Subgingival Curettage
Curettage
Dilatation and Curettage
Dental Plaque
Periodontitis
Periodontal Pocket
Dental Scaling
Gingival Hemorrhage
Root Planing
Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
Periodontal Diseases
Aggressive Periodontitis
Bacteroides
Porphyromonas gingivalis
Treponema denticola
Prevotella intermedia
Bone Cysts, Aneurysmal
Relationships among gingival crevicular fluid biomarkers, clinical parameters of periodontal disease, and the subgingival microbiota. (1/13)
(+info)Distribution of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA genotypes in isolates from subgingival plaque and blood sample during bacteremia. (2/13)
INTRODUCTION: Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered as a major etiological agent in the onset and progression of chronic destructive periodontitis. Porphyromonus gingivalis fimA type has been correlated to the virulence potential of the strain; therefore this gene could be involved in the ability of P. gingivalis to reach blood stream. OBJECTIVE: The classifications of P. gingivalis fimA types will be compared in subgingival plaque and blood samples collected after scaling and root root planing of periodontitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen periodontitis patients requiring scaling and root planing were enrolled. P. gingivalis isolates were classed to genotype with fimA type-specific PCR assay. fimA gene was sequenced if the isolate was listed as unclassifiable after PCR technique. RESULTS: Six patients showed positive P. gingivalis bacteremia. The most frequent fimA was fimA type II, followed by Ib, III and IV. In blood strains, type II was followed by IV, Ib and III. CONCLUSION: Type II was the most frequent genotype in blood samples and in subgingival plaque samples. However, no correlation was found between the frequency of any fimA type with SRP induced bacteremia. P. gingivalis fimA type appears to be conserved within individual patients throughout the times of sample collection, fimA gene sequence results were not in agreement with results of fimA genotyping by PCR. (+info)Calcium phosphate cement as a "barrier-graft" for the treatment of human periodontal intraosseous defects. (3/13)
(+info)Seeing the Light--the truth about soft tissue lasers and nonsurgical periodontal therapy. (4/13)
Although laser treatment has generated considerable interest among dentists and the public, there is no evidence that any laser system adds clinical value over and above scaling and root planing and conventional surgical treatment for periodontitis. Following a brief explanation of the mechanism behind soft tissue lasers, the evidence on the use of laser therapy in addition to traditional nonsurgical periodontal treatment in the management of periodontal diseases is reviewed. (+info)Relationships between subgingival microbiota and GCF biomarkers in generalized aggressive periodontitis. (5/13)
(+info)Prevalence of periodontitis and optimal timing of dental treatment in patients undergoing heart valve surgery. (6/13)
(+info)Cellulitis on face in a patient with congenital afibrinogenemia. (7/13)
(+info)Treatment of chronic periodontitis decreases serum prohepcidin levels in patients with chronic kidney disease. (8/13)
(+info)Subgingival curettage is a dental procedure that involves the removal of infected tissue from the area below the gum line (subgingival) down to the bottom of the periodontal pocket. This procedure is typically performed by a dentist or dental hygienist during a deep cleaning or scaling and root planing procedure to treat periodontal disease. The goal of subgingival curettage is to remove damaged, infected, or necrotic tissue from the periodontal pocket, which can help promote healing and reduce the depth of the pocket. This procedure may also be used as a diagnostic tool to assess the extent of periodontal damage and guide treatment planning.
Curettage is a medical procedure that involves scraping or removing tissue from the lining of an organ or body cavity, typically performed using a curette, which is a long, thin surgical instrument with a looped or sharp end. In gynecology, curettage is often used to remove tissue from the uterus during a procedure called dilation and curettage (D&C) to diagnose or treat abnormal uterine bleeding, or to remove residual placental or fetal tissue following a miscarriage or abortion. Curettage may also be used in other medical specialties to remove damaged or diseased tissue from areas such as the nose, throat, or skin.
Dilatation and Curettage (D&C) is a medical procedure commonly performed on the uterus. The term "dilatation" refers to the widening or opening of the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina. This is achieved using dilators, which are gradually inserted into the cervical canal to stretch it open.
The term "curettage" refers to the scraping or suctioning out of tissue from the lining of the uterus (endometrium). A curette, a long, loop-shaped surgical instrument, is used to scrape the lining, or suction equipment may be used to remove the tissue.
A D&C procedure is typically performed to diagnose and treat various conditions affecting the uterus, such as abnormal uterine bleeding, heavy menstrual periods, endometrial hyperplasia, or to remove residual tissue after a miscarriage or abortion. It's usually a minor surgical procedure that can be done in a hospital, clinic, or doctor's office, and is often performed under local anesthesia, conscious sedation, or general anesthesia depending on the situation and patient preference.
Dental plaque is a biofilm or mass of bacteria that accumulates on the surface of the teeth, restorative materials, and prosthetic devices such as dentures. It is initiated when bacterial colonizers attach to the smooth surfaces of teeth through van der Waals forces and specific molecular adhesion mechanisms.
The microorganisms within the dental plaque produce extracellular polysaccharides that help to stabilize and strengthen the biofilm, making it resistant to removal by simple brushing or rinsing. Over time, if not regularly removed through oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing, dental plaque can mineralize and harden into tartar or calculus.
The bacteria in dental plaque can cause tooth decay (dental caries) by metabolizing sugars and producing acid that demineralizes the tooth enamel. Additionally, certain types of bacteria in dental plaque can cause periodontal disease, an inflammation of the gums that can lead to tissue damage and bone loss around the teeth. Regular professional dental cleanings and good oral hygiene practices are essential for preventing the buildup of dental plaque and maintaining good oral health.
Gingiva is the medical term for the soft tissue that surrounds the teeth and forms the margin of the dental groove, also known as the gum. It extends from the mucogingival junction to the base of the cervical third of the tooth root. The gingiva plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the teeth and maintaining oral health by providing a barrier against microbial invasion and mechanical injury.
Periodontitis is a severe form of gum disease that damages the soft tissue and destroys the bone supporting your teeth. If left untreated, it can lead to tooth loss. It is caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. The body's immune system fights the bacterial infection, which causes an inflammatory response. If the inflammation continues for a long time, it can damage the tissues and bones that support the teeth.
The early stage of periodontitis is called gingivitis, which is characterized by red, swollen gums that bleed easily when brushed or flossed. When gingivitis is not treated, it can advance to periodontitis. In addition to plaque, other factors that increase the risk of developing periodontitis include smoking or using tobacco products, poor oral hygiene, diabetes, a weakened immune system, and genetic factors.
Regular dental checkups and good oral hygiene practices, such as brushing twice a day, flossing daily, and using an antimicrobial mouth rinse, can help prevent periodontitis. Treatment for periodontitis may include deep cleaning procedures, medications, or surgery in severe cases.
A periodontal pocket is a pathological space or gap that develops between the tooth and the surrounding gum tissue (gingiva) as a result of periodontal disease. This condition is also known as a "periodontal depth" or "probing depth." It is measured in millimeters using a dental probe, and it indicates the level of attachment loss of the gingival tissue to the tooth.
In a healthy periodontium, the sulcus (the normal space between the tooth and gum) measures 1-3 mm in depth. However, when there is inflammation due to bacterial accumulation, the gums may become red, swollen, and bleed easily. As the disease progresses, the sulcus deepens, forming a periodontal pocket, which can extend deeper than 3 mm.
Periodontal pockets provide an environment that is conducive to the growth of harmful bacteria, leading to further tissue destruction and bone loss around the tooth. If left untreated, periodontal disease can result in loose teeth and eventually tooth loss. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are essential for maintaining healthy gums and preventing periodontal pockets from developing or worsening.
Dental scaling is a professional dental cleaning procedure that involves the removal of plaque, tartar (calculus), and stains from the tooth surfaces. This is typically performed by a dentist or dental hygienist using specialized instruments called scalers and curettes. The procedure helps to prevent gum disease and tooth decay by removing bacterial deposits that can cause inflammation and infection of the gums. Dental scaling may be recommended as part of a routine dental check-up or if there are signs of periodontal disease, such as red, swollen, or bleeding gums. In some cases, local anesthesia may be used to numb the area and make the procedure more comfortable for the patient.
Gingival hemorrhage is the medical term for bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It refers to the condition where the gums bleed, often as a result of trauma or injury, but also can be caused by various systemic conditions such as disorders of coagulation, leukemia, or scurvy.
Gingival hemorrhage is commonly seen in individuals with poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which can cause inflammation and damage to the gums. This can lead to increased susceptibility to bleeding, even during routine activities such as brushing or flossing. It's important to address any underlying causes of gingival hemorrhage to prevent further complications.
Root planing is a dental procedure that involves the cleaning and smoothing of the root surfaces of teeth. It is typically performed as a part of periodontal therapy to treat and manage gum disease. The goal of root planing is to remove tartar, calculus, and bacterial toxins from the roots of teeth, which helps to promote the reattachment of the gums to the teeth and prevent further progression of periodontal disease. This procedure is usually performed under local anesthesia and may require multiple appointments depending on the severity of the case.
A Giant Cell Tumor (GCT) of bone is a relatively uncommon, locally aggressive tumor that can sometimes become malignant. It is characterized by the presence of multinucleated giant cells which are distributed throughout the tumor tissue. These giant cells are thought to be derived from osteoclasts, which are specialized cells responsible for bone resorption.
GCTs typically affect adults in their 20s and 30s, with a slight female predominance. The most common sites of involvement include the long bones near the knee (distal femur and proximal tibia), as well as the distal radius, sacrum, and spine.
The tumor usually presents as pain and swelling in the affected area, sometimes accompanied by restricted mobility or pathological fractures due to bone weakening. The diagnosis is typically made based on imaging studies (such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI) and confirmed through a biopsy.
Treatment options for GCTs of bone may include intralesional curettage with or without the use of adjuvant therapies (like phenol, liquid nitrogen, or cement), radiation therapy, or surgical resection. In some cases, systemic treatments like denosumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting RANKL, may be used to control the growth and spread of the tumor. Regular follow-ups are essential to monitor for potential recurrence, which can occur in up to 50% of cases within five years after treatment.
According to the American Academy of Periodontology, periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory conditions that affect the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth. These tissues include the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. The primary cause of periodontal disease is bacterial plaque, a sticky film that constantly forms on our teeth.
There are two major stages of periodontal disease:
1. Gingivitis: This is the milder form of periodontal disease, characterized by inflammation of the gums (gingiva) without loss of attachment to the teeth. The gums may appear red, swollen, and bleed easily during brushing or flossing. At this stage, the damage can be reversed with proper dental care and improved oral hygiene.
2. Periodontitis: If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more severe form of periodontal disease. In periodontitis, the inflammation extends beyond the gums and affects the deeper periodontal tissues, leading to loss of bone support around the teeth. Pockets filled with infection-causing bacteria form between the teeth and gums, causing further damage and potential tooth loss if not treated promptly.
Risk factors for developing periodontal disease include poor oral hygiene, smoking or using smokeless tobacco, genetic predisposition, diabetes, hormonal changes (such as pregnancy or menopause), certain medications, and systemic diseases like AIDS or cancer. Regular dental check-ups and good oral hygiene practices are crucial for preventing periodontal disease and maintaining overall oral health.
Aggressive periodontitis is a severe form of periodontal disease that affects the tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. It is characterized by rapid destruction of the periodontal tissues and can result in significant tooth loss if left untreated.
Aggressive periodontitis typically affects younger individuals, often before the age of 30, and can progress rapidly, even in the absence of obvious dental plaque or calculus accumulation. It is often associated with a genetic predisposition and may cluster in families.
The disease is classified as localized or generalized based on the distribution of affected sites. Localized aggressive periodontitis typically affects no more than two teeth next to each other, while generalized aggressive periodontitis involves at least three or four teeth in different areas of the mouth.
In addition to genetic factors, other risk factors for aggressive periodontitis include smoking, diabetes, and hormonal changes. Treatment typically involves a combination of thorough dental cleanings, antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention to remove damaged tissue and promote healing. Regular maintenance care is essential to prevent recurrence and further progression of the disease.
Bacteroides are a genus of gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are normally present in the human gastrointestinal tract. They are part of the normal gut microbiota and play an important role in breaking down complex carbohydrates and other substances in the gut. However, some species of Bacteroides can cause opportunistic infections, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems or when they spread to other parts of the body. They are resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, making infections caused by these bacteria difficult to treat.
Vacuum curettage is a medical procedure that involves the use of suction to remove tissue from the uterus. It is often used as a method of first-trimester abortion, or to treat abnormal uterine conditions such as miscarriage or retained placental tissue after childbirth. The cervix is dilated and a vacuum aspirator is inserted into the uterus to remove the contents using suction. This procedure may also be referred to as vacuum aspiration or suction curettage.
"Porphyromonas gingivalis" is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal disease. It is a major pathogen in chronic periodontitis, which is a severe form of gum disease that can lead to destruction of the tissues supporting the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone.
The bacterium produces several virulence factors, such as proteases and endotoxins, which contribute to its pathogenicity. It has been shown to evade the host's immune response and cause tissue destruction through various mechanisms, including inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases.
P. gingivalis has also been linked to several systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanisms of these associations are not fully understood. Effective oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings, can help prevent the overgrowth of P. gingivalis and reduce the risk of periodontal disease.
Treponema denticola is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped bacterium that belongs to the genus Treponema. It is commonly found in the oral cavity and is associated with periodontal diseases such as chronic periodontitis. T. denticola is one of the "red complex" bacteria, which also includes Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, that are strongly associated with periodontal disease. These bacteria form a complex biofilm in the subgingival area and contribute to the breakdown of the periodontal tissues, leading to pocket formation, bone loss, and ultimately tooth loss if left untreated.
T. denticola has several virulence factors, including lipopolysaccharides (LPS), proteases, fimbriae, and endotoxins, that allow it to evade the host's immune system and cause tissue damage. It can also modulate the host's immune response, leading to a chronic inflammatory state that contributes to the progression of periodontal disease.
In addition to its role in periodontal disease, T. denticola has been linked to several systemic diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis. However, more research is needed to fully understand the relationship between T. denticola and these conditions.
Prevotella intermedia is a gram-negative, anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract. It is a normal resident of the human microbiota but can also be an opportunistic pathogen, causing various types of infections such as periodontitis, endocarditis, and brain abscesses. P. intermedia has been associated with several diseases, including respiratory tract infections, bacteremia, and joint infections. It is often found in mixed infections with other anaerobic bacteria. Proper identification of this organism is important for the selection of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.
Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC) is a benign but locally aggressive tumor that typically involves the metaphysis of long bones in children and adolescents. It is characterized by blood-filled spaces or cysts separated by fibrous septa containing osteoclast-type giant cells, spindle cells, and capillary vessels.
ABCs can also arise in other locations such as the vertebral column, pelvis, and skull. They may cause bone pain, swelling, or pathologic fractures. The exact cause of ABC is unknown, but it is thought to be related to a reactive process to a primary bone lesion or trauma.
Treatment options for ABC include curettage and bone grafting, intralesional injection of corticosteroids or bone marrow aspirate, and adjuvant therapy with phenol or liquid nitrogen. In some cases, radiation therapy may be used, but it is generally avoided due to the risk of secondary malignancies. Recurrence rates after treatment range from 10-30%.
Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease (periodontal disease) that causes irritation, redness, swelling and bleeding of the gingiva, or gums. It's important to note that it is reversible with good oral hygiene and professional dental treatment. If left untreated, however, gingivitis can progress to a more severe form of gum disease known as periodontitis, which can result in tissue damage and eventual tooth loss.
Gingivitis is most commonly caused by the buildup of plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that constantly forms on our teeth. When not removed regularly through brushing and flossing, this plaque can harden into tartar, which is more difficult to remove and contributes to gum inflammation. Other factors like hormonal changes, poor nutrition, certain medications, smoking or a weakened immune system may also increase the risk of developing gingivitis.
'Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans' is a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that belongs to the family Pasteurellaceae. It is facultatively anaerobic, meaning it can grow in both the presence and absence of oxygen. This bacterium is commonly found as part of the oral microbiota in humans and is associated with periodontal diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis. Additionally, it has been implicated in various extraoral infections, including endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia, particularly in individuals with underlying medical conditions. The bacterium's virulence factors include leukotoxin, cytolethal distending toxin, and adhesins, which contribute to its pathogenicity.
List of MeSH codes (E06)
Peri-implant mucositis
Calculus (dental)
Laser-assisted new attachment procedure
Gingivectomy
Subgingival curettage
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Calculus7
- Subgingival scaling involves the removal of subgingival calculus from the tooth surface. (avalon-dental.ca)
- Also used for removal of filling and cement excesses, subgingival calculus, smooth rough root surfaces (root planning), and diseased soft tissue lining of the periodontal pocket (soft tissue curettage). (dowelldentalproducts.com)
- The working edge of the shape of the sickle, the use of the effective edge of the sickle at both ends of the two sides of the edge, suitable for scraping teeth teeth, the smaller tip can be inserted into the periodontal pocket, scraping the potential subgingival calculus. (pinkiou.com)
- The shape of the work side, such as hoe, left and right pairs, the edge of the edge into an acute angle, the use of acute angle on the calculus in the gingival sulcus, curettage gums. (pinkiou.com)
- Area specific curettes for the removal of deep subgingival calculus. (medentrx.com)
- These area-specific curettes are for removing deep subgingival calculus and for finishing subgingival root surfaces. (medentrx.com)
- Subgingival cleaning - This is the most important step for patients with periodontal disease because the dentist is able to remove calculus from the gum pockets and beneath the gum line. (dryoungperio.com)
Gingival5
- Curettage is the removal of the inflamed connective tissue on the inside of the gingival sulcus. (vin.com)
- Gingival curettage study comparing a laser treatment to hand instruments. (ijeds.com)
- The attachment between tooth and gingival tissues after periodic root planing and soft tissue curettage. (ijeds.com)
- In addition to removing dental plaque and tartar from the tooth surfaces, ultrasonic scalers are useful for curettage and scraping off bits of inflamed tissues from the walls of the gingival crevice. (skydentalsupply.com)
- Subgingival plaque (plaque on the tooth surface below the gingival margin) is also commonly inhabited by these more periodontopathogenic species of bacteria. (msdvetmanual.com)
Soft tissue curettage2
- 1 Finally, a Nd:Yag laser was used to perform a bacterial reduction of the pocket, with caution to prevent soft-tissue curettage. (dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com)
- Stein J, Hammacher C, Michael S. Combination of ultrasonic decontamination, soft tissue curettage and submucosal air polishing with povidone-iodine application for non-surgical therapy of peri-implantitis: 12 months clinical outcomes. (dimensionsofdentalhygiene.com)
Connective tissue1
- Subgingival curettage removes diseased epithelium and connective tissue. (animaldentalcenter.com)
Irrigation1
- Surgical management in actinomycosis has consisted of various treatment modalities, including excision of sinus tracts, drainage of the abscess cavities, removal of bulky infected masses, and irrigation and curettage of the osteomyelitic bony lesions. (medscape.com)
Debridement4
- Pure Titanium Implant Scaler 5pc Kit is designed for implant maintenance, debridement, supra, and subgingival plaque removal. (medentrx.com)
- Surgical curette used for curettage, cyst removal and debridement of tooth socket. (medentrx.com)
- The 88 Lucas Surgical curette is designed for curettage, cyst removal and tooth socket debridement with 4.7mm working ends. (medentrx.com)
- Miller Surgical Curettes are designed for curettage, cyst removal and tooth socket debridement. (medentrx.com)
Scaling6
- Stage 3 requires subgingival scaling in addition. (vin.com)
- The two procedures should always be done together and are jointly referred as subgingival scaling. (vin.com)
- Subgingival scaling is the simplest of the periodontal procedure and is virtually done at every dental cleaning. (vin.com)
- Perform subgingival scaling, root planing and curettage under local anesthesia administered by a dental officer and perform topical fluoride applications. (us.com)
- I shudder when I think of this going on, and people under the false assumption that hand scaling is not the same as a complete prophy--scaling, subgingival curettage, and polishing. (blogspot.com)
- Epidemiological surveys have shown that the prevalence of ag- gressive periodontitis varies among ethnic groups, regions and countries, and that it may range from 0.1% to 15% [5], [6].This patient was later referred to the Department of Periodontics, where complete scaling and root planning, followed by the curettage of the required area was done. (dokumen.tips)
Removal1
- Subgingival curettage refers to the removal of a layer of damaged gum tissue. (toledodentistnews.com)
Plaque2
- Prophy therapy is to control plaque which can lead to subgingival infection which, if left untreated, can make your pet very sick. (animaldentalcenter.com)
- Periodontitis is caused by the host's response to subgingival plaque. (msdvetmanual.com)
Bacteria1
- It is then used in the sulcus of every tooth in the mouth, prior to stirring up subgingival bacteria during the hygiene visit. (dentistryiq.com)
Treatment1
- His Oral hygiene research includes themes of Periodontal treatment, Maintenance care and Subgingival Curettage. (research.com)
Procedures1
- Both procedures are often indiscriminately referred to as curettage. (vin.com)
Gingival Curettage1
- Other applications of the Epic X laser include: better sealants, comfortable scaling and root planning, canker sore treatment, cold sore treatment, accelerated teeth whitening and comfortable gingival curettage. (naturaltucson.com)
Granulation tissue2
- This stage in periodontics includes primarily procedures called closed curettage, which are aimed at eliminating subgingival deposits and granulation tissue. (victoriaclinic.uk)
- After removal of the subgingival tartar and granulation tissue, in some cases, the remaining bone defects (areas of bone loss) can be filled with special substances that have the role of stimulating bone growth (Ex: addition of Bio-Oss). (ogodent.ro)
Supragingival2
- Professional dental treatment removes dental plaque and tartar from the supragingival and subgingival regions, inaccessible to daily cleaning with oral hygiene products. (stomatoloskaordinacijabeograd.com)
- Removal of subgingival and/or supragingival plaque and calculus. (regencydentalgroupblog.com)
Tartar2
- Subgingival curettage - removal of the subgingival tartar and the infected tissue due to it with the help of the laser. (ogodent.ro)
- Flap surgery - removal of the subgingival tartar and the infected tissue due to it with the help of hand tools after exposing the jaw bone, by removing (taking off) the gum from the affected areas. (ogodent.ro)
Procedure2
- Scaling, root planing and curettage procedure creates a long junctional epithelium with no connective tissue attachment. (dentalpracticesolutions.com)
- Its angled blades on both sides make the curettage procedure more efficient. (gerdentusa.com)
Anesthesia1
- For this it is essential to perform a curettage, a deeper cleaning inside the gums, which may require anesthesia. (texasgolferguide.com)
Frenectomy1
- Some of these soft-tissue applications include but are not limited to gingivectomy, frenectomy, hemorrhagic lesion removal, gingival sculpting techniques associated with implant recovering or therapy, and subgingival curettage. (prodentshop.com)
Flap1
- This is the phase during which additional surgical procedures are performed, such as open curettage, flap procedures, regenerative procedures, etc. (victoriaclinic.uk)
Apical1
- and Group 4) Apical curettage + rhPDGF. (quintessence-publishing.com)
Therapy1
- When periodontitis has advanced, it is necessary to do causal therapy (gum curettage). (stomatoloskaordinacijabeograd.com)