many cultures. The active compounds in these plant extracts are believed to have various medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, or sedative effects. Practitioners of phytotherapy may use the whole plant, dried parts, or concentrated extracts to prepare teas, capsules, tinctures, or ointments for therapeutic use. It is important to note that the effectiveness and safety of phytotherapy are not always supported by scientific evidence, and it should be used with caution and preferably under the guidance of a healthcare professional.

Bacterial proteins are a type of protein that are produced by bacteria as part of their structural or functional components. These proteins can be involved in various cellular processes, such as metabolism, DNA replication, transcription, and translation. They can also play a role in bacterial pathogenesis, helping the bacteria to evade the host's immune system, acquire nutrients, and multiply within the host.

Bacterial proteins can be classified into different categories based on their function, such as:

1. Enzymes: Proteins that catalyze chemical reactions in the bacterial cell.
2. Structural proteins: Proteins that provide structural support and maintain the shape of the bacterial cell.
3. Signaling proteins: Proteins that help bacteria to communicate with each other and coordinate their behavior.
4. Transport proteins: Proteins that facilitate the movement of molecules across the bacterial cell membrane.
5. Toxins: Proteins that are produced by pathogenic bacteria to damage host cells and promote infection.
6. Surface proteins: Proteins that are located on the surface of the bacterial cell and interact with the environment or host cells.

Understanding the structure and function of bacterial proteins is important for developing new antibiotics, vaccines, and other therapeutic strategies to combat bacterial infections.

Chlorobi, also known as green sulfur bacteria, are a group of anaerobic, phototrophic bacteria that contain chlorophylls a and b, as well as bacteriochlorophyll c, d, or e. They obtain energy through photosynthesis, using light as an energy source and sulfide or other reduced sulfur compounds as electron donors. These bacteria are typically found in environments with limited sunlight and high sulfide concentrations, such as in sediments of stratified water bodies or in microbial mats. They play a significant role in the global carbon and sulfur cycles.

Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine. It is a vital antioxidant that plays an essential role in maintaining cellular health and function. Glutathione helps protect cells from oxidative stress by neutralizing free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage cells and contribute to aging and diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and dementia. It also supports the immune system, detoxifies harmful substances, and regulates various cellular processes, including DNA synthesis and repair.

Glutathione is found in every cell of the body, with particularly high concentrations in the liver, lungs, and eyes. The body can produce its own glutathione, but levels may decline with age, illness, or exposure to toxins. As such, maintaining optimal glutathione levels through diet, supplementation, or other means is essential for overall health and well-being.

Category:Sulfur compounds Oxygen compounds Selenium compounds Phosphorus compounds Chlorine compounds Shriver, Atkins. ... Sulfur compounds are chemical compounds formed the element sulfur (S). Common oxidation states of sulfur range from −2 to +6. ... The two principal sulfur oxides are obtained by burning sulfur: S + O2 → SO2 (sulfur dioxide) 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 (sulfur ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Sulfur, Sulfur compounds, Chemical compounds by ...
... (RSS) are a family of sulfur-based chemical compounds that can oxidize and inhibit thiol-proteins and ... Reactive oxygen species Reactive nitrogen species Reactive carbonyl species Giles, GI; Jacob, C (2002). "Reactive sulfur ... Mishanina, Tatiana V.; Libiad, Marouane; Banerjee, Ruma (2015). "Biogenesis of reactive sulfur species for signaling by ...
... is the chemical compound with the formula SF4. It is a colorless corrosive gas that releases dangerous HF ... Sulfur in SF4 is in the formal +4 oxidation state. Of sulfur's total of six valence electrons, two form a lone pair. The ... Moreover, sulfur dichloride may be replaced by elemental sulfur (S) and chlorine (Cl2). A low-temperature (e.g. 20-86 °C) ... ISBN 0-12-352651-5. Kwasnik, W. (1963). "Fluorine compounds: Sulfur tetrafluoride". In Brauer, Georg (ed.). Handbook of ...
Sulfur compounds). ... P. W. Schenk (1963). "Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium". In G. ... ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. P. W. Schenk (1963). "Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium". In G. Brauer (ed.). Handbook of Preparative ... More specialized routes involve reactions of sulfur chlorides with bisulfite salts: SCl2 + 2 HSO−3 → [O3SSSO3]2− + 2 HCl S2Cl2 ...
Schmidt, Heinar; Steudel, Ralf; Suelzle, Detlev; Schwarz, Helmut (March 1992). "Sulfur compounds. 148. Generation and ... Dihydroxydisulfane or hypodithionous acid is a reduced sulfur oxyacid with sulfur in a formal oxidation state of +1, but the ... Unlike many of these other reduced sulfur acids, dihydroxydisulfane can be formed in a pure state by reacting hydrogen sulfide ... Related compounds include the isoelectronic substances hydrogen tetroxide HOOOOH, hydroxotrisulfane HOSSSH, HSOSSH, and ...
Weil, Edward D.; Sandler, Stanley R. (1999). "Sulfur Compounds". In Kroschwitz, Jacqueline I. (ed.). Kirk-Othmer Concise ... Sodium sulfite can be prepared by treating a solution of sodium hydroxide with sulfur dioxide. When conducted in warm water, ... Sodium sulfite (sodium sulphite) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na2SO3. A white, water-soluble solid, it ... Sodium sulfite is made industrially by treating sulfur dioxide with a solution of sodium carbonate. The overall reaction is: SO ...
A thiosulfoxide or thiothionyl compound is a chemical compound containing a sulfur to sulfur double bond, with the formula (R ... Many compounds containing a sulfur-sulfur double bond have been reported in the past although only a few verified classes of ... Heating to 200 °C extrudes sulfur in this compound and forms the corresponding azo compound. Disulfur monoxide S=S=O is stable ... Gerald W. Kutney; Kenneth Turnbull (1982). "Compounds containing the sulfur-sulfur double bond". Chem. Rev. 82 (4): 333-357. ...
Koritsanszky, Tibor; Juergen Buschmann; Peter Luger; Heinar Schmidt; Ralf Steudel (1994). "Sulfur compounds. Part 173. ... Sulfoxylic acid contains sulfur in an oxidation state of +2. Sulfur monoxide (SO) can be considered as a theoretical anhydride ... Steiger, Thomas; Steudel, Ralf (May 1992). "Sulphur compounds Part 149. Structures, relative stabilities and vibrational ... Sulfoxylate is oxidised to sulfur dioxide radical anion and then to sulfur dioxide. SO2− 2 + O2 → SO•− 2 + O•− 2 SO•− 2 + O2 → ...
Natural Sulfur Compounds. New York: Plenum Press. p. 25. Portal: Biology v t e (EC 2.1.1, Enzymes of known structure, All stub ...
The oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds is performed exclusively by Bacteria and Archaea. All the Archaea involved in this ... "Thiosulfate and sulfur oxidation in purple sulfur bacteria.". In Friedrich C, Dahl C (eds.). Microbial Sulfur Metabolism. ... Kelly DP, Shergill JK, Lu WP & Wood AP (1997). "Oxidative metabolism of inorganic sulfur compounds by bacteria". Antonie van ... doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1987.tb02332.x. Rabenstein A, Rethmeier J, Fischer U (2014). "Sulphite as Intermediate Sulphur Compound ...
Elemental Sulfur und Sulfur-Rich Compounds II. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer. doi:10.1007/b13185. ISBN 9783540449515. Meschi, D.J ... The lower sulfur oxides are a group of inorganic compounds with the formula SmOn, where 2m > n. These species are often ... Some compounds reported by early workers such as the blue "sesquioxide", S2O3, formed by dissolving sulfur in liquid SO3 ... Sulfur monoxide (SO) and its dimer (S2O2) have been trapped at low temperature. Disulfur dioxide (S2O2) is a dimer of sulfur ...
... metal sulfur dioxide complexes are complexes that contain sulfur dioxide, SO2, bonded to a transition metal. Such compounds are ... doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(99)00191-5. Schenk, W. A. (1987). "Sulfur Oxides as Ligands in Coordination Compounds". Angew. Chem. Int ... Historically, the study of these compounds has provided insights into the mechanisms of migratory insertion reactions. Sulfur ... ISBN 978-0-471-62978-8. Wojcicki, A. (1974). "Insertion Reactions of Transition Metal-Carbon σ-Bonded Compounds II. Sulfur ...
Also sulfur compounds (such as thioethers) can be aminated with hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid to sulfinimines (isosteric with ... cite book}}: ,journal= ignored (help) Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils (2001). "Sulfur Compounds of Nitrogen". Inorganic Chemistry. ... Compounds with One Saturated Carbon-Heteroatom Bond: Amine N-Oxides, Haloamines, Hydroxylamines and Sulfur Analogues, and ... Hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid (HOSA) or aminosulfuric acid is the inorganic compound with molecular formula H3NO4S that is ...
ISBN 978-3-527-61508-7. (Fluorine compounds, Sulfur compounds). ... On the equator are two oxygen atoms with a bond to sulfur of ...
A. J. Arduengo; E. M. Burgess (1977). "Tricoordinate hypervalent sulfur compounds". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 99 (2): 2376-2377. doi: ... K. Akiba; Y. Yamamoto (1988). "Chemistry of hypervalent organic compounds. Fundamental aspects of hypervalent organic compounds ... and low-coordinate hypervalent sulfur compounds. Thiocarbonyl ylide from Arduengo's Ph.D. dissertation. external viewer. ... Germanium compound used by Arduengo, Dixon, and Roe to verify Edge Inversion at 4-coordinate centers. external viewer. First ...
It is found in asparagus and is believed to be the metabolic precursor to odorous sulfur compounds responsible for the ... Parry, R. J.; Mizusawa, A. E.; Chiu, I. C.; Naidu, M. V.; Ricciardone, M. (1985). "Biosynthesis of sulfur compounds. ... Most studies of the compounds responsible for the odour of asparagus urine have correlated the appearance of the compounds ... It is a derivative of the cyclic disulfide organic compound 1,2-dithiolane with a carboxylic acid functional group bound to ...
Biological Interactions of Sulfur Compounds. CRC Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7484-0245-8. "Sulfur Pentaflu". 1988 OSHA PEL Project ... Each sulfur atom of the S2F10 molecule is octahedral, and surrounded by five fluorine atoms and one sulfur atom. The two sulfur ... S 2F 10 + N 2F 4 → 2 SF 5NF 2 In the presence of excess chlorine gas, S 2F 10 reacts to form sulfur chloride pentafluoride (SF ... In the S2F10 molecule, the oxidation state of each sulfur atoms is +5, but their valency is 6 (they are hexavalent). S2F10 is ...
"Sulfur Compounds in Still and Sparkling Wines and in Grappa: Analytical and Technological Aspects". Volatile Sulfur Compounds ... This molecule has a ring with four sulfur atoms and two carbons, two ethane-1,1-dithiol molecules become linked at their sulfur ... "Changes in the content of lipid autoxidation and sulfur-containing compounds in cooked beef during storage". Journal of ... oxidation of the sulfur to an ethyl sulfonate, glucuronidation of the sulfur, or combination with cysteine by way of a ...
Mitchell SC (2003). Biological Interactions Of Sulfur Compounds. CRC Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780203362525. Archived from the ... However, as used in proprietary formulations, it is not a pure chemical compound but a mixture of eight-membered-ring compounds ... Selenium disulfide, also known as selenium sulfide, is a chemical compound and medication used to treat seborrheic dermatitis, ... It consists of a mixture of inorganic covalent compounds having an approximate empirical formulas of SeS2. Selenium disulfide ...
It has tetrahedral molecular geometry around the sulfur atom, and is regarded to be a prime example of a compound that has a ... Thiazyl trifluoride is a chemical compound of nitrogen, sulfur, and fluorine, having the formula NSF3. It exists as a stable, ... ISBN 978-0-85404-366-8. Steve Mitchell (1996). Steve Mitchell (ed.). Biological interactions of sulfur compounds. CRC Press. p ... colourless gas, and is an important precursor to other sulfur-nitrogen-fluorine compounds. ...
... sulfur dioxygenase and sulfite oxidase to oxidize sulfur compounds to sulfate. Reduced sulfur compounds, such as hydrogen ... and other sulfur compounds. Animals obtain sulfur from cysteine and methionine in the protein that they consume. Sulfur is the ... Reduced sulfur compounds are oxidized by most organisms, including higher animals and higher plants. Some organisms can ... Members of the chemotrophic Acidithiobacillus genus are able to oxidize a vast range of reduced sulfur compounds, but are ...
... oxidizers can use as energy sources reduced sulfur compounds, including hydrogen sulfide, elemental sulfur, sulfite, ... The two principal sulfur oxides are obtained by burning sulfur: S + O2 → SO2 (sulfur dioxide) 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 (sulfur ... The isotope sulfur-35 is used in various sulfur-containing compounds as a radioactive tracer for many biological studies, for ... They use sulfur as the electron acceptor, and reduce various oxidized sulfur compounds back into sulfide, often into hydrogen ...
ACD Chemsketch Name Free Schmidt, Heinar; Ralf Steudel; Detlev Suelzle; Helmut Schwarz (1992). "Sulfur compounds. 148. ... The sulfur analog of thiosulfuric acid (HS−S(=O)2−OH), in which two sulfur atoms branch off of the central sulfur atom of a ... Miaskiewicz, Karol; Ralf Steudel (1991). "Sulphur compounds. Part 140. Structures and relative stabilities of seven isomeric ... Ab initio and DFT studies of the structures of thiosulfate and related sulfur oxyanions". Sulfur Letters. 26 (5/6): 171-180. ...
The compound is used as a source of butadiene. Sulfolene is formed by the cheletropic reaction between butadiene and sulfur ... 20 bar and 60 °C gives sulfolane in yields of up to 65% only because of the poisoning of the catalyst by sulfur compounds. 3- ... Houben-Weyl (1955). Volume IX: Sulfur, Selenium, Tellurium Compounds. Methods of Organic Chemistry (4th ed.). Stuttgart: Georg ... The compound is unaffected by acids. It can even be recrystallized from conc. HNO3. The protons in the 2- and 5-positions ...
A sulfinyl nitrene is a chemical compound with generic formula R-S(O)N, with oxygen and nitrogen both bonded to the sulfur atom ... Sulfinyl nitrenes have a resonance structure between sulfur in a +6 oxidation state and a triple bond to nitrogen, or sulfur ... with elemental sulphur and with S 4 N 4". Canadian Journal of Chemistry. 67 (11): 1788-1794. doi:10.1139/v89-277. (Sulfur ... They can be formed by a tri-tert-butoxy metal reaction with a trimethylsilyl compound: KOtBu + Me3SiNSO → K[NSO] + Me3SiOtBu ...
Biological Interactions Of Sulfur Compounds (preview). CRC Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0748-40245-8., citing Nisimura et al. 1988 ... "Thermochemical transformation of sulfur compounds in Japanese domestic Allium, Allium victorialis L". BioFactors. 13 (1-4): 257 ... Researchers have identified 1-propenyl disulfides and vinyldithiins as odor compounds. Specific odor agents include: "methyl ...
Steudel, Ralf (2003). "Cluster anions S− n and S2− n". Elemental Sulfur and Sulfur-Rich Compounds. Vol. 2. p. 16. ISBN ... The S 3 molecule, known as trisulfur, sulfur trimer, thiozone, or triatomic sulfur, is a cherry-red allotrope of sulfur. It ... Above 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) S 3 is the second most common molecule after S 2 in gaseous sulfur. In liquid sulfur the molecule is ... Formation of compounds with a defined number of sulfur atoms is possible: S 3 + S 2O → S 5O (cyclic) Although S 3 is elusive ...
An approach to "tetravalent sulfur" compounds". Tetrahedron Lett. 11 (23): 1987. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)98134-1. ^ R. M. ... The diazo compound can be obtained from a ketone by reaction with hydrazine to a hydrazone followed by oxidation. Many reagents ... The Barton-Kellogg reaction is a coupling reaction between a diazo compound and a thioketone, giving an alkene by way of an ... In the reaction mechanism for this reaction, the diazo compound reacts as a 1,3-dipole in a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with the ...
Iron complexes, Nitrosyl complexes, Sulfur compounds). ... "Iron-Sulfur Clusters as Biological Sensors: The Chemistry of ... Jessica Fitzpatrick; Eunsuk Kim (2015). "Synthetic Modeling Chemistry of Iron-Sulfur Clusters in Nitric Oxide Signaling". Acc. ... they result from the degradation of iron-sulfur proteins by nitric oxide. Commonly the thiolate ligands are cysteinyl residues ...
15) Kharasch, Norman; Meyers, Cal Y. (2013-10-22). The Chemistry of Organic Sulfur Compounds. Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4831-5611-8 ... Ueno, Y.; Aoki, S.; Okawara, M. (1979). "Synthetic reactions using organotin and sulfur compounds. 3. Regioselective ... In the presence of certain reducing agents, one of the sulfur-carbon bonds of the sulfonyl group is cleaved, leading to sulfur- ... Addition of an α-sulfonyl anion to a carbonyl compound, followed by quenching with an acyl or sulfonyl chloride, leads to a β- ...
Category:Sulfur compounds Oxygen compounds Selenium compounds Phosphorus compounds Chlorine compounds Shriver, Atkins. ... Sulfur compounds are chemical compounds formed the element sulfur (S). Common oxidation states of sulfur range from −2 to +6. ... The two principal sulfur oxides are obtained by burning sulfur: S + O2 → SO2 (sulfur dioxide) 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 (sulfur ... Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Sulfur, Sulfur compounds, Chemical compounds by ...
This study aimed to measure the levels of volatile sulfur compounds and investigate the occurrence of halitosis in patients ... Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are produced through the decay of sulfur-containing amino acids7. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), ... Wåler, S. M. On the transformation of sulfur-containing amino acids and peptides to volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in the ... Table 2 Volatile sulfur compound level and distribution of halitosis by group.. Full size table. ...
Liquid density of different kinds of organic sulfur compounds with varying carbon number (20°C/68°F). Comparison of thiols, ... Organic Sulfur Compounds - Densities Liquid density of different kinds of organic sulfur compounds with varying carbon number ( ... Organic sulfur compounds:. Thiol: An organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl group (-SH), with the ... See also density for n-alkanes, alcohols and acids and density, boiling and melting points of nitrogen and sulfur compounds. ...
sulfur compound breakdown; sulfur compound catabolism; sulfur compound degradation. narrow_synonym: sulfur catabolic process; ... The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids ...
Exceedance of critical loads for acidification by deposition of nitrogen and sulphur compounds in 2020 assuming a Maximum ... eu/data-and-maps/figures/exceedance-of-critical-loads-for-acidification-by-deposition-of-nitrogen-and-sulphur-compounds-in-2020 ... 1355-4FFA-B87C-11186B8D9AD0/exceedance-of-critical-loads-for-acidification-by-deposition-of-nitrogen-and-sulphur-compounds-in- ...
Sulfur Compounds, Volatilization. Abstract. Volatile sulfur compounds have been reported to be responsible for the sulfurous ... In this study, reactive thiols were stabilized and the volatile sulfur compounds in milk were extracted by headspace solid- ... Quantification of trace volatile sulfur compounds in milk by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-pulsed flame ... Quantification of trace volatile sulfur compounds in milk by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-pulsed flame ...
Isotopically labeled sulfur compounds and synthetic selenium and tellurium analogues to study sulfur metabolism in marine ... Isotopically labeled sulfur compounds and synthetic selenium and tellurium analogues to study sulfur metabolism in marine ... Here we report the results of an in-depth investigation of sulfur metabolic pathways to volatile sulfur compounds in marine ... This is reflected by their volatile bouquets that are dominated by sulfur compounds such as polysulfides 1 and 2 (Figure 1), ...
Differential impact of some metal(loid)s on oxidative stress, antioxidant system, sulfur compounds, and protein profile of ... Differential impact of some metal(loid)s on oxidative stress, antioxidant system, sulfur compounds, and protein profile of ... In addition, the level of sulfur-rich compounds like cysteine, phytochelatins, and non-protein thiols increased under each ... stress indicating efficient coupling of the enzyme system and sulfur-containing compounds during stress conditions. The highest ...
Relics Of Sulphur Salvation. VANHELGD unloads disparaging and vicious Swedish death with an incredibly calculated delivery, the ... Relics Of Sulphur Salvation will see North American release via 20 Buck Spin on May 27th. While Pulverised will handle CD and ... VANHELGD Releases Lead Track From Relics Of Sulphur Salvation Via Decibel Magazine. Posted on. May 2, 2014. Authoradmin ... Relics Of Sulphur Salvation is that record; a striking new precedent for real death metal in 2014. ...
Organo-sulphur compounds; methionine. 2021. Myanmar. 844.44. 360,000. Kg. France. Export. 293040. Organo-sulphur compounds; ... Organo-sulphur compounds; methionine. 2021. Myanmar. 33.73. 20,000. Kg. Vietnam. Export. 293040. Organo-sulphur compounds; ... Organo-sulphur compounds; methionine. 2021. Myanmar. 1,742.48. 712,000. Kg. Thailand. Export. 293040. Organo-sulphur compounds ... In 2021, Top exporters of Organo-sulphur compounds; methionine to Myanmar were China ($1,742.48K , 712,000 Kg), Thailand ($ ...
SULFUR, SELENIUM, OR TELLURIUM) OR NITROGEN AS THE ONLY RING HETERO ATOMS (Class 540, subclass 1) 549 patents for free on ... Search and research HETEROCYCLIC CARBON COMPOUNDS CONTAINING A HETERO RING HAVING CHALCOGEN (I.E., OXYGEN, ... Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Chalcogen (i.e., Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, Or Tellurium) Or ... Justia Patents Organic Compounds -- Part Of The Class 532-570 Series Patents Organic Compounds (class 532, Subclass 1) ...
... Item metadata. dc.contributor.advisor. Slawin, ... containing heteroatom compounds and sulfur/selenium heterocycles in Chapter 2. Ten pentafluorosulfuranyl (SF₅)-containing ... aromatic compounds have been studied crystallographically in Chapter 3. All S-F bond lengths in these compounds are very ... containing aromatic compounds, chalcogen amides, 2,4-diaryl-1,3-selenazoles and 2,4-diaryl-1,3-chalcogen azoles bearing SF₅ ...
Rubber compounding ingredients - Carbon black - Determination of sulfur content ... This document specifies two methods for the determination of the total sulfur in all types of carbon black for use in the ...
Bruguiesulfurol, a new sulfur compound from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Planta Medica. 2006 Feb;72(3):255-260. doi: 10.1055/s-2005- ... Bruguiesulfurol, a new sulfur compound from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Sudarat Homhual, Hongjie ZHANG, Nuntavan Bunyapraphatsara*, ... Bruguiesulfurol, a new sulfur compound from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. In: Planta Medica. 2006 ; Vol. 72, No. 3. pp. 255-260. ... Bruguiesulfurol, a new sulfur compound from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. / Homhual, Sudarat; ZHANG, Hongjie; Bunyapraphatsara, ...
Access to a large odor threshold values for Sulfurs compounds. Free download or high quality analysis available. ...
MSM is an essential sulfur compound, which is responsible for many tasks in the human organism. MSM is found in many protein- ... 1. the important sulfur compound MSM. MSM is an organic sulfur compound. It is a vital element and essential for the human ... 5. conclusion: The important sulfur compound MSM. MSM is an essential sulfur compound that is responsible for many tasks in the ... Sulphur bridges define spatial structures for enzymes and proteins. Without sulphur, these enzymes and proteins would be ...
... offer potent anti-carcinogenic compounds unique to sulfur-containing vegetables. Heres why we need them. ... Sulfur-rich foods, like onions, cabbage, and broccoli, ... Onion-derived sulfur compounds improved the glucose tolerance ... Heat breaks down the compounds. The only problem is that those same allyl sulfur compounds that might fight cancer, boost ... Alliums and Their Allyl Sulfur Compounds. Garlic, onions, shallots, and leeks all contain various organosulfur compounds, some ...
Heres how sulfur level and pH affect carbon black in rubber compounds:. Sulfur level: The level of sulfur in a rubber compound ... Sulfur level and pH are important factors in the production of rubber compounds that contain carbon black. Carbon black is ... Sulfur is typically added to rubber compounds as a vulcanizing agent to crosslink the rubber molecules and form a solid, ... In summary, sulfur level and pH are important considerations in the production of rubber compounds that contain carbon black. ...
... to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This method involves physically scanning equipment components, such ... ...
... ... the adsorption loading and selectivity of all the adsorbents for total nitrogen were slightly more than those for total sulfur ... the selective adsorption of nitrogen over sulfur). the pseudo-second order model can best fit the kinetics data and freundlich ... was occurred for the adsorption loading of total sulfur and total nitrogen respectively. ...
For multiple reasons, the counts and rates provided in this report (Tables 1 and 2) are likely to be underestimates of the actual magnitude of acute occupational pesticide-related illness and injury (13). Many cases of persons with pesticide-related illness or injury are never ascertained because they neither seek medical care nor call appropriate authorities. Furthermore, because the signs and symptoms of acute pesticide-related illnesses are not pathognomonic, and because most health-care professionals are not acquainted with the recognition and management of these illnesses, many persons who seek medical care might not receive an accurate diagnosis. Even among those who do receive an accurate diagnosis, many are not reported to state surveillance systems, despite the fact that the participating states all have mandatory reporting requirements for occupational pesticide-related illness and injury (5). For these reasons, the counts and rates provided in this report must be considered minimum ...
"1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide Promoted Selectively Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds by NaBrO3". Iranian Journal of Chemistry ... 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide Promoted Selectively Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds by NaBrO3. ... 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide Promoted Selectively Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds by NaBrO3. Iranian Journal of Chemistry ... 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bromide Promoted Selectively Oxidation of Sulfur Compounds by NaBrO3. Iranian Journal of Chemistry ...
Evolution of Volatile Sulfur Compounds during Wine Fermentation Aug 14, 2015 - Evolution of Volatile Sulfur Compounds during ... Selective Determination of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Wine by Gas *Home *Selective Determination of Volatile Sulfur Compounds ... including compounds containing one or more sulfur atoms. Volatile sulfur compounds can be formed by biological and chemical ... H2S, the most volatile sulfur compound being considered, is used by yeasts to make sulfur-containing amino acids and small ...
Find Data Visualization - Monitoring and Testing information on the worlds largest Environmental portal.
Rubber compounding ingredients - Carbon black - Determination of sulfur content ... This document specifies two methods for the determination of the total sulfur in all types of carbon black for use in the ...
Sulphur Dioxide, Sulphites and Sulphur Compounds. Sulphur dioxide and sulphites (at concentrations greater than 10 mg/kg or 10 ... sulphur dioxide, sulphites and sulphur compounds. The specific genes or genotypes associated with these intolerances will be ... Earlier studies linking sulphur compounds with IBD have described hydrogen sulphide as a bacterial toxin in people with UC [258 ... The literature suggests that sulphur dioxide sulphites, and other ingested sulphur-containing products, are another example of ...
A kinetic and thermochemical database for organic sulfur and oxygen compounds. Submitted by [email protected] on Tue, 2018-04-24 14 ...
Is sulphur and hydrogen an element or a compound?. Sulphur and Hydrogen are both elements. ... Is hydrogen a element of sulfur?. No, both hydrogen and sulfur are elements. One does not contain the other. ... Is hydrogen a element of sulfur?. No, both hydrogen and sulfur are elements. One does not contain the other. ... Tags Elements and Compounds Subjects. Animals & Plants Arts & Entertainment Auto Beauty & Health Books and Literature Business ...
Determination of volatile organic sulphur compounds. Status : Published (Under review) This standard was last reviewed and ... The method consists in macerating of a test portion in aqueous medium, distillation of the sulphur compounds, and argentimetric ...
Determination of sulfur compounds - Part 5: Lingener combustion method ... With a total sulphur content of more than 0,1 mg sulphur in the absorption solution, visual titration with an indicator can be ... Specifies a method for the determination of total sulphur in natural gas. It is applicable to gases with sulphur contents ...
  • The two principal sulfur oxides are obtained by burning sulfur: S + O2 → SO2 (sulfur dioxide) 2 SO2 + O2 → 2 SO3 (sulfur trioxide) Many other sulfur oxides are observed including the sulfur-rich oxides include sulfur monoxide, disulfur monoxide, disulfur dioxides, and higher oxides containing peroxo groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • Compounds with carbon-sulfur multiple bonds are uncommon, an exception being carbon disulfide, a volatile colorless liquid that is structurally similar to carbon dioxide. (wikipedia.org)
  • a) Products obtained by dissolving sulphur dioxide and chlorine in water. (icserankers.com)
  • a) Products obtained by dissolving sulphur dioxide and chlorine in water are sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. (icserankers.com)
  • Sulphuric acid then Water, sulphur dioxide and carbon dioxide are formed. (icserankers.com)
  • i) In the contact process, sulphur dioxide is dissolved in 98% sulphuric acid and not in water. (icserankers.com)
  • ii) When solution of sulphur dioxide is exposed is exposed to ear, it gets converted to sulphuric acid. (icserankers.com)
  • Pollutants with the strongest evidence for public health concern are fine particulate matter1 and gases (mainly carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and volatile organic compounds). (who.int)
  • Sulfur compounds are chemical compounds formed the element sulfur (S). Common oxidation states of sulfur range from −2 to +6. (wikipedia.org)
  • c) Hajipour A.R., Khazdooz L., Ruoho A.E., Selective and Efficient Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides Using Ceric Ammonium Nitrate (CAN)/Bronsted Acidic Ionic Liquid, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon , 178 , p. 705 (2009). (ac.ir)
  • The experiments showed that the highest DBT and various sulfur compounds removal efficiency from kerosene fuel under the best operating conditions (oxidation: 5% MnO2/SnO2, reaction temperature of 75 0C, and reaction time of 100 min, extraction: acetonitrile, agitation speed of 900 rpm, and mixing time of 30 min) via the catalytic oxidative-extractive desulfurization process was 92.4% and 91.2%, respectively. (brad.ac.uk)
  • Also, the MnO2/SnO2 catalyst activity was studied after six consecutive oxidation cycles at the best operating conditions, and the catalyst prove satisfactory stability in terms of sulfur compounds removal. (brad.ac.uk)
  • Q(3)PMo(4) behaves as a heterogeneous catalyst in the complete oxidation of the various sulfur compounds to the corresponding sulfones within 3 h at 70 degrees C, using a relatively low H2O2/S molar ratio of 3.7, and could be recycled for ten times with only a minimal decrease in activity. (ua.pt)
  • The highest desulfurization performance was achieved in the presence of an extraction solvent during the catalytic oxidative stage, reinforced by two extraction steps before and after sulfur oxidation. (ua.pt)
  • Sulfur reduction, H2S and elemental sulfur oxidation occurred simultaneously in the ADs at 1.3 V and 1.6 V. The relative abundances of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria increased from 0.11% to 0.42% and those of sulfur-reducing bacteria decreased from 1.24% to 0.33% when the applied voltage of MEC increased from 0 V to 1.6 V. Hydrogen produced by electrolysis enhanced the abundance of Methanobacterium and changed the methanogenesis pathway. (bvsalud.org)
  • Treatment of sulfur with hydrogen gives hydrogen sulfide. (wikipedia.org)
  • He and coworkers established that oral malodor (bad breath) is associated with the presence of volatile sulfur compounds, primarily hydrogen sulfide and methylmercaptan. (medscape.com)
  • Halitosis most often results from fermentation of food particles by anaerobic gram-negative bacteria in the mouth, producing volatile sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan. (msdmanuals.com)
  • A study was performed to adapt the catalyst Q(3)PMo(4) for the removal of sulfur from a real untreated diesel while maintaining a low, economically desirable, H2O2/S molar ratio of 3.7. (ua.pt)
  • The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione. (mcw.edu)
  • An organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl group (-SH), with the general formula R-SH (where R represents an alkyl or other organic substituent). (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Method 21, a traditional approach, relies on a handheld probe, typically a heated diode sensor, to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). (environmental-expert.com)
  • Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is one such compound, important in the marine organic sulfur cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Not all organic sulfur compounds smell unpleasant at all concentrations: the sulfur-containing monoterpenoid (grapefruit mercaptan) in small concentrations is the characteristic scent of grapefruit, but has a generic thiol odor at larger concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Liquid density of different kinds of organic sulfur compounds with varying carbon number (20°C/68°F). Comparison of thiols, sulfides, disulfides and thiophenes. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Tables and figures below show the liquid density at 20°C for different groups of organic sulfur compounds , compared to other kinds of organic classes as alkanes, alcohols, acids and amines . (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • MSM is an organic sulfur compound. (mach-dich-wach.de)
  • This study aimed to measure the levels of volatile sulfur compounds and investigate the occurrence of halitosis in patients with gingivitis and periodontitis. (nature.com)
  • BACKGROUND: This study aims at investigating a potential adverse effect that waterpipe tobacco smoking may cause by comparing levels of volatile sulphur compounds in exhaled air of male dental students who smoke the waterpipe with those who do not smoke. (who.int)
  • Sulfoxides and sulfones are thioethers with one and two oxygen atoms attached to the sulfur atom, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
  • Also, examples of the structures of the sulfur compounds thiols, dialkyl sulfides, methylalkyl sulfides, ethyl alkyl sulfides, isopropyl alkyl sulfides, diisoalkyl sulfides, dialkyl disulfides and alkylthiophenes are shown in the table below. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • In this study, reactive thiols were stabilized and the volatile sulfur compounds in milk were extracted by headspace solid-phase microextraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography and pulsed-flame photometric detection. (oregonstate.edu)
  • In addition, the level of sulfur-rich compounds like cysteine, phytochelatins, and non-protein thiols increased under each stress indicating efficient coupling of the enzyme system and sulfur-containing compounds during stress conditions. (edu.sa)
  • The activity of MnO2/SnO2 catalyst in removing various sulfur compounds from kerosene fuel at the best operating conditions was investigated in this work. (brad.ac.uk)
  • The basic theory of crystallography is introduced in Chapter 1, followed by a general discussion on pentafluorosulfuranyl (SF₅) containing heteroatom compounds and sulfur/selenium heterocycles in Chapter 2. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • Halitosis is mainly caused by the microbial degradation of desquamated human epithelial cells, blood cell debris, dental plaque, proteins in saliva and blood, and sulfur-containing amino acids present in the tongue coating 6 . (nature.com)
  • However, excessive levels of sulfur can cause degradation of carbon black, resulting in a reduction in its reinforcing properties. (goodyearrubber.com)
  • The degradation of insoluble sulfur to soluble sulfur can be negligible during the melt mixing if the mixing is done in a controlled way. (bilpubgroup.com)
  • The trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a degradation product of the algal metabolite dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), is the largest natural source of sulfur to the atmosphere, accounting for over 90 % of global biogenic sulfur emissions (Simó, 2001). (copernicus.org)
  • 2018 ). That signified long start-up time of sludge composting or the lag phase with low OM degradation efficiency, often relating with the nitrogen and sulfur loss and odor emission (Becarelli et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • The method utilizes static headspace injection and cool-on-column gas chromatography coupled with sulfur chemiluminescence detection (GC-SCD). (datapdf.com)
  • Analysis is performed following ASTM D5504, which is a gas chromatography method with sulfur chemiluminescence detection. (documents.pub)
  • Quantification of trace volatile sulfur compounds in milk by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-pulsed flame photometric detection. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Volatile sulfur compounds can be formed by biological and chemical mechanisms at various stages during wine production and storage and often have low aroma detection thresholds (from ng/L to μg/L range). (datapdf.com)
  • Pulsed electrochemical detection of sulfur-containing compounds was successfully investigated by applying a four-step potential waveform at a gold working electrode. (unifg.it)
  • Chemistry Practical Class 11 Viva Questions on Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, in the organic compounds. (byjus.com)
  • Differential impact of some metal(loid)s on oxidative stress, antioxidant system, sulfur compounds, and protein profile of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. (edu.sa)
  • If the body lacks glutathione due to a sulphur deficiency, oxidative stress and a weak immune system can result. (mach-dich-wach.de)
  • Intensified concerns for cleaner air with strict environmental regulations on sulfur content in addition to meet economic requirements have generated significant interests for the development of more efficient and innovative oxidative catalysts recently. (brad.ac.uk)
  • The role of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in producing bacteria that colonize the dorsal surface of the tongue was recently understood as a primary cause of halitosis (bad breath). (medscape.com)
  • Not brushing and flossing regularly causes sulfur compounds to be released by bacteria in the mouth. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are produced through the decay of sulfur-containing amino acids 7 . (nature.com)
  • This is built up by sulphur-containing amino acids. (mach-dich-wach.de)
  • Sulfur binds the two chains of amino acids that form insulin . (marksdailyapple.com)
  • www.caslab.com An Employee-Owned Company Reduced Sulfur Reduced Sulfur Analysis by ASTM 5504 Reduced sulfur compounds, such as sulfides and mercaptans, tend to have very distinctive odors that may be detected at extremely low concentrations. (documents.pub)
  • Reduced sulfur compounds, such as sulfides and mercaptans, tend to have very distinctive odors that may be detected at extremely low concentrations. (documents.pub)
  • Sulfur, in the form of disulfide bonds, provides strength and resiliency to hair, feathers, and feathered hair . (marksdailyapple.com)
  • Many of these compounds have weak links that enzymes and stomach acid can take apart, such as sulfur-to-sulfur (disulfide) bonds. (medscape.com)
  • The high odor activity values calculated for methanethiol and dimethyl trisulfide suggested that these 2 compounds, in addition to di-methyl sulfide reported in a previous study, could be the most important contributors to the sulfurous note in UHT milk. (oregonstate.edu)
  • ASTM D5504 is a useful method for the differentiation and quantification of many of these odor-causing sulfur compounds. (documents.pub)
  • ASTM D5504 is a useful method for the differentiation and quantification of many of these odor-causing sulfur compounds. (documents.pub)
  • However, an inevitable problem in DSS compost was odor emission, especially that of NH 3 and H 2 S, which correspondingly caused nitrogen and sulfur loss. (researchsquare.com)
  • Subjects in the exposed nostics) and included the following main surizing and cooling [3], and for safety and unexposed groups were matched by parameters and indices: white blood cell purposes contains a sulfur-based odor- sex, age and governorate. (who.int)
  • 1985. Automatic system for rapid analysis of volatile compounds by purge-and-cold trapping/capillary gas chromatography. (cdc.gov)
  • Whereas fluorine gives S(IV) and S(VI) compounds, chlorine gives S(II) and S(I) derivatives. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is due to the presence of chloride ions in tap water, which will result in a precipitate of AgCl with AgNO 3 solution even if the organic compound does not contain chlorine. (byjus.com)
  • Specifies a method for the determination of total sulphur in natural gas. (iso.org)
  • The response of sulfur-, amine- and alcohol based compounds was compared by using four selected pulsed potential waveforms. (unifg.it)
  • Sulfur is required for the synthesis of glutathione, one of our premier endogenous antioxidants. (marksdailyapple.com)
  • Over 700 volatile compounds are known to contribute to wine aroma and flavor (1-5), including compounds containing one or more sulfur atoms. (datapdf.com)
  • Sulfur reacts with fluorine to give the highly reactive sulfur tetrafluoride and the highly inert Sulfur hexafluoride. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the unstable and reactive nature of many sulfur compounds, full compliance of the method requires analysis of the samples within 24 hours of collection. (documents.pub)
  • c) Soluticn obtained by dissolving sulphur trioxide in 98% sulphuric acid. (icserankers.com)
  • i) Sulphur trioxide is dissolved in water on a large scale. (icserankers.com)
  • The difference in sulfur isotopes between (i) TLs and DBTs and (ii) BTs and DBTs and (iii) TAs and DBTs, represents the extent of TSR while the presence of TAs at greater than 20 μg/g represents the occurrence of TSR. (huji.ac.il)
  • The output of this study shows that compound specific sulfur isotopes of different organosulfur compounds, with different thermal stabilities and formation pathways, not only differentiate between oils of TSR and non-TSR origin, but can also reveal information about relative timing of secondary charge events and migration pathways. (huji.ac.il)
  • Sulfur forms stable compounds with all elements except the noble gases. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is applicable to gases with sulphur contents between 0,5 mg/m3 and 1 000 mg/m3. (iso.org)
  • 1979. Preliminary measurements of biogenic sulfur-containing gas emissions from soils. (cdc.gov)
  • with both modifications (hpw and ni), the maximum increase of 33.18% and 6.88% was occurred for the adsorption loading of total sulfur and total nitrogen respectively. (gov.ir)
  • the adsorption loading and selectivity of all the adsorbents for total nitrogen were slightly more than those for total sulfur (the selective adsorption of nitrogen over sulfur). (gov.ir)
  • Sulfur level and pH are important factors in the production of rubber compounds that contain carbon black. (goodyearrubber.com)
  • Carbon black is commonly used as a reinforcing filler in rubber compounds to improve their strength, stiffness, and abrasion resistance. (goodyearrubber.com)
  • Sulfur is typically added to rubber compounds as a vulcanizing agent to crosslink the rubber molecules and form a solid, durable material. (goodyearrubber.com)
  • Therefore, it is important to maintain the proper sulfur level in rubber compounds to ensure optimal performance of the carbon black. (goodyearrubber.com)
  • pH: The pH of carbon black can also affect its performance in rubber compounds. (goodyearrubber.com)
  • If carbon black with a low pH is used in rubber compounds, it can react with the basic ingredients in the rubber, such as the accelerators and curatives, leading to premature vulcanization and reduced properties. (goodyearrubber.com)
  • Therefore, it is important to adjust the pH of carbon black to a more neutral level before incorporating it into rubber compounds. (goodyearrubber.com)
  • Development of NR/SBR based rubber compounds with low hysteresis and high durability for transmission v-belts applications. (bilpubgroup.com)
  • The method consists in macerating of a test portion in aqueous medium, distillation of the sulphur compounds, and argentimetric titration of the distillate in nitric acid medium. (iso.org)
  • With a total sulphur content of more than 0,1 mg sulphur in the absorption solution, visual titration with an indicator can be chosen, whereas for lower contents turbidimetric titration is preferable. (iso.org)
  • Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Chalcogen (i.e. (justia.com)
  • Justia Patents Organic Compounds -- Part Of The Class 532-570 Series Patents Organic Compounds (class 532, Subclass 1) Heterocyclic Carbon Compounds Containing A Hetero Ring Having Chalcogen (i.e. (justia.com)
  • The major aim of research reported on this thesis uses X-ray crystallography to investigate the structural features of a series of pentafluorosulfuranyl (SF₅) containing aromatic compounds, chalcogen amides, 2,4-diaryl-1,3-selenazoles and 2,4-diaryl-1,3-chalcogen azoles bearing SF₅ group and organo phosphorus-chalcogen macrocycles incorporationg double OP(S)SC[sub]n or OP(Se)SeC[sub]n scaffolds. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
  • The bioavailability of the broccoli-derived sulphur-containing compounds, glucoraphanin (GR), S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide (SMCSO) and sulforaphane (SF), were quantified through a dietary intervention study in humans with the use of soups made with three broccoli genotypes that differed in their Myb28 alleles. (uea.ac.uk)
  • 2018 ). Sulfur deficiency in crop production was described to be a major problem in most parts of the world (Grant et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • Ultimately, reduction of sulfur produces sulfide salts: 16 Na + S8 → 8 Na2S The interconversion of these species is exploited in the sodium-sulfur battery. (wikipedia.org)
  • During thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR), H 2 S generated by reactions between hydrocarbons and aqueous sulfate back-reacts with remaining oil-phase compounds forming new organosulfur compounds (OSCs) that have similar δ 34 S values to the original sulfate. (huji.ac.il)
  • Organosulfur compounds are responsible for some of the unpleasant odors of decaying organic matter. (wikipedia.org)
  • Use of this method is appropriate in situations where sulfur odors are a concern and differentiation between them is desired. (documents.pub)
  • Calibration curves for 7 sulfur-containing compounds were constructed in milk by the standard addition technique. (oregonstate.edu)
  • Good dispersion of compounding ingredients in a rubber formulation is crucial for mechanical performance. (bilpubgroup.com)
  • Sulfur mustard, a potent vesicant, was used in World War I as a disabling agent. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sulfur mustards were introduced as chemical warfare agents during World War I. More than a dozen countries have sulfur mustard agents in their chemical arsenals. (cdc.gov)
  • 2012 ). The recovery of nitrogen and sulfur from the composting process could help to compensate these shortages and could also increase its value as a synthetic fertilizer substitute (Becarelli et al. (researchsquare.com)
  • The colored solutions produced by dissolving sulfur in oleum were first reported as early as 1804 by C.F. Bucholz, but the cause of the color and the structure of the polycations involved was only determined in the late 1960s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Second, and most importantly, sulfur-rich vegetation tends to come with extremely potent organosulfur compounds that offer a lot of benefit to those who eat them. (marksdailyapple.com)
  • To better understand the reason for poor sulfur dispersion and high blooming, all the chemical and physical properties are analysed. (bilpubgroup.com)
  • Destruction of U.S. stockpiles of chemical agents, including sulfur mustards, was mandated by the Chemical Weapons Convention to take place before April 2007. (cdc.gov)