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SulfurSulfur CompoundsSulfur DioxideSulfur IsotopesAmino Acids, SulfurMustard GasSulfidesThiosulfatesSulfur OxidesSulfatesChlorobiOxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group DonorsSulfur HexafluorideChromatiaceaeChemical Warfare AgentsSulfurtransferasesSulfur AcidsCysteineChlorobiumHydrogen SulfideOxidation-ReductionChromatiumSulfitesMethionineAcidithiobacillusSulfonium CompoundsCysteine SynthaseSulfur-Reducing BacteriaIron-Sulfur ProteinsThiosulfate SulfurtransferaseHydrogensulfite ReductaseThiobacillusSulfhydryl CompoundsSulfur Group TransferasesAir PollutantsMolecular Sequence DataThiotrichaceaeCystineEpsilonproteobacteriaSulfate AdenylyltransferaseCystathionine gamma-LyaseGammaproteobacteriaAcidianusSeawaterAir PollutionPhototrophic ProcessesNitrogenMolybdenumGeologic SedimentsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SPhylogenyLyasesArylsulfatasesOxidoreductasesAnaerobiosisIronSulfuric AcidsBacteriaSulfur RadioisotopesThiouridineCystathionineAcidithiobacillus thiooxidansBacteriochlorophyllsTetrathionic AcidNitrogen DioxideVolcanic EruptionsHalitosisGlutathioneMetalloproteinsCarbonDNA, RibosomalBacterial ProteinsVitamin UTaurineSelenium CompoundsWater MicrobiologyAcid RainAutotrophic ProcessesThiocapsaSequence Analysis, DNAAtmosphereHydrogenHydrothermal VentsParacoccus pantotrophusSpectrum AnalysisCarbon-Oxygen LyasesElectron Probe MicroanalysisHot SpringsCulture MediaAmino Acid SequenceSulfite OxidaseAdenosine Phosphosulfate
Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.Sulfur Compounds: Inorganic or organic compounds that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.Sulfur Isotopes: Stable sulfur atoms that have the same atomic number as the element sulfur, but differ in atomic weight. S-33, 34, and 36 are stable sulfur isotopes.Amino Acids, SulfurMustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).Sulfides: Chemical groups containing the covalent sulfur bonds -S-. The sulfur atom can be bound to inorganic or organic moieties.Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.Sulfur Oxides: Inorganic oxides of sulfur.Sulfates: Inorganic salts of sulfuric acid.Chlorobi: A phylum of anoxygenic, phototrophic bacteria including the family Chlorobiaceae. They occur in aquatic sediments, sulfur springs, and hot springs and utilize reduced sulfur compounds instead of oxygen.Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors: Oxidoreductases with specificity for oxidation or reduction of SULFUR COMPOUNDS.Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.Chromatiaceae: A family of phototrophic purple sulfur bacteria that deposit globules of elemental sulfur inside their cells. They are found in diverse aquatic environments.Chemical Warfare Agents: Chemicals that are used to cause the disturbance, disease, or death of humans during WARFARE.Sulfurtransferases: Enzymes which transfer sulfur atoms to various acceptor molecules. EC 2.8.1.Sulfur Acids: Inorganic or organic acids that contain sulfur as an integral part of the molecule.Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.Chlorobium: A genus of phototrophic, obligately anaerobic bacteria in the family Chlorobiaceae. They are found in hydrogen sulfide-containing mud and water environments.Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)Oxidation-Reduction: A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).Chromatium: A genus of gram-negative, ovoid to rod-shaped bacteria that is phototrophic. All species use ammonia as a nitrogen source. Some strains are found only in sulfide-containing freshwater habitats exposed to light while others may occur in marine, estuarine, and freshwater environments.Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.Acidithiobacillus: A genus of gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria in the class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA. They are obligately acidophilic and aerobic, using reduced SULFUR COMPOUNDS to support AUTOTROPHIC GROWTH.Sulfonium Compounds: Sulfur compounds in which the sulfur atom is attached to three organic radicals and an electronegative element or radical.Cysteine Synthase: An enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of cysteine in microorganisms and plants from O-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.2.99.8.Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria: A group of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria that is able to oxidize acetate completely to carbon dioxide using elemental sulfur as the electron acceptor.Iron-Sulfur Proteins: A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.Thiosulfate Sulfurtransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the planetary sulfur atom of thiosulfate ion to cyanide ion to form thiocyanate ion. EC 2.8.1.1.Hydrogensulfite Reductase: An enzyme found primarily in SULFUR-REDUCING BACTERIA where it plays an important role in the anaerobic carbon oxidation pathway.Thiobacillus: A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that derives energy from the oxidation of one or more reduced sulfur compounds. Many former species have been reclassified to other classes of PROTEOBACTERIA.Sulfhydryl Compounds: Compounds containing the -SH radical.Sulfur Group Transferases: Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of sulfur atoms (2.8.1), sulfur groups (2.8.2) or coenzyme A (2.8.3). EC 2.8.Air Pollutants: Any substance in the air which could, if present in high enough concentration, harm humans, animals, vegetation or material. Substances include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; and volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Thiotrichaceae: A family of colorless sulfur bacteria in the order Thiotrichales, class GAMMAPROTEOBACTERIA.Cystine: A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of CYSTEINE. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine.Epsilonproteobacteria: A group of proteobacteria consisting of chemoorganotrophs usually associated with the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM of humans and animals.Sulfate Adenylyltransferase: An enzyme that catalyzes the activation of sulfate ions by ATP to form adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and pyrophosphate. This reaction constitutes the first enzymatic step in sulfate utilization following the uptake of sulfate. EC 2.7.7.4.Cystathionine gamma-Lyase: A multifunctional pyridoxal phosphate enzyme. In the final step in the biosynthesis of cysteine it catalyzes the cleavage of cystathionine to yield cysteine, ammonia, and 2-ketobutyrate. EC 4.4.1.1.Gammaproteobacteria: A group of the proteobacteria comprised of facultatively anaerobic and fermentative gram-negative bacteria.Acidianus: A genus of facultatively anaerobic coccoid ARCHAEA, in the family SULFOLOBACEAE. Cells are highly irregular in shape and thermoacidophilic. Lithotrophic growth occurs aerobically via sulfur oxidation in some species. Distribution includes solfataric springs and fields, mudholes, and geothermically heated acidic marine environments.Seawater: The salinated water of OCEANS AND SEAS that provides habitat for marine organisms.Air Pollution: The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in the air (AIR POLLUTANTS) that interfere with human health or welfare, or produce other harmful environmental effects. The substances may include GASES; PARTICULATE MATTER; or volatile ORGANIC CHEMICALS.Phototrophic Processes: Processes by which phototrophic organisms use sunlight as their primary energy source. Contrasts with chemotrophic processes which do not depend on light and function in deriving energy from exogenous chemical sources. Photoautotrophy (or photolithotrophy) is the ability to use sunlight as energy to fix inorganic nutrients to be used for other organic requirements. Photoautotrophs include all GREEN PLANTS; GREEN ALGAE; CYANOBACTERIA; and green and PURPLE SULFUR BACTERIA. Photoheterotrophs or photoorganotrophs require a supply of organic nutrients for their organic requirements but use sunlight as their primary energy source; examples include certain PURPLE NONSULFUR BACTERIA. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (AUTOTROPHY; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or phototrophy) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrients and energy requirements.Nitrogen: An element with the atomic symbol N, atomic number 7, and atomic weight [14.00643; 14.00728]. Nitrogen exists as a diatomic gas and makes up about 78% of the earth's atmosphere by volume. It is a constituent of proteins and nucleic acids and found in all living cells.Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase. (From Dorland, 27th ed)Geologic Sediments: A mass of organic or inorganic solid fragmented material, or the solid fragment itself, that comes from the weathering of rock and is carried by, suspended in, or dropped by air, water, or ice. It refers also to a mass that is accumulated by any other natural agent and that forms in layers on the earth's surface, such as sand, gravel, silt, mud, fill, or loess. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1689)RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Lyases: A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 4.Arylsulfatases: Enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a phenol sulfate to yield a phenol and sulfate. Arylsulfatase A, B, and C have been separated. A deficiency of arylsulfatases is one of the causes of metachromatic leukodystrophy (LEUKODYSTROPHY, METACHROMATIC). EC 3.1.6.1.Oxidoreductases: The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)Anaerobiosis: The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)Iron: A metallic element with atomic symbol Fe, atomic number 26, and atomic weight 55.85. It is an essential constituent of HEMOGLOBINS; CYTOCHROMES; and IRON-BINDING PROTEINS. It plays a role in cellular redox reactions and in the transport of OXYGEN.Sulfuric Acids: Inorganic and organic derivatives of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The salts and esters of sulfuric acid are known as SULFATES and SULFURIC ACID ESTERS respectively.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Sulfur Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of sulfur that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. S 29-31, 35, 37, and 38 are radioactive sulfur isotopes.Thiouridine: A photoactivable URIDINE analog that is used as an affinity label.CystathionineAcidithiobacillus thiooxidans: A strictly autotrophic species of bacteria that oxidizes sulfur and thiosulfate to sulfuric acid. It was formerly called Thiobacillus thiooxidans.Bacteriochlorophylls: Pyrrole containing pigments found in photosynthetic bacteria.Tetrathionic Acid: A sulfuric acid dimer, formed by disulfide linkage. This compound has been used to prolong coagulation time and as an antidote in cyanide poisoning.Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.Volcanic Eruptions: The ash, dust, gases, and lava released by volcanic explosion. The gases are volatile matter composed principally of about 90% water vapor, and carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen. The ash or dust is pyroclastic ejecta and lava is molten extrusive material consisting mainly of magnesium silicate. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)Halitosis: An offensive, foul breath odor resulting from a variety of causes such as poor oral hygiene, dental or oral infections, or the ingestion of certain foods.Glutathione: A tripeptide with many roles in cells. It conjugates to drugs to make them more soluble for excretion, is a cofactor for some enzymes, is involved in protein disulfide bond rearrangement and reduces peroxides.Metalloproteins: Proteins that have one or more tightly bound metal ions forming part of their structure. (Dorland, 28th ed)Carbon: A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.DNA, Ribosomal: DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Vitamin U: A vitamin found in green vegetables. It is used in the treatment of peptic ulcers, colitis, and gastritis and has an effect on secretory, acid-forming, and enzymatic functions of the intestinal tract.Taurine: A conditionally essential nutrient, important during mammalian development. It is present in milk but is isolated mostly from ox bile and strongly conjugates bile acids.Selenium Compounds: Inorganic compounds that contain selenium as an integral part of the molecule.Water Microbiology: The presence of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in water. This term is not restricted to pathogenic organisms.Acid Rain: Acidic water usually pH 2.5 to 4.5, which poisons the ecosystem and adversely affects plants, fishes, and mammals. It is caused by industrial pollutants, mainly sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, emitted into the atmosphere and returning to earth in the form of acidic rain water.Autotrophic Processes: The processes by which organisms use simple inorganic substances such as gaseous or dissolved carbon dioxide and inorganic nitrogen as nutrient sources. Contrasts with heterotrophic processes which make use of organic materials as the nutrient supply source. Autotrophs can be either chemoautotrophs (or chemolithotrophs), largely ARCHAEA and BACTERIA, which also use simple inorganic substances for their metabolic energy reguirements; or photoautotrophs (or photolithotrophs), such as PLANTS and CYANOBACTERIA, which derive their energy from light. Depending on environmental conditions some organisms can switch between different nutritional modes (autotrophy; HETEROTROPHY; chemotrophy; or PHOTOTROPHY) to utilize different sources to meet their nutrient and energy requirements.Thiocapsa: A genus of anoxygenic, photosynthetic, nonmotile, spherical to slightly ovoid bacterial cells occurring singly, or in aggregates of two or four, and usually surrounded with slime. It is found in stagnant water, mud of ponds, estuaries, and microbial mats of salt marshes. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Atmosphere: The gaseous envelope surrounding a planet or similar body. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.Hydrothermal Vents: Hot springs on the ocean floor. They are commonly found near volcanically active places such as mid-oceanic ridges.Paracoccus pantotrophus: A species of gram-negative, coccoid, mostly chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, in the family RHODOBACTERACEAE. Some strains can grow anaerobically.Spectrum Analysis: The measurement of the amplitude of the components of a complex waveform throughout the frequency range of the waveform. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)Carbon-Oxygen Lyases: Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-oxygen bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. EC 4.2.Electron Probe Microanalysis: Identification and measurement of ELEMENTS and their location based on the fact that X-RAYS emitted by an element excited by an electron beam have a wavelength characteristic of that element and an intensity related to its concentration. It is performed with an electron microscope fitted with an x-ray spectrometer, in scanning or transmission mode.Hot Springs: Habitat of hot water naturally heated by underlying geologic processes. Surface hot springs have been used for BALNEOLOGY. Underwater hot springs are called HYDROTHERMAL VENTS.Culture Media: Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Sulfite Oxidase: A MOLYBDENUM requiring enzyme that catalyzes the terminal reaction in the oxidative degradation of SULFUR AMINO ACIDS with the formation of a sulfate. A deficiency of sulfite oxidase results in sulfocysteinuria.Adenosine Phosphosulfate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with sulfuric acid. The initial compound formed by the action of ATP sulfurylase on sulfate ions after sulfate uptake. Synonyms: adenosine sulfatophosphate; APS.

A novel reduced flavin mononucleotide-dependent methanesulfonate sulfonatase encoded by the sulfur-regulated msu operon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. (1/2084)

When Pseudomonas aeruginosa is grown with organosulfur compounds as sulfur sources, it synthesizes a set of proteins whose synthesis is repressed in the presence of sulfate, cysteine, or thiocyanate (so-called sulfate starvation-induced proteins). The gene encoding one of these proteins, PA13, was isolated from a cosmid library of P. aeruginosa PAO1 and sequenced. It encoded a 381-amino-acid protein that was related to several reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2)-dependent monooxygenases, and it was the second in an operon of three genes, which we have named msuEDC. The MsuD protein catalyzed the desulfonation of alkanesulfonates, requiring oxygen and FMNH2 for the reaction, and showed highest activity with methanesulfonate. MsuE was an NADH-dependent flavin mononucleotide (FMN) reductase, which provided reduced FMN for the MsuD enzyme. Expression of the msu operon was analyzed with a transcriptional msuD::xylE fusion and was found to be repressed in the presence of sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, or cysteine and derepressed during growth with methionine or alkanesulfonates. Growth with methanesulfonate required an intact cysB gene, and the msu operon is therefore part of the cys regulon, since sulfite utilization was found to be CysB independent in this species. Measurements of msuD::xylE expression in cysN and cysI genetic backgrounds showed that sulfate, sulfite, and sulfide or cysteine play independent roles in negatively regulating msu expression, and sulfonate utilization therefore appears to be tightly regulated.  (+info)

Localization of two phylloquinones, QK and QK', in an improved electron density map of photosystem I at 4-A resolution. (2/2084)

An improved electron density map of photosystem I from Synechococcus elongatus calculated at 4-A resolution for the first time reveals a second phylloquinone molecule and thereby completes the set of cofactors constituting the electron transfer system of this iron-sulfur type photosynthetic reaction center: six chlorophyll a, two phylloquinones, and three Fe4S4 clusters. The location of the newly identified phylloquinone pair, the individual plane orientations of these molecules, and the resulting distances to other cofactors of the electron transfer system are discussed and compared with those determined by magnetic resonance techniques.  (+info)

Analysis of zinc binding sites in protein crystal structures. (3/2084)

The geometrical properties of zinc binding sites in a dataset of high quality protein crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank have been examined to identify important differences between zinc sites that are directly involved in catalysis and those that play a structural role. Coordination angles in the zinc primary coordination sphere are compared with ideal values for each coordination geometry, and zinc coordination distances are compared with those in small zinc complexes from the Cambridge Structural Database as a guide of expected trends. We find that distances and angles in the primary coordination sphere are in general close to the expected (or ideal) values. Deviations occur primarily for oxygen coordinating atoms and are found to be mainly due to H-bonding of the oxygen coordinating ligand to protein residues, bidentate binding arrangements, and multi-zinc sites. We find that H-bonding of oxygen containing residues (or water) to zinc bound histidines is almost universal in our dataset and defines the elec-His-Zn motif. Analysis of the stereochemistry shows that carboxyl elec-His-Zn motifs are geometrically rigid, while water elec-His-Zn motifs show the most geometrical variation. As catalytic motifs have a higher proportion of carboxyl elec atoms than structural motifs, they provide a more rigid framework for zinc binding. This is understood biologically, as a small distortion in the zinc position in an enzyme can have serious consequences on the enzymatic reaction. We also analyze the sequence pattern of the zinc ligands and residues that provide elecs, and identify conserved hydrophobic residues in the endopeptidases that also appear to contribute to stabilizing the catalytic zinc site. A zinc binding template in protein crystal structures is derived from these observations.  (+info)

The aconitase of yeast. IV. Studies on iron and sulfur in yeast aconitase. (4/2084)

Chemical analyses were carried out to determine the active components of the crystalline aconitase [EC 4.2.1.3] of Candida lipolytica. The enzyme contained 2 atoms of non-heme iron, 1 atom of labile sulfur, and 6 sulfhydryl groups per molecule. One atom of the non-heme iron was released by the addition of metal-chelating agents such as sodium citrate, sodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) or sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) without loss of the enzyme activity. The non-heme iron and labile sulfur were released by the addition of sulfhydryl reagents such as rho-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB), sodium mersalyl or urea with loss of the enzyme activity. o-Phenanthroline reacted with the iron atoms in the enzyme at pH 6.0 with loss of the activity. These results show that yeast aconitase is an iron-sulfur protein and that only one of the two non-heme iron atoms is essential for enzyme activity.  (+info)

Dense populations of a giant sulfur bacterium in Namibian shelf sediments. (5/2084)

A previously unknown giant sulfur bacterium is abundant in sediments underlying the oxygen minimum zone of the Benguela Current upwelling system. The bacterium has a spherical cell that exceeds by up to 100-fold the biovolume of the largest known prokaryotes. On the basis of 16S ribosomal DNA sequence data, these bacteria are closely related to the marine filamentous sulfur bacteria Thioploca, abundant in the upwelling area off Chile and Peru. Similar to Thioploca, the giant bacteria oxidize sulfide with nitrate that is accumulated to +info)

Kinetics and inhibition of recombinant human cystathionine gamma-lyase. Toward the rational control of transsulfuration. (6/2084)

The gene encoding human cystathionine gamma-lyase was cloned from total cellular Hep G2 RNA. Fusion to a T7 promoter allowed expression in Escherichia coli, representing the first mammalian cystathionine gamma-lyase overproduced in a bacterial system. About 90% of the heterologous gene product was insoluble, and renaturation experiments from purified inclusion bodies met with limited success. About 5 mg/liter culture of human cystathionine gamma-lyase could also be extracted from the soluble lysis fraction, employing a three-step native procedure. While the enzyme showed high gamma-lyase activity toward L-cystathionine (Km = 0.5 mM, Vmax = 2.5 units/mg) with an optimum pH of 8.2, no residual cystathionine beta-lyase behavior and only marginal reactivity toward L-cystine and L-cysteine were detected. Inhibition studies were performed with the mechanism-based inactivators propargylglycine, trifluoroalanine, and aminoethoxyvinylglycine. Propargylglycine inactivated human cystathionine gamma-lyase much more strongly than trifluoroalanine, in agreement with the enzyme's preference for C-gamma-S bonds. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine showed slow and tight binding characteristics with a Ki of 10.5 microM, comparable with its effect on cystathionine beta-lyase. The results have important implications for the design of specific inhibitors for transsulfuration components.  (+info)

Role of XDHC in Molybdenum cofactor insertion into xanthine dehydrogenase of Rhodobacter capsulatus. (7/2084)

Rhodobacter capsulatus xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is composed of two subunits, XDHA and XDHB. Immediately downstream of xdhB, a third gene was identified, designated xdhC, which is cotranscribed with xdhAB. Interposon mutagenesis revealed that the xdhC gene product is required for XDH activity. However, XDHC is not a subunit of active XDH, which forms an alpha2beta2 heterotetramer in R. capsulatus. It was shown that XDHC neither is a transcriptional regulator for xdh gene expression nor influences XDH stability. To analyze the function of XDHC for XDH in R. capsulatus, inactive XDH was purified from an xdhC mutant strain. Analysis of the molybdenum cofactor content of this enzyme demonstrated that in the absence of XDHC, no molybdopterin cofactor MPT is present in the XDHAB tetramer. In contrast, absorption spectra of inactive XDH isolated from the xdhC mutant revealed the presence of iron-sulfur clusters and flavin adenine dinucleotide, demonstrating that XDHC is not required for the insertion of these cofactors. The absence of MPT from XDH isolated from an xdhC mutant indicates that XDHC either acts as a specific MPT insertase or might be a specific chaperone facilitating the insertion of MPT and/or folding of XDH during or after cofactor insertion.  (+info)

Thiomicrospira kuenenii sp. nov. and Thiomicrospira frisia sp. nov., two mesophilic obligately chemolithoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria isolated from an intertidal mud flat. (8/2084)

Two new members of the genus Thiomicrospira were isolated from an intertidal mud flat sample with thiosulfate as the electron donor and CO2 as carbon source. On the basis of differences in genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, it is proposed that strain JB-A1T (= DSM 12350T) and strain JB-A2T (= DSM 12351T) are members of two new species, Thiomicrospira kuenenii and Thiomicrospira frisia, respectively. The cells were Gram-negative vibrios or slightly bent rods. Strain JB-A1T was highly motile, whereas strain JB-A2T showed a much lower degree of motility combined with a strong tendency to form aggregates. Both organisms were obligately autotrophic and strictly aerobic. Nitrate was not used as electron acceptor. Chemolithoautotrophic growth was observed with thiosulfate, tetrathionate, sulfur and sulfide. Neither isolate was able to grow heterotrophically. For strain JB-A1T, growth was observed between pH values of 4.0 and 7.5 with an optimum at pH 6.0, whereas for strain JB-A2T, growth was observed between pH 4.2 and 8.5 with an optimum at pH 6.5. The temperature limits for growth were between 3.5 and 42 degrees C and 3.5 and 39 degrees C, respectively. The optimum growth temperature for strain JB-A1T was between 29 and 33.5 degrees C, whereas strain JB-A2T showed optimal growth between 32 and 35 degrees C. The mean maximum growth rate on thiosulfate was 0.35 h-1 for strain JB-A1T and 0.45 h-1 for strain JB-A2T.  (+info)

EI | IP 373: Determination of sulfur content - Oxidative microcoulometry methodEI | IP 373: Determination of sulfur content - Oxidative microcoulometry method
Scope This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the sulfur content by oxidative microcoulometry of petroleum light and middle distillates with a final boiling point not higher than 400 °C. It is applicable to materials with sulfur contents in the range of 1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg. Products with sulfur contents above 100 mg/kg can be analysed after dilution with a suitable sulfur-free solvent. Products with sulfur contents below 1 mg/kg can also be analysed by a modified technique described in Annex A. The precision quoted only applies to measurements in the 1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg range. Nitrogen interferes with the analysis at concentrations above 0,1 % (m/m), and chlorine interferes at concentrations above 1,0 % (m/m), but these interferences are overcome by the addition of sodium azide to the cell electrolyte. Bromine and organometallic compounds also interfere with the analysis at concentrations above approximately 500 mg/kg. NOTE 1 The microcoulometric method is ...
EI | IP 373: Determination of sulfur content - Oxidative microcoulometry methodEI | IP 373: Determination of sulfur content - Oxidative microcoulometry method
Scope This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the sulfur content by oxidative microcoulometry of petroleum light and middle distillates with a final boiling point not higher than 400 °C. It is applicable to materials with sulfur contents in the range of 1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg. Products with sulfur contents above 100 mg/kg can be analysed after dilution with a suitable sulfur-free solvent. Products with sulfur contents below 1 mg/kg can also be analysed by a modified technique described in Annex A. The precision quoted only applies to measurements in the 1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg range. Nitrogen interferes with the analysis at concentrations above 0,1 % (m/m), and chlorine interferes at concentrations above 1,0 % (m/m), but these interferences are overcome by the addition of sodium azide to the cell electrolyte. Bromine and organometallic compounds also interfere with the analysis at concentrations above approximately 500 mg/kg. NOTE 1 The microcoulometric method is ...
DEVICE FOR DETERMINING SULFUR CONTENT IN FUEL - Patent applicationDEVICE FOR DETERMINING SULFUR CONTENT IN FUEL - Patent application
0009]To attain this goal, the method in accordance with the invention for the determination of the sulfur content in fuels provides for the introduction of a sample of a fuel to be investigated in a combustion chamber, for the sulfur contained in the sample to be oxidized to SO2, for the gas mixture formed in the combustion chamber after the oxidation of the sulfur, or a part thereof, to be conducted to a gas sensor sensitive to SO2 in the gas mixture, for the SO2 fraction of the gas mixture to be ascertained by means of the gas sensor and for the sulfur content of the sample to be determined from the ascertained SO2 fraction of the gas mixture. Preferably, the combustion chamber is miniaturized and/or designed to be in a microstructured form. Thus, a method is described which can be implemented with simple components, wherein a simple management is possible when carrying out the method ...
ASTM D7679 - 16 Standard Test Method for Sulfur Content in Carbon Black Feedstock OilsASTM D7679 - 16 Standard Test Method for Sulfur Content in Carbon Black Feedstock Oils
D7679 - 16 Standard Test Method for Sulfur Content in Carbon Black Feedstock Oils , carbon black, combustion, feedstock, hydrocarbon oil, sulfur content, x-ray fluorescence,,
DRDB: SACAQMD 420 SULFUR CONTENT OF FUELSDRDB: SACAQMD 420 SULFUR CONTENT OF FUELS
101 PURPOSE: To limit the emission of compounds of sulfur from combustion of fuels.. 110 EXEMPTIONS: The provisions of this rule shall not apply to:. 110.1 The burning of sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, acid sludge or other sulfur compounds in the manufacturing of sulfur or other sulfur compounds;. 110.2 The incinerating of waste gases provided that the gross heating value of such gases is less than 2.14 kilogram- calories per cubic meter (300 British Thermal Units per cubic foot) at standard conditions and the fuel used to incinerate such waste gases does not contain sulfur or sulfur compounds in excess of the mount specified in this rule;. 110.3 The use of solid fuels in any metallurgical process;. 110.4 The use of fuels where the gaseous products of combustion are used as raw materials for other processes;. 110.5 The use of liquid, or solid fuel, to propel or test any vehicle, aircraft, missile, locomotive, boat or ship;. 110.6 The use of fuel with higher sulfur content where process conditions or ...
Patente US5512260 - Reduction of sulfur content in a gaseous stream - Google PatentesPatente US5512260 - Reduction of sulfur content in a gaseous stream - Google Patentes
A process for reducing sulfur content in a gaseous stream with the production of elemental sulfur by first treating the gaseous steam with hydrogenation and hydrolysis to convert substantially all of the sulfur components therein to hydrogen sulfide. Then reducing the water content of the gaseous stream to optimize chemical equilibrium. Thereafter, the gaseous steam is contacted in an oxidation reactor with an acid catalyst at a temperature of about 150 C. to about 350 C. to convert hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur. The product gas leaving the oxidation reactor is cooled to separate elemental sulfur by condensation. The acid catalyst is a shape selective zeolite, a metal-exchanged or impregnated alumina, or a mixture thereof. The alumina is gamma phase alumina impregnated with from about 0.2 wt % to about 2.0 wt % metal.
Sulfur starvation in rice: the effect on photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and oxidative stress protective pathways<...Sulfur starvation in rice: the effect on photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and oxidative stress protective pathways<...
TY - JOUR. T1 - Sulfur starvation in rice. T2 - the effect on photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and oxidative stress protective pathways. AU - Lunde, Christina. AU - Zygadlo, Agnieszka. AU - Simonsen, Henrik Toft. AU - Nielsen, Per Lassen. AU - Blennow, Andreas. AU - Haldrup, Anna. PY - 2008. Y1 - 2008. N2 - Sulfur-deficient plants generate a lower yield and have a reduced nutritional value. The process of sulfur acquisition and assimilation play an integral role in plant metabolism, and response to sulfur deficiency involves a large number of plant constituents. Rice (Oryza sativa) is the second most consumed cereal grain, and the effects of sulfur deprivation in rice were analyzed by measuring changes in photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and antioxidants. The photosynthetic apparatus was severely affected under sulfur deficiency. The Chl content was reduced by 49% because of a general reduction of PSII and PSI and the associated light-harvesting antenna. The PSII efficiency was ...
turmeric sulfur contentturmeric sulfur content
10. Eggs promote healthy hair plus nails on account of their high sulphur content plus wide array of vitamins plus minerals. ... 20 Health Benefits of Turmeric - posted in ... Jump to content. Signup Sign in; ... (as of plants) plus all the other sulfur containing plant foods like onions, garlic, kale ...
PROCESS TO PRODUCE BIOFUELS FROM BIOMASS - Patent applicationPROCESS TO PRODUCE BIOFUELS FROM BIOMASS - Patent application
0042] In reference to FIG. 5, in one embodiment of the invention process 100E, biomass 102 is provided to digestion system 106 that may have one or more digester(s), whereby the biomass is contacted with a digestive solvent. The solvent liquor 110 containing the dissolved nitrogen compounds and dissolved sulfur compounds and at least a portion of the lignin are removed from the treated biomass pulp 120 that contains carbohydrates and having less than 35% of the sulfur content, preferably less than 10% of the sulfur content, and most preferably less than 3% of the sulfur content, and less than 35% of the nitrogen content, preferably less than 10% of the nitrogen content, and most preferably less than 3% of the nitrogen content, based on the nitrogen content or sulfur content, respectively, of the untreated biomass 102 on a dry mass basis. At least a portion of the treated biomass pulp 120 is fed to a first digestive zone of an aqueous reforming system 126A, whereby the treated biomass pulp is ...
PANalytical - Determination of sulfur content in crude oil according to ISO 8754PANalytical - Determination of sulfur content in crude oil according to ISO 8754
This application note describes the analysis of sulfur contents larger than 0.10 wt% in crude oils, according to international standard ISO 8754, using the Epsilon 3X
Failure analysis showing the effect of sulphur content in stainless steel on the resistance to stress corrosion cracking in...Failure analysis showing the effect of sulphur content in stainless steel on the resistance to stress corrosion cracking in...
Article Failure analysis showing the effect of sulphur content in stainless steel on the resistance to stress corrosion cracking in marine environments at ambient temperatures. The risk of environmentally assisted cracking in downhole components is h...
New EPA sulfur content standards for off-road diesel take effect Monday - News - Examiner - Independence, MONew EPA sulfur content standards for off-road diesel take effect Monday - News - Examiner - Independence, MO
Farmers, loggers, truckers and others may face fines of up to $32,500 per day per violation if they do not meet new national standards for the sulfur content of their off-road diesel fuel. The Environmental Protection Agency regulations will be enacted on October 1.
New EPA sulfur content standards for off-road diesel take effect Monday - News - The Herald News, Fall River, MA - Fall River,...New EPA sulfur content standards for off-road diesel take effect Monday - News - The Herald News, Fall River, MA - Fall River,...
Farmers, loggers, truckers and others may face fines of up to $32,500 per day per violation if they do not meet new national standards for the sulfur content of their off-road diesel fuel. The Environmental Protection Agency regulations will be enacted on October 1.
New EPA sulfur content standards for off-road diesel take effect Monday - News - The Shawnee News-Star - Shawnee, OKNew EPA sulfur content standards for off-road diesel take effect Monday - News - The Shawnee News-Star - Shawnee, OK
Farmers, loggers, truckers and others may face fines of up to $32,500 per day per violation if they do not meet new national standards for the sulfur content of their off-road diesel fuel. The Environmental Protection Agency regulations will be enacted on October 1.
Crop Responses to Sulphur Fertilisation in Europe - International Fertiliser SocietyCrop Responses to Sulphur Fertilisation in Europe - International Fertiliser Society
Keywords: Cereals, Grass, Oilseed rape, Sulphur responses, Sulphur fertilisers.. Sulphur (S) deficiency has become widespread in many countries in Europe since the 1980s. This is due to a massive decrease in the atmospheric deposition of sulphur, a change in the use of fertilisers that contain low sulphur and increased crop yields. This paper reviews crop responses to sulphur in Europe, focusing on oilseed rape, cereals and grass, on which most field trials have been carried out. Multicut grass for silage has been shown to be highly susceptible to sulphur deficiency, and yield responses to sulphur of between 5 and 30% are common in Ireland, the UK and other countries. Oilseed rape is also susceptible to sulphur deficiency, and sulphur fertilisation can produce a dramatic yield response under deficiency conditions. Sulphur deficiency in oilseed rape has been widely reported in France, Germany, Denmark and the UK. Although cereals have a lower requirement for sulphur, responses to sulphur ...
Crop Responses to Sulphur Fertilisation in Europe - International Fertiliser SocietyCrop Responses to Sulphur Fertilisation in Europe - International Fertiliser Society
Keywords: Cereals, Grass, Oilseed rape, Sulphur responses, Sulphur fertilisers.. Sulphur (S) deficiency has become widespread in many countries in Europe since the 1980s. This is due to a massive decrease in the atmospheric deposition of sulphur, a change in the use of fertilisers that contain low sulphur and increased crop yields. This paper reviews crop responses to sulphur in Europe, focusing on oilseed rape, cereals and grass, on which most field trials have been carried out. Multicut grass for silage has been shown to be highly susceptible to sulphur deficiency, and yield responses to sulphur of between 5 and 30% are common in Ireland, the UK and other countries. Oilseed rape is also susceptible to sulphur deficiency, and sulphur fertilisation can produce a dramatic yield response under deficiency conditions. Sulphur deficiency in oilseed rape has been widely reported in France, Germany, Denmark and the UK. Although cereals have a lower requirement for sulphur, responses to sulphur ...
Performance of Particle Oxidation Catalyst and Particle Formation Studies with Sulphur Containing Fuels - SAE InternationalPerformance of Particle Oxidation Catalyst and Particle Formation Studies with Sulphur Containing Fuels - SAE International
The aim of this paper is to analyze the quantitative impact of fuel sulfur content on particulate oxidation catalyst (POC) functionality, focusing on soot emission reduction and the ability to regenerate. Studies were conducted on fuels containing three different levels of sulfur, covering the range of 6 to 340 parts per million, for a light-duty application. The data presented in this paper provide further insights into the specific issues associated with usage of a POC with fuels of higher sulfur content. A 48-hour loading phase was performed for each fuel, during which filter smoke number, temperature and back-pressure were all observed to vary depending on the fuel sulfur level. The Fuel Sulfur Content (FSC) affected also soot particle size distributions (particle number and size) so that with FSC 6 ppm the soot particle concentration was lower than with FSC 65 and 340, both upstream and downstream of the POC. Conversely, FSC did not have major effects on the soot particle number reduction ...
Low Sulfur Supplier, Find Best Low Sulfur Supplier on Alibaba.comLow Sulfur Supplier, Find Best Low Sulfur Supplier on Alibaba.com
Find Best Low Sulfur Supplier on Alibaba Low Sulfur Supplier Directory. Source Top Quality Low Sulfur Supplier, Low Sulfur Companies, sulfuric acid ,sulfuric acid 98% ,sulfuric acid price Manufacturers
The Study of Biological Technologies for the Removal of Sulfur CompoundsThe Study of Biological Technologies for the Removal of Sulfur Compounds
Combustion of sulfur components of fossil fuels such as oil causes the emission of SO2 in the atmosphere and lead to the formation of acidic rain in the environment. The conventional approach for desulfurization of fossil fuels is the chemical procedure of hydrodesulfurization (HDS). However, this method has low efficiency for desulfurization of ring components of sulfur such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) that include a significant percentage of the total sulfur content of fossil fuel. biodesulfurization (BDS), is a biological method proposed for desulfurization of ring components of sulfur which is a non-destructive pathway to remove sulfur from hydrocarbons of petroleum in the mild conditions which potentially used as complementary with HDS. For industrial application of BDS, the approach needs the new challenge to enhance desulfurization activity by genetic engineering methods and bioreactor development to achieve from a fantasy technique to an industrial and reality method for reduction of sulfur
Sulfur assimilation - WikipediaSulfur assimilation - Wikipedia
Sulfur is an essential element for growth and physiological functioning of plants. However, its content strongly varies between plant species and it ranges from 0.1 to 6% of the plants dry weight. Sulfates taken up by the roots are the major sulfur source for growth, though it has to be reduced to sulfide before it is further metabolized. Root plastids contain all sulfate reduction enzymes, but the reduction of sulfate to sulfide and its subsequent incorporation into cysteine predominantly takes place in the shoot, in the chloroplasts. Cysteine is the precursor or reduced sulfur donor of most other organic sulfur compounds in plants. The predominant proportion of the organic sulfur is present in the protein fraction (up to 70% of total sulfur), as cysteine and methionine (two amino acids) residues. Cysteine and methionine are highly significant in the structure, conformation and function of proteins. Plants contain a large variety of other organic sulfur compounds, as thiols (glutathione), ...
Precipitation of Sulfide Ores and Organic Matter: Sulfate Reactions at Pine Point, Canada | SciencePrecipitation of Sulfide Ores and Organic Matter: Sulfate Reactions at Pine Point, Canada | Science
Bitumen is a common associate of carbonate-hosted lead-zinc deposits. On the Pine Point lead-zinc property, Northwest Territories, Canada, there are two forms of bitumen. Unaltered bitumens have atomic hydrogen/carbon ratios of about 1.4, sulfur contents of about 7.8 percent, and sulfur isotope ratios (§34S) of approximately +4.6 per mil. Altered bitumens occur in proximity to sulfide ore bodies and white sparry dolomite. Their hydrogen/carbon ratios are about 1.02, the sulfur contents average 22 percent, and the §34S values are about +12.4 per mil. These data indicate that some bitumen has participated in the thermochemical reduction of sulfate to produce hydrogen sulfide required to precipitate the ores. Mass balance considerations show that the amount and degree of alteration of bitumen is more than adequate to account for the reduced sulfur species (lead, zinc, and iron sulfides) deposited at Pine Point. These reactions may provide an important means of generating the large volumes of ...
Industrial Revolution - WikipediaIndustrial Revolution - Wikipedia
A major change in the iron industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of wood and other bio-fuels with coal. For a given amount of heat, coal required much less labour to mine than cutting wood and converting it to charcoal,[42] and coal was much more abundant than wood, supplies of which were becoming scarce before the enormous increase in iron production that took place in the late 18th century.[1][41]:122 By 1750 coke had generally replaced charcoal in smelting of copper and lead and was in widespread use in making glass. In the smelting and refining of iron, coal and coke produced inferior iron to that made with charcoal because of the coals sulfur content. Low sulfur coals were known, but they still contained harmful amounts. Conversion of coal to coke only slightly reduces the sulfur content.[41]:122-125 A minority of coals are coking.. Another factor limiting the iron industry before the Industrial Revolution was the scarcity of water power to power blast ...
ASTM International - Standard References for ASTM D3764 - 19ASTM International - Standard References for ASTM D3764 - 19
D6122 Standard Practice for Validation of the Performance of Multivariate Online, At-Line, and Laboratory Infrared Spectrophotometer Based Analyzer Systems. D6299 Standard Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measurement System Performance. D6621 Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Process Analyzers for Aromatic Hydrocarbon Materials. D6624 Standard Practice for Determining a Flow-Proportioned Average Property Value (FPAPV) for a Collected Batch of Process Stream Material Using Stream Analyzer Data. D7164 Standard Practice for On-line/At-line Heating Value Determination of Gaseous Fuels by Gas Chromatography. D7165 Standard Practice for Gas Chromatograph Based On-line/At-line Analysis for Sulfur Content of Gaseous Fuels. D7166 Standard Practice for Total Sulfur Analyzer Based On-line/At-line for Sulfur Content of Gaseous Fuels. D7235 Standard Guide for Establishing a Linear Correlation Relationship Between Analyzer ...
Green Star Energy Ltd - A Greener Future!Green Star Energy Ltd - A Greener Future!
The first component, and the one most closely related to the visible smoke often associated with diesel exhaust, is the carbonaceous material. This material is composed of sub-micron sized carbon particles which are formed during the diesel combustion process. It is especially prevalent under conditions when the fuel-air ratio is overly rich, such as full acceleration, maximum power or on start up. The second component is hydrocarbon material which is absorbed on the carbon particles, commonly referred to as the soluble fraction. A portion of this material results from incomplete combustion of the fuel and the remainder is derived from engine lube oil that passes by the piston oil rings. The third particulate component is comprised of sulphates and bound water, with the amount of material being directly related to the fuels sulphur content. The US has comparably high sulphur content in most of its petrochemical diesel fuels, so diesel engine use in America is more affected by this problem than ...
iron ore mine for sale sulfur contentiron ore mine for sale sulfur content
Putu iron ore project is part of a 425 square kilometre exploration tenement ... at a grade of 37.8% iron, 0.5% aluminium oxide, 40.8% sulphur dioxide and 0.18 ... it fully, samples at 2.0m intervals returned a nominal iron content of 42.7% iron. ... Mwana Africa said it plans to commence a share sale to raise $35m in a bid. ...
Four Tips for Handling Ultra Low Sulfur DieselFour Tips for Handling Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel
Todays Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD) is not the same old diesel fuel anymore. It poses a greater static-ignition hazard than earlier diesel formation with higher sulfur content. The following tips will help you better understand the risks and ensure your fueling systems are properly functioning and maintained to handle ULSD.
Best Low Sulfur Heating Oil, Local Delivery | Moyer Indoor OutdoorBest Low Sulfur Heating Oil, Local Delivery | Moyer Indoor Outdoor
Moyer Indoor | Outdoor now offers low sulfur heating oil and fuel. Contact us today at 215-799-2003 to learn more about our low sulfur heating oil.
Agriculture | Free Full-Text | Levels of Sulfur as an Essential Nutrient Element in the Soil-Crop-Food System in AustriaAgriculture | Free Full-Text | Levels of Sulfur as an Essential Nutrient Element in the Soil-Crop-Food System in Austria
Total sulfur data of various agricultural and food items from the lab of the author, have been compiled to develop an understanding of sulfur levels and ecological cycling in Austria. As sulfur level is not an included factor among the quality criteria of soil and fertilizer composition, the database is rather small. Problems in analytical determinations of total sulfur, in particular digestions, are outlined. As a protein component, sulfur is enriched in matrices of animal origin, in particular in egg white. There is substantial excretion from animals and man via urine. Organic fertilizers (manures, composts) might contribute significantly to the sulfur budget of soils, which is important for organic farming of crops with high sulfur needs. For soils, drainage is a main route of loss of soluble sulfate, thus pot experiments may yield unrealistic sulfur budgets.
Sulfur Content, Weighted Average Refinery Crude Oil Input QualitiesSulfur Content, Weighted Average Refinery Crude Oil Input Qualities
Notes: Totals may not equal sum of components due to independent rounding. See Definitions, Sources, and Notes link above for more information on this table ...
DSpace@MIT: A Rational Approach to Governmental Decision Concerning Air Pollution[email protected]: A Rational Approach to Governmental Decision Concerning Air Pollution
This paper addresses a problem common to many government agencies--trying to specify a regulatory policy that is in some sense best for a given situation. Such questions demand the consideration of multiple conflicting objectives, non-repeatable uncertainties, costs and benefits accruing to various individuals, businesses, and organizations, and effects which extend far into the future. Here a systematic approach--known as decision analysis--appropriate for analyzing such problems, is illustrated. The specific problem involves determining the maximum legal sulfur content of fuels burned in New York City. From the point of view of a city administrator, seven major objectives are identified for this problem. These include physical and psychological health effects on residents, economic consequences to both residents and the City, and political implications. Measures of effectiveness are specified for each objective, and the possible consequences of lowering the legal sulfur content of fuels from ...
Lunar Sulfur Capture System | SBIR.govLunar Sulfur Capture System | SBIR.gov
The Lunar Sulfur Capture System (LSCS) is an innovative method to recover sulfur compounds from lunar soil using sorbents derived primarily from in-situ resources. Most of the sulfur released from lunar soil during higher-temperature thermal treatment is trapped by the LSCS at lower temperatures on iron oxides present in lunar soil. As needed, small amounts of polishing sorbents are used to reduce equilibrium sulfur concentrations to the low ppm level. After sorbents become saturated, sulfur compounds are desorbed and converted to useful sulfur products. Sulfur is present in concentrations of about 0.1 percent in lunar soils and can be recovered by the LSCS as a useful product from in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). The LSCS can capture and recover sulfur from lunar soil as a primary product during thermal desorption of volatile compounds or during thermal reduction ISRU processes used for oxygen production. Removal of sulfur compounds is required during ISRU to prevent electrolyzer damage, ...
Rising risk of sulphur deficiency - Farmers WeeklyRising risk of sulphur deficiency - Farmers Weekly
18 January 2002 Rising risk of sulphur deficiencyANY grower who still believes the need for sulphur on modern crops is being over-hyped should think again,
Sulfur | Cosmetics InfoSulfur | Cosmetics Info
Sulfur is an abundant, tasteless, odorless, multivalent non-metal. Sulfur, in its native form, is a yellow crystalline solid. In nature, it can be found as the pure element or as sulfide and sulfate minerals. It is an essential element for life and is found in two amino acids, cysteine and methionine. Sulfur is an essential component of all living cells. Sulfur may also serve as chemical food source for some primitive organisms: some forms of bacteria use hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the place of water as the electron donor in a primitive photosynthesis-like process. Sulfur is absorbed by plants via the roots from soil as the sulfate ion and reduced to sulfide before it is incorporated into cysteine and other organic sulfur compounds (sulfur assimilation). In plants and animals the amino acids cysteine and methionine contain sulfur, as do all polypeptides, proteins, and enzymes which contain these amino acids. Glutathione is an important sulfur-containing tripeptide which plays a role in cells as a ...
effect of sulphur on gold oreeffect of sulphur on gold ore
... _Sulfur WikipediaSulfur or sulphur (see spelling and etymology) is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16 It is abundant, multivalent, and nonmetallic 201778Sulphur (S) Chemica
Amino Acid and Sulfur Metabolism | Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant PhysiologyAmino Acid and Sulfur Metabolism | Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology
Inorganic sulfate is taken up through plant roots and, via cysteine biosynthesis, incorporated as organic sulfur. Our investigations focus on fundamental questions about cysteine (cys) and methionine (met) biosynthesis and on the possibility of engineering crop plants enriched in these sulfur-containing amino acids. Methionine is essential for non-ruminant mammals (including man) and uptake of cysteine reduces the methionine requirement. We have used transgenic strategies to generate many plant lines affected in cysteine and methionine biosynthesis, and subjected them to detailed molecular and biochemical analyses. Recently, we embarked on a course to study sulfur metabolism in a holistic way, rather than focusing on single pathways as such. By applying functional genomic tools like transcript, metabolite, and protein profiling in our analysis of transgenic potato (Solanum tuberosum) and of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we are heading for a better understanding of the sulfur metabolism ...
KEGG PATHWAY: Sulfur metabolism - Archaeoglobus veneficusKEGG PATHWAY: Sulfur metabolism - Archaeoglobus veneficus
Sulfur is an essential element for life and the metabolism of organic sulfur compounds plays an important role in the global sulfur cycle. Sulfur occurs in various oxidation states ranging from +6 in sulfate to -2 in sulfide (H2S). Sulfate reduction can occur in both an energy consuming assimilatory pathway and an energy producing dissimilatory pathway. The assimilatory pathway, which is found in a wide range of organisms, produces reduced sulfur compounds for the biosynthesis of S-containing amino acids and does not lead to direct excretion of sulfide. In the dissimilatory pathway, which is restricted to obligatory anaerobic bacterial and archaeal lineages, sulfate (or sulfur) is the terminal electron acceptor of the respiratory chain producing large quantities of inorganic sulfide. Both pathways start from the activation of sulfate by reaction with ATP to form adenylyl sulfate (APS). In the assimilatory pathway [MD:M00176] APS is converted to 3-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) and then reduced ...
Facile synthesis of a interleaved expanded graphite-embedded sulphur n by Yun-Xiao Wang, Ling Huang et al."Facile synthesis of a interleaved expanded graphite-embedded sulphur n" by Yun-Xiao Wang, Ling Huang et al.
This paper reports the facile synthesis of a unique interleaved expanded graphite-embedded sulphur nanocomposite (S-EG) by melt-diffusion strategy. The SEM images of the S-EG materials indicate the nanocomposites consist of nanosheets with a layer-by-layer structure. Electrochemical tests reveal that the nanocomposite with a sulphur content of 60% (0.6S-EG) can deliver the highest discharge capacity of 1210.4 mAh g−1 at a charge-discharge rate of 280 mA g−1 in the first cycle, the discharge capacity of the 0.6S-EG remains as high as 957.9 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles of charge-discharge. Furthermore, at a much higher charge-discharge rate of 28 A g−1, the 0.6S-EG cathode can still deliver a high reversible capacity of 337.5 mAh g−1. The high sulphur utilization, excellent rate capability and reduced over-discharge phenomenon of the 0.6S-EG material are exclusively attributed to the particular microstructure and composition of the cathode.
KEGG PATHWAY: Sulfur metabolism - Thermococcus cleftensisKEGG PATHWAY: Sulfur metabolism - Thermococcus cleftensis
Sulfur is an essential element for life and the metabolism of organic sulfur compounds plays an important role in the global sulfur cycle. Sulfur occurs in various oxidation states ranging from +6 in sulfate to -2 in sulfide (H2S). Sulfate reduction can occur in both an energy consuming assimilatory pathway and an energy producing dissimilatory pathway. The assimilatory pathway, which is found in a wide range of organisms, produces reduced sulfur compounds for the biosynthesis of S-containing amino acids and does not lead to direct excretion of sulfide. In the dissimilatory pathway, which is restricted to obligatory anaerobic bacterial and archaeal lineages, sulfate (or sulfur) is the terminal electron acceptor of the respiratory chain producing large quantities of inorganic sulfide. Both pathways start from the activation of sulfate by reaction with ATP to form adenylyl sulfate (APS). In the assimilatory pathway [MD:M00176] APS is converted to 3-phosphoadenylyl sulfate (PAPS) and then reduced ...
Impacts of aviation fuel sulfur content on climate and human health - White Rose Research OnlineImpacts of aviation fuel sulfur content on climate and human health - White Rose Research Online
Aviation emissions impact both air quality and climate. Using a coupled tropospheric chemistry-aerosol microphysics model we investigate the effects of varying aviation fuel sulfur content (FSC) on premature mortality from long-term exposure to aviation-sourced PM2.5 (particulate matter with a dry diameter of , 2.5 µm) and on the global radiation budget due to changes in aerosol and tropospheric ozone. We estimate that present-day non-CO2 aviation emissions with a typical FSC of 600 ppm result in ∼ 3600 [95 % CI: 1310-5890] annual premature mortalities globally due to increases in cases of cardiopulmonary disease and lung cancer, resulting from increased surface PM2.5 concentrations. We quantify the global annual mean combined radiative effect (REcomb) of non-CO2 aviation emissions as −13.3 mW m−2; from increases in aerosols (direct radiative effect and cloud albedo effect) and tropospheric ozone. Ultra-low sulfur jet fuel (ULSJ; FSC = 15 ppm) has been proposed as an option to reduce the ...
Organic Sulfur Crystals 99.9% Pure Premium MSM - YumNaturals EmporiumOrganic Sulfur Crystals 99.9% Pure Premium MSM - YumNaturals Emporium
This Organic Sulfur is 99.9% Pure MSM, each batch is tested for purity, and certified for quality. If you are considering supplementing with Sulfur, crystals are the only way to go!. ​Therapeutic Organic Sulfur Crystals can be excellent for:. 1. Improves skin health and complexion: Organic Sulfur is necessary for collagen production. Sagging skin and wrinkles, as well as dry, cracked skin are all developed through a loss of collagen.. Organic Sulfur works together with Vitamin C to build new, healthy tissues. Organic Sulfur can normalize collagen formation and radically improve skin health.. 2. Improves flexibility: Research has shown that Organic Sulfur is highly effective in improving joint flexibility. Additionally, it helps to produce flexible skin and muscle tissue.. This leads to an increase in overall flexibility due to a restoration of the "juiciness" in the tissues.. 3. Detoxifies the body: One of the most important features of Organic Sulfur is that it makes your cells more ...
Sulfur and iron accumulation in three marine-archaeological shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea : The Ghost, the Crown and the SwordSulfur and iron accumulation in three marine-archaeological shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea : The Ghost, the Crown and the Sword
Sulfur and iron concentrations in wood from three 17th century shipwrecks in the Baltic Sea, the Ghost wreck, the Crown and the Sword, were obtained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) scanning. In near anaerobic environments symbiotic microorganisms degrade waterlogged wood, reduce sulfate and promote accumulation of low-valent sulfur compounds, as previously found for the famous wrecks of the Vasa and Mary Rose. Sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analyses of Ghost wreck wood show that organic thiols and disulfides dominate, together with elemental sulfur probably generated by sulfur-oxidizing Beggiatoa bacteria. Iron sulfides were not detected, consistent with the relatively low iron concentration in the wood. In a museum climate with high atmospheric humidity oxidation processes, especially of iron sulfides formed in the presence of corroding iron, may induce post-conservation wood degradation. Subject to more general confirmation by further analyses no severe conservation ...
Molecular regulation of aluminum resistance and sulfur nutrition during root growthMolecular regulation of aluminum resistance and sulfur nutrition during root growth
Main conclusion: Aluminum toxicity and sulfate deprivation both regulate microRNA395 expression, repressing its low-affinity sulfate transporter (SULTR2;1) target. Sulfate deprivation also induces the high-affinity sulfate transporter gene (SULTR12), allowing enhanced sulfate uptake. Few studies about the relationships between sulfate, a plant nutrient, and aluminum, a toxic ion, are available; hence, the molecular and physiological processes underpinning this interaction are poorly understood. The Al-sulfate interaction occurs in acidic soils, whereby relatively high concentrations of trivalent toxic aluminum (Al3+) may hamper root growth, limiting uptake of nutrients, including sulfur (S). On the other side, Al3+ may be detoxified by complexation with sulfate in the acid soil solution as well as in the root-cell vacuoles. In this review, we focus on recent insights into the mechanisms governing plant responses to Al toxicity and its relationship with sulfur nutrition, emphasizing the role of ...
CA2700746C - Methods and systems for sulphur combustion - Google PatentsCA2700746C - Methods and systems for sulphur combustion - Google Patents
A method for generating energy from sulphur combustion without causing harmful emissions to the environment entails steps of evaporating liquid sulphur to generate sulphur dioxide gas and sulphur vapor, combusting the sulphur vapor with oxygen gas to generate heat, and reducing (either at high temperature or catalytically) the sulphur dioxide to carbon dioxide and sulphur vapor by reacting the sulphur dioxide with carbonyl sulfide. The carbonyl sulphide can be generated by reacting hydrogen sulfide with recycled carbon dioxide that is recycled by condensing sulphur vapor, carbon dioxide and water to yield liquid sulphur, elemental sulphur, steam and carbon dioxide. Energy in the hot reactor products (SO2 gas and sulphur vapor S2) and steam can be harnessed using this emission-free process. Likewise, this process can be used to produce elemental sulphur and/or carbon monoxide without polluting the atmosphere. Furthermore, this process can be used for the transshipment by pipeline of sulphur by
Effect of surfactant redistribution on weld pool shape during gas tungsten arc weldingEffect of surfactant redistribution on weld pool shape during gas tungsten arc welding
In previous evaluations, of GTA welding stainless steel plates the surfactant content in the workplace has been assumed to be in a state of equilibrium. However surfactant concentration usually had to be adjusted in order to achieve agreement between the weld pool shapes in experiments and those in simulations. In this study a physiochemical approach to the redistribution of surfactant at the surface and in the bulk is presented for the first time. Sulphur was considered as a represenative surfactant. The model allows surfactant molecular transport via convection, diffusion, and sorption. It is shown that sulphur atoms accumulate at the surface at stagnation points, affecting the coefficient of surface tension and thus the final weld pool shape. Thus, the sulphur content in the simulation approaches the nominal sulphur content in the steel plate. The theory is strenghtened by both electron probe microanalysis and Auger electron spectroscopy. At the time the work was carried out, Mr Winkler, Dr ...
Low sulphur Graphitized pet coke/GPC China ManufacturerLow sulphur Graphitized pet coke/GPC China Manufacturer
China Low sulphur Graphitized pet coke/GPC with High-Quality, Leading Low sulphur Graphitized pet coke/GPC Manufacturers & Suppliers, find Low sulphur Graphitized pet coke/GPC Factory & Exporters.
The Self Directed Income (SDI) Eye Opener: Stephanie Seneff Writes About Sulfur Deficiency?The Self Directed Income (SDI) Eye Opener: Stephanie Seneff Writes About Sulfur Deficiency?
Bacteria in well aerated soil, similar to nitrogen fixing bacteria, can convert elemental sulfur into sulfate through an oxidation process. Coal contains a significant amount of sulfur, and factories that burn coal for energy release sulfur dioxide into the air. Over time, sun exposure converts the sulfur dioxide to sulfate, a significant contributor to acid rain. Acid rain is a serious pollutant, in that hydrogen sulfate, a potent acid, penetrates lakes, making them too acidic for lifeforms to thrive. The Clean Air Act, enacted by congress in 1980, has led to substantial decreases in the amount of acid rain released into the atmosphere. Factories have introduced highly effective scrubbing technologies to comply with the law, and, as a consequence, less sulfate makes its way back into the soil. ...
US Patent Application for REMOVAL OF SULFUR FROM NAPHTHA Patent Application (Application #20180119032 issued May 3, 2018) -...US Patent Application for REMOVAL OF SULFUR FROM NAPHTHA Patent Application (Application #20180119032 issued May 3, 2018) -...
A process and apparatus for reducing the sulfur content of naphtha. The process includes introducing at least a portion of a naphtha feed stream to a selective hydrodesulfurization zone under selective hydrodesulfurization conditions in the presence of a selective hydrodesulfurization catalyst to form a low sulfur stream which contains mercaptan and thiophene compounds. At least a portion of the low sulfur stream is separated into at least two streams, a mercaptan rich stream containing mercaptan and thiophene compounds and an overhead stream containing hydrogen sulfide and liquid petroleum gas. The mercaptan rich stream is treated in an adsorbent zone to remove at least a portion of the mercaptan and thiophene compounds to form a mercaptan lean stream.
British Library EThOS: Genetic and environmental factors controlling acrylamide formation in wheat and rye productsBritish Library EThOS: Genetic and environmental factors controlling acrylamide formation in wheat and rye products
Acrylamide formation in cooked food has become a significant problem for the food industry. This study concerned the accumulation of free asparagine, one of the precursors for acrylamide formation, in wheat and rye grain. Asparagine concentration was found to be greatly affected by environmental conditions (E), genetic factors (G) and the interaction between the two (G x E). One of the environmental conditions controlling free asparagine accumulation in wheat grain was sulphur deficiency, which caused an increase of up to thirty-fold in free asparagine concentration. Sulphur deficiency and free asparagine concentration were linearly related to the amount of acrylamide that formed when wheat flour was heated at 180°C. Asparagine concentration was also the main determinant of acrylamide formation in rye but, unlike in wheat, it was not affected by sulphur availability, at least under field conditions. Rye flour had lower acrylamide forming potential than wheat per unit of asparagine, possibly due ...
Organic Sulfur - The Natural High At My Age - Basics4BalanceOrganic Sulfur - The Natural High At My Age - Basics4Balance
If you havent heard about what organic sulfur can do for your busy life yet, then youre missing out on all the fun. Im a married work at home managing 4 kids and 2 dogs. Im busy. Who isnt? Youre busy too. Every month I keep taking my organic sulfur, I find myself with more kick in my step. Organic sulfur is
The European Commission rules out any delay to Sulphur Emissions Directive implementation as infringement proceedings begin |...The European Commission rules out any delay to Sulphur Emissions Directive implementation as infringement proceedings begin |...
19 EU member states have not yet drawn up laws to implement a directive setting limits on sulphur emissions from ships in the North Sea, Baltic Sea and English Channel that takes effect from next year. The European Commission will begin pilot investigations, the first stage of infringement proceedings, against member states that have not transposed the directive on the sulphur content of marine fuels. The Commission has confirmed that it will take appropriate and proportionate measures to address the fact that the so called scrubber technologies used to clean sulphur emissions from exhaust fumes cause sludge that is not easy to dispose of in some ports. The Commission has asked member states to provide detailed information on EU port acceptance of scrubbers, in particular the open loop systems which discharge water that has a chemical composition that may not be compatible with water regulations applied in protected areas like ports. Shipping companies will have to either use cleaner fuels, ...
ScholarWorks: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SULFUR CONCRETEScholarWorks: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SULFUR CONCRETE
Fossil fuel consumption is rapidly increasing in the world, and so is the amount of sulfur that is generated as by-product of the industrial refining process. Since sulfur is expected to increase continuously in the future, the huge cost of waste disposal will be required if there is no counterplan. As a result, using sulfur as construction materials such as asphalt and concrete was considered. However, sulfur concrete made with unmodified sulfur has limitation for practical use because it has inferior properties such as poor resistance to water and significantly more brittle than traditional concrete. In order to overcome these drawbacks, Modified sulfur was developed. Sulfur concrete using modified sulfur binders shows excellent durability in high acid or salt concentrations. This study investigated the mechanical and durability properties of sulfur concrete made with modified sulfur binder instead of Portland cement. Preliminary tests were performed to evaluate effects of the maximum size of ...
Sulfur - Laboratory ChemicalsSulfur - Laboratory Chemicals
Alfa Aesar Sulfur, Honeywell Sulfur, VWR Sulfur, Spectrum Sulfur,BDH Sulfur,Acros Sulfur, Panreac Sulfur, FisherScientific Sulfur, Suvchem Sulfur, GFS Sulfur
Redox and chemical activities of the hemes in the sulfur oxidation pathway enzyme SoxAX. - Oxford NeuroscienceRedox and chemical activities of the hemes in the sulfur oxidation pathway enzyme SoxAX. - Oxford Neuroscience
BACKGROUND: SoxAX enzymes initiate microbial oxidation of reduced inorganic sulfur compounds. Their catalytic mechanism is unknown. RESULTS: Cyanide displaces the CysS(-) ligand to the active site heme following reduction by S(2)O(4)(2-) but not Eu(II). CONCLUSION: An active site heme ligand becomes labile on exposure to substrate analogs. SIGNIFICANCE: Elucidation of SoxAX mechanism is necessary to understand a widespread pathway for sulfur compound oxidation. SoxAX enzymes couple disulfide bond formation to the reduction of cytochrome c in the first step of the phylogenetically widespread Sox microbial sulfur oxidation pathway. Rhodovulum sulfidophilum SoxAX contains three hemes. An electrochemical cell compatible with magnetic circular dichroism at near infrared wavelengths has been developed to resolve redox and chemical properties of the SoxAX hemes. In combination with potentiometric titrations monitored by electronic absorbance and EPR, this method defines midpoint potentials (E(m)) at pH 7.0 of
TRANSPORTATION: New EPA rule on sulfur levels in gasoline is part of presidents climate agenda -- Tuesday, March 4, 2014 --...TRANSPORTATION: New EPA rule on sulfur levels in gasoline is part of president's climate agenda -- Tuesday, March 4, 2014 --...
New standards to reduce sulfur levels in gasoline, which will produce significant benefits in terms of public health and local air pollution, are also part of President Obamas strategy to mitigate climate change, according to U.S. EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy.
Sulphur CopperSulphur Copper
At S & D Non-Ferrous, we stock Sulphur Copper in Grade CW114C, a free machining copper with an approximately 80% machinability rating. Adding sulphur to copper produces a free machining copper as the sulphur acts as a chip breaker, making it far easier to machine than pure copper and only having a minor effect on the conductivity of the metal.. Machining speeds can reach up to 4 times faster than those of pure copper and greater tooling life span is also seen when using sulphur copper over pure copper. Sulphur Copper is a versatile metal as it combines the high thermal and electrical conductivity values that are usually only seen in pure copper, however the ease of machining from the sulphur, allowing it to be used in a greater number of circumstances. Other qualities of CW114C are easy solder ability and decent levels of corrosion resistance. Our CW114C sulphur copper is readily available in a number of formations, including sulphur copper plate or sulphur copper bar in a range of shapes. Our ...
In Texas Home Bluff, Loans Sulphur - NiwotcoIn Texas Home Bluff, Loans Sulphur - Niwotco
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) offers government-backed loans to help people in Sulphur Bluff, TX be able to afford a new home. These loans are insured by the federal government, so they are safer for lenders.. Jumbo mortgage loans made for Sulphur Bluff, TX homes and condos have a higher interest rate than conforming Sulphur Bluff, TX mortgage loans. AHP Grant to Fund Housing for Young Adults Transitioning out of Foster Care - Simmons is the subsidiary bank for Simmons First National corporation (nasdaq: sfnc), a publicly traded bank holding company headquartered in Pine Bluff, Arkansas.. Discover all the listings available in Sulphur Bluff,TX: search for homes for sale listings in Sulphur Bluff,TX, check all the properties information and details. Homes for Sale by Owner in Sulphur Bluff, TX. 11961 Farm Road 69 N, Sulphur Bluff, TX 75481 Clean and cozy 3 bedroom 1 bath brick home, all on 1 acre in Sulphur Bluff. Open living area , breakfast and kitchen.. 1 Homes for Sale in Sulphur ...
ACID RAIN: Monitoring Of Acid RainACID RAIN: Monitoring Of Acid Rain
There are several ways to monitor emissions from a plant. We measure nitrogen oxides by taking a sample of the gas emitted thought the plants smokestack and analyzing it. In some cases sulphurdioxide is measured this way, but we can also compute sulphur emissions from the fuels sulphur content, as noted above. When plants use natural gas, which contains only traces of sulfur, we may estimate the plants emissions by assuming the gas contains a certain low amount of sulfur. Sulfur emissions from such plants are so low that an actual measurement of sulfur dioxide is impractical ...
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Sulfur sesquioxide | chemical compound | BritannicaSulfur sesquioxide | chemical compound | Britannica
Other articles where Sulfur sesquioxide is discussed: sulfur oxide: …discharge in a mixture of sulfur dioxide and sulfur vapour at low pressure; upon cooling, it condenses to an orange-red solid that decomposes slowly to sulfur and sulfur dioxide. The sesquioxide, formed by dissolving sulfur in liquid sulfur trioxide, is a blue-green solid stable only below 15° C (59° F).…
Selective Inhibition of the Oxidation of Ferrous Iron or Sulfur in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans | Applied and Environmental...Selective Inhibition of the Oxidation of Ferrous Iron or Sulfur in Thiobacillus ferrooxidans | Applied and Environmental...
Sulfate is an anion that is normally associated with the environment in which the organism is found, e.g., acid mine drainage water. It was initially believed to act as a bridging ligand between ferrous iron and the cell (16, 17). Further experiments showed its role in the transfer of electrons from an iron sulfur cluster to the copper(II) ion of rusticyanin in the oxygen-dependent iron oxidation electron transport chain (8). A sulfate requirement for rusticyanin reduction by ferrous iron was also reported with a partially purified iron:rusticyanin oxidoreductase (3). Figure 1 shows that sulfate up to a concentration of 0.2 M had very little effect on either the iron or sulfur oxidation pathway. Beyond this point, iron oxidation was only marginally affected, while sulfur oxidation showed a dramatic drop in activity. This apparent preferential inhibition of sulfur oxidation at high sulfate concentrations is believed to be caused by changes in osmotic pressure, as it was observed in all other ...
Fuel Sulfur Effects on Automotive Catalyst Performance - SAE InternationalFuel Sulfur Effects on Automotive Catalyst Performance - SAE International
During combustion, organosulfur compounds typically contained in gasoline are converted to SO2. Over automotive emission control catalysts, the SO2 can be converted to other sulfur compounds such as H2S,COS, and H2SO4. The chemistry of sulfur over catalysts is a function of A/F as well as catalyst composition.Exhaust emission control catalysts are also poisoned by exhaust SO2. The present study probes the extent of poisoning as a function of A/F, fuel sulfur levels and noble metal composition. The effect of fuel sulfur levels (14-6000 ppm) during aging and evaluation of platinum/rhodium, palladium/rhodium and palladium-only three-way control catalysts was evaluated. Performance measurements are reported for both engine dynamometer and vehicle systems ...
ผู้ใช้:Rawadeeb/กระบะทราย2 - วิกิพีเดียผู้ใช้:Rawadeeb/กระบะทราย2 - วิกิพีเดีย
Onions are best cultivated in fertile soils that are well-drained. Sandy loams are good as they are low in sulphur, while clayey soils usually have a high sulphur content and produce pungent bulbs. Onions require a high level of nutrients in the soil. Phosphorus is often present in sufficient quantities but may be applied before planting because of its low level of availability in cold soils. Nitrogen and potash can be applied at intervals during the growing season, the last application of nitrogen being at least four weeks before harvesting. [46] Bulbing onions are day-length sensitive; their bulbs begin growing only after the number of daylight hours has surpassed some minimal quantity. Most traditional European onions are what is referred to as "long-day" onions, producing bulbs only after 14+ hours of daylight occurs. Southern European and North African varieties are often known as "intermediate day" types, requiring only 12-13 hours of daylight to stimulate bulb formation. Finally, ...
Sulfuryl chlorideSulfuryl chloride
William Clyde Martin Jr.William Clyde Martin Jr.
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PolioencephalomalaciaPolioencephalomalacia
Disulfur decafluorideDisulfur decafluoride
List of alchemical substancesList of alchemical substances
EvaporiteEvaporite
Thiosulfurous acidThiosulfurous acid
DihydroxydisulfaneDihydroxydisulfane
Lead(II) sulfideLead(II) sulfide
Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetalsProperties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals
PollutantPollutant
Ancient EgyptAncient Egypt
Polymer architecturePolymer architecture
Electricity generationElectricity generation
Salt domeSalt dome
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Health in ZimbabweHealth in Zimbabwe
Charles C. PriceCharles C. Price
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Arthur W. ThomasArthur W. Thomas
Giant tube wormGiant tube worm
OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
SulfurSulfur CompoundsSulfur DioxideSulfur IsotopesAmino Acids, SulfurMustard GasSulfidesThiosulfatesSulfur OxidesSulfatesChlorobiOxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group DonorsSulfur HexafluorideChromatiaceaeChemical Warfare AgentsSulfurtransferasesSulfur AcidsCysteineChlorobiumHydrogen SulfideOxidation-ReductionChromatiumSulfitesMethionineAcidithiobacillusSulfonium CompoundsCysteine SynthaseSulfur-Reducing BacteriaIron-Sulfur ProteinsThiosulfate SulfurtransferaseHydrogensulfite ReductaseThiobacillusSulfhydryl CompoundsSulfur Group TransferasesAir PollutantsMolecular Sequence DataThiotrichaceaeCystineEpsilonproteobacteriaSulfate AdenylyltransferaseCystathionine gamma-LyaseGammaproteobacteriaAcidianusSeawaterAir PollutionPhototrophic ProcessesNitrogenMolybdenumGeologic SedimentsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SPhylogenyLyasesArylsulfatasesOxidoreductasesAnaerobiosisIronSulfuric AcidsBacteriaSulfur RadioisotopesThiouridineCystathionineAcidithiobacillus thiooxidansBacteriochlorophyllsTetrathionic AcidNitrogen DioxideVolcanic EruptionsHalitosisGlutathioneMetalloproteinsCarbonDNA, RibosomalBacterial ProteinsVitamin UTaurineSelenium CompoundsWater MicrobiologyAcid RainAutotrophic ProcessesThiocapsaSequence Analysis, DNAAtmosphereHydrogenHydrothermal VentsParacoccus pantotrophusSpectrum AnalysisCarbon-Oxygen LyasesElectron Probe MicroanalysisHot SpringsCulture MediaAmino Acid SequenceSulfite OxidaseAdenosine Phosphosulfate
Four Tips for Handling Ultra Low Sulfur DieselFour Tips for Handling Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel
SulfurSulfur
Lunar Sulfur Capture System | SBIR.govLunar Sulfur Capture System | SBIR.gov
DRDB: SACAQMD 420 SULFUR CONTENT OF FUELSDRDB: SACAQMD 420 SULFUR CONTENT OF FUELS
KEGG PATHWAY: Sulfur metabolism - Parabacteroides distasonisKEGG PATHWAY: Sulfur metabolism - Parabacteroides distasonis
Low Sulfur Supplier, Find Best Low Sulfur Supplier on Alibaba.comLow Sulfur Supplier, Find Best Low Sulfur Supplier on Alibaba.com
Sulfur Content, Weighted Average Refinery Crude Oil Input QualitiesSulfur Content, Weighted Average Refinery Crude Oil Input Qualities
CDC | Facts About Sulfur MustardCDC | Facts About Sulfur Mustard
Sulfur dioxide - WikipediaSulfur dioxide - Wikipedia
Sulfur dichloride - WikipediaSulfur dichloride - Wikipedia
Sulfur Dioxide | NIOSH | CDCSulfur Dioxide | NIOSH | CDC
Sulfur - WikipediaSulfur - Wikipedia
Sulfur - Wikimedia CommonsSulfur - Wikimedia Commons
ISDH: Sulfur MustardISDH: Sulfur Mustard
sulfur ether - Wiktionarysulfur ether - Wiktionary
Sulfur dioxygenase - WikipediaSulfur dioxygenase - Wikipedia
Bivalent sulfur | Britannica.comBivalent sulfur | Britannica.com
Sulfur-Containing Compounds | SpringerLinkSulfur-Containing Compounds | SpringerLink
Sulfur Mustard | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDRSulfur Mustard | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
Sulfur Dioxide | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDRSulfur Dioxide | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR
sulfur dioxide (CHEBI:18422)sulfur dioxide (CHEBI:18422)
Minerals: SulfurMinerals: Sulfur
Sulfur sesquioxide | chemical compound | BritannicaSulfur sesquioxide | chemical compound | Britannica
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Signs & Symptoms of Exposure to Sulfur MustardSigns & Symptoms of Exposure to Sulfur Mustard
Sulphur safety | New ScientistSulphur safety | New Scientist
SULFUR || Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database | EWGSULFUR || Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database | EWG
Axis Sulfur from Italy | Science NewsAxis Sulfur from Italy | Science News
Sulfur burps: Remedies, treatment, and causesSulfur burps: Remedies, treatment, and causes
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magnesium-sulfur Archives - ExtremeTechmagnesium-sulfur Archives - ExtremeTech
Sulphur and White (2020) - IMDbSulphur and White (2020) - IMDb
Sulfur hexafluorideSulfur hexafluoride
Iron-sulfurIron-sulfur
OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
SulfurSulfur CompoundsSulfur DioxideSulfur IsotopesAmino Acids, SulfurMustard GasSulfidesThiosulfatesSulfur OxidesSulfatesChlorobiOxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group DonorsSulfur HexafluorideChromatiaceaeChemical Warfare AgentsSulfurtransferasesSulfur AcidsCysteineChlorobiumHydrogen SulfideOxidation-ReductionChromatiumSulfitesMethionineAcidithiobacillusSulfonium CompoundsCysteine SynthaseSulfur-Reducing BacteriaIron-Sulfur ProteinsThiosulfate SulfurtransferaseHydrogensulfite ReductaseThiobacillusSulfhydryl CompoundsSulfur Group TransferasesAir PollutantsMolecular Sequence DataThiotrichaceaeCystineEpsilonproteobacteriaSulfate AdenylyltransferaseCystathionine gamma-LyaseGammaproteobacteriaAcidianusSeawaterAir PollutionPhototrophic ProcessesNitrogenMolybdenumGeologic SedimentsRNA, Ribosomal, 16SPhylogenyLyasesArylsulfatasesOxidoreductasesAnaerobiosisIronSulfuric AcidsBacteriaSulfur RadioisotopesThiouridineCystathionineAcidithiobacillus thiooxidansBacteriochlorophyllsTetrathionic AcidNitrogen DioxideVolcanic EruptionsHalitosisGlutathioneMetalloproteinsCarbonDNA, RibosomalBacterial ProteinsVitamin UTaurineSelenium CompoundsWater MicrobiologyAcid RainAutotrophic ProcessesThiocapsaSequence Analysis, DNAAtmosphereHydrogenHydrothermal VentsParacoccus pantotrophusSpectrum AnalysisCarbon-Oxygen LyasesElectron Probe MicroanalysisHot SpringsCulture MediaAmino Acid SequenceSulfite OxidaseAdenosine Phosphosulfate
Gasoil FuturesElemental sulfurFUELSOxidesPetroleumAbstractContentHigh sulfurEmissionsSulfideAmount of sulfurDeficiencyEnzymesOrganic sulfurCompounds that contain sulfurAmino acidRelatesAbundantAssimilationDieselAtmosphericOccurrenceSolventSettlement priceEffects of sulfurMoltenGasesCropOccursEquilibrium sulfur
Gasoil Futures1
  • In order to use the correct Floating Price quotations, the nearby month quotation for ICE Low Sulphur Gasoil Futures specified in the Floating Price terms above will be used except for the expiration date of the commodity's underlying delivery month's futures contract. (theice.com)
Elemental sulfur4
  • Research scientists at the Saudi Aramco EXPEC Advanced Research Center may be on the cusp of mitigating future elemental sulfur and even removing its deposition tenfold by using a cheaper solid-liquid mixture - simple garlic and low-grade heavy diesel oil. (saudiaramco.com)
  • Elemental sulfur deposition problems affect pipeline production operations in many oil industries across the globe, and it is extremely costly to mitigate. (saudiaramco.com)
  • The heightened cost of this deposition issue can be attributed to the scant knowledge available on elemental sulfur formation in sour gas. (saudiaramco.com)
  • Unlike pricey batch solvents from service companies around the world, the sulfur removal solvent technology uses a special "ionic base" chemical together with garlic and heavy diesel oil to rapidly dissolve sulfur powder and crystals in the laboratory, providing "unique catenation and solubility functions that promote the dissolution of elemental sulfur deposition in our sour gas wells. (saudiaramco.com)
FUELS6
Oxides1
  • Most of the sulfur released from lunar soil during higher-temperature thermal treatment is trapped by the LSCS at lower temperatures on iron oxides present in lunar soil. (sbir.gov)
Petroleum3
  • It is a great challenge for scientists all around the world to make proper use of aliphatic organosulfur components in garlic to maximize its beneficial effect," said Oduro, noting that this is the first time garlic extracts have been applied to petroleum research activities to curb large-scale sulfur deposition challenges. (saudiaramco.com)
  • This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the sulfur content by oxidative microcoulometry of petroleum light and middle distillates with a final boiling point not higher than 400 °C. It is applicable to materials with sulfur contents in the range of 1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg. (energyinst.org)
  • biodesulfurization (BDS), is a biological method proposed for desulfurization of ring components of sulfur which is a non-destructive pathway to remove sulfur from hydrocarbons of petroleum in the mild conditions which potentially used as complementary with HDS. (ac.ir)
Abstract1
  • Abstract The Lunar Sulfur Capture System (LSCS) is an innovative method to recover sulfur compounds from lunar soil using sorbents derived primarily from in-situ resources. (sbir.gov)
Content4
High sulfur1
  • The State of New York and other Northeastern states are implementing more stringent fuel standards that require replacement of high sulfur (2,000 parts per million) heating oil to ultra low sulfur fuel (15 parts per million). (energy.gov)
Emissions1
Sulfide3
  • The LSCS is applicable to thermal ISRU reduction processes in which sulfur is released in forms such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbonyl sulfide (COS), or carbon disulfide (CS2). (sbir.gov)
  • The stoichiometric amount of manganese needed to simply combine with the sulfur is 1.7 (%S). This means the ratio of manganese to sulfur in a manganese sulfide particle is 1.7. (thefreelibrary.com)
  • Further, equation 4 defines a relationship ensuring all sulfur is present as manganese sulfide, but it does not describe the conditions under which manganese sulfide forms in gray iron. (thefreelibrary.com)
Amount of sulfur1
  • In an analysis of past investigations, tensile strength was plotted as a function of the difference between the actual sulfur and the equilibrium amount of sulfur needed for MnS precipitation before solidification. (thefreelibrary.com)
Deficiency5
Enzymes4
  • Until our study, we didn't really know how sulfur atoms are incorporated into a natural product-now we have discovered a new family of enzymes and have a workable mechanism to account for sulfur incorporation into a larger class of natural products, known as polyketides, that include many drugs such as erythromycin (antibacterial) and lovastatin (cholesterol lowering). (healthcanal.com)
  • The study links a family of enzymes-molecules that act as biological catalysts-known as polyketide synthases (PKS) directly to a complex series of chemical reactions that ultimately add sulfur to leinamycin, a member of the polyketide family of natural products. (healthcanal.com)
  • Since polyketide synthases are a large family of enzymes that have been proven amenable for polyketide structural diversity and drug discovery, it is particularly exciting that this new discovery now provides the possibilities of adding sulfur atoms to compounds similar to leinamycin or other polyketide natural products. (healthcanal.com)
  • The present book discusses the aspects of sustainable crop production with sulfur, the importance of sulfur metabolites and sulfur metabolizing enzymes in abiotic stress management in plants. (readrate.com)
Organic sulfur1
Compounds that contain sulfur2
Amino acid1
  • Oduro explains that organic garlic extracts and its sulfur amino acid components have been widely recognized as agents for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and other metabolic diseases. (saudiaramco.com)
Relates1
  • Detailed is an analysis of how the concentration of sulfur and manganese in gray iron at solidification relates to gray iron microstructure and mechanical properties. (thefreelibrary.com)
Abundant1
  • Sulfur is critical not only to human life, but to plants and bacteria as well, and is one of the most abundant elements in the human body by weight. (healthcanal.com)
Assimilation2
  • Its assimilation in higher plants and its reduction in metabolically important sulfur compounds are crucial factors determining plant growth and vigor and resistance to stresses. (readrate.com)
  • The information on sulfur assimilation can be exploited in tailoring for efficient sulfur utilization, and in the applied approaches for the sustenance of agricultural productivity through nutritional improvement and increased stress tolerance. (readrate.com)
Diesel1
Atmospheric2
Occurrence1
  • One of the most difficult problems facing operators and engineers in the hydrocarbon industry is how to economically control and prevent the occurrence of sulfur. (saudiaramco.com)
Solvent2
  • Experimenting creatively for far-reaching solutions, our geochemists have been working on a new kind of solvent extract from simple garlic that could dissolve large amounts of pipeline sulfur deposits at reservoir conditions in a shorter time period. (saudiaramco.com)
  • Products with sulfur contents above 100 mg/kg can be analysed after dilution with a suitable sulfur-free solvent. (energyinst.org)
Settlement price1
  • A monthly cash settled future based on the difference between the Platts daily assessment price for Singapore Gasoil 0.05% sulfur and the ICE settlement price for Low Sulphur Gasoil 1st Line Future. (theice.com)
Effects of sulfur1
  • Thus, investigations were performed using a solubility product approach to evaluate how the effects of sulfur and manganese on gray iron properties are related to the dissolved amounts of both elements remaining in the molten iron when solidification begins. (thefreelibrary.com)
Molten1
Gases1
Crop1
  • This paper reviews crop responses to sulphur in Europe, focusing on oilseed rape, cereals and grass, on which most field trials have been carried out. (fertiliser-society.org)
Occurs1
  • Sulfur occurs in various forms in oil and gas production activities, and its management has brought a new set of challenges to the forefront of oil and gas production. (saudiaramco.com)
Equilibrium sulfur2
  • As needed, small amounts of polishing sorbents are used to reduce equilibrium sulfur concentrations to the low ppm level. (sbir.gov)
  • A negative value indicated the equilibrium sulfur (determined by a particular level of manganese) was greater than the actual sulfur level. (thefreelibrary.com)
Allotropes of sulfur - Wikipedia
Allotropes of sulfur - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
PROACTIV REFINING MASK (sulfur cream) | Healthgrades.com
PROACTIV REFINING MASK (sulfur cream) | Healthgrades.com (healthgrades.com)
Toxic Sulfur Mound Fire in Wyoming - NBC Chicago
Toxic Sulfur Mound Fire in Wyoming - NBC Chicago (nbcchicago.com)
Hampton Inn Lake Charles - Directions - Hotels near Sulfur
Hampton Inn Lake Charles - Directions - Hotels near Sulfur (hamptoninn3.hilton.com)
DDF | Doctor's Dermatologic Formula | Sulfur Mask - SkinStore
DDF | Doctor's Dermatologic Formula | Sulfur Mask - SkinStore (skinstore.com)
IUCr) Native sulfur/chlorine SAD phasing for serial femtosecond crystallography
IUCr) Native sulfur/chlorine SAD phasing for serial femtosecond crystallography (journals.iucr.org)
Sulfur Fire Looks Beautiful But is Extremely Dangerous - NBC10 Philadelphia
Sulfur Fire Looks Beautiful But is Extremely Dangerous - NBC10 Philadelphia (nbcphiladelphia.com)
Thioacetic Acid (TAA) for the preparation of sulfur derivatives - Arkema
Thioacetic Acid (TAA) for the preparation of sulfur derivatives - Arkema (arkema.com)
Sulfur Soil Amendment Treatment Service for Lawns | TruGreen
Sulfur Soil Amendment Treatment Service for Lawns | TruGreen (trugreen.com)
Hotels in Sulfur, Louisiana | Holiday Inn Express & Suites Sulphur (Lake Charles)
Hotels in Sulfur, Louisiana | Holiday Inn Express & Suites Sulphur (Lake Charles) (ihg.com)
Lime Sulfur Dip l Antimicrobial & Antiparasitic Dip | Medi-Vet
Lime Sulfur Dip l Antimicrobial & Antiparasitic Dip | Medi-Vet (medi-vet.com)
Sulfur-rich foods Archives - Be Well Buzz
Sulfur-rich foods Archives - Be Well Buzz (bewellbuzz.com)
EPA Tells Texas to Submit Plans to Address Sulfur Pollution
EPA Tells Texas to Submit Plans to Address Sulfur Pollution (news.bloomberglaw.com)
IUCr) Away from the edge: SAD phasing from the sulfur anomalous signal measured in-house with chromium radiation
IUCr) Away from the edge: SAD phasing from the sulfur anomalous signal measured in-house with chromium radiation (journals.iucr.org)
Rescue Puppies Get Sulfur Baths to Treat Their Skin Infections - Dr. Jeff: Rocky Mountain Vet | Animal Planet
Rescue Puppies Get Sulfur Baths to Treat Their Skin Infections - Dr. Jeff: Rocky Mountain Vet | Animal Planet (animalplanet.com)
RTECS:WS4550000 - Sulfur dioxide - The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances | CDC/NIOSH
RTECS:WS4550000 - Sulfur dioxide - The Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances | CDC/NIOSH (cdc.gov)
Sulfur dioxide - Wikipedia
Sulfur dioxide - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Sulfur Dioxide | NIOSH | CDC
Sulfur Dioxide | NIOSH | CDC (cdc.gov)
SULFUR || Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database | EWG
SULFUR || Skin Deep® Cosmetics Database | EWG (ewg.org)
Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions
Answers - The Most Trusted Place for Answering Life's Questions (answers.com)
Sulfur - Wikimedia Commons
Sulfur - Wikimedia Commons (commons.wikimedia.org)
FS 155-99: Fertilizers -- Sustaining Global Food Supplies
FS 155-99: Fertilizers -- Sustaining Global Food Supplies (pubs.usgs.gov)
Sulfur | Infoplease
Sulfur | Infoplease (infoplease.com)
Park Air Profiles - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
Park Air Profiles - Yellowstone National Park (U.S. National Park Service) (nps.gov)
Park Air Profiles - Great Smoky Mountains National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
Park Air Profiles - Great Smoky Mountains National Park (U.S. National Park Service) (nps.gov)
Park Air Profiles - Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
Park Air Profiles - Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park (U.S. National Park Service) (nps.gov)
Park Air Profiles - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
Park Air Profiles - Everglades National Park (U.S. National Park Service) (nps.gov)
Green sulfur bacteria - Wikipedia
Green sulfur bacteria - Wikipedia (en.wikipedia.org)
Park Air Profiles - Pinnacles National Park (U.S. National Park Service)
Park Air Profiles - Pinnacles National Park (U.S. National Park Service) (nps.gov)
Criteria Air Pollutants | Mass.gov
Criteria Air Pollutants | Mass.gov (mass.gov)
Sulfur mushroom | fungus | Britannica.com
Sulfur mushroom | fungus | Britannica.com (britannica.com)
Sulfur Bacterium | Definition of Sulfur Bacterium by Merriam-Webster
Sulfur Bacterium | Definition of Sulfur Bacterium by Merriam-Webster (merriam-webster.com)
Bivalent sulfur | Britannica.com
Bivalent sulfur | Britannica.com (britannica.com)