Succinates. Medical search

Derivatives of SUCCINIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,4-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

A flavoprotein containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the dehydrogenation of SUCCINATE to fumarate. In most eukaryotic organisms this enzyme is a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex II.

A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851)

A flavoprotein oxidase complex that contains iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of SUCCINATE to fumarate and couples the reaction to the reduction of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol.

Compounds based on fumaric acid.

An electron transport chain complex that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from SUCCINATE to CYTOCHROME C. It includes ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX II and ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III.

A series of oxidative reactions in the breakdown of acetyl units derived from GLUCOSE; FATTY ACIDS; or AMINO ACIDS by means of tricarboxylic acid intermediates. The end products are CARBON DIOXIDE, water, and energy in the form of phosphate bonds.

A family of organic anion transporters that specifically transport DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS such as alpha-ketoglutaric acid across cellular membranes.

A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain substitutions on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus and a long hydrocarbon chain of isoprenoid units. They are antioxidants by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen. Tocopherols react with the most reactive form of oxygen and protect unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation.

A family of compounds containing an oxo group with the general structure of 1,5-pentanedioic acid. (From Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p442)

A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)

A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.

The process by which ELECTRONS are transported from a reduced substrate to molecular OXYGEN. (From Bennington, Saunders Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984, p270)

The rate at which oxygen is used by a tissue; microliters of oxygen STPD used per milligram of tissue per hour; the rate at which oxygen enters the blood from alveolar gas, equal in the steady state to the consumption of oxygen by tissue metabolism throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed, p346)

Semiautonomous, self-reproducing organelles that occur in the cytoplasm of all cells of most, but not all, eukaryotes. Each mitochondrion is surrounded by a double limiting membrane. The inner membrane is highly invaginated, and its projections are called cristae. Mitochondria are the sites of the reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, which result in the formation of ATP. They contain distinctive RIBOSOMES, transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER); AMINO ACYL T RNA SYNTHETASES; and elongation and termination factors. Mitochondria depend upon genes within the nucleus of the cells in which they reside for many essential messenger RNAs (RNA, MESSENGER). Mitochondria are believed to have arisen from aerobic bacteria that established a symbiotic relationship with primitive protoeukaryotes. (King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)

The class of all enzymes catalyzing oxidoreduction reactions. The substrate that is oxidized is regarded as a hydrogen donor. The systematic name is based on donor:acceptor oxidoreductase. The recommended name will be dehydrogenase, wherever this is possible; as an alternative, reductase can be used. Oxidase is only used in cases where O2 is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p9)

Enzymes that catalyze the first step leading to the oxidation of succinic acid by the reversible formation of succinyl-CoA from succinate and CoA with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to ADP (EC 6.2.1.5) or GTP to GDP (EC 6.2.1.4) and orthophosphate. Itaconate can act instead of succinate and ITP instead of GTP.EC 6.2.1.-.

A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. The electron-donating molecule is the reducing agent or reductant; the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Reducing and oxidizing agents function as conjugate reductant-oxidant pairs or redox pairs (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p471).

Derivatives of ACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxymethane structure.

Mitochondria in hepatocytes. As in all mitochondria, there are an outer membrane and an inner membrane, together creating two separate mitochondrial compartments: the internal matrix space and a much narrower intermembrane space. In the liver mitochondrion, an estimated 67% of the total mitochondrial proteins is located in the matrix. (From Alberts et al., Molecular Biology of the Cell, 2d ed, p343-4)

Electron transfer through the cytochrome system liberating free energy which is transformed into high-energy phosphate bonds.

A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed)

An enzyme that plays a role in the GLUTAMATE and butanoate metabolism pathways by catalyzing the oxidation of succinate semialdehyde to SUCCINATE using NAD+ as a coenzyme. Deficiency of this enzyme, causes 4-hydroxybutyricaciduria, a rare inborn error in the metabolism of the neurotransmitter 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Derivatives of propionic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxyethane structure.

The complete absence, or (loosely) the paucity, of gaseous or dissolved elemental oxygen in a given place or environment. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)

A saturated 12-carbon fatty alcohol obtained from coconut oil fatty acids. It has a floral odor and is used in detergents, lubricating oils, and pharmaceuticals. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed)

A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage. It is found widely in nature and is involved in numerous enzymatic reactions in which it serves as an electron carrier by being alternately oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

A relatively rare, usually benign neoplasm originating in the chemoreceptor tissue of the CAROTID BODY; GLOMUS JUGULARE; GLOMUS TYMPANICUM; AORTIC BODIES; and the female genital tract. It consists histologically of rounded or ovoid hyperchromatic cells that tend to be grouped in an alveolus-like pattern within a scant to moderate amount of fibrous stroma and a few large thin-walled vascular channels. (From Stedman, 27th ed)

Hemeproteins whose characteristic mode of action involves transfer of reducing equivalents which are associated with a reversible change in oxidation state of the prosthetic group. Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). The various cytochrome subclasses are organized by the type of HEME and by the wavelength range of their reduced alpha-absorption bands.

Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.

The rate dynamics in chemical or physical systems.

A group of proteins possessing only the iron-sulfur complex as the prosthetic group. These proteins participate in all major pathways of electron transport: photosynthesis, respiration, hydroxylation and bacterial hydrogen and nitrogen fixation.

The various filaments, granules, tubules or other inclusions within mitochondria.

Derivatives of OXALOACETIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that include a 2-keto-1,4-carboxy aliphatic structure.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

A botanical insecticide that is an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport.

A systemic agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to yield L-malic acid. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.2.

Derivatives of formic acids. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are formed with a single carbon carboxy group.

A large group of anaerobic bacteria which show up as pink (negative) when treated by the Gram-staining method.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.

Organic compounds containing the carboxy group (-COOH). This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. Carboxylic acids can be saturated, unsaturated, or aromatic.

The mitochondria of the myocardium.

Organic compounds that contain two nitro groups attached to a phenol.

A primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.

Life or metabolic reactions occurring in an environment containing oxygen.

The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.

Anaerobic degradation of GLUCOSE or other organic nutrients to gain energy in the form of ATP. End products vary depending on organisms, substrates, and enzymatic pathways. Common fermentation products include ETHANOL and LACTIC ACID.

Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.

Mitochondria of skeletal and smooth muscle. It does not include myocardial mitochondria for which MITOCHONDRIA, HEART is available.

Methods and techniques used to genetically modify cells' biosynthetic product output and develop conditions for growing the cells as BIOREACTORS.

Chemical agents that uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation in the metabolic cycle so that ATP synthesis does not occur. Included here are those IONOPHORES that disrupt electron transfer by short-circuiting the proton gradient across mitochondrial membranes.

The normality of a solution with respect to HYDROGEN ions; H+. It is related to acidity measurements in most cases by pH = log 1/2[1/(H+)], where (H+) is the hydrogen ion concentration in gram equivalents per liter of solution. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria isolated from the bovine RUMEN, the human gingival sulcus, and dental PULPITIS infections.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic cocci parasitic in the mouth and in the intestinal and respiratory tracts of man and other animals.

An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Stable carbon atoms that have the same atomic number as the element carbon, but differ in atomic weight. C-13 is a stable carbon isotope.

An adenine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. In addition to its crucial roles in metabolism adenosine triphosphate is a neurotransmitter.

A key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle. It catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to succinate and glyoxylate. EC 4.1.3.1.

Enzymes which transfer coenzyme A moieties from acyl- or acetyl-CoA to various carboxylic acceptors forming a thiol ester. Enzymes in this group are instrumental in ketone body metabolism and utilization of acetoacetate in mitochondria. EC 2.8.3.

Derivatives of GLUTAMIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the 2-aminopentanedioic acid structure.

Salts and esters of hydroxybutyric acid.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of (S)-malate and NAD+ to oxaloacetate and NADH. EC 1.1.1.37.

Salts or esters of LACTIC ACID containing the general formula CH3CHOHCOOR.

A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase complex that catalyzes the conversion of UBIQUINONE to ubiquinol. In MITOCHONDRIA the complex also couples its reaction to the transport of PROTONS across the internal mitochondrial membrane. The NADH DEHYDROGENASE component of the complex can be isolated and is listed as EC 1.6.99.3.

The study, utilization, and manipulation of those microorganisms capable of economically producing desirable substances or changes in substances, and the control of undesirable microorganisms.

Systems of enzymes which function sequentially by catalyzing consecutive reactions linked by common metabolic intermediates. They may involve simply a transfer of water molecules or hydrogen atoms and may be associated with large supramolecular structures such as MITOCHONDRIA or RIBOSOMES.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

Compounds having the nitro group, -NO2, attached to carbon. When attached to nitrogen they are nitramines and attached to oxygen they are NITRATES.

Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.

A dicarboxylic acid ketone that is an important metabolic intermediate of the CITRIC ACID CYCLE. It can be converted to ASPARTIC ACID by ASPARTATE TRANSAMINASE.

NAD(P)H:(quinone acceptor) oxidoreductases. A family that includes three enzymes which are distinguished by their sensitivity to various inhibitors. EC 1.6.99.2 (NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE);) is a flavoprotein which reduces various quinones in the presence of NADH or NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol. EC 1.6.99.5 (NADH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADH, is inhibited by AMP and 2,4-dinitrophenol but not by dicoumarol or folic acid derivatives. EC 1.6.99.6 (NADPH dehydrogenase (quinone)) requires NADPH and is inhibited by dicoumarol and folic acid derivatives but not by 2,4-dinitrophenol.

The art or process of comparing photometrically the relative intensities of the light in different parts of the spectrum.

The metabolic process of all living cells (animal and plant) in which oxygen is used to provide a source of energy for the cell.

An enzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of cis-aconitate to yield citrate or isocitrate. It is one of the citric acid cycle enzymes. EC 4.2.1.3.

A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).

A technique applicable to the wide variety of substances which exhibit paramagnetism because of the magnetic moments of unpaired electrons. The spectra are useful for detection and identification, for determination of electron structure, for study of interactions between molecules, and for measurement of nuclear spins and moments. (From McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, 7th edition) Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy is a variant of the technique which can give enhanced resolution. Electron spin resonance analysis can now be used in vivo, including imaging applications such as MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING.

A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.

Derivatives of the dimethylisoalloxazine (7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(3H,10H)-dione) skeleton. Flavin derivatives serve an electron transfer function as ENZYME COFACTORS in FLAVOPROTEINS.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme (HEME B) as the prosthetic group.

Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.

A multisubunit enzyme complex containing CYTOCHROME A GROUP; CYTOCHROME A3; two copper atoms; and 13 different protein subunits. It is the terminal oxidase complex of the RESPIRATORY CHAIN and collects electrons that are transferred from the reduced CYTOCHROME C GROUP and donates them to molecular OXYGEN, which is then reduced to water. The redox reaction is simultaneously coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A nonmetallic element with atomic symbol C, atomic number 6, and atomic weight [12.0096; 12.0116]. It may occur as several different allotropes including DIAMOND; CHARCOAL; and GRAPHITE; and as SOOT from incompletely burned fuel.

A species of gram-positive, asporogenous, non-pathogenic, soil bacteria that produces GLUTAMIC ACID.

The interference in synthesis of an enzyme due to the elevated level of an effector substance, usually a metabolite, whose presence would cause depression of the gene responsible for enzyme synthesis.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

The movement of materials across cell membranes and epithelial layers against an electrochemical gradient, requiring the expenditure of metabolic energy.

An element with atomic symbol O, atomic number 8, and atomic weight [15.99903; 15.99977]. It is the most abundant element on earth and essential for respiration.

A flavoprotein and iron sulfur-containing oxidoreductase that catalyzes the oxidation of NADH to NAD. In eukaryotes the enzyme can be found as a component of mitochondrial electron transport complex I. Under experimental conditions the enzyme can use CYTOCHROME C GROUP as the reducing cofactor. The enzyme was formerly listed as EC 1.6.2.1.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria widely distributed in nature. Some species are pathogenic for humans, animals, and plants.

Enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (CITRIC ACID CYCLE). It catalyzes the reaction of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to form citrate and coenzyme A. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 4.1.3.7.

A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.

A trihydroxy sugar alcohol that is an intermediate in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. It is used as a solvent, emollient, pharmaceutical agent, and sweetening agent.

One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.

An enzyme of the oxidoreductase class that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate and NAD+ to yield 2-ketoglutarate, carbon dioxide, and NADH. It occurs in cell mitochondria. The enzyme requires Mg2+, Mn2+; it is activated by ADP, citrate, and Ca2+, and inhibited by NADH, NADPH, and ATP. The reaction is the key rate-limiting step of the citric acid (tricarboxylic) cycle. (From Dorland, 27th ed) (The NADP+ enzyme is EC 1.1.1.42.) EC 1.1.1.41.

Softening or loss of brain tissue following CEREBRAL INFARCTION; cerebral ischemia (see BRAIN ISCHEMIA), infection, CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA, or other injury. The term is often used during gross pathologic inspection to describe blurred cortical margins and decreased consistency of brain tissue following infarction. Multicystic encephalomalacia refers to the formation of multiple cystic cavities of various sizes in the cerebral cortex of neonates and infants following injury, most notably perinatal hypoxia-ischemic events. (From Davis et al., Textbook of Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p665; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 1995 Mar;54(2):268-75)

A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)

A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)

Cellular processes in biosynthesis (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of CARBOHYDRATES.

A genus of gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic bacteria found in aquatic environments. Internal photosynthetic membranes are present as lamellae underlying the cytoplasmic membrane.

A genus of gram-negative, curved and spiral-shaped bacteria found in stagnant, freshwater environments. These organisms are motile by bipolar tufts of flagella having a long wavelength and about one helical turn. Some species of Spirillum cause a form of RAT-BITE FEVER.

Domesticated bovine animals of the genus Bos, usually kept on a farm or ranch and used for the production of meat or dairy products or for heavy labor.

A macrolide antibiotic of the oligomycin group, obtained from Streptomyces rutgersensis. It is used in cytochemistry as a tool to inhibit various ATPases and to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport and also clinically as an antifungal agent.

The removal of a carboxyl group, usually in the form of carbon dioxide, from a chemical compound.

A species of METHYLOBACTERIUM which can utilize acetate, ethanol, or methylamine as a sole carbon source. (From Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed)

A multisubunit enzyme complex that contains CYTOCHROME B GROUP; CYTOCHROME C1; and iron-sulfur centers. It catalyzes the oxidation of ubiquinol to UBIQUINONE, and transfers the electrons to CYTOCHROME C. In MITOCHONDRIA the redox reaction is coupled to the transport of PROTONS across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

An electrochemical technique for measuring the current that flows in solution as a function of an applied voltage. The observed polarographic wave, resulting from the electrochemical response, depends on the way voltage is applied (linear sweep or differential pulse) and the type of electrode used. Usually a mercury drop electrode is used.

The chemical reactions involved in the production and utilization of various forms of energy in cells.

A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.

The movement of materials (including biochemical substances and drugs) through a biological system at the cellular level. The transport can be across cell membranes and epithelial layers. It also can occur within intracellular compartments and extracellular compartments.

A subclass of ORGANIC ANION TRANSPORTERS whose transport of organic anions is driven either directly or indirectly by a gradient of sodium ions.

Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.

A group of oxidoreductases that act on NADH or NADPH. In general, enzymes using NADH or NADPH to reduce a substrate are classified according to the reverse reaction, in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formally regarded as an acceptor. This subclass includes only those enzymes in which some other redox carrier is the acceptor. (Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p100) EC 1.6.

Spectroscopic method of measuring the magnetic moment of elementary particles such as atomic nuclei, protons or electrons. It is employed in clinical applications such as NMR Tomography (MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING).

A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.

A species of bacteria isolated from soil.

A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes, but has been shown to be an especially potent inhibitor of heme enzymes and hemeproteins. It is used in many industrial processes.

A genus of gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that activate PLANT ROOT NODULATION in leguminous plants. Members of this genus are nitrogen-fixing and common soil inhabitants.

Stable elementary particles having the smallest known positive charge, found in the nuclei of all elements. The proton mass is less than that of a neutron. A proton is the nucleus of the light hydrogen atom, i.e., the hydrogen ion.

A genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria. Its organisms are normal inhabitants of the oral, respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital cavities of humans, animals, and insects. Some species may be pathogenic.

Proteins that have one or more tightly bound metal ions forming part of their structure. (Dorland, 28th ed)

The chemical reactions that occur within the cells, tissues, or an organism. These processes include both the biosynthesis (ANABOLISM) and the breakdown (CATABOLISM) of organic materials utilized by the living organism.

A colorless, odorless gas that can be formed by the body and is necessary for the respiration cycle of plants and animals.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. A coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-phosphate (NMN) coupled by pyrophosphate linkage to the 5'-phosphate adenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. It serves as an electron carrier in a number of reactions, being alternately oxidized (NADP+) and reduced (NADPH). (Dorland, 27th ed)

An increase in MITOCHONDRIAL VOLUME due to an influx of fluid; it occurs in hypotonic solutions due to osmotic pressure and in isotonic solutions as a result of altered permeability of the membranes of respiring mitochondria.

A genus of gram-negative, spiral bacteria that possesses internal photosynthetic membranes. Its organisms divide by binary fission, are motile by means of polar flagella, and are found in aquatic environments.

Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.

The first chemical element in the periodic table. It has the atomic symbol H, atomic number 1, and atomic weight [1.00784; 1.00811]. It exists, under normal conditions, as a colorless, odorless, tasteless, diatomic gas. Hydrogen ions are PROTONS. Besides the common H1 isotope, hydrogen exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM and the unstable, radioactive isotope TRITIUM.

Used as an electron carrier in place of the flavine enzyme of Warburg in the hexosemonophosphate system and also in the preparation of SUCCINIC DEHYDROGENASE.

Complex sets of enzymatic reactions connected to each other via their product and substrate metabolites.

The lipid- and protein-containing, selectively permeable membrane that surrounds the cytoplasm in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Acetyl CoA participates in the biosynthesis of fatty acids and sterols, in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the metabolism of many amino acids. It also acts as a biological acetylating agent.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

S-Acyl coenzyme A. Fatty acid coenzyme A derivatives that are involved in the biosynthesis and oxidation of fatty acids as well as in ceramide formation.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of carbamoyl phosphate and L-aspartate to yield orthophosphate and N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 2.1.3.2.

Used in the form of the hydrochloride as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES.

A natural tocopherol and one of the most potent antioxidant tocopherols. It exhibits antioxidant activity by virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus. It has four methyl groups on the 6-chromanol nucleus. The natural d form of alpha-tocopherol is more active than its synthetic dl-alpha-tocopherol racemic mixture.

A species of gram-positive bacteria that is a common soil and water saprophyte.

Organic compounds that generally contain an amino (-NH2) and a carboxyl (-COOH) group. Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins.

Elimination of ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; PESTICIDES and other waste using living organisms, usually involving intervention of environmental or sanitation engineers.

A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.

The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

A saprophytic bacterium widely distributed in soil and dust and on plants.

A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid.

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamate and water to 2-oxoglutarate and NH3 in the presence of NAD+. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 1.4.1.2.

The monoanhydride of carbamic acid with PHOSPHORIC ACID. It is an important intermediate metabolite and is synthesized enzymatically by CARBAMYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (AMMONIA) and CARBAMOYL-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (GLUTAMINE-HYDROLYZING).

An enzyme of the lyase class that catalyzes the conversion of ATP and oxaloacetate to ADP, phosphoenolpyruvate, and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in some bacteria, yeast, and Trypanosoma, and is important for the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide in some plants. EC 4.1.1.49.

An enzyme that catalyzes reversibly the phosphorylation of acetate in the presence of a divalent cation and ATP with the formation of acetylphosphate and ADP. It is important in the glycolysis process. EC 2.7.2.1.

A toxic thiol mercury salt formerly used as a diuretic. It inhibits various biochemical functions, especially in mitochondria, and is used to study those functions.

Derivatives of adipic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a 1,6-carboxy terminated aliphatic structure.

The parts of a macromolecule that directly participate in its specific combination with another molecule.

Methods for cultivation of cells, usually on a large-scale, in a closed system for the purpose of producing cells or cellular products to harvest.

Enzymes that catalyze the formation of acyl-CoA derivatives. EC 6.2.1.

Derivatives of BENZOIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain the carboxybenzene structure.

A characteristic feature of enzyme activity in relation to the kind of substrate on which the enzyme or catalytic molecule reacts.

A group of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of ATP. The hydrolysis reaction is usually coupled with another function such as transporting Ca(2+) across a membrane. These enzymes may be dependent on Ca(2+), Mg(2+), anions, H+, or DNA.

Activity in saline of phthalylated or succinylated derivatives of mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant. (1/1470)

A water-soluble fraction (WSA) of the cell wall can substitute for mycobacterial cells in Freund complete adjuvant. However, when WSA is administered in saline instead of in a water-in-oil emulsion, its adjuvant activity is very weak, and under certain experimental conditions it can even inhibit the humoral immune response. The data reported in the present study show that after treatment by phthalic or succinic anhydride the adjuvant activity of WSA was markedly changed, since high levels of circulating antibodies were produced when these derivatives were administered with an antigen in an aqueous medium. Moreover, the antigenic determinants of WSA were modified and acylated WSA had no tuberculin-like activity. (+info)

Control of ketogenesis from amino acids. IV. Tissue specificity in oxidation of leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. (2/1470)

In vitro and in vivo studies were made on the tissue specificity of oxidation of the ketogenic amino acids, leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. In in vitro studies the abilities of slices of various tissues of rats to form 14CO2 from 14C-amino acids were examined. With liver, but not kidney slices, addition of alpha-ketoglutarate was required for the maximum activities with these amino acids. Among the various tissues tested, kidney had the highest activity for lysine oxidation, followed by liver; other tissues showed very low activity. Kidney also had the highest activity for leucine oxidation, followed by diaphragm; liver and adipose tissue had lower activities. Liver had the highest activity for tyrosine oxidation, but kidney also showed considerable activity; other tissues had negligible activity. In in vivo studies the blood flow through the liver or kidney was stopped by ligation of the blood vessels. Then labeled amino acids were injected and recovery of radioactivity in respiratory 14CO2 was measured. In contrast to results with slices, no difference was found in the respiratory 14CO2 when the renal blood vessels were or were not ligated. On the contrary ligation of the hepatic vessels suppressed the oxidations of lysine and tyrosine completely and that of leucine partially. Thus in vivo, lysine and tyrosine seem to be metabolized mainly in the liver, whereas leucine is metabolized mostly in extrahepatic tissues and partly in liver. Use of tissue slices seems to be of only limited value in elucidating the metabolisms of these amino acids. (+info)

Relationship between succinate transport and production of extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase in Pseudomonas lemoignei. (3/1470)

The relationship between extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase synthesis and the unusual properties of a succinate uptake system was investigated in Pseudomonas lemoignei. Growth on and uptake of succinate were highly pH dependent, with optima at pH 5.6. Above pH 7, growth on and uptake of succinate were strongly reduced with concomitant derepression of PHB depolymerase synthesis. The specific succinate uptake rates were saturable by high concentrations of succinate, and maximal transport rates of 110 nmol/mg of cell protein per min were determined between pH 5.6 and 6. 8. The apparent KS0.5 values increased with increasing pH from 0.2 mM succinate at pH 5.6 to more than 10 mM succinate at pH 7.6. The uptake of [14C]succinate was strongly inhibited by several monocarboxylates. Dicarboxylates also inhibited the uptake of succinate but only at pH values near the dissociation constant of the second carboxylate function (pKa2). We conclude that the succinate carrier is specific for the monocarboxylate forms of various carboxylic acids and is not able to utilize the dicarboxylic forms. The inability to take up succinate2- accounts for the carbon starvation of P. lemoignei observed during growth on succinate at pH values above 7. As a consequence the bacteria produce high levels of extracellular PHB depolymerase activity in an effort to escape carbon starvation by utilization of PHB hydrolysis products. (+info)

One-carbon metabolism in methanogenic bacteria: analysis of short-term fixation products of 14CO2 and 14CH3OH incorporated into whole cells. (4/1470)

Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, M. ruminantium, and Methanosarcina barkeri were labeled with 14CO2 (14CO2 + H14CO3- + 14CO32-) for from 2 to 45 s. Radioactivity was recovered in coenzyme M derivatives, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, and several unidentified compounds. The properties of one important structurally unidentified intermediate (yellow fluorescent compound) displayed UV absorbance maxima at pH 1 of 290 and 335 nm, no absorbance in the visible region, and a fluorescence maximum at 460 nm. Label did not appear in organic phosphates until after 1 min. 14CH3OH was converted by M. barkeri primarily into coenzyme M derivatives at 25 s. [2-14C]acetate was assimilated by M. thermoautotrophicum mainly into alanine and succinate during 2 to 240 s, but not into coenzyme M derivatives or yellow fluorescent compound. Cell-free extracts of M. thermoautotrophicum lacked ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase activity. The data indicated the absence of the Calvin, serine, and hexulose phosphate paths of C1 assimilation in the methanogens examined and indicated that pyruvate was an early intermediate product of net CO2 fixation. The in vivo importance of coenzyme M derivatives in methanogenesis was demonstrated. (+info)

Targeted delivery and improved therapeutic potential of catalase by chemical modification: combination with superoxide dismutase derivatives. (5/1470)

Four types of bovine liver catalase (CAT) derivatives, succinylated (Suc-CAT), galactosylated (Gal-CAT), mannosylated (Man-CAT), and polyethylene glycol conjugate (PEG-CAT), were synthesized and their pharmacokinetics and therapeutic potential in a hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury model were studied in mice. About 90% of the CAT enzymatic activity was retained after chemical modification. Biodistribution studies showed that 111indium (111In)-Gal-CAT accumulated selectively in the liver parenchymal cells as 111In-CAT, whereas an increased amount of 111In-Suc-CAT and 111In-Man-CAT was delivered to liver nonparenchymal cells. 111In-PEG-CAT exhibited prolonged retention in plasma. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that the hepatic uptake clearances of 111In-Suc-CAT, 111In-Gal-CAT, and 111In-Man-CAT were much greater than that of 111In-CAT, whereas that of 111In-PEG-CAT was very small. In the ischemia/reperfusion injury model, in which hepatic injury was induced by occlusion of the portal vein for 30 min followed by 1 h reperfusion, the elevation of plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels was slightly inhibited by treatment with native CAT or Gal-CAT. PEG-CAT was less potent. In contrast, Suc-CAT and Man-CAT effectively suppressed the increase in plasma glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Coinjection of mannosylated superoxide dismutase marginally improved the inhibitory effects of CAT derivatives. These results demonstrate that targeted CAT delivery to liver nonparenchymal cells via chemical modification is a promising approach to prevent hepatic injuries caused by reactive oxygen species. The potential usefulness of combining of CAT and superoxide dismutase derivatives is also demonstrated. (+info)

Pseudo-proteinuria following gelofusine infusion. (6/1470)

Transient massive proteinuria following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery was observed. It was characterized and attributed to post-operative gelofusine infusion. Gelofusine was found to interfere with dye binding but not immunochemical assays of proteinuria. Proteinuria following gelofusine infusion may not reflect underlying glomerular pathology. (+info)

Comparative disposition of the nephrotoxicant N-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide and the non-nephrotoxicant N-(3, 5-difluorophenyl)succinimide in Fischer 344 rats. (7/1470)

Disposition of the nephrotoxicant N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS) was compared with that of a nontoxic analog, N-(3, 5-difluorophenyl)succinimide (DFPS). Male Fischer 344 rats were administered 0.2 or 0.6 mmol/kg [14C]NDPS or [14C]DFPS (i.p. in corn oil). Plasma concentrations were determined from blood samples obtained through the carotid artery. Urine samples were analyzed for metabolite content by HPLC. Rats were sacrificed at 3 h (DFPS) or 6 h (NDPS) and tissue radiolabel content and covalent binding were determined. [14C]NDPS-derived plasma radioactivity levels were 6- to 21-fold higher and peaked later than those from [14C]DFPS. Six hours after dosing, NDPS was 40% eliminated in the urine compared with approximately 90% for DFPS. By 48 h, only 67% of the NDPS dose was eliminated in urine. In contrast, DFPS excretion was virtually complete within 24 h. NDPS underwent oxidative metabolism to a slightly greater extent than DFPS. Distribution of [14C]NDPS-derived radioactivity into the kidneys was 3- to 6-fold higher than that into the liver or heart, and was more extensive than with [14C]DFPS. NDPS also covalently bound to plasma, renal, and hepatic proteins to a greater extent than DFPS. In summary, NDPS achieves higher tissue and plasma concentrations, covalently binds to a greater extent, and is eliminated more slowly than DFPS. Differences in the lipid solubility of NDPS metabolites and DFPS metabolites may help explain these results. The overall greater tissue exposure of NDPS and its metabolites may contribute to differential toxicity of these analogs. (+info)

Uptake of bromosulfophthalein via SO2-4/OH- exchange increases the K+ conductance of rat hepatocytes. (8/1470)

In confluent primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, micromolar concentrations of bromosulfophthalein (BSP) lead to a sizeable hyperpolarization of membrane voltage. The effect is a saturable function of BSP concentration yielding an apparent value of 226 micromol/l and a Vmax of -10.3 mV. The BSP-induced membrane hyperpolarization is inhibited by the K+ channel blocker Ba2+, and in cable-analysis and ion-substitution experiments it becomes evident that the effect is due to a significant increase in cell membrane K+ conductance. Voltage changes were attenuated by the simultaneous administration of SO2-4, succinate, and cholate (cis-inhibition) and increased after preincubation with SO2-4 and succinate (trans-stimulation), suggesting that the effect occurs via BSP uptake through the known SO2-4/OH- exchanger. Microfluorometric measurements reveal that BSP-induced activation of K+ conductance is not mediated by changes in cell pH, cell Ca2+, or cell volume. It is concluded that K+ channel activation by BSP (as well as by DIDS and indocyanine green) may reflect a physiological mechanism linking the sinusoidal uptake of certain anions to their electrogenic canalicular secretion. (+info)

... is provided as two different salts when used as a pharmaceutical drug: a sodium salt ( ... Methylprednisolone succinate, sold under the brand names Solu-Medrol among others, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid ... methylprednisolone sodium succinate; brand name Solu-Medrol, others) and a hydrogen salt (methylprednisolone hemisuccinate or ... methylprednisolone hydrogen succinate; brand name Urbason). List of corticosteroid esters § Methylprednisolone esters Elks J ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylprednisolone_succinate

Succinate is dibasic, so its two ends can connect onto two different nickel atoms. Succininate is flexible, so that it can be ... Nickel succinate is a transition metal carboxylic acid salt. It crystallises in several forms. Nickel coordinates in a far more ... The neutral nickel succinate NiC4H2O4·4H2O, can be made from succinic acid and nickel carbonate. It dehydrates between 114 and ... In a water solution one Ni2+ ion can be connected to both ends of a succinate ion to yield a neutral complex. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_succinate

... (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory complex II is an enzyme complex, found in ... Studies indicate that SdhE is required by bacteria in order to grow on succinate, using succinate as its only source of carbon ... Further research is required to determine which elimination mechanism succinate undergoes in Succinate Dehydrogenase. Oxidized ... succinate dehydrogenase deficient renal carcinoma and succinate dehydrogenase deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase

... (PBS) (sometimes written polytetramethylene succinate) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester ... butylene succinate), poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate)and poly(butylene terephthalate-co-adipate) as drug encapsulation ... At the moment most of these polyalkylene succinates are synthesized from petrochemical precursors. Nevertheless most of the ... Xu, J. (2010). "Microbial Succinic acid, its polymer poly(butylene succinate), and applications". Plastics from Bacteria. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polybutylene_succinate

... estriol succinate is known as estriol sodium succinate (BAN) or as oestriol sodium succinate. Estriol succinate has been ... Estriol succinate was introduced for medical use in 1966. Estriol succinate is the generic name of the drug and its INN and BAN ... Estriol succinate is used medically via oral and vaginal routes similarly. In estriol succinate, two of the hydroxyl groups of ... Estriol succinate is or has been marketed in Europe, Hong Kong, and Mexico. Estriol succinate was under development for the ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estriol_succinate

... is the diethyl ester of succinate. It is a colorless liquid with the formula (CH2CO2Et)2 (Et = ethyl). The ... A colorless liquid, diethyl succinate is formed by Fisher esterification of succinic acid and ethanol. Being a diester, diethyl ... succinate is a particularly versatile building block. It participates in acyloin condensation to give 2-hydroxycyclobutanone. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_succinate

... (USAN; brand names Panzalone, Formula 405; also known as pregnenolone hemisuccinate or pregn-5-en-3β-ol- ... ISBN 978-3-527-30247-5. 3β-Hydroxypregn-5-en-20-one hydrogen succinate = (3β)-3-(3-Carboxy-1-oxo-propoxy)pregn-5-en-20-one. S: ... Pregnenolone succinate. U: Glucocorticoid (anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic). Maison G. De Navarre (1988). The chemistry and ... In addition to its glucocorticoid effects, pregnenolone succinate has been found to act as a negative allosteric modulator of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pregnenolone_succinate

"A pilot study to investigate the treatment of anogenital warts with Topical Lithium Succinate cream (8% lithium succinate, 0.05 ... "Lithium succinate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. v t e (ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata, Articles ... Lithium succinate (C4H4Li2O4), the dilithium salt of succinic acid, is a drug used in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis ... Leeming JP (1993). "Use of topical lithium succinate in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis". Dermatology. 187 (2): 149-50 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_succinate

... (brand name Anabolico, Menidrabol), or nandrolone hemisuccinate, also known as 19-nortestosterone ... Succinate esters, All stub articles, Genito-urinary system drug stubs, Gastrointestinal system drug stubs, Steroid stubs). ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandrolone_hydrogen_succinate

... (PES) is an aliphatic synthetic polyester with a melting point from 103-106 °C. It is synthesized from ... ethylene succinate) and lithium perchlorate". Macromolecules. 17 (12): 2902-2908. Bibcode:1984MaMol..17.2902W. doi:10.1021/ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(ethylene_succinate)

... succinate + NADH + 2 H+ The 3 substrates of this enzyme are succinate semialdehyde, NAD+, and H2O, whereas its 3 products are ... and succinate semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in glutamate and butyrate metabolism. Succinate- ... In enzymology, a succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) (EC 1.2.1.24) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is succinate-semialdehyde:NAD+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate-semialdehyde_dehydrogenase

... starch sodium octenyl succinate (E 1450), acetylated oxidised starch (E 1451) and starch aluminium octenyl succinate (E 1452) ... Starch sodium octenyl succinate, E1450 in the E number scheme of food additives, is a modified starch. These are not absorbed ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starch_sodium_octenyl_succinate

... succinate and H2O, whereas its 4 products are acetate, succinate semialdehyde, NH3, and CO2. This enzyme belongs to the family ... succinate + 2 H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } acetate + succinate semialdehyde + NH3 + CO2 Thus, the two substrates ... In enzymology, a 2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.29) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2-( ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate amidohydrolase (deaminating, decarboxylating). This ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-(acetamidomethylene)succinate_hydrolase

In enzymology, a succinate-citramalate CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.7) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction succinyl- ... whereas its two products are succinate and citramalyl-CoA. This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically the ... CoA + citramalate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } succinate + citramalyl-CoA Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate—citramalate_CoA-transferase

In enzymology, a succinate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming) (EC 6.2.1.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is succinate:CoA ligase (ADP-forming). Other names in common use include succinyl-CoA ... succinate, and CoA, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and succinyl-CoA. This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, ... adenin nucleotide-linked succinate thiokinase), STK, and A-SCS. This enzyme participates in 4 metabolic pathways: Citric acid ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate—CoA_ligase_(ADP-forming)

Because the mutated SDH enzyme cannot convert succinate to fumarate, succinate accumulates in the cell. The excess succinate ... Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit C, also known as succinate dehydrogenase cytochrome b560 subunit, mitochondrial, is a ... "Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex". Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya ... Initially, SDHA oxidizes succinate via deprotonation at the FAD binding site, forming FADH2 and leaving fumarate, loosely bound ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate_dehydrogenase_complex_subunit_C

... succinate thiokinase, succinic thiokinase, succinyl coenzyme A synthetase, succinate-phosphorylating enzyme, P-enzyme, SCS, G- ... In enzymology, a succinate-CoA ligase (GDP-forming) (EC 6.2.1.4) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction GTP + ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is succinate:CoA ligase (GDP-forming). Other names in common use include succinyl-CoA ... succinate, and CoA, whereas its 3 products are GDP, phosphate, and succinyl-CoA. This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate—CoA_ligase_(GDP-forming)

... succinate + NAD(P)H + 2 H+ The 4 substrates of this enzyme are succinate semialdehyde, NAD+, NADP+, and H2O, whereas its 4 ... In enzymology, a succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] (EC 1.2.1.16) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is succinate-semialdehyde:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include ... succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (nicotinamide adenine, dinucleotide (phosphate)), and succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinate-semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_(NAD(P) )

In enzymology, a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.66) is an enzyme that catalyzes the ... The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate amidohydrolase (deaminating, ... succinate and H2O, whereas its 4 products are acetate, 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-oxobutanoate, NH3, and CO2. This enzyme belongs to ... chemical reaction 2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate + 2 H2O ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } acetate + 2-( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(acetamidomethylene)succinate_hydrolase

... succinate (CAS 562-10-7) Archived 1 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine. berkeley.edu. DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE. ... Oral tablets containing 12.5 mg doxylamine succinate as well as oral capsules containing 25 mg doxylamine succinate were also ... Doxylamine is used medically as doxylamine succinate, the succinate salt of doxylamine, and is available both alone (brand ... Doxylamine succinate is used in general over-the-counter sleep-aids branded as Somnil (South Africa), Dozile, Donormyl, Lidène ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxylamine

"Ribociclib succinate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Portal: Medicine (Drugs with non-standard ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribociclib

"Solifenacin succinate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Portal: Medicine (Source attribution, CS1 ... The free base is a yellow oil, while the salt solifenacin succinate forms yellowish crystals. The compound was studied using ... "Solifenacin Succinate Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. "FDA Approves ... "Solifenacin Succinate - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 7 October 2022. Lexi-Comp (December 2009). "Solifenacin". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solifenacin

"Prucalopride succinate". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Portal: Medicine (Articles with short ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prucalopride

Succinate + acceptor <=> fumarate + reduced acceptor Fumarate reductases can be divided into two classes depending on the ... Fumarate reductase is the enzyme that converts fumarate to succinate, and is important in microbial metabolism as a part of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarate_reductase

... succinate - coenzyme Q reductase (fumarate reductase); and succinate dehydrogenase. See electron transport chain. 3.D.1 The H+ ... Family 3.D.10 The Prokaryotic Succinate Dehydrogenase (SDH) Family Bacteriorhodopsin-like proteins including rhodopsin (see ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporter_Classification_Database

An increase in succinate concentration, which is used as a catalyst, may lead to an increase in the speed of the Citric Acid ... Potera, Carol (December 2005). "Making Succinate More Successful". Environmental Health Perspectives. 113 (12): A832-A835. doi: ... of CoA biosynthesis during the pyruvate hydrogenase reaction also causes an increase in the production of both succinate and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_engineering

It binds to the active site of the enzyme without reacting, competing with the usual substrate succinate but lacking the − ... Malonic acid is the classic example of a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (complex II), in the ... This observation was used to deduce the structure of the active site in succinate dehydrogenase. Inhibition of this enzyme ... Dervartanian DV, Veeger C (1964). "Studies on succinate dehydrogenase". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Specialized ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malonic_acid

succinate: Differences in uses and effects". Medical News Today. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 24 ... Metoprolol Succinate: A Comparison". Healthline. 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved ... The specific agent in on-market formulations of metoprolol is either metoprolol tartrate or metoprolol succinate, where ... The extended-release formulation, metoprolol succinate, is taken once per day. Metoprolol may be combined with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoprolol

Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] cytochrome b small subunit, mitochondrial (CybS), also known as succinate dehydrogenase ... Because the mutated SDH enzyme cannot convert succinate to fumarate, succinate accumulates in the cell. As a result, the ... Succinate dehydrogenase is an important enzyme in both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain. The SDHD gene is ... "Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex". Heutink P, van der Mey AG, Sandkuijl LA, van Gils AP, Bardoel A, Breedveld GJ, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDHD

The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) protein complex catalyzes the oxidation of succinate (succinate + ubiquinone => fumarate + ... "Entrez Gene: succinate dehydrogenase complex". Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, et al. (October 2013). " ... Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit A, flavoprotein variant is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SDHA gene. This ... Initially, SDHA oxidizes succinate via deprotonation at the FAD binding site, forming FADH2 and leaving fumarate, loosely bound ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDHA

Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the early development of the brain and other body systems ... Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency results from mutations in the SUCLA2 or SUCLG1 gene. SUCLG1 gene mutations can cause fatal ... Succinate-CoA ligase deficiency is an inherited disorder that affects the early development of the brain and other body systems ... The SUCLA2 and SUCLG1 genes each provide instructions for making one part (subunit) of an enzyme called succinate-CoA ligase. ...

https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/succinate-coa-ligase-deficiency/

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Succinates&type=mesh

DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE (UNII: V9BI9B5YI2) (DOXYLAMINE - UNII:95QB77JKPL) DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE. 6.25 mg. PHENYLEPHRINE ... acetaminophen 325 MG / dextromethorphan HBr 10 MG / doxylamine succinate 6.25 MG / phenylephrine HCl 5 MG Oral Capsule. PSN. ... acetaminophen, dextromethorphan hydrobromide, doxylamine succinate, phenylephrine hydrochloride capsule, liquid filled. Product ... APAP 325 MG / Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide 10 MG / doxylamine succinate 6.25 MG / Phenylephrine Hydrochloride 5 MG Oral ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=5213ca7f-5a78-6471-e054-00144ff88e88&audience=consumer

24 HR metoprolol succinate 100 MG Extended Release Oral Tablet. SCD. 3. 866412. 24 HR metoprolol succinate 100 MG (as ... See full prescribing information for Metoprolol Succinate. Metoprolol Succinate Tablet, Extended-Release for Oral Use Initial U ... METOPROLOL SUCCINATE tablet, extended release. To receive this label RSS feed. Copy the URL below and paste it into your RSS ... use the same total daily dose of metoprolol succinate extended-release tablet. Individualize the dosage of metoprolol succinate ...

https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=b0644bf9-8880-45de-a6f4-d69cf5fd2051

succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 4provided by HGNC. Primary source. HGNC:HGNC:20957 See related. Ensembl: ... SDHAF4 succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 4 [ Homo sapiens (human) ] Gene ID: 135154, updated on 6-Sep-2022 ... succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 4, mitochondrial. Names. SDH assembly factor 4. UPF0369 protein C6orf57. ... SDHAF4 promotes mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and prevents neurodegeneration. Van Vranken JG, et al. Cell ...

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/135154

...

https://medworm.com/351430063/a-methapred-methylprednisolone-sodium-succinate-updated-on-rxlist/

CanMED: NDC. The Cancer Medications Enquiry Database (CanMED) is a two-part resource for cancer drug treatment related studies.

https://seer.cancer.gov/oncologytoolbox/canmed/ndconc/82094-0401/

Shop for NutriCology Vitamin E Succinate (100 Vegetarian Capsules) at Frys Food Stores. Find quality health products to add to ... Provides to the cells of the body vitamin E, together with succinate, a compound involved in energy generation. This nutrient ...

https://www.frysfood.com/p/nutricology-vitamin-e-succinate/0071394750430

US-2008114028-A1 chemical patent summary.

https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/patent/US-2008114028-A1

Succinate production and citrate catabolism by Cheddar cheese nonstarter lactobacilli. / Dudley, E. G.; Steele, James L. ... Succinate production and citrate catabolism by Cheddar cheese nonstarter lactobacilli. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 2005;98 ... Dudley, E. G. ; Steele, James L. / Succinate production and citrate catabolism by Cheddar cheese nonstarter lactobacilli. In: ... Dudley, E. G., & Steele, J. L. (2005). Succinate production and citrate catabolism by Cheddar cheese nonstarter lactobacilli. ...

https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/succinate-production-and-citrate-catabolism-by-cheddar-cheese-non

Formulation information for generic ingredient: DOXYLAMINE SUCCINATE. ⮩ Send this page by email. ✉ Email this page to a ...

https://www.drugpatentwatch.com/p/formulation/DOXYLAMINE+SUCCINATE/i

It is the ideal organism chassis on which to develop green succinate production. Three C4-diC transporters have been ... Then to construct a second generation strain that has its metabolism altered to predispose it to succinate over-production, ... Enhancing industrial production of succinate in Corynebacterium glutamicum. *Javelle, Arnaud (Principal Investigator) ... is to characterise all to determine which exporter is most appropriate to manipulate to enhance production of green succinate. ...

https://pureportal.strath.ac.uk/en/projects/enhancing-industrial-production-of-succinate-in-corynebacterium-g

... succinate dehydrogenase subunit B, SDHB, renal Abstract: Losses in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex cell carcinoma, ... RESEARCH ARTICLE Mapping of Succinate Dehydrogenase Losses in 2258 Epithelial Neoplasms Markku Miettinen, MD,* Maarit Sarlomo- ... Mapping of Succinate Dehydrogenase Losses in 2258 Epithelial Neoplasms. Mapping of Succinate Dehydrogenase Losses in 2258 ... succinate dehydrogenase subunit B, SDHB, renal Abstract: Losses in the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex cell carcinoma, ...

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wolters-kluwer-health/mapping-of-succinate-dehydrogenase-losses-in-2258-epithelial-neoplasms-aqJAz2kDJv

Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance studies of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetyl succinate polymer, a useful carrier in ... Effect of Drug-Polymer Interactions through Hypromellose Acetate Succinate Substituents on the Physical Stability on Solid ... The preparation of enteric solid dispersions with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate using a twin-screw extruder. ... Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) acetyl succinate (HPMC-AS) is a key polymer used for the enablement of amorphous solid ...

https://eurekamag.com/research/069/660/069660168.php

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is inhibited by mitoKATP activators, fueling the contrary view that SDH, rather than mitoKATP, is ... Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is inhibited by mitoKATP activators, fueling the contrary view that SDH, rather than mitoKATP, is ... Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is inhibited by mitoKATP activators, fueling the contrary view that SDH, rather than mitoKATP, is ... Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is inhibited by mitoKATP activators, fueling the contrary view that SDH, rather than mitoKATP, is ...

https://jhu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/multiprotein-complex-containing-succinate-dehydrogenase-confers-m-3

Drug interactions are found among 5 people who take Cranberry and Solifenacin succinate. See what the interactions are and for ... What is Solifenacin succinate?. Solifenacin succinate has active ingredients of solifenacin succinate. It is often used in urge ... Common Solifenacin succinate interactions:. *Solifenacin succinate and Amlodipine: 142 reports. *Solifenacin succinate and ... Solifenacin succinate (1,435 reports). Browse all drug interactions of Cranberry and Solifenacin succinate:. a b c d e f g h i ...

https://www.ehealthme.com/drug-interaction/cranberry/solifenacin-succinate/

E succinate is one of several forms of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin that works as a very powerful antioxidant to protect ... Vitamin E (Succinate) E succinate is one of several forms of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin that works as a very powerful ...

https://www.dermaharmony.com/pages/vitamin-e-succinate

... ... 2018). The effect of succinate on brain NADH/NAD+ redox state and high energy phosphate metabolism in acute traumatic brain ... We previously showed that succinate can improve brain extracellular chemistry in acute TBI, but it was not clear if this ... We studied the effect of microdialysis-delivered succinate on brain energy state (phosphocreatine/ATP ratio (PCr/ATP)) with 31P ...

https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/286016

Doxylamine is an antihistamine, used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold.

https://www.blinkhealth.com/valusom

1.3 g L-1 h-1 succinate) and product yield (0.97 g g-total sugar-1 for D-lactate, 0.95 g g-total sugar-1 for succinate) were ... 1.3 g L-1 h-1 succinate) and product yield (0.97 g g-total sugar-1 for D-lactate, 0.95 g g-total sugar-1 for succinate) were ... 1.3 g L-1 h-1 succinate) and product yield (0.97 g g-total sugar-1 for D-lactate, 0.95 g g-total sugar-1 for succinate) were ... 1.3 g L-1 h-1 succinate) and product yield (0.97 g g-total sugar-1 for D-lactate, 0.95 g g-total sugar-1 for succinate) were ...

https://asu.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/catabolic-division-of-labor-enhances-production-of-d-lactate-and-

Sumatriptan Succinate

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PHARMAC invites proposals for the supply of metoprolol succinate controlled-release tablets (metoprolol) in New Zealand. ... RFP - supply of metoprolol succinate to DHB hospitals and/or to community pharmacies. 16 December 2016. Medicines RFP Closed ... Full text of RFP - supply of metoprolol succinate controlled-release tablets (metoprolol) in New Zealand. [PDF, 141 KB] ... PHARMAC invites proposals for the supply of metoprolol succinate controlled-release tablets (metoprolol) in New Zealand. ...

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Sumatriptan Succinate 20 mg UNIT DOSE Nasal Spray - 6 Bottle Pack (Prasco). $275.00 (1 Pack) ... Sumatriptan Succinate 5mg Nasal Spray UNIT DOSE - 6 Dose Pack (Prasco). $275.00 (1 Pack) ... Sumatriptan Succinate 20 mg UNIT DOSE Nasal Spray - 6 Bottle Pack. $165.00 (1 Pack) ... Sumatriptan Succinate 5mg Nasal Spray UNIT DOSE - 6 Dose Pack. $245.00 (1 Pack) ...

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Succinate dehydrogenase complex. The succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit D protein is encoded by the SDHD gene, mutations ... The succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B protein is encoded by the SDHB gene. Mutations in this gene are known to cause ... The succinate dehydrogenase subunit C protein is encoded by the SDHC gene, and mutations are known to cause paraganglioma. One ... Other succinate dehydrogenase subunit genes with mutations linked to paraganglioma include SDHA [18] and the newly ...

https://www.medscape.com/answers/124059-45052/what-is-the-cause-of-von-hippel-lindau-vhl-disease

Loss of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) as a prognostic factor in advanced ileal well-differentiated neuroendocrine ... Loss of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) as a prognostic factor in advanced ileal well-differentiated neuroendocrine ... Loss of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) as a prognostic factor in advanced ileal well-differentiated neuroendocrine ... Loss of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) as a prognostic factor in advanced ileal well-differentiated neuroendocrine ...

https://moh-it.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/loss-of-succinate-dehydrogenase-subunit-b-sdhb-as-a-prognostic-fa-4

Solifenacin Succinate is a symptomatic treatment of urge incontinence and/or increased urinary frequency and urgency as may ... Zydus Cadila has received final approval from the USFDA to market Solifenacin Succinate Tablets, (USRLD: Vesicare® Tablets) in ... Solifenacin Succinate is a symptomatic treatment of urge incontinence and/or increased urinary frequency and urgency as may ... Biznextindia : Zydus Cadila has received final approval from the USFDA to market Solifenacin Succinate Tablets, (USRLD: ...

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... ... Succinate (SI) is a citric acid cycle metabolite that accumulates in tissues during hemorrhagic shock (HS) due to electron ... Dimethyl Malonate Slows Succinate Accumulation and Preserves Cardiac Function in a Swine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock ... Dimethyl malonate (DMM) is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, which has been shown to reduce SI accumulation ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/119311

...

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Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, HPMC-AS Manufacturers, CAS Number: 71138-97-1 ... Hypromellose Acetate Succinate or Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate or HPMC-AS Manufacturers. Anmol Chemicals ... Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate or hypromellose acetate succinate or HPMC-AS is an enteric coating material ... Hypromellose Acetate Succinate or Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate or HPMC-AS SDS of Manufacturers ...

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Drug interactions are reported only by a few people who take Cranberry and Solifenacin succinate together. (ehealthme.com)
The phase IV clinical study analyzes what interactions people who take Cranberry and Solifenacin succinate have. (ehealthme.com)
5 people who take Cranberry and Solifenacin succinate together, and have interactions are studied. (ehealthme.com)
What is Solifenacin succinate? (ehealthme.com)
Solifenacin succinate has active ingredients of solifenacin succinate . (ehealthme.com)
eHealthMe is studying from 1,435 Solifenacin succinate users for its effectiveness, alternative drugs and more. (ehealthme.com)
Do you take Cranberry and Solifenacin succinate? (ehealthme.com)
Solifenacin Succinate Tablet (5mg/10mg) approved by CDSCO in India in 06.07.2006. (niksanpharmaceutical.co.in)
Solifenacin succinate elicits competitive muscarinic receptor antagonism, which results in an anticholinergic effect and inhibition of bladder smooth muscle contraction. (medscape.com)

PHARMAC invites proposals for the supply of metoprolol succinate controlled-release tablets (metoprolol) in New Zealand. (pharmac.govt.nz)
Full text of RFP - supply of metoprolol succinate controlled-release tablets (metoprolol) in New Zealand. (pharmac.govt.nz)
Unisom SleepTabs Doxylamine Succinate Tablets is clinically proven to help you fall asleep an average of 33% faster. (myriterx.com)
Unisom SleepTabs Doxylamine Succinate Tablets are also safe and non-habit forming. (myriterx.com)
Often, they are hidden under the tag of used cars, perhaps because some of the popular drugs sold online are aimed at male consumers: metoprolol er succinate 50 mg tablets side effects. (pepoxi.ir)

SDHAF4 promotes mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase activity and prevents neurodegeneration. (nih.gov)
IMSEAR at SEARO: Succinate dehydrogenase activity & protein charges in cell-free system. (who.int)

E ( d-alpha tocopheryl succinate) (200IU), Vit. (premierformulas.com)
Water, Glycerin, Ethanol, Acacia, Vitamin E (as d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate and as natural mixed tocopherols. (myersdetox.com)

Succinate-CoA ligase is involved in producing and maintaining the building blocks of mitochondrial DNA. (medlineplus.gov)
Our findings support the interpretation that L/P ratio is linked to brain energy state, and that succinate may support brain energy metabolism in select TBI patients suffering from mitochondrial dysfunction. (cam.ac.uk)
SDH, also known as succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase or mitochondrial complex II, is the only multi-subunit enzyme integrated in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). (biomedcentral.com)

These highlights do not include all the information needed to use Metoprolol Succinate safely and effectively. (nih.gov)
See full prescribing information for Metoprolol Succinate. (nih.gov)
Metoprolol Succinate is a beta 1 -selective adrenoceptor blocking agent. (nih.gov)
Dosing of metoprolol succinate should be individualized. (nih.gov)
Switching from immediate-release metoprolol to metoprolol succinate extended-release tablet: use the same total daily dose of metoprolol succinate extended-release tablet. (nih.gov)
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Trelagliptin succinate resulted from dissolving crude and succinic acid in isopropyl alcohol. (bulatpharmaceutical.com)
Polybutylene succinate (PBS), also referred to as polytetramethylene succinate, is a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester resin synthesized by polycondensation of succinic acid with 1, 4 butanediol. (pressnews.biz)
The raw materials for Polybutylene succinate namely succinic acid and 1, 4 butanediol are produced from petroleum feedstock, as such, price of these is susceptible to fluctuations resulting from volatility of crude oil price. (pressnews.biz)
However, a recent trend witnessed among Polybutylene succinate market is that efforts are channelized towards developing bio-based Polybutylene succinate from bio based 1, 4 butanediol and succinic acid. (pressnews.biz)
It can selectively inhibit succinate dehydrogenase in parasite's muscle so as to stop the reduction of succinic acid from fumaric acid. (sxnaipu.com)

Dimethyl maleate as substrate undergoes free radical cleavage under visible light irradiation, and the catalytic system composed of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ catalyzed the reduction of electron-deficient alkenes to get the saturated product dimethyl succinate [2] . (alfa-chemistry.com)

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Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) acetyl succinate (HPMC-AS) is a key polymer used for the enablement of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) in oral solid dosage forms. (eurekamag.com)

Complex II (Succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is an importnat enzyme complex for the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the aerobic respiratory chain of motochondria and procaryotic organisms (12, 24). (bvsalud.org)

Hypromellose Acetate Succinate is a mixture of acetic acid and monosuccinic acid esters of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. (anmol.org)

High-level prescribing trends for Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (BNF code 0603020M0) across all GP practices in NHS England for the last five years. (openprescribing.net)
all data on Hydrocortisone sodium succinate or data on Hydrocortisone sodium succinate by Sub-ICB Location . (openprescribing.net)

The initial research in sepsis and septic shock showed a trend toward worse outcomes when treating with high doses of steroids (methylprednisolone sodium succinate 30 mg/kg every 6 h for 4 doses) compared with placebo. (medscape.com)

The NMR data also capture the molar ratios of the acetate and succinate moieties present in HPMC-AS of various grades without the need for post treatment required by chromatography methods commonly use in pharmacopoeia. (eurekamag.com)
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate or hypromellose acetate succinate or HPMC-AS is an enteric coating material used for both regular enteric coating and sustained release formulations. (anmol.org)
Acceptance criteria: The IR spectrum of the Sample exhibits maxima only at the same wavelengths as a similarly obtained spectrum of USP Hypromellose Acetate Succinate. (anmol.org)

The SUCLA2 and SUCLG1 genes each provide instructions for making one part (subunit) of an enzyme called succinate-CoA ligase. (medlineplus.gov)

It is composed of two water-soluble heterodimers of dehydrogenase-flavin protein (SDHA) and succinate dehydrogenase-iron-sulfur protein (SDHB), combined with two hydrophobic subunits SDHC (CybL) and SDHD (Cybs). (biomedcentral.com)

plantarum strains to milk during cheese manufacture may increase the accumulation of the flavour enhancer succinate. (elsevier.com)

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) is an enzyme complex that is a cytochrome oxidase. (immune-system-research.com)

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the disappearance of ischemic post-processing (IPO) in the myocardium of diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with the increase of succinate dehydrogenase-flavin protein (SDHA). (biomedcentral.com)
Trelagliptin succinate also increased the quantity of GLUT4 protein in the outer membrane. (bulatpharmaceutical.com)

The research teams investigating these actions are using vitamin E succinate , a natural tocopherol. (naturalsociety.com)
Vitamin E succinate is thus a potent and highly specific anticancer agent and/or adjuvant of considerable therapeutic potential. (naturalsociety.com)
Provides to the cells of the body vitamin E, together with succinate, a compound involved in energy generation. (frysfood.com)
E succinate is one of several forms of vitamin E, a fat-soluble vitamin that works as a very powerful antioxidant to protect our body from the damage caused by free radicals. (dermaharmony.com)

Methods and Results: Whole cell incubations of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus zeae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, were used to identify strains that accumulated succinate from citrate, L-lactate, aspartic acid or isocitrate. (elsevier.com)
plantarum strains studied synthesize succinate from citrate by the reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle at either pH 7.0 or pH 5.1/4% NaCl/13°C. Lactobacillus casei, Lact. (elsevier.com)
As a result, the mechanism by which trelagliptin succinate improves insulin resistance might link to a decrease in free fatty acid and resistin production. (bulatpharmaceutical.com)
However, there is a significant difference,' says Dr Wei He, a member of Hiller's team and first author of the study: 'Unlike itaconic acid, mesaconic acid does not block the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase. (idw-online.de)

The The proposition is to characterise all to determine which exporter is most appropriate to manipulate to enhance production of green succinate. (strath.ac.uk)
Then to construct a second generation strain that has its metabolism altered to predispose it to succinate over-production, taking advantage of the availability of the exporter to excrete it from the cell. (strath.ac.uk)

In this work, two unique and catabolically orthogonal Escherichia coli co-cultures systems were developed and used to enhance the production of D-lactate and succinate (two bioplastic monomers) from glucose-xylose mixtures (100 g L -1 total sugars, 2:1 by mass). (elsevier.com)
In primary rat adipocytes, trelagliptin succinate increased glucose consumption. (bulatpharmaceutical.com)
Thus suggesting that trelagliptin succinate stimulated GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes, promoting glucose intake. (bulatpharmaceutical.com)

However, the percentage decrease in L/P ratio for each patient following succinate perfusion correlated significantly with their percentage increase in PCr/ATP ratio (Spearman's rank correlation, r =-0.86, p =0.024). (cam.ac.uk)

Complex II catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate (Succinate dehydrogenase: sdh) and transfers i. (bvsalud.org)

On March 26th, 2015, Trelagliptin succinate , a once-weekly oral dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, got licensed in Japan. (bulatpharmaceutical.com)

The overall catalytic mechanism that converts hydrocarbons to a succinate molecule involves three steps: (1) initial H-abstraction from the hydrocarbon by the radical enzyme, (2) addition of the resulting hydrocarbon radical to fumarate, and (3) hydrogen abstraction by the addition product to regenerate the radical enzyme. (rsc.org)

The addition of carbonyl- cyanide -m- chlorophenylhydrazone to H2O2 or untreated mitochondria resulted in an increase in oxygen consumption in the presence of succinate. (cdc.gov)

Spontaneous reperfusion enhances succinate concentration in peripheral blood from stemi patients but its levels does not correlate with myocardial infarct size or area at risk. (bvsalud.org)

High product titer (88 g L -1 D-lactate, 84 g L -1 succinate) and maximum productivity (2.5 g L -1 h -1 D-lactate, 1.3 g L -1 h -1 succinate) and product yield (0.97 g g-total sugar -1 for D-lactate, 0.95 g g-total sugar -1 for succinate) were also achieved. (elsevier.com)

Ferrous Succinate was specified in BP-93 products. (mubychem.in)
Offering you a complete choice of products which include lithium succinate. (axiomchemind.com)
The detailed computations also show that the predicted stereo-chemical preference of the succinate products for both toluene and butane are due to the differences in the radical addition rate constants for the various isomers. (rsc.org)

We offer Ferrous Succinate of pure grade. (mubychem.in)

Trelagliptin succinate is a long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor that inhibits DPP-4 activity. (bulatpharmaceutical.com)
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in hair cells: a correlate for permanent threshold elevations. (cdc.gov)

It is the ideal 'organism chassis' on which to develop 'green succinate' production. (strath.ac.uk)
In rat adipocytes, trelagliptin succinate reduced the production of free fatty acids and resistin. (bulatpharmaceutical.com)

A few individuals with succinate-CoA ligase deficiency have had an even more severe form of the disorder known as fatal infantile lactic acidosis. (medlineplus.gov)

Anatomy6

Organisms16

Diseases4

Chemicals and Drugs115

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes27

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Health Care1

Activity in saline of phthalylated or succinylated derivatives of mycobacterial water-soluble adjuvant. (1/1470)

Control of ketogenesis from amino acids. IV. Tissue specificity in oxidation of leucine, tyrosine, and lysine. (2/1470)

Relationship between succinate transport and production of extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase in Pseudomonas lemoignei. (3/1470)

One-carbon metabolism in methanogenic bacteria: analysis of short-term fixation products of 14CO2 and 14CH3OH incorporated into whole cells. (4/1470)

Targeted delivery and improved therapeutic potential of catalase by chemical modification: combination with superoxide dismutase derivatives. (5/1470)

Pseudo-proteinuria following gelofusine infusion. (6/1470)

Comparative disposition of the nephrotoxicant N-(3, 5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide and the non-nephrotoxicant N-(3, 5-difluorophenyl)succinimide in Fischer 344 rats. (7/1470)

Uptake of bromosulfophthalein via SO2-4/OH- exchange increases the K+ conductance of rat hepatocytes. (8/1470)

Succinates

Succinate Dehydrogenase

Succinic Acid

Electron Transport Complex II

Fumarates

Malates

Succinate Cytochrome c Oxidoreductase

Citric Acid Cycle

Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters

Tocopherols

Ketoglutaric Acids

Malonates

Dicarboxylic Acids

Paraganglioma

Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate

Electron Transport

Oxygen Consumption

Mitochondria

Oxidoreductases

Succinate-CoA Ligases

Oxidation-Reduction

Acetates

Mitochondria, Liver

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Ubiquinone

Antimycin A

Succinate-Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase

Propionates

Anaerobiosis

Dodecanol

NAD

Pyruvates

Paraganglioma, Extra-Adrenal

Cytochromes

Thenoyltrifluoroacetone

Kinetics

Iron-Sulfur Proteins

Submitochondrial Particles

Oxaloacetates

Escherichia coli

Rotenone

Carboxin

Fumarate Hydratase

Formates

Flavoproteins

Gram-Negative Anaerobic Bacteria

Culture Media

Citrates

Vitamin E

Carboxylic Acids

Mitochondria, Heart

Dinitrophenols

Glucose

Aerobiosis

Hydroxyquinolines

Fermentation

Doxylamine

Mitochondria, Muscle

Metabolic Engineering

Uncoupling Agents

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration

Wolinella

Veillonella

Pyruvic Acid

Carbon Isotopes

Adenosine Triphosphate

Isocitrate Lyase

Coenzyme A-Transferases

Glutamates

Hydroxybutyrates

Malate Dehydrogenase

Lactates

Electron Transport Complex I

Industrial Microbiology

Multienzyme Complexes

Mutation

Nitro Compounds

Cyanides

Oxaloacetic Acid

Quinone Reductases