Succinates
Succinate Dehydrogenase
Succinic Acid
A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)
Electron Transport Complex II
Succinate Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase
Citric Acid Cycle
Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters
Tocopherols
A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain substitutions on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus and a long hydrocarbon chain of isoprenoid units. They are antioxidants by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen. Tocopherols react with the most reactive form of oxygen and protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation.
Ketoglutaric Acids
Paraganglioma
A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)
Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate
Electron Transport
Oxygen Consumption
Mitochondria
Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)
Oxidoreductases
The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)
Succinate-CoA Ligases
Enzymes that catalyze the first step leading to the oxidation of succinic acid by the reversible formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate and CoA with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to ADP (EC 6.2.1.5) or GTP to GDP (EC 6.2.1.4) and orthophosphate. Itaconate can act instead of succinate and ITP instead of GTP.EC 6.2.1.-.
Oxidation-Reduction
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).
Acetates
Mitochondria, Liver
Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Ubiquinone
Antimycin A
Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase
An enzyme that plays a role in the GLUTAMATE and butanoate metabolism pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to SUCCINATE using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Deficiency of this enzyme, causes 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA).
Propionates
Anaerobiosis
Dodecanol
NAD
A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal
A relatively rare, usually benign neoplasm originating in the chemoreceptor tissue of the CAROTID BODY; GLOMUS JUGULARE; GLOMUS TYMPANICUM; AORTIC BODIES; and the female genital tract. It consists histologically of rounded or ovoid hyperchromatic cells that tend to be grouped in an alveolus-like pattern within a scant to moderate amount of fibrous stroma and a few large thin-walled vascular channels. (From Stedman, 27th ed)
Cytochromes
Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.
Iron-Sulfur Proteins
Submitochondrial Particles
Oxaloacetates
Escherichia coli
A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.
Fumarate Hydratase
Formates
Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria
Culture Media
Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.
Vitamin E
A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.
Carboxylic Acids
Glucose
Hydroxyquinolines
Fermentation
Doxylamine
Mitochondria, Muscle
Metabolic Engineering
Uncoupling Agents
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
Wolinella
Veillonella
Pyruvic Acid
Carbon Isotopes
Adenosine Triphosphate
Isocitrate Lyase
Coenzyme A-Transferases
Glutamates
Malate Dehydrogenase
Electron Transport Complex I
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.
Industrial Microbiology
Multienzyme Complexes
Mutation
Nitro Compounds
Cyanides
Oxaloacetic Acid
Quinone Reductases
NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductases. A family that includes three enzymes which are distinguished by their sensitivity to various inhibitors. EC 1.6.99.2 (NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE);) is a flavoprotein which reduces various quinones in the presence of NADH or NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol. EC 1.6.99.5 (NADH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADH, is inhibited by AMP and 2,4-dinitrophenol but not by dicoumarol or folic acid derivatives. EC 1.6.99.6 (NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol and folic acid derivatives but not by 2,4-dinitrophenol.
Spectrophotometry
Cell Respiration
Aconitate Hydratase
Oligomycins
A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.
Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
Flavins
Molecular Sequence Data
Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.
Cytochrome b Group
Electron Transport Complex IV
A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Carbon
Corynebacterium glutamicum
Enzyme Repression
Biological Transport, Active
Oxygen
NADH Dehydrogenase
A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.
Pseudomonas
Citrate (si)-Synthase
Citric Acid
Glycerol
Aspartic Acid
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase
An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.
Encephalomalacia
Softening or loss of brain tissue following CEREBRAL INFARCTION; cerebral ischemia (see BRAIN ISCHEMIA), infection, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, or other injury. The term is often used during gross pathologic inspection to describe blurred cortical margins and decreased consistency of brain tissue following infarction. Multicystic encephalomalacia refers to the formation of multiple cystic cavities of various sizes in the cerebral cortex of neonates and infants following injury, most notably perinatal hypoxia-ischemic events. (From Davis et al., Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p665; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1995 Mar;54(2):268-75)
Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide
Pheochromocytoma
A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Rhodopseudomonas
Spirillum
Cattle
Rutamycin
Decarboxylation
Methylobacterium extorquens
Electron Transport Complex III
A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Polarography
An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.
Energy Metabolism
Methanol
Biological Transport
Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent
Methylcellulose
NADH, NADPH Oxidoreductases
A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone
Potassium Cyanide
Rhizobium
Protons
Bacteroides
Metalloproteins
Metabolism
Carbon Dioxide
NADP
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)
Mitochondrial Swelling
Rhodospirillum
Adenosine Diphosphate
Hydrogen
The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.
Methylphenazonium Methosulfate
Metabolic Networks and Pathways
Cell Membrane
Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Acyl Coenzyme A
Aspartate Carbamoyltransferase
Tetramethylphenylenediamine
alpha-Tocopherol
A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture.
Amino Acids
Biodegradation, Environmental
Metoprolol
Heme
Amino Acid Sequence
Lactic Acid
Glutamate Dehydrogenase
Carbamyl Phosphate
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase (ATP)
Acetate Kinase
Mersalyl
Adipates
Binding Sites
Batch Cell Culture Techniques
Benzoates
Substrate Specificity
Activity in saline of phthalylated or succinylated derivatives of mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant. (1/1470)
A water-soluble fraction (WSA) of the cell wall can substitute for mycobacterial cells in Freund complete adjuvant. However, when WSA is administered in saline instead of in a water-in-oil emulsion, its adjuvant activity is very weak, and under certain experimental conditions it can even inhibit the humoral immune response. The data reported in the present study show that after treatment by phthalic or succinic anhydride the adjuvant activity of WSA was markedly changed, since high levels of circulating antibodies were produced when these derivatives were administered with an antigen in an aqueous medium. Moreover, the antigenic determinants of WSA were modified and acylated WSA had no tuberculin-like activity. (+info)Control of ketogenesis from amino acids. IV. Tissue specificity in oxidation of leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. (2/1470)
In vitro and in vivo studies were made on the tissue specificity of oxidation of the ketogenic amino acids, leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. In in vitro studies the abilities of slices of various tissues of rats to form 14CO2 from 14C-amino acids were examined. With liver, but not kidney slices, addition of alpha-ketoglutarate was required for the maximum activities with these amino acids. Among the various tissues tested, kidney had the highest activity for lysine oxidation, followed by liver; other tissues showed very low activity. Kidney also had the highest activity for leucine oxidation, followed by diaphragm; liver and adipose tissue had lower activities. Liver had the highest activity for tyrosine oxidation, but kidney also showed considerable activity; other tissues had negligible activity. In in vivo studies the blood flow through the liver or kidney was stopped by ligation of the blood vessels. Then labeled amino acids were injected and recovery of radioactivity in respiratory 14CO2 was measured. In contrast to results with slices, no difference was found in the respiratory 14CO2 when the renal blood vessels were or were not ligated. On the contrary ligation of the hepatic vessels suppressed the oxidations of lysine and tyrosine completely and that of leucine partially. Thus in vivo, lysine and tyrosine seem to be metabolized mainly in the liver, whereas leucine is metabolized mostly in extrahepatic tissues and partly in liver. Use of tissue slices seems to be of only limited value in elucidating the metabolisms of these amino acids. (+info)Relationship between succinate transport and production of extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase in Pseudomonas lemoignei. (3/1470)
The relationship between extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase synthesis and the unusual properties of a succinate uptake system was investigated in Pseudomonas lemoignei. Growth on and uptake of succinate were highly pH dependent, with optima at pH 5.6. Above pH 7, growth on and uptake of succinate were strongly reduced with concomitant derepression of PHB depolymerase synthesis. The specific succinate uptake rates were saturable by high concentrations of succinate, and maximal transport rates of 110 nmol/mg of cell protein per min were determined between pH 5.6 and 6. 8. The apparent KS0.5 values increased with increasing pH from 0.2 mM succinate at pH 5.6 to more than 10 mM succinate at pH 7.6. The uptake of [14C]succinate was strongly inhibited by several monocarboxylates. Dicarboxylates also inhibited the uptake of succinate but only at pH values near the dissociation constant of the second carboxylate function (pKa2). We conclude that the succinate carrier is specific for the monocarboxylate forms of various carboxylic acids and is not able to utilize the dicarboxylic forms. The inability to take up succinate2- accounts for the carbon starvation of P. lemoignei observed during growth on succinate at pH values above 7. As a consequence the bacteria produce high levels of extracellular PHB depolymerase activity in an effort to escape carbon starvation by utilization of PHB hydrolysis products. (+info)One-carbon metabolism in methanogenic bacteria: analysis of short-term fixation products of 14CO2 and 14CH3OH incorporated into whole cells. (4/1470)
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, M. ruminantium, and Methanosarcina barkeri were labeled with 14CO2 (14CO2 + H14CO3- + 14CO32-) for from 2 to 45 s. Radioactivity was recovered in coenzyme M derivatives, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and several unidentified compounds. The properties of one important structurally unidentified intermediate (yellow fluorescent compound) displayed UV absorbance maxima at pH 1 of 290 and 335 nm, no absorbance in the visible region, and a fluorescence maximum at 460 nm. Label did not appear in organic phosphates until after 1 min. 14CH3OH was converted by M. barkeri primarily into coenzyme M derivatives at 25 s. [2-14C]acetate was assimilated by M. thermoautotrophicum mainly into alanine and succinate during 2 to 240 s, but not into coenzyme M derivatives or yellow fluorescent compound. Cell-free extracts of M. thermoautotrophicum lacked ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. The data indicated the absence of the Calvin, serine, and hexulose phosphate paths of C1 assimilation in the methanogens examined and indicated that pyruvate was an early intermediate product of net CO2 fixation. The in vivo importance of coenzyme M derivatives in methanogenesis was demonstrated. (+info)Targeted delivery and improved therapeutic potential of catalase by chemical modification: combination with superoxide dismutase derivatives. (5/1470)
Four types of bovine liver catalase (CAT) derivatives, succinylated (Suc-CAT), galactosylated (Gal-CAT), mannosylated (Man-CAT), and polyethylene glycol conjugate (PEG-CAT), were synthesized and their pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential in a hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury model were studied in mice. About 90% of the CAT enzymatic activity was retained after chemical modification. Biodistribution studies showed that 111indium (111In)-Gal-CAT accumulated selectively in the liver parenchymal cells as 111In-CAT, whereas an increased amount of 111In-Suc-CAT and 111In-Man-CAT was delivered to liver nonparenchymal cells. 111In-PEG-CAT exhibited prolonged retention in plasma. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the hepatic uptake clearances of 111In-Suc-CAT, 111In-Gal-CAT, and 111In-Man-CAT were much greater than that of 111In-CAT, whereas that of 111In-PEG-CAT was very small. In the ischemia/reperfusion injury model, in which hepatic injury was induced by occlusion of the portal vein for 30 min followed by 1 h reperfusion, the elevation of plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels was slightly inhibited by treatment with native CAT or Gal-CAT. PEG-CAT was less potent. In contrast, Suc-CAT and Man-CAT effectively suppressed the increase in plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Coinjection of mannosylated superoxide dismutase marginally improved the inhibitory effects of CAT derivatives. These results demonstrate that targeted CAT delivery to liver nonparenchymal cells via chemical modification is a promising approach to prevent hepatic injuries caused by reactive oxygen species. The potential usefulness of combining of CAT and superoxide dismutase derivatives is also demonstrated. (+info)Pseudo-proteinuria following gelofusine infusion. (6/1470)
Transient massive proteinuria following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery was observed. It was characterized and attributed to post-operative gelofusine infusion. Gelofusine was found to interfere with dye binding but not immunochemical assays of proteinuria. Proteinuria following gelofusine infusion may not reflect underlying glomerular pathology. (+info)Comparative disposition of the nephrotoxicant N-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide and the non-nephrotoxicant N-(3, 5-difluorophenyl)succinimide in Fischer 344 rats. (7/1470)
Disposition of the nephrotoxicant N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) was compared with that of a nontoxic analog, N-(3, 5-difluorophenyl)succinimide (DFPS). Male Fischer 344 rats were administered 0.2 or 0.6 mmol/kg [14C]NDPS or [14C]DFPS (i.p. in corn oil). Plasma concentrations were determined from blood samples obtained through the carotid artery. Urine samples were analyzed for metabolite content by HPLC. Rats were sacrificed at 3 h (DFPS) or 6 h (NDPS) and tissue radiolabel content and covalent binding were determined. [14C]NDPS-derived plasma radioactivity levels were 6- to 21-fold higher and peaked later than those from [14C]DFPS. Six hours after dosing, NDPS was 40% eliminated in the urine compared with approximately 90% for DFPS. By 48 h, only 67% of the NDPS dose was eliminated in urine. In contrast, DFPS excretion was virtually complete within 24 h. NDPS underwent oxidative metabolism to a slightly greater extent than DFPS. Distribution of [14C]NDPS-derived radioactivity into the kidneys was 3- to 6-fold higher than that into the liver or heart, and was more extensive than with [14C]DFPS. NDPS also covalently bound to plasma, renal, and hepatic proteins to a greater extent than DFPS. In summary, NDPS achieves higher tissue and plasma concentrations, covalently binds to a greater extent, and is eliminated more slowly than DFPS. Differences in the lipid solubility of NDPS metabolites and DFPS metabolites may help explain these results. The overall greater tissue exposure of NDPS and its metabolites may contribute to differential toxicity of these analogs. (+info)Uptake of bromosulfophthalein via SO2-4/OH- exchange increases the K+ conductance of rat hepatocytes. (8/1470)
In confluent primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, micromolar concentrations of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) lead to a sizeable hyperpolarization of membrane voltage. The effect is a saturable function of BSP concentration yielding an apparent value of 226 micromol/l and a Vmax of -10.3 mV. The BSP-induced membrane hyperpolarization is inhibited by the K+ channel blocker Ba2+, and in cable-analysis and ion-substitution experiments it becomes evident that the effect is due to a significant increase in cell membrane K+ conductance. Voltage changes were attenuated by the simultaneous administration of SO2-4, succinate, and cholate (cis-inhibition) and increased after preincubation with SO2-4 and succinate (trans-stimulation), suggesting that the effect occurs via BSP uptake through the known SO2-4/OH- exchanger. Microfluorometric measurements reveal that BSP-induced activation of K+ conductance is not mediated by changes in cell pH, cell Ca2+, or cell volume. It is concluded that K+ channel activation by BSP (as well as by DIDS and indocyanine green) may reflect a physiological mechanism linking the sinusoidal uptake of certain anions to their electrogenic canalicular secretion. (+info)
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Succinate-CoA ligaseEdit. Succinate-CoA ligase is a heterodimer composed of an invariant α-subunit and a substrate-specific Ć- ... This combination results in either an ADP-forming succinate-CoA ligase (A-SUCL, EC 6.2.1.5) or a GDP-forming succinate-CoA ... utilizing either phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase or succinate-CoA ligase, or monofunctional C1-tetrahydrofolate synthase. ... ligase (G-SUCL, EC 6.2.1.4). The ADP-forming succinate-CoA ligase is potentially the only matrix enzyme generating ATP in the ...
Biodegradable plastic
Polybutylene succinate (PBS)Edit. Polybutylene succinate is a thermoplastic polymer resin that has properties comparable to ... Xu, Jun; Guo, Bao-Hua (2010), Chen, George Guo-Qiang (ed.), "Microbial Succinic Acid, Its Polymer Poly(butylene succinate), and ...
Citric acid cycle
Succinate + ubiquinone (Q) Fumarate + ubiquinol (QH2) Succinate dehydrogenase Oxidation uses FAD as a prosthetic group (FADā ... In addition, electrons from the succinate oxidation step are transferred first to the FAD cofactor of succinate dehydrogenase, ... Succinate + CoA-SH + GTP Succinyl-CoA synthetase substrate-level. phosphorylation or ADPāATP instead of GDPāGTP,[15] generates ... and convert 2-oxoglutarate to succinate via succinate semialdehyde, using EC 4.1.1.71, 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase, and EC 1.2 ...
Malic acid
... was first isolated from apple juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1785.[3] Antoine Lavoisier in 1787 proposed the name acide malique, which is derived from the Latin word for apple, mÄlum-as is its genus name Malus.[4][5] In German it is named ĆpfelsƤure (or ApfelsƤure) after plural or singular of the fruit apple, but the salt(s) Malat(e). Malic acid is the main acid in many fruits, including apricots, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, grapes, mirabelles, peaches, pears, plums, and quince[6] and is present in lower concentrations in other fruits, such as citrus.[7] It contributes to the sourness of unripe apples. Sour apples contain high proportions of the acid. It is present in grapes and in most wines with concentrations sometimes as high as 5 g/l.[8] It confers a tart taste to wine; the amount decreases with increasing fruit ripeness. The taste of malic acid is very clear and pure in rhubarb, a plant for which it is the primary flavor. It is also a component of some artificial ...
Ribociclib
"Ribociclib succinate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline; ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
Succinate-Q oxidoreductase, also known as complex II or succinate dehydrogenase, is a second entry point to the electron ... Out of these compounds, the succinate/fumarate pair is unusual, as its midpoint potential is close to zero. Succinate can ... Competitive inhibitors of succinate dehydrogenase (complex II).[91]. Antimycin A Piscicide Complex III Binds to the Qi site of ... Fumarate / Succinate +0.03 As shown above, E. coli can grow with reducing agents such as formate, hydrogen, or lactate as ...
SDHB
The succinate dehydrogenase (also called SDH or Complex II) protein complex catalyzes the oxidation of succinate (succinate + ... Succinate accumulation in the cytosol[edit]. SDH inactivation can block the oxidation of succinate, starting a cascade of ... "Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex".. *^ Kita K, Oya H, Gennis RB, Ackrell BA, Kasahara M (January 1990). "Human ... Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial (SDHB) also known as iron-sulfur subunit of complex II ...
Doxylamine
... succinate (CAS 562-10-7). berkeley.edu. DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) - ... Doxylamine succinate is generally safe for administration to healthy adults. The median lethal dose (LD50) is estimated to be ~ ... Doxylamine succinate is used in general over-the-counter sleep-aids branded as Somnil (South Africa), Dozile, Donormyl, LidĆØne ... doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) are the ingredients of Diclegis, approved by the FDA in April 2013 becoming ...
Solifenacin
The free base is a yellow oil, while the salt solifenacin succinate forms yellowish crystals. The compound was studied using ... "Solifenacin Succinate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. "FDA Approves ... "Solifenacin Succinate - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020. Lexi-Comp (December 2009). "Solifenacin". ... "Solifenacin succinate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Medicine portal. ...
Fumarate reductase
Succinate + acceptor <=> fumarate + reduced acceptor Fumarate reductases can be divided into two classes depending on the ... Fumarate reductase is the enzyme that converts fumarate to succinate, and is important in microbial metabolism as a part of ...
Schedule H
ESTRADIOL SUCCINATE 181. ESTRAMUSTINE PHOSPHATE 182. ETANERCEPT 183. ETHACRIDINE LACTATE 184. ETHAMBUTOL HYDROCHLORIDE ...
Transmembrane protein
... succinate - coenzyme Q reductase (fumarate reductase); and succinate dehydrogenase. See electron transport chain. ...
List of compounds with carbon number 21
decyl benzyl succinate. 119450-18-9 C21H36O5. cortol. 516-38-1 ...
Transporter Classification Database
... succinate - coenzyme Q reductase (fumarate reductase); and succinate dehydrogenase. See electron transport chain. 3.D.1 The H+ ... Family 3.D.10 The Prokaryotic Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) Family Bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins including rhodopsin (see ...
Fumaric acid
It is formed by the oxidation of succinate by the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. Fumarate is then converted by the enzyme ... It is produced in eukaryotic organisms from succinate in complex 2 of the electron transport chain via the enzyme succinate ...
Cofactor engineering
An increase in succinate concentration, which is used as a catalyst, may lead to an increase in the speed of the Citric Acid ... Potera, Carol (December 2005). "Making Succinate More Successful". Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 (12): A832-A835. doi: ... of CoA biosynthesis during the pyruvate hydrogenase reaction also causes an increase in the production of both succinate and ...
Malonic acid
It binds to the active site of the enzyme without reacting, competing with the usual substrate succinate but lacking the ā ... Malonic acid is the classic example of a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (complex II), in the ... This observation was used to deduce the structure of the active site in succinate dehydrogenase. Inhibition of this enzyme ... Dervartanian, D.V.; Veeger, C. (1964). "Studies on succinate dehydrogenase". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Specialized ...
Oxidoreductase
succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase Ja 1.2.1.27 methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) Ja 1.2.1.31 L- ...
Succinyl-diaminopimelate desuccinylase
succinate + LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate. Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are N-succinyl-LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate and ... H2O, whereas its two products are succinate and LL-2,6-diaminoheptanedioate. ...
Green sulfur bacteria
succinate + acceptor ā fumarate + reduced acceptor. See also[edit]. *Anoxic event. *Purple sulfur bacteria ...
Metoprolol
succinate: Differences in uses and effects". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 24 ... Metoprolol Succinate: A Comparison". Healthline. 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved ... The active substance metoprolol is employed either as metoprolol succinate or as metoprolol tartrate (where 100 mg metoprolol ... Cupp M (2009). "Alternatives for Metoprolol Succinate" (PDF). Pharmacist's Letter / Prescriber's Letter. 25 (250302). Retrieved ...
SDHD
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial (CybS), also known as succinate dehydrogenase ... Because the mutated SDH enzyme cannot convert succinate to fumarate, succinate accumulates in the cell. As a result, the ... Succinate dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. The SDHD gene is ... "Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex". Heutink P, van der Mey AG, Sandkuijl LA, van Gils AP, Bardoel A, Breedveld GJ, ...
SDHA
The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) protein complex catalyzes the oxidation of succinate (succinate + ubiquinone => fumarate + ... "Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex". Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, et al. (October 2013). " ... Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHA gene. This ... Initially, SDHA oxidizes succinate via deprotonation at the FAD binding site, forming FADH2 and leaving fumarate, loosely bound ...
Propionigenium modestum
It was reported that for every mol of succinate that was fermented by P. modesetum, there was between 2.1 and 2.4 grams of cell ... Its growth optimum is pH of 7.1-7.7 and a temperature of 33 °C. The G+C content is 33.9%. It utilizes succinate, fumarate, ... Propionigenium modestum converts succinate (as well as other energy sources) to propionate to generate energy. The conversion ... The original isolation of P. modestum was obtained through a succinate media, which was used as the primary source of energy. ...
Tafenoquine
"Krintafel (tafenoquine succinate tablets) FDA Advisory Committee Briefing Document" (PDF). 12 July 2018. Archived from the ... "Tafenoquine Succinate (Krintafel) Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. Retrieved 22 November 2019. Hounkpatin, Aurore B; ...
Desvenlafaxine
Ansofaxine "Desvenlafaxine Succinate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ... "Wyeth Receives Approvable Letter From FDA For Pristiq (Desvenlafaxine Succinate) For The Treatment Of Major Depressive Disorder ... "PRODUCT INFORMATION - PRISTIQ desvenlafaxine (as succinate)" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd. 10 ... "Desvenlafaxine succinate: A new serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor" (PDF). The Journal of Pharmacology and ...
SUCNR1
Succinate receptor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUCNR1 gene. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000198829 - ... "Entrez Gene: SUCNR1 succinate receptor 1". Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial ...
Mixed acid fermentation
fumarate + NADH + H+ ā succinate + NAD+ This reduction is an anaerobic respiration reaction in E. coli, as it uses electrons ... This produced a succinate yield that was approximately 3 times greater than normal. Several experiments using a similar ... Alternative approaches have altered the redox and ATP balance to optimize the succinate yield. There are a number of other ... For instance, strains for the increased production of ethanol, lactate, succinate and acetate have been developed due to the ...
Category:Succinates - Wikimedia Commons
Succinate dehydrogenase - Wikipedia
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory Complex II is an enzyme complex, found in ... Succinate binding site[edit]. SdhA provides the binding site for the oxidation of succinate. The side chains Thr254, His354, ... Succinate oxidation[edit]. Little is known about the exact succinate oxidation mechanism. However, the crystal structure shows ... Succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial. Pfam PF01127 4. SdhD. DHSD_HUMAN. Succinate dehydrogenase [ ...
Histology Lab: SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE
3. Succinate stock (500 mM sodium succinate). --Sodium succinate 2.7g. --Distilled water 20ml. Freeze in 5ml amounts. 4. ... SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE SUCCINATE DEHYDROGENASE (MODIFIED FROM PETTE & TYLER, 1983). 1. Phosphate buffer (100mM, pH 7.6). -- ... Succinate stock 0.2ml. --Phenazine methosulphate 0.7mg (one small crystal). Mix just before use, keep out of strong light.. ...
succinate(2-) (CHEBI:30031)
succinate(2ā) (CHEBI:30031) is a succinate (CHEBI:26806) succinate(2ā) (CHEBI:30031) is conjugate base of succinate(1ā) (CHEBI: ... sodium succinate (anhydrous) (CHEBI:63675) has part succinate(2ā) (CHEBI:30031). succinate(1ā) (CHEBI:30779) is conjugate acid ... succinate(2ā) (CHEBI:30031) has role Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite (CHEBI:75772) succinate(2ā) (CHEBI:30031) has role ... succinate(2ā) (CHEBI:30031) is a C4-dicarboxylate (CHEBI:61336) succinate(2ā) (CHEBI:30031) is a dicarboxylic acid dianion ( ...
Contraindications for Loxapine Succinate Oral
Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency: MedlinePlus Genetics
Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the early development of the brain and other body systems ... Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency results from mutations in the SUCLA2 or SUCLG1 gene. SUCLG1 gene mutations can cause fatal ... Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the early development of the brain and other body systems ... The SUCLA2 and SUCLG1 genes each provide instructions for making one part (subunit) of an enzyme called succinate-CoA ligase. ...
Emoxypine Succinate - Drugs.com
Dioctyl succinate
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) uses its best efforts to deliver a high quality copy of the Database and to verify that the data contained therein have been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. However, NIST makes no warranties to that effect, and NIST shall not be liable for any damage that may result from errors or omissions in the Database ...
Dipropyl succinate
Methylprednisolone succinate - Wikipedia
Methylprednisolone succinate is provided as two different salts when used as a pharmaceutical drug: a sodium salt ( ... Methylprednisolone succinate, sold under the brand names Solu-Medrol among others, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid ... methylprednisolone sodium succinate; brand name Solu-Medrol, others) and a hydrogen salt (methylprednisolone hemisuccinate or ... methylprednisolone hydrogen succinate; brand name Urbason). List of corticosteroid esters § Methylprednisolone esters Elks J ( ...
DIHEPTYL SUCCINATE || Skin DeepĀ® Cosmetics Database | EWG
Beyond providing Skin Deep® as an educational tool for consumers, EWG offers its EWG VERIFIED⢠mark as a quick and easily identifiable way of conveying personal care products that meet EWGs strict health criteria. Before a company can use EWG VERIFIEDTM on such products, the company must show that it fully discloses the products ingredients on their labels or packaging, they do not contain EWG ingredients of concern, and are made with good manufacturing practices, among other criteria. Note that EWG receives licensing fees from all EWG VERIFIED member companies that help to support the important work we do. Learn more , Legal Disclaimer ...
Doxylamine Succinate Information
Nandrolone hydrogen succinate - Wikipedia
Succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase definition | Drugs.com
Definition of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Provided by Stedmans medical dictionary and Drugs.com. Includes medical ... succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase. Definition: an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of succinate semialdehyde and either ... NAD+ or NADP+ to form succinate and NADH (or NADPH); a deficiency of this enzyme is associated with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria. ...
Yeast] succinate semialdehyde determination
Prescriber Checkup | SUMATRIPTAN SUCCINATE
Interactions between Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate Intravenous and corticosteroids-nsaids
Succinate dictionary definition | succinate defined
noun) A product in the Krebs cycle formed from succinic/butanedioic acid is an example of a succinate.... ... The definition of a succinate is a salt or an ester made of succinic acid. ( ... Succinamide, C 2 H 4(CONH2)2, best obtained by the action of ammonia on diethyl succinate, crystallizes in needles which melt ... A product in the Krebs cycle formed from succinic/butanedioic acid is an example of a succinate. ...
Doxylamine succinate salt | Sigma-Aldrich
Succinate Dehydrogenase | Journal of Bacteriology
Succinate Dehydrogenase (Sdh) fromBradyrhizobium japonicum Is Closely Related to Mitochondrial Sdh David J. Westenberg, Mary ... Advantage of Upregulation of Succinate Dehydrogenase in Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms Rosmarie Gaupp, Steffen Schlag, Manuel ... Succinate Dehydrogenase and Other Respiratory Pathways in Thylakoid Membranes of Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803: Capacity ... Succinate:Quinol Oxidoreductases in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803: Presence and Function in Metabolism ...
Surface-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystal-incorporated Poly(butylene succinate) Nanocomposites | SpringerLink
Solu-Cortef (Hydrocortisone sodium succinate) Drug / Medicine Information
Hydrocortisone sodium succinate) intended for persons living in Australia. ... Hydrocortisone sodium succinate, the active ingredient in SOLU-CORTEF, belongs to a group of medicines called corticosteroids. ... are allergic to SOLU-CORTEF, other medicines containing hydrocortisone sodium succinate any of the ingredients listed at the ... SOLU-CORTEF (hydrocortisone sodium succinate) can be identified by an Australian Register Number which is found on the carton. ...
Methylprednisolone Alphapharm (methylprednisolone sodium succinate) Drug / Medicine Information
... methylprednisolone sodium succinate) intended for persons living in Australia. ... Methylprednisolone sodium succinate, the active ingredient in Methylprednisolone Alphapharm, belongs to a group of medicines ... Each vial of Methylprednisolone Alphapharm contains 500 mg and 1 g of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. ...
Alternative to Metoprolol Succinate | Livestrong.com
Metoprolol succinate is an extended-release version of metoprolol. This drug is a beta blocker that is used to treat high blood ... Metoprolol succinate is an extended-release version of metoprolol. This drug is a beta blocker that is used to treat high blood ... Metoprolol succinate is just one of many drugs known as beta blockers. These medications block the effects of epinephrine on ... If metoprolol succinate is not effective, other beta blockers may be used to control blood pressure. Examples of beta blockers ...
Loxapine succinate salt solid | Sigma-Aldrich
Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate - Drug Information - Chemocare
Hydrocotisone Sodium Succinate (Hydrocortisone) glucocorticosteroid side effects, how its given, how it works, precautions and ... Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate is used most often as a supportive care medication. Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate is ... If you are on a daily dose of Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate, and you miss a dose, take the dose as soon as you remember. You ... Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate eye ointment, or eye drops, is given to treat or prevent many inflammatory eye conditions. ...
Succinate-Glo⢠JmjC Demethylase/Hydroxylase Assay
... is a bioluminescent assay for detecting the activity of JumonjiC (JmjC) ... The Succinate-Glo⢠JmjC Demethylase/Hydroxylase Assay rapidly detects succinate formation in JumonjiC histone demethylase and ... After the demethylase/dioxygenase reaction, Succinate Detection Reagent I is added to convert succinate to ATP and allow the ... The Succinate-Glo⢠Assay has good linearity and sensitivity. The assay is performed in a single well of a multiwell plate, and ...
Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate (SOLU-MEDROL Ā®) | OncoLink
Information about Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate (SOLU-MEDROL Ā®), a glucocorticoid used to treat a variety of health ... About: Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate (SOLU-MEDROL Ā®) Methylprednisolone sodium succinate is a glucocorticoid. ... How to take Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate is given as either an intravenous infusion ... Taking methylprednisolone sodium succinate with food or milk is generally enough to prevent nausea and heartburn. If possible, ...
DailyMed - METOPROLOL SUCCINATE tablet, extended release
24 HR metoprolol succinate 50 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet. SCD. 3. 866436. 24 HR metoprolol succinate 50 MG (as metoprolol ... Risk Reduction with Metoprolol Succinate Extended-Release Tablets. Nominal P-value. Placebo n=2001. Metoprolol succinate ... See full prescribing information for METOPROLOL SUCCINATE EXTENDED-RELEASE TABLETS. METOPROLOL SUCCINATE extended-release ... Metoprolol succinate extended-release tablets, metoprolol succinate, is a beta 1-selective adrenoceptor blocking agent. ...
Doxylamine succinateToprol-XLSodiumSubunitUbiquinoneMitochondrialFumarateActive ingredientTabletsSolifenacin succinateSUMATRIPTAN SUCCINATEOxidationMETABOLISMDehydrogenase assembly factorSuccinic acidButanedioic acidHydrogenDosageProduction of SuccinateReperfusion InjuryOctenyl succinateDimethyl succinateDIHEPTYL SUCCINATEEsterCytochromeEnzymeEscherichiaPharmaceuticalSdhAPathwaysDownstream2018Tricarboxylic acidDiethylPolybutyleneSemialdehydePaula's ChoiceDoseMetaboliteMedication metoprololElectronBeta blockerReversalLigase
Doxylamine succinate11
- The antihistamine drug doxylamine succinate promotes sleep and relieves cold symptoms. (ehow.co.uk)
- Doxylamine succinate salt has been used as a therapeutic drug to check developmental toxicity. (sigmaaldrich.com)
- Read the side effects of Doxylamine Succinate and Pyridoxine Hydrochloride as described in the medical literature. (medindia.net)
- Misc: Doxylamine succinate 25 mg. (albertsons.com)
- Active Ingredients: In Each Tablet: Doxylamine Succinate (25 mg). (albertsons.com)
- Established in 2004, we are now reckoned as a renowned organization engaged in offering Doxylamine Succinate.This drug is an antihistamine, used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold. (tradeindia.com)
- Doxylamine Succinate is a medicine which is used to provide relief from the symptoms of hay fever, common cold, flu, & allergy. (tradeindia.com)
- By keeping track with the latest market development, we are offering Doxylamine Succinate And Pyridoxine Hcl Tablet. (tradeindia.com)
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities Center of Excellence in Behavioral Health Networking, Certifying, and Training Suicide Prevention Hotlines and the Disaster Distress Helpline The Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Prevention of Underage Drinking ICCPUD English and Spanish is doxylamine succinate like benadryl available if you select the option to speak with a national representative. (soxanddawgs.com)
- High blood pressure: If you have high blood pressure, discuss with your doctor how this medication may affect your medical condition, is doxylamine succinate like benadryl your medicalcondition may affect the dosing and effectiveness of this medication, and whether any special monitoring is needed. (soxanddawgs.com)
- We anticipate reposting the images once we are able identify and filter out images that do not match is doxylamine succinate like benadryl information provided in the drug labels. (soxanddawgs.com)
Toprol-XL6
- This study is being done to compare the effects of bucindolol hydrochloride (bucindolol) to metoprolol succinate (Toprol-XL) on the recurrence of symptomatic atrial fibrillation/atrial flu. (bioportfolio.com)
- Metoprolol succinate (Toprol-XL) belongs to a group of drugs called beta-blockers. (livestrong.com)
- Toprol XL product information published by the manufacturer describes several digestive system side effects that can occur in people taking metoprolol succinate. (livestrong.com)
- metoprolol weight gain Trust in 4 dosage strengths to suit your patient's needs TOPROL-XL and its authorized generic, metoprolol succinate (distributed by Lannett Company, Inc.), are available in 4 dosage strengths-25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, and 200 mg. (r8sildenafil.com)
- Produced by the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca under the brand name of Toprol XL, Metoprolol Succinate ER was approved by the FDA in 2001. (r8sildenafil.com)
- A Toprol XL metoprolol succinate is a beta-1 selective adrenergic receptor blocker used in the treatment of hypertension high blood pressure most common side effects with Toprol XL. (r8sildenafil.com)
Sodium28
- when heated with sodium succinate and acetic anhydride, phenyl-iso-crotonic acid C 6 H 5 CH: CH CH 2 000H is produced, which on boiling is converted into a-naphthol C 10 H 7 0H. (yourdictionary.com)
- Y-Oxyacids are formed when aldehydes are heated with sodium succinate and sodium acetate. (yourdictionary.com)
- Hydrocortisone sodium succinate, the active ingredient in SOLU-CORTEF, belongs to a group of medicines called corticosteroids. (news-medical.net)
- Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate has many uses in the treatment of cancer. (chemocare.com)
- Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate is used most often as a supportive care medication. (chemocare.com)
- Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate is classified as a glucocorticosteroid. (chemocare.com)
- Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate relieves inflammation in various parts of the body. (chemocare.com)
- If you are on a daily dose of Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate, and you miss a dose, take the dose as soon as you remember. (chemocare.com)
- Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate eye ointment, or eye drops, is given to treat or prevent many inflammatory eye conditions. (chemocare.com)
- You may be given Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate as a lotion or a cream (topical) to treat skin disorders. (chemocare.com)
- The amount of Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate you will receive depends on many factors, including your height and weight, your general health or other health problems, and the reason you are receiving this drug. (chemocare.com)
- This list includes common and less common side effects for individuals taking Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate. (chemocare.com)
- Methylprednisolone sodium succinate is a glucocorticoid. (oncolink.org)
- Synthetic (man-made) forms of steroids, including methylprednisolone sodium succinate, are used primarily to decrease inflammation. (oncolink.org)
- Methylprednisolone sodium succinate is used to treat a variety health issues including severe allergic reactions, asthma, autoimmune diseases, blood disorders, gastrointestinal diseases and endocrine disorders. (oncolink.org)
- Methylprednisolone sodium succinate is given as either an intravenous infusion (IV, directly into a vein) or as an intramuscular injection (as an injection directly into a muscle). (oncolink.org)
- There are a number of things you can do to manage the side effects of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. (oncolink.org)
- Taking methylprednisolone sodium succinate with food or milk is generally enough to prevent nausea and heartburn. (oncolink.org)
- Each 0.5 mL of IMITREX Injection 8 mg/mL solution contains 4 mg of sumatriptan (base) as the succinate salt and 3.8 mg of sodium chloride, USP in Water for Injection, USP. (rxlist.com)
- Sagent Pharmaceuticals announced the voluntary nationwide recall of ten lots of Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate for Injection, USP, 40mg, 125mg, and 1g. (apic.org)
- The sodium salt of hydrocortisone succinate with glucocorticoid property. (cancer.gov)
- Hydrocortisone sodium succinate is chemically similar to the endogenous hormone that stimulates anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, in addition to exhibiting minor mineralocorticoid effects. (cancer.gov)
- Prednisolone Hemisuccinate arises from the use of Prednisolone Sodium Succinate. (sportingpost.co.za)
- This method of Prednisolone Hemisuccinate screening detects the recent use of veterinary preparations containing the active ingredient Prednisolone Sodium Succinate. (sportingpost.co.za)
- It is suggested that succinate synthesis under functional (sodium azide) or environmental (N(2)) anaerobic conditions occurs via the reductive part of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (biomedsearch.com)
- Kinetics of sodium succinate cotransport across renal brush-border membranes. (semanticscholar.org)
- Effects of diphenylhydantoin, phenobarbital, and diazepam on the metabolism of methylprednisolone and its sodium succinate. (semanticscholar.org)
- Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate is the sodium succinate salt form of chloramphenicol, a nitrobenzene derivate and broad-spectrum antibiotic with antibacterial activity. (selleckchem.com)
Subunit2
- The SUCLA2 and SUCLG1 genes each provide instructions for making one part (subunit) of an enzyme called succinate-CoA ligase. (medlineplus.gov)
- SdhE interacts with the catalytic subunit of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex. (wikipedia.org)
Ubiquinone5
- In step 6 of the citric acid cycle , SQR catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol . (wikipedia.org)
- The succinate -binding site and ubiquinone -binding site are connected by a chain of redox centers including FAD and the iron - sulfur clusters. (wikipedia.org)
- The structure of Escherichia coli succinate dehydrogenase (SQR), analogous to the mitochondrial respiratory complex II, has been determined, revealing the electron transport pathway from the electron donor, succinate, to the terminal electron acceptor, ubiquinone. (sciencemag.org)
- The proper name for succinate dehydrogenase is succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase ( EC 1,3,5,1 ). (blogspot.com)
- This is an oxidation-reduction reaction where succinate is oxidized and ubiquinone (Q) is reduced to ubiquinol (QH 2 ). (blogspot.com)
Mitochondrial10
- Succinate dehydrogenase ( SDH ) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase ( SQR ) or respiratory Complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes . (wikipedia.org)
- [1] Histochemical analysis showing high succinate dehydrogenase in muscle demonstrates high mitochondrial content and high oxidative potential. (wikipedia.org)
- Succinate-CoA ligase is involved in producing and maintaining the building blocks of mitochondrial DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
- Ischaemic accumulation of succinate controls reperfusion injury through mitochondrial ROS. (nih.gov)
- We show that selective accumulation of the citric acid cycle intermediate succinate is a universal metabolic signature of ischaemia in a range of tissues and is responsible for mitochondrial ROS production during reperfusion. (nih.gov)
- After reperfusion, the accumulated succinate is rapidly re-oxidized by succinate dehydrogenase, driving extensive ROS generation by reverse electron transport at mitochondrial complex I. Decreasing ischaemic succinate accumulation by pharmacological inhibition is sufficient to ameliorate in vivo ischaemia-reperfusion injury in murine models of heart attack and stroke. (nih.gov)
- This is the site where succinate is oxidized to fumarate and it projects into the cytoplasm of bacterial cells or the mitochondrial matrix in eukaryotic cells. (blogspot.com)
- Succinate dehdrogenase is a mitochondrial membrane protein. (blogspot.com)
- reported that ischemic accumulation of succinate controls redox dynamics of reperfusion injury through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Visualization of mitochondrial respiratory function using cytochrome c oxidase/succinate dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) double-labeling histochemistry. (semanticscholar.org)
Fumarate3
- Ischaemic succinate accumulation arises from reversal of succinate dehydrogenase, which in turn is driven by fumarate overflow from purine nucleotide breakdown and partial reversal of the malate/aspartate shuttle. (nih.gov)
- Succinate + a quinone = fumarate + a quinol. (uniprot.org)
- A possible role of succinate synthesis in the regeneration of NAD ('fumarate respiration') is discussed. (biomedsearch.com)
Active ingredient2
- In addition to the active ingredient solifenacin succinate, each VESIcare tablet also contains the following inert ingredients: lactose monohydrate, corn starch, hypromellose 2910, magnesium stearate, talc, polyethylene glycol 8000 and titanium dioxide with yellow ferric oxide (5 mg VESIcare tablet) or red ferric oxide (10 mg VESIcare tablet). (rxlist.com)
- Along with its needed effects, metoprolol (the active ingredient contained in Metoprolol Succinate ER) may cause some unwanted effects. (cysers.info)
Tablets7
- These highlights do not include all the information needed to use METOPROLOL SUCCINATE EXTENDED-RELEASE TABLETS safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
- Metoprolol succinate extended-release tablets, metoprolol succinate, is a beta 1 -selective adrenoceptor blocking agent. (nih.gov)
- Switching from immediate release metoprolol to metoprolol succinate extended-release tablets: use the same total daily dose of metoprolol succinate extended-release tablets. (nih.gov)
- The objective of this study is to compare the rate and extent of absorption of sumatriptan from a test formulation of Sumatriptan Succinate 100 mg Tablets versus the reference ImitrexĀ® 100 mg Tablets under fasting conditions. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- Metoprolol succinate extended release tablets 100 mg orally once a day buy cheapest kamagra Metoprolol Succinate ER is a prescription medication dispensed in a 25 mg tablet form for oral ingestion. (r8sildenafil.com)
- Open Label, Randomized, Two Way Crossover, Comparative Evaluation of Relative Bioavailabilities of Two Formulations of Sumatriptan Succinate Tablets 100 mg (Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited, India)With the Reference Formulation Imitrex Tablets 100 mg (Glaxosmilthkine) in Healthy Adult Subjects Under Fed Conditions. (clinicaltrials.gov)
- The objective of this study was to compare the relative bioavailability of Sumatriptan Succinate Tablets 100 mg with Imitrex Tablets 100 mg under fed conditions in healthy adult human subjects. (clinicaltrials.gov)
Solifenacin succinate8
- VESIcareĀ® (solifenacin succinate) is a muscarinic receptor antagonist . (rxlist.com)
- Solifenacin succinate is a white to pale-yellowish-white crystal or crystalline powder. (rxlist.com)
- Each VESIcare tablet contains 5 or 10 mg of solifenacin succinate and is formulated for oral administration. (rxlist.com)
- solifenacin succinate manufacturers and suppliers with contacts and product range are mentioned in the study. (marketpublishers.com)
- Furthermore, solifenacin succinate prices in regional markets can be found in the report with regards to countries and companies. (marketpublishers.com)
- The report also focuses on solifenacin succinate consumers by providing data on companies that use it. (marketpublishers.com)
- Solifenacin Succinate (CAS 24278-38-2) Market Research Report 2018 contents were worked out and placed on the website in February, 2018. (marketpublishers.com)
- Please note that Solifenacin Succinate (CAS 24278-38-2) Market Research Report 2018 is a half ready publication and contents are subject to change. (marketpublishers.com)
SUMATRIPTAN SUCCINATE2
- IMITREX Injection contains sumatriptan succinate, a selective 5-HT 1B/1D receptor agonist . (rxlist.com)
- Sumatriptan succinate is a white to off-white powder that is readily soluble in water and in saline . (rxlist.com)
Oxidation4
- SdhA provides the binding site for the oxidation of succinate . (wikipedia.org)
- Furthermore, these findings reveal a new pathway for metabolic control of ROS production in vivo, while demonstrating that inhibition of ischaemic succinate accumulation and its oxidation after subsequent reperfusion is a potential therapeutic target to decrease ischaemia-reperfusion injury in a range of pathologies. (nih.gov)
- Ischemic preconditioning protects against cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury without affecting succinate accumulation or oxidation. (bioportfolio.com)
- Paraffin oxidation is the initial method to prepare succinate [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
METABOLISM1
- However, bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber also produces large amounts of succinate and, to date, no study has focused on the role of succinate on host metabolism. (nih.gov)
Dehydrogenase assembly factor1
- Another name for SdhE is succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 2 (Sdhaf2). (wikipedia.org)
Succinic acid5
- See also Category:Succinic acid and Category:Succinate ion . (wikimedia.org)
- The definition of a succinate is a salt or an ester made of succinic acid. (yourdictionary.com)
- We are HACCP certified plants, and Succinic Acid and Disodium Succinate are some of our Principal products. (fuzing.com)
- 17. A method of preparing (+)-a-dihydrotetrabenazine succinate salt which comprises mixing (+)-a-dihydrotetrabenazine free base and succinic acid together with a solvent, allowing time for (+)-a-dihydrotetrabenazine succinate salt to form and isolating the succinate salt. (sumobrain.com)
- Magnesium succinate is the magnesium salt of succinic acid used as a source of the essential mineral magnesium in dietary supplements. (mannatechscience.org)
Butanedioic acid2
- A product in the Krebs cycle formed from succinic/butanedioic acid is an example of a succinate. (yourdictionary.com)
- Succinate, also known as 1,4-butanedioic acid or amber acid, is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid for multiple applications. (hindawi.com)
Hydrogen2
- Nandrolone hydrogen succinate (brand name Anabolico, Menidrabol), or nandrolone hemisuccinate, also known as 19-nortestosterone 17β-(3-carboxy)propionate, is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and a nandrolone ester that is or has been marketed in Italy. (wikipedia.org)
- Succistearin (stearoyl propylene glycol hydrogen succinate). (cornell.edu)
Dosage4
- There are some conditions which may increase the risk of taking metoprolol succinate or at least require an adjusted dosage or increased doctor observation during treatment. (wisegeek.com)
- It is not recommended to stop taking Metopropol Succinate ER without first consulting a doctor, as the dosage should be tapered down slowly, rather than abruptly stopping the medication. (reference.com)
- 6. A unit dosage form comprising between 1 mg and 30 mg of (+)-a- dihydrotetrabenazine succinate salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. (sumobrain.com)
- 15. A unit dosage form according to claim 1 or claim 2 the unit dosage form contains no more than 20% by weight, relative to the (+)-a-dihydrotetrabenazine succinate salt, of any other isomer of dihydrotetrabenazine. (sumobrain.com)
Production of Succinate3
- Parabacteroides distasonis Alleviates Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunctions via Production of Succinate and Secondary Bile Acids. (bioportfolio.com)
- We show that, as M. tuberculosis adapts to hypoxia, it slows and remodels its tricarboxylic acid cycle to increase production of succinate, which is used to flexibly sustain membrane potential, ATP synthesis, and anaplerosis, in response to varying degrees of O 2 limitation and the presence or absence of the alternate electron acceptor nitrate. (pnas.org)
- Isocitrate lyase-dependent production of succinate affords M. tuberculosis with a unique and bioenergetically efficient metabolic means of entry into and exit from hypoxia-induced quiescence. (pnas.org)
Reperfusion Injury2
- Succinate: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Reperfusion Injury. (nih.gov)
- 2) These findings, as the investigators anticipated, will lead to the development of a novel class of drugs--"succinate drugs" seems to be good term for them--for preventing and/or or treating reperfusion injury. (thefreelibrary.com)
Octenyl succinate3
- The research study properties of the starch-based foam from mixed between tapioca starch and octenyl succinate starch (OSA starch), have addition alpha-chitin prepared by hot compression molding method. (scirp.org)
- An alternative way is using modified starch in order to improve hydrophobicity of the starch as octenyl succinate starch (OSA). (scirp.org)
- In this study, morphology, chemical structure, density, flexural and thermal properties of tapioca starch/octenyl succinate starch blended starch/chitin composite foams were investigated. (scirp.org)
Dimethyl succinate1
- Dimethyl succinate is as good as monomethyl succinate at 5 mM, but not at 20 mM. (nih.gov)
DIHEPTYL SUCCINATE2
- Show all 74 recent products that contain DIHEPTYL SUCCINATE. (ewg.org)
- Diheptyl succinate is a lightweight, emollient texture enhancer that is sometimes used as a replacement for silicones in cosmetic products. (paulaschoice.com)
Ester1
- Methylprednisolone succinate, sold under the brand names Solu-Medrol among others, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and a corticosteroid ester-specifically the C21 succinate ester of methylprednisolone-which is used by intravenous administration. (wikipedia.org)
Cytochrome2
- The activity of a particulate succinate cytochrome c reductase is inhibited by antimycin, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, 2-(9-cyclohexyl-n-nonyl)-3-hydroxy-1,4naphthoquinone and thenoyltrifluoroacetone. (sciencemag.org)
- The ratio of antimycin A (required for complete inhibition) to the molar content of the cytochrome b of the reductase is approximately 0.5 in contrast to the reported value of 1.0 or higher for succinate oxidase preparations. (sciencemag.org)
Enzyme2
- In comparing the structure of the active sites in the PALA-enzyme complex to the active sites in the carbamoyl phosphate-succinate-enzyme complex, we find that they are similar. (pnas.org)
- These GISTs have a distinct transcriptional profile including over-expression of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor, and exhibit deficiency in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzyme complex. (frontiersin.org)
Escherichia1
- Cheng, V.W.T., Johnson, A., Rothery, R.A. and Weiner, J.H. (2008) Alternative Sites for Proton Entry from the Cytoplasm to the Quinone Binding Site in Escherichia coli Succinate Dehydrogenase. (blogspot.com)
Pharmaceutical4
- In the pharmaceutical industry, succinate acts as an anticarcinogenic agent and as an insulinotropic agent [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
- Succinate is an interesting chemical for industries producing food and pharmaceutical products, surfactants, detergents and biodegradable plastics. (biomedsearch.com)
- Also provided are (+)-α-dihydrotetrabenazine succinate salt for use in medicine, pharmaceutical compositions comprising (+)-α-dihydrotetrabenazine succinate salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and the uses of (+)-α- dihydrotetrabenazine succinate salt as a VMAT2 receptor antagonist and in the treatment of a movement disorder such as Tourette's syndrome. (sumobrain.com)
- 3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising (+)-a-dihydrotetrabenazine succinate salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. (sumobrain.com)
SdhA1
- This results in SdhA flavinylation which is required for the proper function succinate dehydrogenase. (wikipedia.org)
Pathways3
- Succinate Dehydrogenase and Other Respiratory Pathways in Thylakoid Membranes of Synechocystis sp. (asm.org)
- dramatically advanced our understanding of impaired succinate pathways in reperfusion ischemic injury, whereas no evidence for similar impairment was developed in the 2004 study. (thefreelibrary.com)
- Through their dynamics with GPCRs, succinate and [alpha]-ketoglutarate serve important signaling pathways, including those that affect renin functions in the kidney. (thefreelibrary.com)
Downstream1
- In this review, recent attempts and experiences devoted to reduce the production cost of biobased succinate are summarized, including strain improvement, fermentation engineering, and downstream processing. (hindawi.com)
20183
- Dipropyl Succinate (CAS 925-15-5) Market Research Report 2018 aims at providing comprehensive data on dipropyl succinate market globally and regionally (Europe, Asia, North America, Latin America etc. (marketpublishers.com)
- Dipropyl Succinate (CAS 925-15-5) Market Research Report 2018 contents were worked out and placed on the website in March, 2018. (marketpublishers.com)
- Global Metoprolol Succinate Market (2018-2023) report presents a comprehensive overview, market shares, and growth opportunities of Metoprolol Succinate market by product type, application, key manufacturers and key regions and countries. (marketwatch.com)
Tricarboxylic acid1
- Succinate is then excreted because the oxidative part of the tricarboxylic acid cycle is inactive. (biomedsearch.com)
Diethyl1
- Succinamide, C 2 H 4(CONH2)2, best obtained by the action of ammonia on diethyl succinate , crystallizes in needles which melt at 242243° C., and is soluble in hot water. (yourdictionary.com)
Polybutylene4
- Finally, succinate is a precursor to many specialized polyesters, for example, polybutylene succinate (PBS) [ 5 ], which might be its most promising application area. (hindawi.com)
- InfodriveIndia provides latest Polybutylene Succinate export import data and directory of Polybutylene Succinate exporters, Polybutylene Succinate importers, Polybutylene Succinate buyers, Polybutylene Succinate suppliers, manufacturers compiled from actual shipment data from Indian Customs and US Customs. (infodriveindia.com)
- Along with the India Export Import data, InfodriveIndia also provides Polybutylene Succinate USA Import Data which is accurately gathered using Bills of lading and Shipping Manifests filed with US Customs at US Ports. (infodriveindia.com)
- Found 354 Polybutylene Succinate Global Export Import Custom Shipment Data with 45 importers & 29 exporters information. (infodriveindia.com)
Semialdehyde1
- Hello, I am looking for a protocol to detect succinate semialdehyde content in yeast cells after heat stress by not using HPLC, could anybody offer some suggestions? (bio.net)
Paula's Choice1
- Diisooctyl succinate is a synthetic or plant-derived (Paula's Choice uses the latter) transparent liquid emollient that lends a cushiony texture to creams and balms while imparting a silky finish. (paulaschoice.com)
Dose1
- The 50-mg dose of metoprolol succinate ER is a mid-range amount. (livestrong.com)
Metabolite1
- Thus, microbiota-produced succinate is a previously unsuspected bacterial metabolite improving glycemic control through activation of IGN. (nih.gov)
Medication metoprolol3
- The FDA medicaments that lidocaine should not be affected to blood pressure medication metoprolol succinate tooth pain in pregnancy babies, because lidocaine is easily available into the bloodstream and may feel death. (cysers.info)
- Lowering high blood pressure medication metoprolol succinate pressure helps prevent people, heart attacks, and devising cysers.info drug interactions by blocking the use of certain op chemicals in your medical (such as epinephrine) that figure the heart and. (cysers.info)
- I'm asking all this on here as I slide I will get more blood pressure medication metoprolol succinate than I just have from my problem nurse. (cysers.info)
Electron2
- Studies indicate that SdhE is required by bacteria in order to grow on succinate, using succinate as its only source of carbon and additionally for the function, of succinate dehydrogenase, a vital component of the electron transport chain which produces energy. (wikipedia.org)
- The important point is that FAD is part of a short electron transfer chain from succinate to QH 2 . (blogspot.com)
Beta blocker4
- Metoprolol succinate is a beta blocker drug. (wisegeek.com)
- Metopropol Succinate ER is the extended release formula of Metropropol Succinate and is given as a beta blocker for patients with chest pain, according to WebMD. (reference.com)
- The most common side effects of metoprolol succinate relate to its actions as a beta-blocker. (livestrong.com)
- Metoprolol Succinate is a beta-blocker used to treatĆchest painĆ(angina),Ćheart failure, andĆhigh blood pressure. (marketwatch.com)
Reversal1
- and (2) succinate retention occurs partly due to reversal of the malate/aspartate shuttle. (thefreelibrary.com)
Ligase10
- Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the early development of the brain and other body systems. (medlineplus.gov)
- Most children with succinate-CoA ligase deficiency also experience a failure to thrive, which means that they gain weight and grow more slowly than expected. (medlineplus.gov)
- Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency causes breathing difficulties that often lead to recurrent infections of the respiratory tract. (medlineplus.gov)
- These infections can be life-threatening, and most people with succinate-CoA ligase deficiency live only into childhood or adolescence. (medlineplus.gov)
- A few individuals with succinate-CoA ligase deficiency have had an even more severe form of the disorder known as fatal infantile lactic acidosis. (medlineplus.gov)
- Although the exact prevalence of succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is unknown, it appears to be very rare. (medlineplus.gov)
- Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency results from mutations in the SUCLA2 or SUCLG1 gene. (medlineplus.gov)
- Mutations in either the SUCLA2 or SUCLG1 gene disrupt the normal function of succinate-CoA ligase. (medlineplus.gov)
- These problems lead to hypotonia, muscle weakness, and the other characteristic features of succinate-CoA ligase deficiency. (medlineplus.gov)
- succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta. (wikigenes.org)