A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Genus of bacteria in the family PASTEURELLACEAE, comprising multiple species that do not ferment trehalose. Species include MANNHEIMIA HAEMOLYTICA; M. glucosida, M. granulomatis, M. ruminalis, and M. varigena.
Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.
The study, utilization, and manipulation of those microorganisms capable of economically producing desirable substances or changes in substances, and the control of undesirable microorganisms.
A genus of PASTEURELLACEAE described as gram-negative, nonsporeforming, nonmotile, facultative anaerobes. Most members are found both as pathogens and commensal organisms in the respiratory, alimentary, and genital tracts of animals.
Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.
A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)
Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.
A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, nonsporeforming, nonmotile rods. Organisms of this genus had originally been classified as members of the BACTEROIDES genus but overwhelming biochemical and chemical findings in 1990 indicated the need to separate them from other Bacteroides species, and hence, this new genus was established.
A genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria in the family SUCCINIVIBRIONACEAE. It has been isolated from the THROAT and COLON of beagle dogs and from human FECES.
Tools or devices for generating products using the synthetic or chemical conversion capacity of a biological system. They can be classical fermentors, cell culture perfusion systems, or enzyme bioreactors. For production of proteins or enzymes, recombinant microorganisms such as bacteria, mammalian cells, or insect or plant cells are usually chosen.
Inorganic compounds that contain phosphorus as an integral part of the molecule.
An enzyme that plays a role in the GLUTAMATE and butanoate metabolism pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to SUCCINATE using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Deficiency of this enzyme, causes 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
The application of engineering principles and methods to living organisms or biological systems.
Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed)
The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Directed modification of the gene complement of a living organism by such techniques as altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc.
"Malate" is a term used in biochemistry to refer to a salt or ester of malic acid, a dicarboxylic acid found in many fruits and involved in the citric acid cycle, but it does not have a specific medical definition as such.
A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Total mass of all the organisms of a given type and/or in a given area. (From Concise Dictionary of Biology, 1990) It includes the yield of vegetative mass produced from any given crop.
The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)
A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)
A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.
Fractionation of a vaporized sample as a consequence of partition between a mobile gaseous phase and a stationary phase held in a column. Two types are gas-solid chromatography, where the fixed phase is a solid, and gas-liquid, in which the stationary phase is a nonvolatile liquid supported on an inert solid matrix.
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
A genetic rearrangement through loss of segments of DNA or RNA, bringing sequences which are normally separated into close proximity. This deletion may be detected using cytogenetic techniques and can also be inferred from the phenotype, indicating a deletion at one specific locus.
The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

Actinobacillus succinogenes sp. nov., a novel succinic-acid-producing strain from the bovine rumen. (1/714)

Strain 130ZT was isolated from the bovine rumen. It is a facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, Gram-negative rod. It exhibits a 'Morse code' form of morphology, which is characteristic of the genus Actinobacillus. Strain 130ZT is a capnophilic, osmotolerant succinogen that utilizes a broad range of sugars. It accumulates high concentrations of succinic acid (> 70 g l-1). Strain 130ZT is positive for catalase, oxidase, alkaline phosphatase and beta-galactosidase, but does not produce indole or urease. Acid but no gas is produced from D-glucose and D-fructose. 16S rRNA sequence analysis places strain 130ZT within the family Pasteurellaceae; the most closely related members of the family Pasteurellaceae have 16S rRNA similarities of 95.5% or less with strain 130ZT. Strain 130ZT was compared with Actinobacillus lignieresii and the related Bisgaard Taxa 6 and 10. Based upon morphological and biochemical properties, strain 130ZT is most similar to members of the genus Actinobacillus within the family Pasteurellaceae. It is proposed that strain 130ZT be classified as a new species, Actinobacillus succinogenes. The type strain of Actinobacillus succinogenes sp. nov. is ATCC 55618T.  (+info)

Maleic acid and succinic acid in fermented alcoholic beverages are the stimulants of gastric acid secretion. (2/714)

Alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation (e.g., beer and wine) are powerful stimulants of gastric acid output and gastrin release in humans. The aim of this study was to separate and specify the gastric acid stimulatory ingredients in alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation. Yeast-fermented glucose was used as a simple model of fermented alcoholic beverages; it was stepwise separated by different methods of liquid chromatography, and each separated solution was tested in human volunteers for its stimulatory action on gastric acid output and gastrin release. Five substances were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and were analyzed by mass spectrometry and 1H-13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. At the end of the separation process of the five identified substances, only the two dicarboxylic acids, maleic acid and succinic acid, had a significant (P < 0.05) stimulatory action on gastric acid output (76% and 70% of fermented glucose, respectively), but not on gastrin release. When given together, they increased gastric acid output by 100% of fermented glucose and by 95% of maximal acid output. We therefore conclude that maleic acid and succinic acid are the powerful stimulants of gastric acid output in fermented glucose and alcoholic beverages produced by fermentation, and that gastrin is not their mediator of action.  (+info)

The tricarboxylic acid cycle of Helicobacter pylori. (3/714)

The composition and properties of the tricarboxylic acid cycle of the microaerophilic human pathogen Helicobacter pylori were investigated in situ and in cell extracts using [1H]- and [13C]-NMR spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. NMR spectroscopy assays enabled highly specific measurements of some enzyme activities, previously not possible using spectrophotometry, in in situ studies with H. pylori, thus providing the first accurate picture of the complete tricarboxylic acid cycle of the bacterium. The presence, cellular location and kinetic parameters of citrate synthase, aconitase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate oxidase, fumarate reductase, fumarase, malate dehydrogenase, and malate synthase activities in H. pylori are described. The absence of other enzyme activities of the cycle, including alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, succinyl-CoA synthetase, and succinate dehydrogenase also are shown. The H. pylori tricarboxylic acid cycle appears to be a noncyclic, branched pathway, characteristic of anaerobic metabolism, directed towards the production of succinate in the reductive dicarboxylic acid branch and alpha-ketoglutarate in the oxidative tricarboxylic acid branch. Both branches were metabolically linked by the presence of alpha-ketoglutarate oxidase activity. Under the growth conditions employed, H. pylori did not possess an operational glyoxylate bypass, owing to the absence of isocitrate lyase activity; nor a gamma-aminobutyrate shunt, owing to the absence of both gamma-aminobutyrate transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activities. The catalytic and regulatory properties of the H. pylori tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes are discussed by comparing their amino acid sequences with those of other, more extensively studied enzymes.  (+info)

Ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase. Effects of inhibitors on reverse electron transfer from the iron-sulfur protein to cytochrome b. (4/714)

The effects of inhibitors on the reduction of the bis-heme cytochrome b of ubiquinol: cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex III, bc1 complex) has been studied in bovine heart submitochondrial particles (SMP) when cytochrome b was reduced by NADH and succinate via the ubiquinone (Q) pool or by ascorbate plus N,N,N', N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine via cytochrome c1 and the iron-sulfur protein of complex III (ISP). The inhibitors used were antimycin (an N-side inhibitor), beta-methoxyacrylate derivatives, stigmatellin (P-side inhibitors), and ethoxyformic anhydride, which modifies essential histidyl residues in ISP. In agreement with our previous findings, the following results were obtained: (i) When ISP/cytochrome c1 were prereduced or SMP were treated with a P-side inhibitor, the high potential heme bH was fully and rapidly reduced by NADH or succinate, whereas the low potential heme bL was only partially reduced. (ii) Reverse electron transfer from ISP/c1 to cytochrome b was inhibited more by antimycin than by the P-side inhibitors. This reverse electron transfer was unaffected when, instead of normal SMP, Q-extracted SMP containing 200-fold less Q (0. 06 mol Q/mol cytochrome b or c1) were used. (iii) The cytochrome b reduced by reverse electron transfer through the leak of a P-side inhibitor was rapidly oxidized upon subsequent addition of antimycin. This antimycin-induced reoxidation did not happen when Q-extracted SMP were used. The implications of these results on the path of electrons in complex III, on oxidant-induced extra cytochrome b reduction, and on the inhibition of forward electron transfer to cytochrome b by a P-side plus an N-side inhibitor have been discussed.  (+info)

Homofermentative production of D- or L-lactate in metabolically engineered Escherichia coli RR1. (5/714)

We investigated metabolic engineering of fermentation pathways in Escherichia coli for production of optically pure D- or L-lactate. Several pta mutant strains were examined, and a pta mutant of E. coli RR1 which was deficient in the phosphotransacetylase of the Pta-AckA pathway was found to metabolize glucose to D-lactate and to produce a small amount of succinate by-product under anaerobic conditions. An additional mutation in ppc made the mutant produce D-lactate like a homofermentative lactic acid bacterium. When the pta ppc double mutant was grown to higher biomass concentrations under aerobic conditions before it shifted to the anaerobic phase of D-lactate production, more than 62.2 g of D-lactate per liter was produced in 60 h, and the volumetric productivity was 1.04 g/liter/h. To examine whether the blocked acetate flux could be reoriented to a nonindigenous L-lactate pathway, an L-lactate dehydrogenase gene from Lactobacillus casei was introduced into a pta ldhA strain which lacked phosphotransacetylase and D-lactate dehydrogenase. This recombinant strain was able to metabolize glucose to L-lactate as the major fermentation product, and up to 45 g of L-lactate per liter was produced in 67 h. These results demonstrate that the central fermentation metabolism of E. coli can be reoriented to the production of D-lactate, an indigenous fermentation product, or to the production of L-lactate, a nonindigenous fermentation product.  (+info)

Inhibition and stimulation of long-chain fatty acid oxidation by chloroacetaldehyde and methylene blue in rats. (6/714)

The effects of chloroacetaldehyde (CAA) and methylene blue, both alone and together, on mitochondrial metabolism, hepatic glutathione content, and bile flow were investigated in rats. Oxidation of [1-14C]palmitic acid, [1-14C]octanoic acid, and [1,4-14C]succinic acid allowed for the differentiation between carnitine-dependent long-chain fatty acid metabolism, medium chain fatty acid oxidation, and citric acid cycle activity, respectively. CAA, a metabolite of the anticancer drug ifosfamide, which may be responsible for ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, inhibited palmitic acid metabolism but not octanoic or succinic acid oxidation, depleted hepatic glutathione, and stimulated bile flow. Methylene blue, which is clinically used to either prevent or reverse ifosfamide-associated encephalopathy, markedly stimulated palmitic acid oxidation either in the presence or absence of CAA, but did not affect the oxidation of octanoic and succinic acid or hepatic glutathione. Taken together, this study demonstrates that CAA inhibits palmitic acid metabolism. Methylene blue stimulates long-chain fatty acid oxidation, most likely by facilitating the translocation of fatty acids into mitochondria, and compensates for the CAA effect in vivo.  (+info)

Interactions between carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Fibrobacter succinogenes S85: a 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and enzymatic study. (7/714)

The effect of the presence of ammonia on [1-13C]glucose metabolism in the rumen fibrolytic bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 was studied by 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Ammonia halved the level of glycogen storage and increased the rate of glucose conversion into acetate and succinate 2.2-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively, reducing the succinate-to-acetate ratio. The 13C enrichment of succinate and acetate was precisely quantified by 13C-filtered spin-echo difference 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The presence of ammonia did not modify the 13C enrichment of succinate C-2 (without ammonia, 20.8%, and with ammonia, 21.6%), indicating that the isotopic dilution of metabolites due to utilization of endogenous glycogen was not affected. In contrast, the presence of ammonia markedly decreased the 13C enrichment of acetate C-2 (from 40 to 31%), reflecting enhanced reversal of the succinate synthesis pathway. The reversal of glycolysis was unaffected by the presence of ammonia as shown by 13C-NMR analysis. Study of cell extracts showed that the main pathways of ammonia assimilation in F. succinogenes were glutamate dehydrogenase and alanine dehydrogenase. Glutamine synthetase activity was not detected. Glutamate dehydrogenase was active with both NAD and NADP as cofactors and was not repressed under ammonia limitation in the culture. Glutamate-pyruvate and glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase activities were evidenced by spectrophotometry and 1H NMR. When cells were incubated in vivo with [1-13C]glucose, only 13C-labeled aspartate, glutamate, alanine, and valine were detected. Their labelings were consistent with the proposed amino acid synthesis pathway and with the reversal of the succinate synthesis pathway.  (+info)

Role of quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase in degradation of phthalate by Burkholderia cepacia DBO1. (8/714)

Two distinct regions of DNA encode the enzymes needed for phthalate degradation by Burkholderia cepacia DBO1. A gene coding for an enzyme (quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase) involved in the biosynthesis of NAD+ was identified between these two regions by sequence analysis and functional assays. Southern hybridization experiments indicate that DBO1 and other phthalate-degrading B. cepacia strains have two dissimilar genes for this enzyme, while non-phthalate-degrading B. cepacia strains have only a single gene. The sequenced gene was labeled ophE, due to the fact that it is specifically induced by phthalate as shown by lacZ gene fusions. Insertional knockout mutants lacking ophE grow noticeably slower on phthalate while exhibiting normal rates of growth on other substrates. The fact that elevated levels of quinolinate phosphoribosyl transferase enhance growth on phthalate stems from the structural similarities between phthalate and quinolinate: phthalate is a competitive inhibitor of this enzyme and the phthalate catabolic pathway cometabolizes quinolinate. The recruitment of this gene for growth on phthalate thus gives B. cepacia an advantage over other phthalate-degrading bacteria in the environment.  (+info)

Succinic acid, also known as butanedioic acid, is an organic compound with the chemical formula HOOC(CH2)2COOH. It is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a slightly acerbic taste. In medicine, succinic acid is not used as a treatment for any specific condition. However, it is a naturally occurring substance found in the body and plays a role in the citric acid cycle, which is a key process in energy production within cells. It can also be found in some foods and is used in the manufacturing of various products such as pharmaceuticals, resins, and perfumes.

"Mannheimia" is a genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that are facultative anaerobes, meaning they can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen. These bacteria are commonly found in the upper respiratory tract of animals and are known to cause various diseases in domestic and wild animals. Some species of Mannheimia can also cause zoonotic infections in humans who come into close contact with infected animals.

The most well-known species of Mannheimia is M. haemolytica, which is a major pathogen in cattle and sheep, causing respiratory diseases such as pneumonia and shipping fever. Other species of Mannheimia include M. granulomatis, M. varigena, and M. succiniciproducens, among others.

Mannheimia bacteria are known to produce a variety of virulence factors, including hemolysins, endotoxins, and exotoxins, which contribute to their pathogenicity. Diagnosis of Mannheimia infections typically involves the isolation and identification of the bacteria from clinical samples, such as respiratory secretions or tissue samples, followed by confirmation using biochemical tests or molecular methods. Treatment usually involves the use of antibiotics, although the emergence of antibiotic resistance among Mannheimia species is a growing concern.

Succinates, in a medical context, most commonly refer to the salts or esters of succinic acid. Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid that is involved in the Krebs cycle, which is a key metabolic pathway in cells that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Succinates can also be used as a buffer in medical solutions and as a pharmaceutical intermediate in the synthesis of various drugs. In some cases, succinate may be used as a nutritional supplement or as a component of parenteral nutrition formulations to provide energy and help maintain acid-base balance in patients who are unable to eat normally.

It's worth noting that there is also a condition called "succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency" which is a genetic disorder that affects the metabolism of the amino acid gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This condition can lead to an accumulation of succinic semialdehyde and other metabolic byproducts, which can cause neurological symptoms such as developmental delay, hypotonia, and seizures.

Industrial microbiology is not strictly a medical definition, but it is a branch of microbiology that deals with the use of microorganisms for the production of various industrial and commercial products. In a broader sense, it can include the study of microorganisms that are involved in diseases of animals, humans, and plants, as well as those that are beneficial in industrial processes.

In the context of medical microbiology, industrial microbiology may involve the use of microorganisms to produce drugs, vaccines, or other therapeutic agents. For example, certain bacteria and yeasts are used to ferment sugars and produce antibiotics, while other microorganisms are used to create vaccines through a process called attenuation.

Industrial microbiology may also involve the study of microorganisms that can cause contamination in medical settings, such as hospitals or pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. These microorganisms can cause infections and pose a risk to patients or workers, so it is important to understand their behavior and develop strategies for controlling their growth and spread.

Overall, industrial microbiology plays an important role in the development of new medical technologies and therapies, as well as in ensuring the safety and quality of medical products and environments.

According to the Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, 'actinobacillus' is defined as:

"A genus of gram-negative, nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic rods (family Pasteurellaceae) that are parasites or commensals in animals and occasionally cause disease in humans. Some species produce a polysaccharide capsule."

In simpler terms, Actinobacillus is a type of bacteria that can be found in animals, including sometimes as normal flora in their mouths and throats. These bacteria can sometimes infect humans, usually through close contact with animals or through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Some species of Actinobacillus can produce a polysaccharide capsule, which can make them more resistant to the body's immune defenses and more difficult to treat with antibiotics.

It is worth noting that while some species of Actinobacillus can cause disease in humans, they are generally not considered major human pathogens. However, they can cause a variety of clinical syndromes, including respiratory tract infections, wound infections, and bacteremia (bloodstream infections). Treatment typically involves the use of antibiotics that are active against gram-negative bacteria, such as amoxicillin/clavulanate or fluoroquinolones.

Fermentation is a metabolic process in which an organism converts carbohydrates into alcohol or organic acids using enzymes. In the absence of oxygen, certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi convert sugars into carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and various end products, such as alcohol, lactic acid, or acetic acid. This process is commonly used in food production, such as in making bread, wine, and beer, as well as in industrial applications for the production of biofuels and chemicals.

Dodecanol is a fatty alcohol with the chemical formula C12H27OH. It is a straight-chain saturated alcohol with twelve carbon atoms, and it is a white, waxy solid at room temperature. Dodecanol is used in a variety of applications, including as an emollient in skin care products, a fragrance ingredient in cosmetics, and a raw material in the production of other chemicals. It is also used as a fuel additive to increase the cetane number of diesel fuel and improve its performance. Dodecanol is not known to have any specific medical uses, but it is considered safe for use in consumer products.

Carboxylic acids are organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group, which is a functional group made up of a carbon atom doubly bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group. The general formula for a carboxylic acid is R-COOH, where R represents the rest of the molecule.

Carboxylic acids can be found in various natural sources such as in fruits, vegetables, and animal products. Some common examples of carboxylic acids include formic acid (HCOOH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), propionic acid (C2H5COOH), and butyric acid (C3H7COOH).

Carboxylic acids have a variety of uses in industry, including as food additives, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. They are also important intermediates in the synthesis of other organic compounds. In the body, carboxylic acids play important roles in metabolism and energy production.

Preventella is a genus of Gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are commonly found in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. They are part of the normal microbiota but can also be associated with various infections, particularly in individuals with compromised immune systems or underlying medical conditions.

Prevotella species have been implicated in a variety of diseases, including periodontal disease, dental caries, respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, soft tissue infections, and joint infections. They can also be found in association with abscesses, wound infections, and other types of infections, particularly in the head and neck region.

Prevotella species are generally resistant to antibiotics commonly used to treat anaerobic infections, such as clindamycin and metronidazole, making them difficult to eradicate. Therefore, accurate identification and susceptibility testing of Prevotella isolates is important for the appropriate management of infections caused by these organisms.

Anaerobiospirillum is a genus of gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacteria that are capable of growing under both anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions. These bacteria are commonly found in the human oral cavity, intestinal tract, and aquatic environments. They are known to cause various infections in humans, including bacteremia, endocarditis, and brain abscesses.

The name "Anaerobiospirillum" is derived from three Greek words: anaerobios (without air), spira (coil or spiral), and ellus (small). Therefore, the medical definition of 'Anaerobiospirillum' is a genus of small, spiral-shaped bacteria that can grow in environments with little to no oxygen.

A bioreactor is a device or system that supports and controls the conditions necessary for biological organisms, cells, or tissues to grow and perform their specific functions. It provides a controlled environment with appropriate temperature, pH, nutrients, and other factors required for the desired biological process to occur. Bioreactors are widely used in various fields such as biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and environmental science for applications like production of therapeutic proteins, vaccines, biofuels, enzymes, and wastewater treatment.

Phosphorus compounds refer to chemical substances that contain phosphorus (P) combined with one or more other elements. Phosphorus can form a variety of compounds due to its ability to exist in several oxidation states, most commonly +3 and +5.

In biological systems, phosphorus is an essential element for life, playing crucial roles in energy transfer, metabolism, and structural components of cells. Some common examples of phosphorus compounds include:

1. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4): A weak triprotic acid that forms salts called phosphates when combined with metal ions or basic radicals.
2. Phosphates (PO4^3-): The salt or ester form of phosphoric acid, widely found in nature and essential for various biological processes such as bone formation, energy metabolism, and nucleic acid synthesis.
3. Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5): A pungent, white crystalline solid used in organic chemistry as a chlorinating agent.
4. Phosphorus trichloride (PCl3): A colorless liquid with a suffocating odor, used in the production of various chemical compounds, including pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals.
5. Dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO4): A calcium salt of phosphoric acid, commonly found in mineral supplements and used as a dietary supplement for animals and humans.
6. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): A high-energy molecule that stores and transfers energy within cells, playing a critical role in metabolic processes such as muscle contraction and biosynthesis.

Phosphorus compounds have numerous applications across various industries, including agriculture, food processing, pharmaceuticals, and chemical manufacturing.

Succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSDH) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Specifically, SSDH catalyzes the conversion of succinic semialdehyde to succinate in the final step of the GABA degradation pathway. This enzyme plays a critical role in maintaining the balance of GABA levels in the brain and is therefore essential for normal neurological function. Deficiencies or mutations in SSDH can lead to neurological disorders, including developmental delays, intellectual disability, and seizures.

Bioengineering, also known as biological engineering, is defined as the application of principles and methods from engineering to study, modify, and control biological systems, often with the goal of creating new technologies or improving existing ones. This field combines knowledge and expertise from various disciplines, including biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and computer science, to solve complex problems related to health, medicine, agriculture, and the environment.

Bioengineers may work on a wide range of projects, such as developing new medical devices or therapies, designing synthetic biological systems for industrial applications, creating biosensors for environmental monitoring, or engineering tissues and organs for transplantation. They use a variety of tools and techniques, including genetic engineering, biomaterials, computational modeling, and nanotechnology, to design and build novel biological systems that can perform specific functions or solve practical problems.

Bioengineering has the potential to transform many areas of science and technology, with significant implications for human health, sustainability, and innovation. As such, it is an exciting and rapidly growing field that offers many opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration and discovery.

Acetic acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH. It is a colorless liquid with a pungent, vinegar-like smell and is the main component of vinegar. In medical terms, acetic acid is used as a topical antiseptic and antibacterial agent, particularly for the treatment of ear infections, external genital warts, and nail fungus. It can also be used as a preservative and solvent in some pharmaceutical preparations.

Anaerobiosis is a state in which an organism or a portion of an organism is able to live and grow in the absence of molecular oxygen (O2). In biological contexts, "anaerobe" refers to any organism that does not require oxygen for growth, and "aerobe" refers to an organism that does require oxygen for growth.

There are two types of anaerobes: obligate anaerobes, which cannot tolerate the presence of oxygen and will die if exposed to it; and facultative anaerobes, which can grow with or without oxygen but prefer to grow in its absence. Some organisms are able to switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism depending on the availability of oxygen, a process known as "facultative anaerobiosis."

Anaerobic respiration is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of molecular oxygen. In this process, organisms use alternative electron acceptors other than oxygen to generate energy through the transfer of electrons during cellular respiration. Examples of alternative electron acceptors include nitrate, sulfate, and carbon dioxide.

Anaerobic metabolism is less efficient than aerobic metabolism in terms of energy production, but it allows organisms to survive in environments where oxygen is not available or is toxic. Anaerobic bacteria are important decomposers in many ecosystems, breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients back into the environment. In the human body, anaerobic bacteria can cause infections and other health problems if they proliferate in areas with low oxygen levels, such as the mouth, intestines, or deep tissue wounds.

Culture media is a substance that is used to support the growth of microorganisms or cells in an artificial environment, such as a petri dish or test tube. It typically contains nutrients and other factors that are necessary for the growth and survival of the organisms being cultured. There are many different types of culture media, each with its own specific formulation and intended use. Some common examples include blood agar, which is used to culture bacteria; Sabouraud dextrose agar, which is used to culture fungi; and Eagle's minimum essential medium, which is used to culture animal cells.

Genetic engineering, also known as genetic modification, is a scientific process where the DNA or genetic material of an organism is manipulated to bring about a change in its characteristics. This is typically done by inserting specific genes into the organism's genome using various molecular biology techniques. These new genes may come from the same species (cisgenesis) or a different species (transgenesis). The goal is to produce a desired trait, such as resistance to pests, improved nutritional content, or increased productivity. It's widely used in research, medicine, and agriculture. However, it's important to note that the use of genetically engineered organisms can raise ethical, environmental, and health concerns.

I'm sorry for any confusion, but "Malates" is not a recognized term in medical terminology. It's possible there may be a spelling mistake or it could be a slang term or an abbreviation that is not widely recognized. If you have more context or information, I'd be happy to try and help further.

Glucose is a simple monosaccharide (or single sugar) that serves as the primary source of energy for living organisms. It's a fundamental molecule in biology, often referred to as "dextrose" or "grape sugar." Glucose has the molecular formula C6H12O6 and is vital to the functioning of cells, especially those in the brain and nervous system.

In the body, glucose is derived from the digestion of carbohydrates in food, and it's transported around the body via the bloodstream to cells where it can be used for energy. Cells convert glucose into a usable form through a process called cellular respiration, which involves a series of metabolic reactions that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—the main currency of energy in cells.

Glucose is also stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen, a polysaccharide (multiple sugar) that can be broken down back into glucose when needed for energy between meals or during physical activity. Maintaining appropriate blood glucose levels is crucial for overall health, and imbalances can lead to conditions such as diabetes mellitus.

Biomass is defined in the medical field as a renewable energy source derived from organic materials, primarily plant matter, that can be burned or converted into fuel. This includes materials such as wood, agricultural waste, and even methane gas produced by landfills. Biomass is often used as a source of heat, electricity, or transportation fuels, and its use can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels.

In the context of human health, biomass burning can have both positive and negative impacts. On one hand, biomass can provide a source of heat and energy for cooking and heating, which can improve living standards and reduce exposure to harmful pollutants from traditional cooking methods such as open fires. On the other hand, biomass burning can also produce air pollution, including particulate matter and toxic chemicals, that can have negative effects on respiratory health and contribute to climate change.

Therefore, while biomass has the potential to be a sustainable and low-carbon source of energy, it is important to consider the potential health and environmental impacts of its use and implement appropriate measures to minimize any negative effects.

Hydrogen-ion concentration, also known as pH, is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution. The standard unit of measurement is the pH unit. A pH of 7 is neutral, less than 7 is acidic, and greater than 7 is basic.

In medical terms, hydrogen-ion concentration is important for maintaining homeostasis within the body. For example, in the stomach, a high hydrogen-ion concentration (low pH) is necessary for the digestion of food. However, in other parts of the body such as blood, a high hydrogen-ion concentration can be harmful and lead to acidosis. Conversely, a low hydrogen-ion concentration (high pH) in the blood can lead to alkalosis. Both acidosis and alkalosis can have serious consequences on various organ systems if not corrected.

Lactic acid, also known as 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is a chemical compound that plays a significant role in various biological processes. In the context of medicine and biochemistry, lactic acid is primarily discussed in relation to muscle metabolism and cellular energy production. Here's a medical definition for lactic acid:

Lactic acid (LA): A carboxylic acid with the molecular formula C3H6O3 that plays a crucial role in anaerobic respiration, particularly during strenuous exercise or conditions of reduced oxygen availability. It is formed through the conversion of pyruvate, catalyzed by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), when there is insufficient oxygen to complete the final step of cellular respiration in the Krebs cycle. The accumulation of lactic acid can lead to acidosis and muscle fatigue. Additionally, lactic acid serves as a vital intermediary in various metabolic pathways and is involved in the production of glucose through gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas that is naturally present in the Earth's atmosphere. It is a normal byproduct of cellular respiration in humans, animals, and plants, and is also produced through the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.

In medical terms, carbon dioxide is often used as a respiratory stimulant and to maintain the pH balance of blood. It is also used during certain medical procedures, such as laparoscopic surgery, to insufflate (inflate) the abdominal cavity and create a working space for the surgeon.

Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the body can lead to respiratory acidosis, a condition characterized by an increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a decrease in pH. This can occur in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, or other lung diseases that impair breathing and gas exchange. Symptoms of respiratory acidosis may include shortness of breath, confusion, headache, and in severe cases, coma or death.

Chromatography, gas (GC) is a type of chromatographic technique used to separate, identify, and analyze volatile compounds or vapors. In this method, the sample mixture is vaporized and carried through a column packed with a stationary phase by an inert gas (carrier gas). The components of the mixture get separated based on their partitioning between the mobile and stationary phases due to differences in their adsorption/desorption rates or solubility.

The separated components elute at different times, depending on their interaction with the stationary phase, which can be detected and quantified by various detection systems like flame ionization detector (FID), thermal conductivity detector (TCD), electron capture detector (ECD), or mass spectrometer (MS). Gas chromatography is widely used in fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, environmental science, forensics, and food analysis.

'Escherichia coli' (E. coli) is a type of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that commonly inhabits the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. It is a member of the family Enterobacteriaceae and one of the most well-studied prokaryotic model organisms in molecular biology.

While most E. coli strains are harmless and even beneficial to their hosts, some serotypes can cause various forms of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal illnesses in humans and animals. These pathogenic strains possess virulence factors that enable them to colonize and damage host tissues, leading to diseases such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, and sepsis.

E. coli is a versatile organism with remarkable genetic diversity, which allows it to adapt to various environmental niches. It can be found in water, soil, food, and various man-made environments, making it an essential indicator of fecal contamination and a common cause of foodborne illnesses. The study of E. coli has contributed significantly to our understanding of fundamental biological processes, including DNA replication, gene regulation, and protein synthesis.

Gene deletion is a type of mutation where a segment of DNA, containing one or more genes, is permanently lost or removed from a chromosome. This can occur due to various genetic mechanisms such as homologous recombination, non-homologous end joining, or other types of genomic rearrangements.

The deletion of a gene can have varying effects on the organism, depending on the function of the deleted gene and its importance for normal physiological processes. If the deleted gene is essential for survival, the deletion may result in embryonic lethality or developmental abnormalities. However, if the gene is non-essential or has redundant functions, the deletion may not have any noticeable effects on the organism's phenotype.

Gene deletions can also be used as a tool in genetic research to study the function of specific genes and their role in various biological processes. For example, researchers may use gene deletion techniques to create genetically modified animal models to investigate the impact of gene deletion on disease progression or development.

A bacterial genome is the complete set of genetic material, including both DNA and RNA, found within a single bacterium. It contains all the hereditary information necessary for the bacterium to grow, reproduce, and survive in its environment. The bacterial genome typically includes circular chromosomes, as well as plasmids, which are smaller, circular DNA molecules that can carry additional genes. These genes encode various functional elements such as enzymes, structural proteins, and regulatory sequences that determine the bacterium's characteristics and behavior.

Bacterial genomes vary widely in size, ranging from around 130 kilobases (kb) in Mycoplasma genitalium to over 14 megabases (Mb) in Sorangium cellulosum. The complete sequencing and analysis of bacterial genomes have provided valuable insights into the biology, evolution, and pathogenicity of bacteria, enabling researchers to better understand their roles in various diseases and potential applications in biotechnology.

... (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinic acid ... succinic acid readily ionizes to form its conjugate base, succinate (/ˈsʌksɪneɪt/). As a diprotic acid, succinic acid undergoes ... Part IV-Bifunctional Carboxylic Acids FDA Succinic Acid Calculator: Water and solute activities in aqueous succinic acid ... Succinic acid is marketed as food additive E363. The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber. Succinic acid is a white ...
These organisms use the excretion of acetic acid (and sometimes formic acid) to balance the NADH requirement of succinic acid ... For both these scenarios the mass based succinic acid yield is 1.12 g/g. This implies that the theoretical maximum yield is ... Microbial production of Succinic acid can be performed with wild bacteria like Actinobacillus succinogenes, Mannheimia ... van Heerden, C.D.; Nicol, W. (2013). "Continuous succinic acid fermentation by Actinobacillus succinogenes". Biochemical ...
... is known to the FAO as a food additive. It has E number E423, and is a chemical ... "OCTENYL SUCCINIC ACID MODIFIED GUM ARABIC" (PDF). FAO Monographs 11 (2011) - JECFA. FAO. (Articles with short description, ...
... hydrolyzes readily to give succinic acid: (CH2CO)2O + H2O → (CH2CO2H)2 With alcohols (ROH), a similar ... This colorless solid is the acid anhydride of succinic acid. In the laboratory, this material can be prepared by dehydration of ... 2, p. 560 Carlo Fumagalli (2006). "Succinic Acid and Succinic Anhydride". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. New ... McLean, Andrew; Adams, Roger (1936). "Succinic-α-d2,α'-d2 Acid and its Derivatives". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 58 (5): 804. doi:10.1021 ...
... is an ester of succinic acid and choline created by the metabolism of suxamethonium chloride. Succinic acid ... Carboxylic acids, Quaternary ammonium compounds, All stub articles, Ester stubs). ...
They have a communic acid base, and they also include much succinic acid. Baltic amber yields on dry distillation succinic acid ... they lack succinic acid. Class Ic is mainly based on enantio-labdatrienonic acids, such as ozic and zanzibaric acids. Its most ... Succinic acid may not be an original component of amber but rather a degradation product of abietic acid. Class Ib ambers are ... Compare succinic acid as well as succinite, a term given to a particular type of amber by James Dwight Dana Pliny the Elder. ...
"Succinic acid production by rumen bacteria. III. Enzymic studies on the formation of succinate by Ruminococcus flavefaciens". ...
"Succinic acid maker BioAmber is bankrupt". Chemical & Engineering News. 2018-05-13. "Succinic acid, once a biobased chemical ... for integrated production and downstream applications of bio-based succinic acid. Succinic acid is a platform chemical that is ... succinic acid is produced from petroleum-based feedstocks. BioAmber has developed process and technology that produces succinic ... However, lower prices of oil precipitated the company into bankruptcy and bio-sourced succinic acid is now barely made. Several ...
Argininosuccinate Succinic acid Ganetzky, Rebecca D.; Bedoukian, Emma; Deardorff, Matthew A.; Ficicioglu, Can (2017). " ... It is a basic amino acid. Some cells synthesize argininosuccinic acid from citrulline and aspartic acid and use it as a ... Argininosuccinic acid is a non-proteinogenic amino acid that is an important intermediate in the urea cycle. ... Argininosuccinic acid is a precursor to fumarate in the citric acid cycle via argininosuccinate lyase. ...
Pasteur thought that succinic acid inverted sucrose. In 1860, Marcellin Berthelot isolated invertase and showed that succinic ... In 1856 the Royal Society of London presented him the Rumford Medal for his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its ... According to his son-in-law, René Vallery-Radot, in August 1857 Pasteur sent a paper about lactic acid fermentation to the ... He resolved a problem concerning the nature of tartaric acid in 1848. A solution of this compound derived from living things ...
So succinic acid will yield succinic anhydride. For acids with carboxylic groups at position 1 and 6 this dehydration causes ... Other examples of dicarboxylic acids include aspartic acid and glutamic acid, two amino acids in the human body. The name can ... A total of 26 minor acids (from 2 in pecan to 8% in peanut) were determined: 8 species derived from succinic acid, likely in ... Acids from the two-carbon oxalic acid to the ten-member sebacic acid may be remembered using the mnemonic 'Oh My Son, Go And ...
These include acetic, lactic and succinic acids. Research on the antioxidant properties of strain ME-3 in soft cheese products ... De Vuyst, Luc; Leroy, Frédéric (2020-07-01). "Functional role of yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria in cocoa ... Lactobacillus Lactic Acid Bacteria Probiotic Zheng, Jinshui; Wittouck, Stijn; Salvetti, Elisa; Franz, Charles M.A.P.; Harris, ... "D-Alanyl-D-Alanine Ligase as a Broad-Host-Range Counterselection Marker in Vancomycin-Resistant Lactic Acid Bacteria". Journal ...
... of maleic acid to succinic acid. Transfer hydrogenation uses hydrogen-donor molecules other than molecular H2. ... In the hydrogenation of vegetable oils and fatty acids, for example, the heat released, about 25 kcal per mole (105 kJ/mol), is ... For example, platinum on carbon is produced by reduction of chloroplatinic acid in situ in carbon. Examples of these catalysts ... Catalytic reduction by formic acid under pressure. Part II. A comparison of copper and nickel as catalysts". J. Chem. Soc.: 281 ...
It is a succinic acid-producing strain first isolated from the bovine rumen. It is a facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, Gram ... nov., a novel succinic-acid-producing strain from the bovine rumen". International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 49 (1): ... "Enhanced succinic acid production by Actinobacillus succinogenes after genome shuffling." Journal of industrial microbiology & ... van Heerden, C.D.; Nicol, W. (2013). "Continuous succinic acid fermentation by Actinobacillus succinogenes". Biochemical ...
However, market research firms and consultants predict that manufacturing bio-succinic acid will make succinic acid ... The first step in that route converts MA to succinic acid; thus succinic is an alternative feedstock. JM Davy has adjusted its ... Succinic acid is a platform chemical that can be used in a broad range of markets, from high value niche applications such as ... "ARD Bio-Based Succinic Acid Plant, France". Retrieved 2013-11-12. Chatsko, Maxx (May 30, 2013). "Is BioAmber a Good Long-Term ...
The succinic semialdehyde can be converted into either succinic acid by SSADH or to GHB by the enzyme succinic semialdehyde ... Under normal conditions, SSADH works with the enzyme GABA transaminase to convert GABA to succinic acid. Succinic acid can then ... GABA is metabolized by successive transamination and oxidation to yield succinic semialdehyde and succinic acid respectively ... accumulates and cannot be oxidized to succinic acid and is therefore reduced to gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) by gamma- ...
Upon heating in strongly basic solution (pH > 9) this isomer will hydrate to succinic acid. Butenolide Tetronic acid Hoydonckx ... 5-Hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone exists in chemical equilibrium with its isomer, cis-β-formylacrylic acid, in ring-chain tautomerism: ... "Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides to 4-Oxobut-2-enoic Acid Derivatives". Heterocycles. 38 (6): 1307-1316. doi:10.3987/COM-94-6679 ... Under some conditions the compound will isomerize into succinic anhydride. ...
... was first prepared from succinic acid. A traditional synthesis involves oxidation of furfural (from the processing ... Fumaric acid is required for life. The oral LD50 is 10g/kg. Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle) Photosynthesis Maleic acid, the cis ... at a rate of 1 g of fumaric acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, in order to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is ... Fumaric acid is the trans isomer of butenedioic acid, while maleic acid is the cis isomer. It is produced in eukaryotic ...
Iakovlieva, I. Iu (2013). "[Mechanisms of actoprotective action of succinic acid's derivatives]". Likars'ka Sprava (3): 78-85. ... Benzimidazole derivatives such as bemitil Adamantane derivatives such as bromantane Thiazoloindole derivatives Succinic acid ...
... and butyric acid; it is often termed a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor. GPA91 binds and is activated by succinic acid. And, ... as well as long-chain unsaturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, and ... Based on its binding and activation by medium-chain fatty acids i.e., capric acid, undecaenoic, and lauric acids, GPR84 has ... In general, these binding/activating fatty acids are straight-chain fatty acids consisting of a carboxylic acid residue, i.e ...
He was the first to study succinic acid. Barchusen was also interested in botany. The Pippau plant or Crepis setosa was also ...
Studies in the Succinic and Glutaric Acid Series. Stockholm: Esselte. Eberson, Lennart (1959). "Studies in the Succinic and ... "Studies in the Succinic and Glutaric Acid Series". From 1979 until his retirement in 1998, he was Professor of organic ... Glutaric Acid Series". Svensk Kemisk Tidskrift. 71: 153. Eberson, Lennart (1965). Introduktion till den organiska kemin (in ...
Succinic acid is notable as a component in the citric acid cycle. It forms a cyclic acid anhydride, succinic anhydride. ... Succinic acid and its esters are the parent members of this family of 1,4-dicarbonyls. ... α-Keto-acids and -esters are well known. Pyruvic acid (CH3C(O)CO2H) is the parent α-ketoacid. Its conjugate base, pyruvate ( ... The corresponding aldehyde-acid is glyoxalic acid (HC(O)CO2H). The parent 1,3-dialdehyde is malondialdehyde (CH2(CHO)2). Like ...
"The dissociation constants of some symmetrically disubstituted succinic acids". Journal of the Chemical Society: 2492-2498. GHS ... Iodoacetic acid is more toxic than bromoacetic acid and much more toxic than chloroacetic acid. Iodoacetamide Dippy, J. F. J.; ... Iodoacetic acid is a derivative of acetic acid. It is a toxic compound, because, like many alkyl halides, it is an alkylating ... Iodoacetic acid has exhibited traits indicating it as a potential carcinogen, however, it has not been proven to be ...
Schaefer, Katie (11 Sep 2012). "Succinic Acid Emollients for Natural Skin Feel and Shine". Cosmetics & Toiletries. Allured ... "Intermediates - and acids". Chemicals. Vol. 12. New York, NY, USA. 20 Jul 1920. pp. 15-.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location ... Previously, industrial fatty-acid distillation had been performed using batch processing methods. The new, continuous process ... The company processed animal-derived fats, oils, fatty acids, soaps, and animal fibers. It rapidly grew in the United States ...
All known strains anaerobically produce significant amounts of succinic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid as metabolic ... such as fumaric and malic acid, the US Department of Energy identified succinic acid in 2004 as one of twelve platform ... Succinic acid is a chemical with an annual demand of around 15,000 tons. It is conventionally produced based on butadiene and n ... In 2008, Scholten was able to achieve yields of up to 5.8 g/L succinic acid based on D-glucose and sucrose with the newly ...
"The dissociation constants of some symmetrically disubstituted succinic acids". J. Chem. Soc.: 2492. doi:10.1039/jr9590002492. ... "The Effects of Chemical Substitution and Polymerization on the pKa Values of Sulfonic Acids". J. Phys. Chem. 113 (43): 14094- ...
Gordon I (March 1987). "Indications for 99mtechnetium dimercapto-succinic acid scan in children". The Journal of Urology. 137 ( ... A DMSA scan is a radionuclide scan that uses dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in assessing renal morphology, structure and ... Goldraich NP, Goldraich IH (April 1995). "Update on dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scanning in children with urinary tract ...
8. Enzymatic breakdown of alpha-(N-acetylaminomethylene) succinic acid". J. Biol. Chem. 244 (10): 2601-5. PMID 5769993. Portal ... succinic acid hydrolase. This enzyme participates in vitamin B6 metabolism. Huynh MS, Snell EE (1985). "Enzymes of vitamin B6 ...
"The dissociation constants of some symmetrically disubstituted succinic acids". Journal of the Chemical Society: 2492-2498. doi ... Acrylic acid can be converted to non-toxic lactic acid. Acrylic acid is a constituent of tobacco smoke. Methacrylic acid ... 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3HP), an acrylic-acid precursor by dehydration, can be produced from sugars, but the process is not ... Acrylic acid (IUPAC: propenoic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH2=CHCOOH. It is the simplest unsaturated ...
Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. In living organisms, succinic acid ... succinic acid readily ionizes to form its conjugate base, succinate (/ˈsʌksɪneɪt/). As a diprotic acid, succinic acid undergoes ... Part IV-Bifunctional Carboxylic Acids FDA Succinic Acid Calculator: Water and solute activities in aqueous succinic acid ... Succinic acid is marketed as food additive E363. The name derives from Latin succinum, meaning amber. Succinic acid is a white ...
... has an annual capacity of 10,000 metric tons and is producing commercial quantities of biobased succinic acid for the global ... the joint venture between Corbion Purac and BASF for the production and commercialization of biobased succinic acid, has ... fossil-based succinic acid or other dicarboxylic acids. Biobased succinic acid is a versatile building block with a significant ... biobased succinic acid represents a key milestone in our plan to become a major producer of biobased succinic acid in the ...
Dissolved CO2 profile in bio-succinic acid production from sugars-rich industrial waste Author(s): Francesco Vigato, Irini ... Techno-Economic Analysis of Succinic Acid Production from Sugar-Rich Wastewater Author(s): Kim, Hyunjin, Byoung-In Sang, ... Upscaling and Market Introduction of Simultaneous Biogas Upgrading and Bio-Succinic Acid Production. ...
Succinic acid is not a major contributor to the total acidity of a wine, but does play a role in a wines taste. ... Succinic Acid. The Role of Succinic Acid in Wine. The taste of succinic acid is difficult to put a finger on. Like many other ... The importance of succinic acid does not lie in its presence in wine alone. It readily reacts with other molecules to form ... Because of its bitter-salty flavor alone, winemakers pay particular attention to succinic acid levels. ...
Professor Sang-Yup Lee reported the production of a microbial strain capable of the massive production of succinic acid with ... Succinic acid, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, is one of the most promising platform chemicals serving as a precursor for ... Among microorganisms producing succinic acid, Mannheimia succiniciproducens has been proven to be one of the best strains for ... succinic acid production. The research team has developed a bio-based succinic acid production technology using the M. ...
S)-2-Hydroxy-2-(isopropyl)succinic acid , C7H12O5 , CID 5280523 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, ...
The 99mtechnetium-dimercapto-succinic acid renal scan has become the gold standard for evaluating renal parenchymal pathology. ... The 99mtechnetium-dimercapto-succinic acid renal scan has become the gold standard for evaluating renal parenchymal pathology. ... High resolution single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) 99mtechnetium-dimercapto-succinic acid renal imaging: a ...
Agren R, Otero JM, Nielsen J. Genome-scale modeling enables metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for succinic acid ... Genome-scale modeling enables metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for succinic acid production. In: Journal of ... Genome-scale modeling enables metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for succinic acid production. / Agren, Rasmus; ... title = "Genome-scale modeling enables metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for succinic acid production", ...
The IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology. succinic acid ligand page.
The Equilibria existing between Succinic, Fumaric, and Malic Acids in the presence of Resting Bacteria (English) ... The Equilibria existing between Succinic, Fumaric, and Malic Acids in the presence of Resting Bacteria. scientific article ... On the Fermentation of the Unsaturated Dicarboxylic Acids. Part I. Fumaric Acid ...
Structure of succinic acid The structural formula of succinic acid is... ... Succinic acid is an acid present in all living beings, first found in succinium (also called yellow amber), hence its name. ... Structure of succinic acid. The structural formula of succinic acid is HOOC-CH2-CH2-COOH. It is therefore a dicarboxylic acid ... Function of succinic acid. Succinic acid is obtained from the fermentation of sugar and is therefore a component in wine, to ...
The succinic acid market is a capital-intensive market, and the downtime involved with the penetration of succinic acid as an ... The succinic acid market is a capital-intensive market, and the downtime involved with the penetration of succinic acid as an ... Considering the pKa of succinic acid of 4.2 and 5.6 at 25 C (Dean, 1999), at pH 3.5 more than 80% of succinic acid would be in ... Considering the pKa of succinic acid of 4.2 and 5.6 at 25 C (Dean, 1999), at pH 3.5 more than 80% of succinic acid would be in ...
The major driver contributing to the growth of the market for succinic acid is its increasing adoption ... Succinic Acid market is likely to witness an impressive CAGR of 7.5% during the forecast period. ... by Type (Bio-based Succinic Acid and Petro-based Succinic Acid),. · by End-Use Industry Type (Industrial, Coatings, Food & ... As per the estimation, the Succinic Acid Market is likely to witness an impressive CAGR of 7.5% during the forecast period. ...
Succinic acid. (CH2C(O)OH)2 (g). -802.9. -825.1. ± 3.0. kJ/mol. 118.0880 ±. 0.0034. 110-15-6*0. ... Acetic acid. CH3C(O)OH (g, syn). -418.86. -432.98. ± 0.43. kJ/mol. 60.0520 ±. 0.0017. 64-19-7*1. ...
... and the Succinic Acid Blemish Treatment is here to help you stop it.Non-drying (thank you, hyaluronic acid!) and easily- ... and the Succinic Acid Blemish Treatment is here to help you stop it.. Non-drying (thank you, hyaluronic acid!) and easily- ... Succinic Acid, Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer, Salicylic Acid, Phenoxyethanol, Squalane, ... 2% succinic acid (a bio-based chemical thats derived from corn) works to physically reduce the size of your blemishes, while 1 ...
Skin Type: Normal, Dry, Combination, and Oily Skincare Concerns: Acne and Blemishes Highlighted Ingredients:- 2% Succinic Acid ... 2% Succinic Acid: Visibly reduces blemish size and absorbs excess oil.. - 2% Sulfur Powder: Absorbs excess oil and unclogs ... 1% Salicylic Acid: Gently exfoliates the skin, reducing dead-skin cell buildup.. While targeting active blemishes, succinic ... With added benefit of salicylic acid, this targeted formula helps visibly shrink blemishes and blackheads while being gentle on ...
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Succinic acid. Description. Succinic acid is a four-carbon acyclic dicarboxylic acid. It is a white, odorless solid with a ... Succinic acid is also a microbial metabolite. Indeed, urinary succinic acid is produced by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas ... In 2004, succinic acid was identified by the Department of Energy of the United States of America as one of twelve molecules ... Succinic acid has been found to be associated with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. ...
Succinic acid ✅ database of physico-chemical properties, 2D and 3D representations. ... Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2CO2H)2. It occurs naturally in amber. Succinic acid is a ... What is the Succinic acid?. The molecule Succinic acid presents a molecular formula of C4H6O4 and its IUPAC name is butanedioic ... Succinic acid. A summary of the most common chemical descriptors (InChI Key and SMILES codes) for Succinic acid are summarized ...
With 2% Succinic Acid, the targeted treatment gently reduces acne blemish size, reduces oil levels and unblock ... With 2% Succinic Acid, the targeted treatment gently reduces acne blemish size, reduces oil levels and unblock pores whilst ... Home / Collections / Skin Care - العناية بالبشرة / The Inkey List - Succinic Acid Acne Treatment ... We suggest cleansing with Salicylic Acid Cleanser, followed by hydrating the skin with Hyaluronic Acid before applying. Place a ...
... and the Succinic Acid Blemish Treatment is here to help you stop it. Non-drying (thank you, hyaluronic acid!) and easily- ... 2% succinic acid (a bio-based chemical thats derived from corn) works to physically reduce the size of your blemishes, while 1 ... Its a tragic cycle, and the Succinic Acid Blemish Treatment is here to help you stop it. ... salicylic acid unclogs pores, exfoliates and calms. 0.4% hyaluronic acid then swoops in and saves the day by reintroducing the ...
Succinic acid can also be found in animal tissues and plants all over the world. However, succinic acid made for home use is ... Medical Properties of Succinic Acid. Succinic Acid has a huge influence on our bodies, however many people remain unaware of ... The largest amount of succinic acid can be found in amber from the Baltic Sea. That is most likely why it is called succinic ... acid as in "succinic" means "of amber".. Although the majority of succinic acid can be found in Baltic amber, it is the only ...
Shanghai Liangren Chemical Co.,LTD. - Used in the manufacture of medicines, spices, dyes and lacquers.
The apoptotic efficacy of succinic acid on renal cancer cell lines *Goksu Kasarci ... while esterification with unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, such as maleyl acid, highly enhanced the activity. Thus, α-tocopheryl ... The VE analogue is a weak acid with a low pKa value. Therefore, at the neutral pH of normal tissue interstitium, majority of α- ... On the other hand, esterification of α-TOH with other dicarboxylic acids modulated the apoptogenic activity as follows: esters ...
  • Like most simple mono- and dicarboxylic acids, it is not harmful but can be an irritant to skin and eyes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Biobased succinic acid features a significantly improved carbon footprint compared to conventional, fossil-based succinic acid or other dicarboxylic acids. (basf.com)
  • On the Fermentation of the Unsaturated Dicarboxylic Acids. (wikidata.org)
  • Multi-ionizable compounds, such as dicarboxylic acids, offer the possibility of forming salts of drugs with multiple stoichiometries. (brad.ac.uk)
  • Residues were high in endogenous organic acids, between 144 and 298 mM combined acetic, lactic, succinic, and butyric acids. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result, 134 g per liter of succinic acid was produced from the fermentation of an engineered strain using glucose, glycerol, and carbon dioxide. (phys.org)
  • Derived from sugar cane via a fermentation process, succinic acid is an antibacterial and skin-softening agent that also helps to regulate sebum production. (facetheory.com)
  • In living organisms, succinic acid takes the form of an anion, succinate, which has multiple biological roles as a metabolic intermediate being converted into fumarate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase in complex 2 of the electron transport chain which is involved in making ATP, and as a signaling molecule reflecting the cellular metabolic state. (wikipedia.org)
  • Succinate is generated in mitochondria via the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). (wikipedia.org)
  • citation needed] Succinate is a key intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a primary metabolic pathway used to produce chemical energy in the presence of O2. (wikipedia.org)
  • The anion, succinate, is a key component of the citric acid or TCA cycle and is capable of donating electrons to the electron transfer chain. (foodb.ca)
  • Succinic acid, or its anion succinate, is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical products to control acidity or as a counter ion. (foodb.ca)
  • Attempts to crystallize ciprofloxacin, a poorly water-soluble, amphoteric molecule with succinic acid (S) resulted in isolation of ciprofloxacin hemisuccinate (1:1) trihydrate (CHS-I) and ciprofloxacin succinate (2:1) tetrahydrate (CS-I). Anhydrous ciprofloxacin hemisuccinate (CHS-II) and anhydrous ciprofloxacin succinate (CS-II) were also obtained. (brad.ac.uk)
  • Rejection of succinic aid (SA), lactic acid (LA), formic acid (FA) and acetic acid (AC) by NF90 membrane was 53.1, 51.8, 46.6 and 39.8%, respectively at pH less than 2. (muni.ac.ug)
  • to a little of the neutral solution of the compound , add acetic acid and CaCl2 solution. (studystack.com)
  • The purity of generated succinic acid crystals was recorded as 98.5% and 96.7% for process I and process II, respectively. (muni.ac.ug)
  • Generally, succinic acid is produced from maleic anhydride, whereas, synthetically succinic acid is produced from butane via maleic anhydride. (marketersmedia.com)
  • Common industrial routes include hydrogenation of maleic acid, oxidation of 1,4-butanediol, and carbonylation of ethylene glycol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Butanedioic Acid/ Succinic AcidProduct Description:Succinic acid is a colorless crystal. (snrgallicacid.com)
  • 3. Butanedioic Acid/ Succinic Acid can be used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce sulfonamides, vitamin A, vitamin B and other anticonvulsants, sputum relaxants, diuretics and hemostatic drugs. (snrgallicacid.com)
  • 5. Butanedioic Acid/ Succinic Acid can be u sed as a raw material for organic synthesis. (snrgallicacid.com)
  • 2% succinic acid (a bio-based chemical that's derived from corn) works to physically reduce the size of your blemishes, while 1% salicylic acid unclogs pores, exfoliates and calms. (skintoday.co)
  • While targeting active blemishes, succinic acid has a gentle peeling effect that gently exfoliates the skin and clears pores while preventing them from clogging again after use. (co.ke)
  • With added benefit of salicylic acid, this targeted formula helps visibly shrink blemishes and blackheads while being gentle on skin. (co.ke)
  • Combined with 1% Salicylic Acid, this targeted treatment will help shrink blemishes and blackheads whilst remaining gentle on the skin. (cosmastyle.com)
  • Blemicalm TT1 is an alcohol-free overnight spot treatment containing succinic and salicylic acids and sulphur, soothing chamomile, and mild kaolin clay to target blemishes, decongest pores, reduce redness and inflammation. (facetheory.com)
  • Succinic acid can be dehydrogenated to fumaric acid or be converted to diesters, such as diethylsuccinate (CH2CO2CH2CH3)2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Succinic acid can produce depilators, toothpastes, detergents and highly effective wrinkling and beauty lipids. (snrgallicacid.com)
  • Non-drying (thank you, hyaluronic acid! (skintoday.co)
  • 0.4% hyaluronic acid then swoops in and saves the day by reintroducing the skin to moisture in a good way. (skintoday.co)
  • We suggest cleansing with Salicylic Acid Cleanser, followed by hydrating the skin with Hyaluronic Acid before applying. (cosmastyle.com)
  • 2% Succinic Acid: Visibly reduces blemish size and absorbs excess oil. (co.ke)
  • With 2% Succinic Acid, the targeted treatment gently reduces acne blemish size, reduces oil levels and unblock pores whilst also helping prevent them from clogging again after use. (cosmastyle.com)
  • Based on technological advances and an increased need for renewable intermediates in different application fields, BASF and Corbion Purac have been working on the development of biobased succinic acid since 2009. (basf.com)
  • Our research on the highly efficient bio-based production of succinic acid from renewable non- food resources and carbon dioxide has provided a basis for reducing our strong dependence on fossil resources, which is the main cause of the environmental crisis," Professor Lee said. (phys.org)
  • The incorporation of the renewable succinic acid derived biopolyester blend film slightly improved the thermal resistance and tensile strength of paper, whereas its flexural ductility and puncture resistance were notably enhanced. (unisa.it)
  • Succinic acid is also a microbial metabolite. (foodb.ca)
  • Succinic acid , a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid, is one of the most promising platform chemicals serving as a precursor for industrially important chemicals. (phys.org)
  • In 2004, succinic acid was identified by the Department of Energy of the United States of America as one of twelve molecules that can be produced from plant sugars through biological or chemical processes and that have a potential to subsequently be converted to a number of high-value bio-based chemicals or materials. (foodb.ca)
  • 4. Succinic acid is also an intermediate in synthetic photographic chemicals. (snrgallicacid.com)
  • Succinic acid is a key platform chemical for production of various products such as biodegradable polymers, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals and foods. (muni.ac.ug)
  • Production of succinic acid from sugarcane molasses supplemented with a mixture of corn steep liquor powder and peanut meal as nitrogen sources by Actinobacillus succinogenes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Among microorganisms producing succinic acid, Mannheimia succiniciproducens has been proven to be one of the best strains for succinic acid production. (phys.org)
  • The potential toxicity of succinic anhydride to aquatic microorganisms is assessed via read-across from its hydrolytic transformation product succinic acid. (europa.eu)
  • Bio succinic acid is primarily being used as a replacement for petrol based succinic acid in few applications such as solvents and lubricants, de-icer solutions, cosmetics, food and pharma. (marketersmedia.com)
  • Succinic acid is also used in fuels, lubricants, additives and elastomers, which can accelerate and stabilize electroless nickel plating. (snrgallicacid.com)
  • According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Succinic Acid Market is accounted for $278.7 million in 2017 and expected to grow at a CAGR of 24.7% to reach $2036.5 million by 2026. (marketersmedia.com)
  • Recently it has been discovered that succinic acid can improve cellular respiration and glucose metabolism thus allowing the body to function the way it should. (balticproud.com)
  • A research team led by Distinguished Professor Sang-Yup Lee reported the production of a microbial strain capable of the massive production of succinic acid with the highest production efficiency to date. (phys.org)
  • 1% Salicylic Acid: Gently exfoliates the skin, reducing dead-skin cell buildup. (co.ke)
  • Blemicalm TT1 with a Blend of Succinic Acid (2%), Salicylic Acid (2%), Sulphur (2%), Chamomile and Mild Kaolin Clay. (facetheory.com)
  • Salicylic acid (2%) promotes exfoliation and unclogs pores to target blackheads and whiteheads and help prevent future breakouts. (facetheory.com)
  • Jung Ho Ahn et al, Enhanced succinic acid production by Mannheimia employing optimal malate dehydrogenase, Nature Communications (2020). (phys.org)
  • How do YBCO superconductors react with hydrochloric acid? (phys.org)
  • Succinic acid is a precursor to some polyesters and a component of some alkyd resins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Being a chemical intermediate, succinic acid is used for the production of polymers such as 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and is used in the production of resins and solvents. (marketersmedia.com)
  • Succinity GmbH, the joint venture between Corbion Purac and BASF for the production and commercialization of biobased succinic acid, has announced the successful start-up of its first commercial production facility. (basf.com)
  • An elaborate downstream processing method ensures the production of high quality biobased succinic acid. (basf.com)
  • Protein engineering of key enzymes corresponding to succinic acid production. (phys.org)
  • The research team has developed a bio-based succinic acid production technology using the M. succiniciproducens strain isolated from the rumen of Korean cows for over 20 years and succeeded in developing a strain capable of producing succinic acid with the highest production efficiency. (phys.org)
  • They carried out systems metabolic engineering to optimize the succinic acid production pathway of the M. succiniciproducens strain by determining the crystal structure of key enzymes important for succinic acid production and performing protein engineering to develop enzymes with better catalytic performance. (phys.org)
  • They were able to achieve 21 g per liter per hour of succinic acid production, which is one of the key factors determining the economic feasibility of the overall production process. (phys.org)
  • This is the world's best succinic acid production efficiency reported to date. (phys.org)
  • Agren, R, Otero, JM & Nielsen, J 2013, ' Genome-scale modeling enables metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for succinic acid production ', Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology , vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 735-747. (dtu.dk)
  • By geography, Europe is one of the largest markets for succinic acid owing to the rising investment relations, improving production facilities and strong industrial base for construction, packaging, and automotive sectors. (marketersmedia.com)
  • Succinic acid (2%) helps to regulate sebum production and accelerate cell turnover as well as inhibiting acne bacteria. (facetheory.com)
  • Instead, succinic semialdehyde is converted back into GABA or a related molecule, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB). (medlineplus.gov)
  • 1,4-Butanediol (BDO) can be synthesized using succinic acid as a precursor. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this work, we describe the application of a genome-scale metabolic model and flux balance analysis for the prediction of succinic acid overproduction strategies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (dtu.dk)
  • However, succinic acid made for home use is either made from amber or is synthetic. (balticproud.com)
  • Succinic acid (/səkˈsɪnɪk/) is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2. (wikipedia.org)
  • The highest chromatographic separation efficiency for succinic acid by Amberlite IRA900 Cl column was calculated as 69.3% at flow rate of 0.42 BV/h. (muni.ac.ug)
  • Succinic acid has been found to be associated with D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, which is an inborn error of metabolism. (foodb.ca)
  • Gordon N. Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADH) (4-hydroxybutyric aciduria, gamma-hydroxybutyric aciduria). (medlineplus.gov)
  • Succinic acid is a white, odorless solid with a highly acidic taste. (wikipedia.org)
  • Succinic acid is used primarily as an acidity regulator in the food and beverage industry. (wikipedia.org)
  • When a teething baby wears an amber necklace close to the skin, the skin absorbs the acid which in turn relieves the pain and calms down the child. (balticproud.com)
  • This may be due to residual organic acids detected in biosolarized plots 3-4 weeks after treatments (1-57 mM), which significantly correlated to poor lettuce health score. (cdc.gov)
  • Once GABA molecules have been released from nerve cells, they are broken down by succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and other enzymes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • It's a sad, tragic affair, and the Succinic Acid Blemish Treatment is here to help you stop it. (skintoday.co)
  • Activated sludge obtained from a sewage treatment plant was exposed in a 3-hour respiration inhibition test to nominal concentrations of 0 (control), 7.7, 19.3, 48.2, 120.6 and 301.5 mg succinic acid/L. The test design included duplicate samples and followed the OECD 209 guideline (version 4 April 1984). (europa.eu)
  • Historically, succinic acid was obtained from amber by distillation and has thus been known as spirit of amber. (wikipedia.org)
  • The start-up of our first facility for Succinity® biobased succinic acid represents a key milestone in our plan to become a major producer of biobased succinic acid in the future," comments Philipp Walter, Managing Director of Succinity. (basf.com)
  • The largest amount of succinic acid can be found in amber from the Baltic Sea. (balticproud.com)
  • Although the majority of succinic acid can be found in Baltic amber, it is the only source. (balticproud.com)
  • Nowadays we know that amber is not magical and that its healing qualities come from succinic acid. (balticproud.com)
  • Although now we know that evil spirits do not exist, succinic acid found in amber indeed strengthens our immune system. (balticproud.com)
  • Given the fact that succinic acid has the same effects as meditation, you do not need to be in pain or incredibly stressed to wear a piece of amber. (balticproud.com)
  • As mentioned in the article, succinic acid found in amber has many healing qualities which make it a perfect natural medicine for pain, heart problems, stress, and anxiety. (balticproud.com)
  • Paluch KJ, McCabe T, Müller-Bunz H et al (2013) Formation and physicochemical properties of crystalline and amorphous salts with different stoichiometries formed between ciprofloxacin and succinic acid. (brad.ac.uk)
  • The most widely used fungicides in agriculture are the alkali and metal salts of the alkelenebis-(dithiocarbamate) acids. (cdc.gov)
  • citation needed] As a food additive and dietary supplement, succinic acid is generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (wikipedia.org)
  • As per the estimation, the Succinic Acid Market is likely to witness an impressive CAGR of 7.5% during the forecast period. (caramellaapp.com)