Styrene

Styrenes

Mandelic Acids

Plastics

Epoxy Compounds

Glyoxylates

Air Pollutants, Occupational

Polystyrenes

Occupational Medicine

Ethylene Glycols

Chemical Industry

Phenylacetates

Occupational Exposure

Ships

Pseudomonas putida

Biodegradation, Environmental

Oxygenases

The Styrenes

Styrene

Styrene monooxygenase

Styrene oxide

Poly Styrene

Styrene-butadiene

Acrylonitrile styrene acrylate

Styrene-oxide isomerase

Styrene-acrylonitrile resin

Styrene maleic anhydride

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

Translucence (Poly Styrene album)

Poly Styrene: I Am a Cliché

Transition metal phosphido complexes

Hydrophosphination

Sylvia Stoesser

Alpha-Methylstyrene

Mycelium-based materials

Nitrobenzoic acid

Metal-catalysed hydroboration

Somalis in the United Kingdom

Epoxide

Diesel exhaust

Peroxybenzoic acid

Hydrovinylation

Stirol

Styrofoam

John D Morton

Einar Falck

Torvild Aakvaag

Levels of styrene9

• Workers in certain occupations are potentially exposed to much higher levels of styrene than the general population. (nih.gov)
• For example, workers who fabricate boats, car and truck parts, tanks, and bath tubs and shower stalls with glass fiber-reinforced polyester composite plastics, may breathe in high levels of styrene in the workplace. (nih.gov)
• Styrene may also leach from polystyrene containers used for food products, but levels of styrene in food are very low. (nih.gov)
• Although the National Toxicology Program listed styrene as a reasonably anticipated carcinogen in 2011, the styrene listing was based on studies of workers exposed to high levels of styrene. (nih.gov)
• Breathing high levels of styrene may cause changes in color vision, tiredness, feeling drunk, slowed reaction time, concentration problems, or balance problems. (cdc.gov)
• Ingesting low levels of styrene that occurs naturally in a variety of foods such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, beverages, and meats. (cdc.gov)
• If you breathe high levels of styrene (more than 1000 times higher than levels normally found in the environment), you may experience nervous system effects such as changes in color vision, tiredness, feeling drunk, slowed reaction time, concentration problems, or balance problems. (cdc.gov)
• sensitive to respiratory tract and hepatic toxicity from are not related to blood levels of styrene or styrene styrene. (cdc.gov)
• Such low levels of styrene exposure make it difficult to detect if this exposure is contributing to hearing deterioration. (cdc.gov)

Benzene3

• The simplest chemical I have that contains a benzene ring is polystyrene, which I could convert to styrene. (sciencemadness.org)
• Page xii, lines 19-22 and page 192, lines 14-17: "In the styrene monomer and polymer industries, the risk of lymphohematopoietic malignancies was also increased (both statistically significant and statistically non-significant) in most of the studies (as well as the total number of observed cases across studies), but these workers might also have been exposed to benzene. (nih.gov)
• Multiple multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of individual organic solvent exposures as measured by blood biomarkers (1,4-dichlorobenzene, benzene, ethylbenzene, styrene, toluene, o-xylene, and m-/p-xylene) with self-reported hearing loss , audiometrically assessed hearing loss , and self-reported tinnitus. (cdc.gov)

Exposure16

• Health Effects: Can exposure to styrene cause cancer? (nih.gov)
• Workers may be harmed from exposure to styrene. (cdc.gov)
• The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to styrene. (cdc.gov)
• NIOSH Criteria Documents: Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Styrene -DHHS (NIOSH) No. 83-119 Presents a standard to prevent the adverse effects of exposure to styrene over a working lifetime. (cdc.gov)
• Exposure to styrene is most likely to occur from breathing indoor air that is contaminated with styrene vapors from building materials, tobacco smoke, and use of copying machines. (cdc.gov)
• There are no studies evaluating the effects of styrene exposure on children or immature animals. (cdc.gov)
• How can families reduce the risk of exposure to styrene? (cdc.gov)
• Exposure may occur by inhalation, Styrene is well absorbed by the Urinary levels of mandelic acid and/or for ingestion, or dermal absorption. (cdc.gov)
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Workers at photocopy centers or exposure to styrene were 0.22 ppb. (cdc.gov)
• Styrene is a colorless liquid that exposure for general population is by the dose (how much), the The most sensitive target of toxicity is evaporates easily. (cdc.gov)
• Predominant route of exposure for Styrene is a high production chemical in workers include decreased color workers. (cdc.gov)
• However, humans are likely automobile parts, shoes, drinking cups Styrene photodegrades in the exposure (1 year). (cdc.gov)
• 1997), and the risk of myeloma increased with increasing cumulative exposure (P = 0.023) to styrene using the step-down regression analysis and taking into account butadiene exposure and other variables. (nih.gov)
• however, this study was limited by the ecological design and poor characterization of styrene exposure, which was based only on residence in counts with varying environmental toxic releases]. (nih.gov)
• toxicity following styrene exposure. (cdc.gov)
• In-depth study: an occupational exposure assessment of styrene and noise in the fiber-reinforced plastic boat manufacturing industry at Island Packet Yachts (IPY) Largo, Florida. (cdc.gov)

Inhalation4

• A model for a physiological based description of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of styrene in rats and humans based on the work of J.C. Ramsey and M.E. Andersen [(1984). (nih.gov)
• This model presents a the phramacokinetics of styrene inhalation in rats and humans based on the 1984 paper by Ramsey and Andersen paper (reference below). (nih.gov)
• Andersen, J.C. and Ramsey, M.E., A physiologically based description of the inhalation pharmacokinetics of styrene in rats and humans, 1984 Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 73(1), 159-175. (nih.gov)
• Numerous studies have demonstrated marked differ- fects on terminal bronchioles are seen, but effects in ences in toxicity between rats and mice to styrene ex- the nasal olfactory epithelium do occur, although to posure, especially by inhalation. (cdc.gov)

Amounts of styrene2

• small amounts of styrene can be transferred to food from styrene-based packaging material. (cdc.gov)
• Small amounts of styrene are naturally oxide. (cdc.gov)

Acrylonitrile butadie2

• We find 56 products about acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plastic from 23 manufacturers & suppliers. (china.cn)
• Experimental study of bifacial photovoltaic module with waste polyvinyl chloride flex and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene road side safety sticker as an alternative reflector: optimization using response surface methodology. (bvsalud.org)

Monomer1

• T ~ 0 to -45°C. Kinetic studies of styrene polymerization using the Omnifit sampling method showed that the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymers obtained increased in direct proportion to monomer conversion and agreed well with the theoretical Mn expected from the concentration ratios of monomer to initiator. (aston.ac.uk)

Copolymers2

• Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs) hearing impairment, symptoms of copolymers such as styrene- ingestion of food. (cdc.gov)
• The immiscible blends were compatibilized using two different styrene-maleic anhydride copolymers (SMA) with a low (SMA low ) and a high (SMA high ) maleic anhydride (MA) concentration of 8 and 25 wt%, respectively. (mdpi.com)

Oxide6

• Review of styrene and styrene oxide long-term animal studies. (nih.gov)
• Styrene and styrene oxide: results of studies on carcinogenicity in experimental animals. (nih.gov)
• This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of quinoline, styrene, and styrene-7,8-oxide. (who.int)
• Styrene-7,8-oxide is primarily used to produce epoxy resins. (who.int)
• Styrene-7,8-oxide is the primary metabolite of styrene in humans. (who.int)
• Styrene and styrene-7,8-oxide are found in workplace air, particularly in the reinforced plastics industry and the rubber industry. (who.int)

20232

• In the North American region, the market sentiments of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber remained on the declining phase throughout the first quarter of 2023. (chemanalyst.com)
• In the first quarter of 2023, Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) market dynamics inclined on account of stable demand outlook from downstream (automotive and rubber industrial). (chemanalyst.com)

Concentrations3

• Hearing loss has been observed in animals exposed to very high concentrations of styrene. (cdc.gov)
• Changes in the lining of the nose and damage to the liver has also been observed in animals exposed to high concentrations of styrene, but animals may be more sensitive than humans to these effects. (cdc.gov)
• The effectiveness of the styrene controls examined in this study was evaluated by measuring styrene concentrations in personal breathing-zone and general-area samples during typical work shifts. (cdc.gov)

Vapors3

• People may be exposed to styrene through breathing indoor air that has styrene vapors from building materials, photocopiers, tobacco smoke, and other products. (nih.gov)
• Breathing indoor air that is contaminated with styrene vapors from building materials, cigarette smoke, or use of photocopy machines. (cdc.gov)
• A one-week in-depth survey was performed to assess the occupational exposures of styrene vapors, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the engineering controls currently installed for reducing styrene exposures during two distinct fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) boat manufacturing processes. (cdc.gov)

Exposures3

• Warnings will not have to be provided for a product if use-related exposures to styrene are below a "No Significant Risk Level" (NSRL). (acmanet.org)
• 1995) reported significant risks of pancreatic cancer among individuals with probable high styrene exposures (workers from plants employing 50% to 100% laminators), and among individuals exposed to styrene for greater than one year. (nih.gov)
• Results indicated that the styrene exposures for this group are equal or below 10 ppm. (cdc.gov)

Metabolites1

• Once absorbed, styrene is widely metabolites are not specific to styrene. (cdc.gov)

Butadiene rubber7

• An MRL of 5 ppm has been derived reaction time, impaired performance butadiene rubber, or formulated with and styrene products. (cdc.gov)
• The overall market trend of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) moved southwards on the back of declining demand for the product from the automotive and rubber sectors. (chemanalyst.com)
• In the North American region, the market sentiments of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber fluctuated throughout the quarter on account of the slow demand outlook. (chemanalyst.com)
• Towards the end of Q4, the prices of Styrene Butadiene Rubber were USD 2676 per MT, CFR USG (USA). (chemanalyst.com)
• In the fourth quarter of 2022, Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) market dynamics declined sharply as the demand for the product declined in China. (chemanalyst.com)
• Towards the end of the quarter, the market prices of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) were USD 1430 per MT, CFR Qingdao (China). (chemanalyst.com)
• The overall market trend of Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) moved southwards on the back of declining demand for the product from the automotive and construction industries. (chemanalyst.com)

Toxicity studies1

• Styrene: toxicity studies--what do they show? (nih.gov)

Colorless liquid1

• Styrene (C₆H₅CH=CH₂) is a colorless liquid that evaporates easily and has a sweet smell. (cdc.gov)

Quinoline2

• Quinoline and styrene are present in air pollution and in tobacco smoke. (who.int)
• Quinoline and styrene are high production volume chemicals. (who.int)

Rats2

• An overview of Genetic Toxicology Micronucleus Rats study conclusions related to Styrene-acrylonitrile trimer (SANTRIMER2). (nih.gov)
• in styrene metabolism between rats and mice. (cdc.gov)

Rubber2

• Styrene is widely used to make plastics and rubber, which are used to manufacture a variety of products, such as insulation, pipes, automobile parts, printing cartridges, food containers, and carpet backing. (nih.gov)
• Styrene is widely used to make plastics and rubber. (cdc.gov)

Pyrolysis1

• Pyrolysis of polystyrene gives styrene. (sciencemadness.org)

Polymers3

• At least 11 people have died after styrene gas leaked from the LG Polymers factory in the city of Visakhapatnam, although it is feared the death toll will rise. (buzzfeednews.com)
• Primary report is PVC gas (or Styrene) leaked from LG Polymers, Vepagunta near Gopalapatnam in Visakhapatnam at around 2:30 AM today Because of the leakage of the said compound gas hundreds of people have inhaled it and either fell unconscious or having breathing issues. (buzzfeednews.com)
• Styrene is primarily used in the production of polystyrene polymers. (who.int)

Evaporates1

• Styrene evaporates from shallow soils and surface water. (cdc.gov)

Nasal1

• Nasal olfactory epithelial damage and Styrene enters the air, water, and soil include packaging materials, liver necrosis have been observed in as a result of its manufacture and use. (cdc.gov)

Phenol5

• Phenol from styrene? (sciencemadness.org)
• Sciencemadness Discussion Board » Fundamentals » Organic Chemistry » Phenol from styrene? (sciencemadness.org)
• Subject: Phenol from styrene? (sciencemadness.org)
• Is there any way to (relatively easily) convert styrene to phenol, or should I just go the aspirin route? (sciencemadness.org)
• I doubt there's a route from styrene to phenol that doesn't involve a longer and more elusive shopping list than,"acetone, HCl, aspirin. (sciencemadness.org)

Occurs1

• Smokers are exposed to styrene because it occurs in cigarette smoke. (nih.gov)

Characterization1

• Characterization of hepatocellular resistance and susceptibility to styrene toxicity in B6C3F1 mice. (nih.gov)

Reasonably anticipated1

• The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), National Toxicology Program (NTP) listed styrene as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" in the Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition, released on June 10, 2011. (cdc.gov)

Polymerization1

• The proposed 'two species' propagation mechanism was found to apply for the styrene polymerization with 1-PEC/SnCI4 in the presence of nBu4NCl. (aston.ac.uk)

Tobacco smoke1

• Styrene is a component of tobacco smoke. (cdc.gov)

Nervous system1

• Breathing styrene is most likely to affect the nervous system. (cdc.gov)

Metabolic2

• There are several metabolic pathways styrene levels. (cdc.gov)
• Four body compartments are considered: richly perfused tissue (highly perfused), muscle (moderately perfused), fat (slowly perfused), and liver, which includes metabolic consumption of styrene. (nih.gov)

Combustion1

• Styrene is also present in combustion distributed throughout the body, with Qualitative biomarkers included products such as cigarette smoke and the highest levels detected in fat. (cdc.gov)

Products4

• Most of these products contain styrene linked together in a long chain (polystyrene) as well as unlinked styrene. (cdc.gov)
• Styrene can be found in air, water, and soil after release from the manufacture, use, and disposal of styrene-based products. (cdc.gov)
• April 22, 2016 (Arlington, Va.) - According to guidance and tools provided by the American Composites Manufacturers Association (ACMA) , many ACMA member companies may find they do not need to provide toxicity warnings for their products in compliance with California's Prop 65 regulation - which as of today lists styrene as a substance "known to the State to cause cancer. (acmanet.org)
• A secondary objective was to asses the noise levels occurring during jobs which involve the use of styrene -based products. (cdc.gov)

Colors1

• Over 200 styles, colors & sizes of USA Made Styrene Plastic Standard and Premium Shot Glasses are available. (iaspromotes.com)

Search1

• NIOSHTIC-2 search results on styrene -NIOSHTIC-2 is a searchable database of worker safety and health publications, documents, grant reports, and journal articles supported in whole or in part by NIOSH. (cdc.gov)

Breathing4

• People who work where styrene is used or manufactured are likely to be exposed by breathing workplace air. (cdc.gov)
• Breathing contaminated workplace air or skin contact with liquid styrene and resins. (cdc.gov)
• The personal breathing-zone samples for the workers in the closed-mold area resulted in a geometric mean styrene concentration of 7.04 to 7.34 parts per million (ppm). (cdc.gov)
• The personal-breathing zone samples of workers in the open-molding process ranged from a geometric mean styrene concentration of 11.6 ppm for the small parts laminators and approximately 13 ppm for the hull laminator, large part laminator, and the gelcoater. (cdc.gov)

Plastics industry1

• Styrene is rarely detected in drinking in the reinforced plastics industry. (cdc.gov)

Factory1

• NEW DELHI - Hundreds of people have been taken to hospital after a styrene gas leak at a chemical factory in southeast India. (buzzfeednews.com)

Environmental1

• Styrene has been found in at least 251 of 1,699 National Priorities List sites identified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (cdc.gov)

Workers1

• Workers may also absorb styrene through the skin. (nih.gov)