Stroke. Medical search

A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)

Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.

A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.

Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.

The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).

Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)

An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, environmental exposure, or inborn or inherited characteristic, which, on the basis of epidemiologic evidence, is known to be associated with a health-related condition considered important to prevent.

Fibrinolysin or agents that convert plasminogen to FIBRINOLYSIN.

A general term referring to a mild to moderate degree of muscular weakness, occasionally used as a synonym for PARALYSIS (severe or complete loss of motor function). In the older literature, paresis often referred specifically to paretic neurosyphilis (see NEUROSYPHILIS). "General paresis" and "general paralysis" may still carry that connotation. Bilateral lower extremity paresis is referred to as PARAPARESIS.

Observation of a population for a sufficient number of persons over a sufficient number of years to generate incidence or mortality rates subsequent to the selection of the study group.

Stroke caused by lacunar infarction or other small vessel diseases of the brain. It features hemiparesis (see PARESIS), hemisensory, or hemisensory motor loss.

The amount of BLOOD pumped out of the HEART per beat, not to be confused with cardiac output (volume/time). It is calculated as the difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume.

Disease having a short and relatively severe course.

A proteolytic enzyme in the serine protease family found in many tissues which converts PLASMINOGEN to FIBRINOLYSIN. It has fibrin-binding activity and is immunologically different from UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR. The primary sequence, composed of 527 amino acids, is identical in both the naturally occurring and synthetic proteases.

Evaluation undertaken to assess the results or consequences of management and procedures used in combating disease in order to determine the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of these interventions in individual cases or series.

A partial or complete return to the normal or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part following disease or trauma.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.

NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.

Studies in which individuals or populations are followed to assess the outcome of exposures, procedures, or effects of a characteristic, e.g., occurrence of disease.

Use of infusions of FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS to destroy or dissolve thrombi in blood vessels or bypass grafts.

Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.

The number of new cases of a given disease during a given period in a specified population. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. It is differentiated from PREVALENCE, which refers to all cases, new or old, in the population at a given time.

Studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified. These groups may or may not be exposed to factors hypothesized to influence the probability of the occurrence of a particular disease or other outcome. Cohorts are defined populations which, as a whole, are followed in an attempt to determine distinguishing subgroup characteristics.

A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.

Blocking of a blood vessel in the SKULL by an EMBOLUS which can be a blood clot (THROMBUS) or other undissolved material in the blood stream. Most emboli are of cardiac origin and are associated with HEART DISEASES. Other non-cardiac sources of emboli are usually associated with VASCULAR DISEASES.

Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.

Levels within a diagnostic group which are established by various measurement criteria applied to the seriousness of a patient's disorder.

Tomography using x-ray transmission and a computer algorithm to reconstruct the image.

Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.

In screening and diagnostic tests, the probability that a person with a positive test is a true positive (i.e., has the disease), is referred to as the predictive value of a positive test; whereas, the predictive value of a negative test is the probability that the person with a negative test does not have the disease. Predictive value is related to the sensitivity and specificity of the test.

The return of a sign, symptom, or disease after a remission.

Non-invasive method of demonstrating internal anatomy based on the principle that atomic nuclei in a strong magnetic field absorb pulses of radiofrequency energy and emit them as radiowaves which can be reconstructed into computerized images. The concept includes proton spin tomographic techniques.

Agents that prevent clotting.

Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)

The part of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that is contained within the skull (CRANIUM). Arising from the NEURAL TUBE, the embryonic brain is comprised of three major parts including PROSENCEPHALON (the forebrain); MESENCEPHALON (the midbrain); and RHOMBENCEPHALON (the hindbrain). The developed brain consists of CEREBRUM; CEREBELLUM; and other structures in the BRAIN STEM.

Those areas of the hospital organization not considered departments which provide specialized patient care. They include various hospital special care wards.

The systems and processes involved in the establishment, support, management, and operation of registers, e.g., disease registers.

Studies used to test etiologic hypotheses in which inferences about an exposure to putative causal factors are derived from data relating to characteristics of persons under study or to events or experiences in their past. The essential feature is that some of the persons under study have the disease or outcome of interest and their characteristics are compared with those of unaffected persons.

Age as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or the effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from AGING, a physiological process, and TIME FACTORS which refers only to the passage of time.

The excision of the thickened, atheromatous tunica intima of a carotid artery.

Formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) in a blood vessel within the SKULL. Intracranial thrombosis can lead to thrombotic occlusions and BRAIN INFARCTION. The majority of the thrombotic occlusions are associated with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.

The presence of co-existing or additional diseases with reference to an initial diagnosis or with reference to the index condition that is the subject of study. Comorbidity may affect the ability of affected individuals to function and also their survival; it may be used as a prognostic indicator for length of hospital stay, cost factors, and outcome or survival.

The probability that an event will occur. It encompasses a variety of measures of the probability of a generally unfavorable outcome.

Component of the NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH. It supports and conducts research, both basic and clinical, on the normal and diseases nervous system. It was established in 1950.

The qualitative or quantitative estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences. (Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 1988)

Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.

The circulation of blood through the BLOOD VESSELS of the BRAIN.

Embolism or thrombosis involving blood vessels which supply intracranial structures. Emboli may originate from extracranial or intracranial sources. Thrombosis may occur in arterial or venous structures.

An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.

A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.

Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.

A medical specialty concerned with the study of the structures, functions, and diseases of the nervous system.

Determination of the degree of a physical, mental, or emotional handicap. The diagnosis is applied to legal qualification for benefits and income under disability insurance and to eligibility for Social Security and workmen's compensation benefits.

The performance of the basic activities of self care, such as dressing, ambulation, or eating.

Assessment of sensory and motor responses and reflexes that is used to determine impairment of the nervous system.

Radiography of the vascular system of the brain after injection of a contrast medium.

Services specifically designed, staffed, and equipped for the emergency care of patients.

Non-invasive method of vascular imaging and determination of internal anatomy without injection of contrast media or radiation exposure. The technique is used especially in CEREBRAL ANGIOGRAPHY as well as for studies of other vascular structures.

A prediction of the probable outcome of a disease based on a individual's condition and the usual course of the disease as seen in similar situations.

Drugs or agents which antagonize or impair any mechanism leading to blood platelet aggregation, whether during the phases of activation and shape change or following the dense-granule release reaction and stimulation of the prostaglandin-thromboxane system.

The ratio of two odds. The exposure-odds ratio for case control data is the ratio of the odds in favor of exposure among cases to the odds in favor of exposure among noncases. The disease-odds ratio for a cohort or cross section is the ratio of the odds in favor of disease among the exposed to the odds in favor of disease among the unexposed. The prevalence-odds ratio refers to an odds ratio derived cross-sectionally from studies of prevalent cases.

Maleness or femaleness as a constituent element or influence contributing to the production of a result. It may be applicable to the cause or effect of a circumstance. It is used with human or animal concepts but should be differentiated from SEX CHARACTERISTICS, anatomical or physiological manifestations of sex, and from SEX DISTRIBUTION, the number of males and females in given circumstances.

The region of the upper limb in animals, extending from the deltoid region to the HAND, and including the ARM; AXILLA; and SHOULDER.

The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)

Drugs intended to prevent damage to the brain or spinal cord from ischemia, stroke, convulsions, or trauma. Some must be administered before the event, but others may be effective for some time after. They act by a variety of mechanisms, but often directly or indirectly minimize the damage produced by endogenous excitatory amino acids.

Statistical models used in survival analysis that assert that the effect of the study factors on the hazard rate in the study population is multiplicative and does not change over time.

A set of techniques used when variation in several variables has to be studied simultaneously. In statistics, multivariate analysis is interpreted as any analytic method that allows simultaneous study of two or more dependent variables.

Studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control (comparison, referent) group without the disease. The relationship of an attribute to the disease is examined by comparing diseased and non-diseased persons with regard to the frequency or levels of the attribute in each group.

PRESSURE of the BLOOD on the ARTERIES and other BLOOD VESSELS.

Research aimed at assessing the quality and effectiveness of health care as measured by the attainment of a specified end result or outcome. Measures include parameters such as improved health, lowered morbidity or mortality, and improvement of abnormal states (such as elevated blood pressure).

The arterial blood vessels supplying the CEREBRUM.

Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.

A diagnostic technique that incorporates the measurement of molecular diffusion (such as water or metabolites) for tissue assessment by MRI. The degree of molecular movement can be measured by changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with time, as reflected by tissue microstructure. Diffusion MRI has been used to study BRAIN ISCHEMIA and tumor response to treatment.

Restoration of blood supply to tissue which is ischemic due to decrease in normal blood supply. The decrease may result from any source including atherosclerotic obstruction, narrowing of the artery, or surgical clamping. It is primarily a procedure for treating infarction or other ischemia, by enabling viable ischemic tissue to recover, thus limiting further necrosis. However, it is thought that reperfusion can itself further damage the ischemic tissue, causing REPERFUSION INJURY.

Statistical models which describe the relationship between a qualitative dependent variable (that is, one which can take only certain discrete values, such as the presence or absence of a disease) and an independent variable. A common application is in epidemiology for estimating an individual's risk (probability of a disease) as a function of a given risk factor.

A non-invasive technique using ultrasound for the measurement of cerebrovascular hemodynamics, particularly cerebral blood flow velocity and cerebral collateral flow. With a high-intensity, low-frequency pulse probe, the intracranial arteries may be studied transtemporally, transorbitally, or from below the foramen magnum.

Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.

Works about clinical trials that involve at least one test treatment and one control treatment, concurrent enrollment and follow-up of the test- and control-treated groups, and in which the treatments to be administered are selected by a random process, such as the use of a random-numbers table.

Pathological conditions involving ARTERIES in the skull, such as arteries supplying the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, the BRAIN STEM, and associated structures. They include atherosclerotic, congenital, traumatic, infectious, inflammatory, and other pathological processes.

The prevention of recurrences or exacerbations of a disease or complications of its therapy.

Procedures for finding the mathematical function which best describes the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables. In linear regression (see LINEAR MODELS) the relationship is constrained to be a straight line and LEAST-SQUARES ANALYSIS is used to determine the best fit. In logistic regression (see LOGISTIC MODELS) the dependent variable is qualitative rather than continuously variable and LIKELIHOOD FUNCTIONS are used to find the best relationship. In multiple regression, the dependent variable is considered to depend on more than a single independent variable.

The largest of the cerebral arteries. It trifurcates into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches supplying blood to most of the parenchyma of these lobes in the CEREBRAL CORTEX. These are the areas involved in motor, sensory, and speech activities.

The statistical reproducibility of measurements (often in a clinical context), including the testing of instrumentation or techniques to obtain reproducible results. The concept includes reproducibility of physiological measurements, which may be used to develop rules to assess probability or prognosis, or response to a stimulus; reproducibility of occurrence of a condition; and reproducibility of experimental results.

NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).

The number of males and females in a given population. The distribution may refer to how many men or women or what proportion of either in the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.

The superior part of the upper extremity between the SHOULDER and the ELBOW.

The confinement of a patient in a hospital.

The frequency of different ages or age groups in a given population. The distribution may refer to either how many or what proportion of the group. The population is usually patients with a specific disease but the concept is not restricted to humans and is not restricted to medicine.

The total number of cases of a given disease in a specified population at a designated time. It is differentiated from INCIDENCE, which refers to the number of new cases in the population at a given time.

Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.

Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.

Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.

Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Africa.

Individuals whose ancestral origins are in the continent of Europe.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Behavioral manifestations of cerebral dominance in which there is preferential use and superior functioning of either the left or the right side, as in the preferred use of the right hand or right foot.

Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.

Therapeutic modalities frequently used in PHYSICAL THERAPY SPECIALTY by PHYSICAL THERAPISTS or physiotherapists to promote, maintain, or restore the physical and physiological well-being of an individual.

Performance of complex motor acts.

Localized or diffuse reduction in blood flow through the vertebrobasilar arterial system, which supplies the BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM; OCCIPITAL LOBE; medial TEMPORAL LOBE; and THALAMUS. Characteristic clinical features include SYNCOPE; lightheadedness; visual disturbances; and VERTIGO. BRAIN STEM INFARCTIONS or other BRAIN INFARCTION may be associated.

Branch of the common carotid artery which supplies the anterior part of the brain, the eye and its appendages, the forehead and nose.

Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.

Conditions or pathological processes associated with the disease of diabetes mellitus. Due to the impaired control of BLOOD GLUCOSE level in diabetic patients, pathological processes develop in numerous tissues and organs including the EYE, the KIDNEY, the BLOOD VESSELS, and the NERVE TISSUE.

A condition in which the FORAMEN OVALE in the ATRIAL SEPTUM fails to close shortly after birth. This results in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. An isolated patent ovale foramen without other structural heart defects is usually of no hemodynamic significance.

The administrative process of discharging the patient, alive or dead, from hospitals or other health facilities.

Studies in which variables relating to an individual or group of individuals are assessed over a period of time.

Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.

The application of electronic, computerized control systems to mechanical devices designed to perform human functions. Formerly restricted to industry, but nowadays applied to artificial organs controlled by bionic (bioelectronic) devices, like automated insulin pumps and other prostheses.

The geographic area of the southeastern region of the United States in general or when the specific state or states are not included. The states usually included in this region are Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, West Virginia, and Virginia.

Gait abnormalities that are a manifestation of nervous system dysfunction. These conditions may be caused by a wide variety of disorders which affect motor control, sensory feedback, and muscle strength including: CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; or MUSCULAR DISEASES.

Either of the two principal arteries on both sides of the neck that supply blood to the head and neck; each divides into two branches, the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery.

Microsurgical revascularization to improve intracranial circulation. It usually involves joining the extracranial circulation to the intracranial circulation but may include extracranial revascularization (e.g., subclavian-vertebral artery bypass, subclavian-external carotid artery bypass). It is performed by joining two arteries (direct anastomosis or use of graft) or by free autologous transplantation of highly vascularized tissue to the surface of the brain.

The volume of BLOOD passing through the HEART per unit of time. It is usually expressed as liters (volume) per minute so as not to be confused with STROKE VOLUME (volume per beat).

Skilled treatment that helps individuals achieve independence in all facets of their lives. It assists in the development of skills needed for independent living.

A method in which either the observer(s) or the subject(s) is kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned.

Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.

Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.

Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.

Measurable and quantifiable biological parameters (e.g., specific enzyme concentration, specific hormone concentration, specific gene phenotype distribution in a population, presence of biological substances) which serve as indices for health- and physiology-related assessments, such as disease risk, psychiatric disorders, environmental exposure and its effects, disease diagnosis, metabolic processes, substance abuse, pregnancy, cell line development, epidemiologic studies, etc.

The proportion of survivors in a group, e.g., of patients, studied and followed over a period, or the proportion of persons in a specified group alive at the beginning of a time interval who survive to the end of the interval. It is often studied using life table methods.

A method of studying a drug or procedure in which both the subjects and investigators are kept unaware of who is actually getting which specific treatment.

Small-scale tests of methods and procedures to be used on a larger scale if the pilot study demonstrates that these methods and procedures can work.

NECROSIS occurring in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY system, including branches such as Heubner's artery. These arteries supply blood to the medial and superior parts of the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE, Infarction in the anterior cerebral artery usually results in sensory and motor impairment in the lower body.

The relating of causes to the effects they produce. Causes are termed necessary when they must always precede an effect and sufficient when they initiate or produce an effect. Any of several factors may be associated with the potential disease causation or outcome, including predisposing factors, enabling factors, precipitating factors, reinforcing factors, and risk factors.

The period of confinement of a patient to a hospital or other health facility.

Facilities which provide programs for rehabilitating the mentally or physically disabled individuals.

NECROSIS induced by ISCHEMIA in the POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which supplies portions of the BRAIN STEM; the THALAMUS; TEMPORAL LOBE, and OCCIPITAL LOBE. Depending on the size and location of infarction, clinical features include OLFACTION DISORDERS and visual problems (AGNOSIA; ALEXIA; HEMIANOPSIA).

Drugs used in the treatment of acute or chronic vascular HYPERTENSION regardless of pharmacological mechanism. Among the antihypertensive agents are DIURETICS; (especially DIURETICS, THIAZIDE); ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-ANTAGONISTS; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKERS; GANGLIONIC BLOCKERS; and VASODILATOR AGENTS.

A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.

A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.

Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)

The dimension of the physical universe which, at a given place, orders the sequence of events. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 6th ed)

An operating division of the US Department of Health and Human Services. It is concerned with the overall planning, promoting, and administering of programs pertaining to health and medical research. Until 1995, it was an agency of the United States PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE.

Works about pre-planned studies of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule (if appropriate) of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic drugs, devices, or techniques selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for predefined evidence of favorable and unfavorable effects. This concept includes clinical trials conducted both in the U.S. and in other countries.

The movement and the forces involved in the movement of the blood through the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM.

The physical activity of a human or an animal as a behavioral phenomenon.

Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.

Criteria and standards used for the determination of the appropriateness of the inclusion of patients with specific conditions in proposed treatment plans and the criteria used for the inclusion of subjects in various clinical trials and other research protocols.

Predetermined sets of questions used to collect data - clinical data, social status, occupational group, etc. The term is often applied to a self-completed survey instrument.

The act, process, or result of passing from one place or position to another. It differs from LOCOMOTION in that locomotion is restricted to the passing of the whole body from one place to another, while movement encompasses both locomotion but also a change of the position of the whole body or any of its parts. Movement may be used with reference to humans, vertebrate and invertebrate animals, and microorganisms. Differentiate also from MOTOR ACTIVITY, movement associated with behavior.

Statistical interpretation and description of a population with reference to distribution, composition, or structure.

Persons who have experienced a prolonged survival after serious disease or who continue to live with a usually life-threatening condition as well as family members, significant others, or individuals surviving traumatic life events.

Ultrasonic recording of the size, motion, and composition of the heart and surrounding tissues using a transducer placed in the esophagus.

A class of statistical procedures for estimating the survival function (function of time, starting with a population 100% well at a given time and providing the percentage of the population still well at later times). The survival analysis is then used for making inferences about the effects of treatments, prognostic factors, exposures, and other covariates on the function.

A statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contributions of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.

An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.

Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)

Manner or style of walking.

Studies to determine the advantages or disadvantages, practicability, or capability of accomplishing a projected plan, study, or project.

Devices that provide support for tubular structures that are being anastomosed or for body cavities during skin grafting.

Inhaling and exhaling the smoke of burning TOBACCO.

A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a "free interval") followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)

Surgical removal of an obstructing clot or foreign material from a blood vessel at the point of its formation. Removal of a clot arising from a distant site is called EMBOLECTOMY.

Works about controlled studies which are planned and carried out by several cooperating institutions to assess certain variables and outcomes in specific patient populations, for example, a multicenter study of congenital anomalies in children.

Cognitive disorders characterized by an impaired ability to perceive the nature of objects or concepts through use of the sense organs. These include spatial neglect syndromes, where an individual does not attend to visual, auditory, or sensory stimuli presented from one side of the body.

Injections made into a vein for therapeutic or experimental purposes.

Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care. (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed)

Reconstruction or repair of a blood vessel, which includes the widening of a pathological narrowing of an artery or vein by the removal of atheromatous plaque material and/or the endothelial lining as well, or by dilatation (BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY) to compress an ATHEROMA. Except for ENDARTERECTOMY, usually these procedures are performed via catheterization as minimally invasive ENDOVASCULAR PROCEDURES.

Rooms occupied by one or more individuals during a stay in a health facility. The concept includes aspects of environment, design, care, or economics.

Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.

Institutions with permanent facilities and organized medical staff which provide the full range of hospital services primarily to a neighborhood area.

Disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.

A regimen or plan of physical activities designed and prescribed for specific therapeutic goals. Its purpose is to restore normal musculoskeletal function or to reduce pain caused by diseases or injuries.

Infarctions that occur in the BRAIN STEM which is comprised of the MIDBRAIN; PONS; and MEDULLA OBLONGATA. There are several named syndromes characterized by their distinctive clinical manifestations and specific sites of ischemic injury.

Conveying ill or injured individuals from one place to another.

A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.

The failure by the observer to measure or identify a phenomenon accurately, which results in an error. Sources for this may be due to the observer's missing an abnormality, or to faulty technique resulting in incorrect test measurement, or to misinterpretation of the data. Two varieties are inter-observer variation (the amount observers vary from one another when reporting on the same material) and intra-observer variation (the amount one observer varies between observations when reporting more than once on the same material).

The distal part of the arm beyond the wrist in humans and primates, that includes the palm, fingers, and thumb.

Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.

Delivery of drugs into an artery.

Area of the FRONTAL LOBE concerned with primary motor control located in the dorsal PRECENTRAL GYRUS immediately anterior to the central sulcus. It is comprised of three areas: the primary motor cortex located on the anterior paracentral lobule on the medial surface of the brain; the premotor cortex located anterior to the primary motor cortex; and the supplementary motor area located on the midline surface of the hemisphere anterior to the primary motor cortex.

Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the ATRIAL SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two upper chambers of the heart. Classification of atrial septal defects is based on location of the communication and types of incomplete fusion of atrial septa with the ENDOCARDIAL CUSHIONS in the fetal heart. They include ostium primum, ostium secundum, sinus venosus, and coronary sinus defects.

Specialized non-fenestrated tightly-joined ENDOTHELIAL CELLS with TIGHT JUNCTIONS that form a transport barrier for certain substances between the cerebral capillaries and the BRAIN tissue.

Community education for stroke awareness: An efficacy study. (1/13678)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study examined the effectiveness of a slide/audio community education program aimed at increasing knowledge of stroke risk factors, stroke warning signs, and action needed when stroke warning signs occur. The program targets audiences at higher risk for stroke, especially individuals who are black or >50 years of age. METHODS: Subjects were 657 adults living in the community or in senior independent-living settings. The study examined the effectiveness of the program when presented alone and when accompanied by discussion (facilitation) led by a trained individual. Knowledge of stroke risk factors and warning signs was assessed using parallel pretests and posttests developed and validated specifically for the study. RESULTS: ANCOVA indicated that neither pretesting nor facilitation had a significant effect on posttest measures of knowledge. Paired t tests of groups receiving both the pretest and posttest demonstrated significant increase in knowledge (mean increase, 10.87%; P<0.001). ANCOVA indicated that these gains in knowledge were similar across subjects of different sex, race, age, and educational level. No significant differences could be ascribed to facilitation. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that the slide/audio program is effective in increasing knowledge of stroke risk factors, warning signs, and necessary action in subjects of varying ages, races, and education. Pretesting and facilitation did not significantly affect the short-term acquisition of information. The slide/audio program appears to offer a short, easily used educational experience for diverse communities, whether as a stand-alone program or with facilitated discussion. (+info)

Renal insufficiency and altered postoperative risk in carotid endarterectomy. (2/13678)

PURPOSE: Higher complication rates have been reported in patients with renal insufficiency (RI) undergoing peripheral vascular surgery. Little attention has been paid specifically to carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in patients with RI where the risk/benefit considerations are very sensitive to small increases in postoperative complications. METHODS: One thousand one consecutive CEAs performed since 1990 were reviewed from our vascular registry, and 73 CEAs on patients with RI were identified. For comparison, two groups were established: group I (n = 928), normal renal function (creatinine level, <1.5 mg/dL); and group II (n = 73), RI (creatinine level, >/=1.5 mg/dL). RESULTS: Differences in the nonfatal stroke rates and combined stroke and death rates were statistically significant (P <.02) between the groups: group I (1. 08% and 1.18%) and group II (5.56% and 6.94%) respectively. Both groups were similar in regard to operative indications. In addition with the comparison of group I to group II, there was a statistically significant increase in hematoma rate, 1.61% versus 12. 5% ( P <.001), total cardiac morbidity, 1.72% versus 6.94% (P =.003), and total complications, 6.24% versus 36.1% (P =.001). Multivariate analysis demonstrated pre-existing RI to be the only significant predictor for perioperative stroke and hematoma. CONCLUSION: Patients with preoperative RI are at a higher, but not prohibitive, risk for stroke and death after CEA than patients with normal renal function. They are also at risk for hematoma formation, cardiac morbidity, and overall complications. Care in selection of these patients for CEA must be emphasized. (+info)

An application of upper-extremity constraint-induced movement therapy in a patient with subacute stroke. (3/13678)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this case report is to demonstrate the application of constraint-induced movement therapy with an individual with upper-extremity hemiparesis within 4 months after sustaining a cerebrovascular accident (stroke). Such patients often fail to develop full potential use of their affected upper extremity, perhaps due to a "learned nonuse phenomenon." CASE DESCRIPTION: The patient was a 61-year-old woman with right-sided hemiparesis resulting from an ischemic lacunar infarct in the posterior limb of the left internal capsule. The patient's less-involved hand was constrained in a mitten so that she could not use the hand during waking hours, except for bathing and toileting. On each weekday of the 14-day intervention period, the patient spent 6 hours being supervised while performing tasks using the paretic upper extremity. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up outcome measures included the Wolf Motor Function Test and the Motor Activity Log (MAL). OUTCOMES: For the Wolf Motor Function Test, both the mean and median times to complete 16 tasks improved from pretreatment to posttreatment and from posttreatment to follow-up. Results of the MAL indicated an improved self-report of both "how well" and "how much" the patient used her affected limb in 30 specified daily tasks. These improvements persisted to the follow-up. DISCUSSION: Two weeks of constraining the unaffected limb, coupled with practice of functional movements of the impaired limb, may be an effective method for restoring motor function within a few months after cerebral insult. Encouraging improvements such as these strongly suggest the need for a group design that would explore this type of intervention in more detail. (+info)

Night time versus daytime transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: a prospective study of 110 patients. (4/13678)

OBJECTIVE: Ischaemic stroke occurs only in 20%-40% of patients at night. The aim of the study was to compare sleep and stroke characteristics of patients with and without night time onset of acute ischaemic cerebrovascular events. METHODS: A consecutive series of 110 patients with transient ischaemic attack (n=45) or acute ischaemic stroke (n=65) was studied prospectively by means of a standard protocol which included assessment of time of onset of symptoms, sleep, and stroke characteristics. An overnight polysomnography was performed after the onset of transient ischaemic attack/stroke in 71 patients. Stroke and sleep characteristics of patients with and without cerebrovascular events occurring at night (between midnight and 0600) were compared. RESULTS: A night time onset of transient ischaemic attack or stroke was reported by 23 (21%) of 110 patients. Patients with daytime and night time events were similar in demographics; risk factors; associated vascular diseases; clinical and polysomnographic sleep characteristics (including severity of sleep apnoea); and stroke severity, aetiology, and outcome. Only the diastolic blood pressure at admission was significantly lower in patients with night time events (74 v 82 mm Hg, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with night time and daytime transient ischaemic attack/stroke are similar in sleep and stroke characteristics. Diastolic hypotension may predispose to night time cerebrovascular events. Factors not assessed in this study probably account for the circadian variation in the frequency of transient ischaemic attack and acute ischaemic stroke. (+info)

Lesion volume, lesion location, and outcome after middle cerebral artery territory stroke. (5/13678)

AIM: To investigate the relation between lesion volume, lesion location, and clinical outcome in children with infarction in the territory of the middle cerebral artery (MCA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Children with MCA territory infarcts were selected retrospectively from a database of children with ischaemic stroke. Lesion volumes were expressed as a percentage of the supratentorial intracranial volume and were categorised as "small", "moderate", or "large". Lesion location was categorised as cortical or purely subcortical. Outcome was ascertained by parental questionnaire and was categorised as "good" or "poor". RESULTS: 38 patients were identified (median age 6 years); 21 patients had lesions that involved cortical tissue. Outcome was good in 12 cases and poor in 26 cases (including 2 children who died). Although there was no significant effect of lesion size or lesion location on outcome for the group as a whole, all children who had infarcted more than 10% of intracranial volume had a poor outcome. Of note, some children with small subcortical lesions had pronounced residual deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Although the outcome after a small infarct in the MCA territory is variable and unpredictable, infarction of more than 10% of intracranial volume is universally associated with a poor outcome. Characterisation of lesion volume and topography might be helpful in identification of such children for participation in future trials of treatments for acute stroke. (+info)

Analysis of the relationship between the utilization of physical therapy services and outcomes for patients with acute stroke. (6/13678)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Little research has been conducted on the outcomes of care for people who have had a stroke. In this study, the relationship between physical therapy utilization and outcomes of care for patients with acute stroke was examined. SUBJECTS: The sample consisted of 6,342 patients treated in US academic health center hospitals in 1996 who survived their inpatient stay and received physical therapy. METHODS: The primary data source was the University HealthSystem Consortium Clinical Data Base. Physical therapy use was assessed by examining physical therapy charges. Outcomes of care were assessed in terms of the total cost of care (ie, whether the cost of care was more costly or less costly than expected, taking into account patient characteristics) and in terms of discharge destination (ie, whether the patient was discharged home or elsewhere). Regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between physical therapy use and outcomes. RESULTS: Physical therapy use was directly related to a total cost of care that was less than expected and to an increased probability of discharge home. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The results of this study provide preliminary evidence to support the use of physical therapy in the acute care of patients with strokes and indicate the need for further study of this topic. (+info)

Speed-dependent reductions of force output in people with poststroke hemiparesis. (7/13678)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Movement is slow in people with poststroke hemiparesis. Moving at faster speeds is thought by some researchers to exacerbate abnormal or unwanted muscle activity. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of increased speed on motor performance during pedaling exercise in people with poststroke hemiparesis. SUBJECTS: Twelve elderly subjects with no known neurological impairment and 15 subjects with poststroke hemiparesis of greater than 6 months' duration were tested. METHODS: Subjects pedaled at 12 randomly ordered workload and cadence combinations (45-, 90-, 135-, and 180-J workloads at 25, 40, and 55 rpm). Pedal reaction forces were used to calculate work done by each lower extremity. Electromyographic activity was recorded from 7 lower-extremity muscles. RESULTS: The main finding was that net mechanical work done by the paretic lower extremity decreased as speed increased in all subjects. The occurrence of inappropriate muscle activity on the paretic side, however, was not exacerbated in that the vastus medialis muscle on the paretic side did not show a consistent further increase in its prolonged activity at higher speeds. The mechanics of faster pedaling resulted in greater net negative mechanical work because, at higher pedaling rates, the prolonged vastus medialis muscle activity is present during a greater portion of the cycle. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The lessened force output by the paretic limb is mainly the result of the inherent mechanical demands of higher-speed pedaling and not due to exacerbation of impaired neural control. (+info)

Restoration of shoulder movement in quadriplegic and hemiplegic patients by functional electrical stimulation using percutaneous multiple electrodes. (8/13678)

The purpose of this study is to restore the motion of the paralyzed shoulder caused by upper motor neuron disorders using functional electrical stimulation (FES). Percutaneous wire electrodes were implanted into twelve muscles of the shoulder in six patients with stroke or cervical spinal cord injury. The motion of the paralyzed shoulder was controlled by a portable FES computer system, with the three standard stimulation patterns for restoring motion of 90 degrees flexion to 90 degrees horizontal abduction, 90 degrees flexion to 20 degrees horizontal adduction, and 90 degrees abduction to 90 degrees horizontal adduction. Shoulder movements were repeatedly controlled according to the created stimulation patterns in five of the patients. The two dimensional motion analyzer also confirmed shoulder control over a satisfactorily broad range of excursion. One hemiplegic patient, who was a signboard painter, had his paretic left upper extremity improved by FES, and he drew a large picture on a board with his normal right hand and, with his affected left arm against the wall, to support his trunk. This may be a world first case of producing shoulder motion through FES. (+info)

... also called a mini-stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke may also be associated with a severe headache. The symptoms of a stroke can be ... of all ischemic strokes. There are various classification systems for acute ischemic stroke. The Oxford Community Stroke ... and the Stroke Association, the American Stroke Association, the National Stroke Association (US), the Los Angeles Prehospital ... A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke

Multiple notes in one bow stroke are indicated by the use of slurs. A down-bow is a type of stroke used when bowing a musical ... An up-bow is a type of stroke used when bowing a musical instrument, most often a string instrument. The player draws the bow ... On a bowed string instrument, a bow stroke is the movement of the bow back and forth perpendicularly across the string, from ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_stroke

... or cipher stroke was an alleged mental disorder, reportedly diagnosed by physicians in Germany during the ... This, according to some German physicians, brought on a new nervous disease known as "zero stroke," or "cipher stroke," which ... Zero stroke has been described in slightly different terms by various authors. One Time article that reported on the condition ... The zero stroke disorder was supposedly caused by the dizzying speed of hyperinflation and the calculations required to conduct ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_stroke

"The Stroke" is a song written and recorded by American rock artist Billy Squier. It was released in 1981 as the debut single ... "Billy Squier - The Stroke" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved August 13, 2014. "Top RPM Singles: Issue 0363." RPM. ... "Billy Squier - The Stroke". Top 40 Singles. Retrieved August 13, 2014. "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts ... The Stroke'. Elliott, Paul (May 30, 2016). "The Top 20 Greatest Funk Rock Songs". TeamRock. Archived from the original on June ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stroke

... is a disease where an infant has a stroke between the 140th day of the gestation period and the 28th ... Presumed perinatal stroke is a condition when the stroke is only diagnosed after the neonatal period and does not have any ... Doctors can use diagnostic tests to determine if an infant is having a stroke. After a clinical presentation of a stroke, the ... Perinatal stroke's severity determines its prognosis. 61% of infants who experienced a perinatal stroke are also diagnosed with ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinatal_stroke

Composite stroke is drill stroke within one basic stroke, ins (for example, Front crawl flutter/scissor Dolphin/Dolphin flutter ... Head-high crawl (also known as the water polo stroke, lifeguard approach stroke, or Tarzan drill): This stroke is used for ... breaststroke and butterfly stroke) and two alternating strokes (front crawl and backstroke). Most strokes involve rhythmic and ... This stroke can be used in reverse to propel the body feet first. Human stroke: Similar to the dog paddle, but the arms reach ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_stroke

... may refer to: In motoring: Power stroke (engine), the stroke of a cyclic motor which generates force Power Stroke ... a family of Ford diesel engines Other: Power stroke (baseball), a batter who hits for extra bases Power stroke (biology), the ... molecular interactions of muscle contraction Power stroke (swimming), a propulsion kick Power Stroke Diesel 200, a NASCAR race ... This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Power stroke. If an internal link led you here, you may wish ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stroke

... at IMDb v t e v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, Use dmy dates ... Master Stroke (Italian: Colpo maestro al servizio di Sua Maestà britannica) is a 1967 Italian crime film directed by Michele ... Master Stroke". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on 22 February ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Stroke

A Wärtsilä two-stroke marine diesel engine has a bore and stroke of 960 mm × 2,500 mm (37.8 in × 98.4 in), (bore/stroke ratio ... This engine has a bore and stroke of 71 mm × 84 mm (2.8 in × 3.3 in) stroke giving it a bore/stroke ratio of 0.845:1. Some rear ... In a reciprocating piston engine, the stroke ratio, defined by either bore/stroke ratio or stroke/bore ratio, is a term to ... stroke (bore/stroke ratio = 0.819:1). The Ford 5.4L Modular Engine features a bore and stroke of 90.1 mm × 105.8 mm (3.55 in × ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_ratio

Perinatal Stroke-Classification Unique Approach to Neonatal Stroke Treatment (Neonatology, Stroke). ... Neonatal stroke, similar to a stroke which occurs in adults, is defined as a disturbance to the blood supply of the developing ... Neonatal strokes may lead to cerebral palsy, learning difficulties, or other disabilities. A neonatal stroke occurs in ... Stroke, 40, 1948-1949. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.550152. Sehgal, A. (2011). Perinatal Stroke: a case-based review. European ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_stroke

In typography (specifically Typeface anatomy), a stroke can end in a number of ways. Examples include: The serif, including: ... The regular serif The bracketed serif The half-serif The terminal, which is any stroke that does not end in a serif The finial ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_ending

See Internet Stroke Center. "Oxford Stroke Scale". Archived from the original on 2008-10-25. Retrieved 2008-11-14. Bamford, J.M ... Watershed strokes are a concern because they comprise approximately 10% of all ischemic stroke cases. The watershed zones ... Stroke presentations which are particularly suggestive of a watershed stroke include bilateral visual loss, stupor, and ... It is unclear whether they are a cause or an effect of a watershed stroke. With watershed strokes, platelet aggregates block ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed_stroke

The shuffle's upbeat stroke was played and recorded on the guitar as early as 1950 by U.S. guitar player Robert Kelton with ... "Reggae is most easily recognized by...the skank." Ska strokes serve as a rhythmic base to a song, and may be doubled by the ... Skank at different harmonic rhythms The ska stroke up or ska upstroke, skank or bang, is a guitar strumming technique that is ... Play (help·info) Ska strokes create a bouncing rhythm, going up then down in pitch. Played in 4 4 time (𝄆1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 𝄇), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska_stroke

In stroke play scoring, players record the number of strokes taken at each hole and total them up at the end of a given round, ... Stroke play, also known as medal play, is a scoring system in the sport of golf in which the total number of strokes is counted ... In stroke play, the winner is the player who has taken the fewest strokes over the course of the round, or rounds. Although ... "Rule 3. Stroke Play". USGA. Retrieved 2009-07-21. Ballengee, Ryan (August 4, 2019). "Jordan Spieth is a victim of the final MDF ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_play

Tran, D.S. (2017). NEWFAST: A New Stroke Identification Tool. [Poster]. AANN Stroke conference. Chicago, IL "Stroke Symptoms: ... of ischemic strokes, however adding coordination and diplopia assessment did not improve stroke detection in the prehospital ... and hemorrhagic strokes. It gives more definition to testing dizziness and balance, hallmark signs of posterior strokes. ... FAST is an acronym used as a mnemonic to help detect and enhance responsiveness to the needs of a person having a stroke. The ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAST_(stroke)

In engineering and computer science, there is a tendency to use the term stroke for a single connected component of ink (in Off ... However, in this definition, a complete word written as connected cursive script should also be called a stroke. This is in ... In the research field of handwriting motor control, the term ballistic stroke is used. It is defined as the trajectory segment ... In handwriting research, the concept of stroke is used in various ways. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_stroke

... (Old Norse: klámhogg) is the act of cutting off or stabbing a man's buttocks. The injury symbolically represents ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shame-stroke

A stroke or brain stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death. Stroke or stroking ... Stroke (CJK character), part of a Chinese character Stroke, a trace of ink in handwriting Stroke, a line that makes up part or ... "The Stroke", a 1981 song by Billy Squier The Strokes, a rock band "Stroke", a 2019 song by Banks from III "Strokin'", a 1986 ... or stroke Slash (punctuation), the typographical character Stroke (engine), a single action of some engines Stroke (Fast One), ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(disambiguation)

The stroke is usually described as being to the king's thighs: this has been taken as a euphemism for the genitals, which are ... The Dolorous Stroke is a trope in Arthurian legend and some other stories of Celtic origin. In its fullest form, it concerns ... In the Post-Vulgate Cycle, Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, and later works based on them, the stroke is delivered by Sir ... and thinks that the stroke is justified. Richard W. Kaeuper, Chivalry and Violence in Medieval Europe, 1999. v t e (Articles ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolorous_Stroke

With a stroke, it is hard to tell which way it will go." The work is scored for an orchestra comprising threeflutes (doubling ... Stroke has a duration of roughly 17 minutes and is composed in one continuous movement. Tower dedicated the piece to her ... Tower concluded, "Stroke is a piece concerned with many emotions, one that hopefully offers a quiet "hope" at the end. ... Stroke is an orchestral composition by the American composer Joan Tower. The work was commissioned by the Pittsburgh Symphony ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(composition)

The penalty stroke is between any chosen attacking player and the defensive goalkeeper. The penalty stroke is taken from the ... In 1973, a stroke could also be awarded for a deliberate foul in the circle. The penalty spot was moved to its current position ... Before the penalty stroke is taken, the goalkeeper must be standing with both feet on the goal line and the attacker within ... There are two reasons why a penalty stroke may be awarded: For an intentional foul on an attacker who has possession of or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_stroke

The most common designs for engines are two-stroke and four-stroke. Less common designs include five-stroke engines, six-stroke ... The type of power cycle used by a piston engine (e.g. two-stroke engine, four-stroke engine). "Stroke length", the distance ... The compression stroke is the second of the four stages in a four-stroke engine. In this stage, the air-fuel mixture (or air ... The induction stroke is the first phase in a four-stroke (e.g. Otto cycle or Diesel cycle) engine. It involves the downward ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(engine)

3. Character-spanning strokes last Vertical strokes that pass through many other strokes are written after the strokes through ... Stroke order is the order in which the strokes of a Chinese character (or Chinese derivative character) are written. A stroke ... Traditional 門, PRC stroke order. Simplified 门, traditional stroke order, comes from Cursive script. Simplified 门, PRC stroke ... Kakijun Kanji stroke order animations.(in Japanese) Kanji stroke order font, Japanese kanji stroke order diagrams presented as ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_order

Often, breathing every stroke slows the swimmer down. (At a certain level, a breathing stroke becomes just as fast as a ... There are four styles of butterfly stroke. Two main styles of butterfly stroke seen today are: "arm pull up simultaneous with ... approach in which the swimmer breathes for two successive strokes and then keeps their head in the water on the next stroke, ... The butterfly stroke has three major parts, the pull, the push, and the recovery. These can also be further subdivided. From ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_stroke

Digital download "Final Stroke" - 3:52 Video version "Final Stroke" - 4:19 The song was performed during the album's promotion ... "Final Stroke" is the lead single of the album Nosy by Portuguese singer Gomo, released on March 26, 2010. The single was ... "Final Stroke", is representative of energy and the type of composition that Gomo wants to convey this new album, focusing on ... Still Inside Your Mind Spread The Word Out Of Place Final Stroke Infactuation Can't Find You Feeling Alive Come Say You Love Me ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Stroke

This type of stroke accounts for approximately 87 percent of all stroke cases. Hemorrhagic stroke: occurs when a blood vessel ... A TIA is a risk factor for having a major stroke and subsequent silent strokes in the future. Ischemic stroke: occurs when a ... It is estimated that silent strokes are five times more common than symptomatic stroke. A silent stroke differs from a ... "Silent stroke in patients with transient ischemic attack or minor ischemic stroke. The Dutch TIA Trial Study Group". Stroke: A ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_stroke

Also, there is another stroke called the circle, which was the original syncopated stroke for the ukulele, and was first ... The split stroke is a style of playing the ukulele which is peculiar to the George Formby style of playing. It is a syncopated ... 0 This stroke is often used alongside the finger-tap where the player will either remove their finger from the fret on the ... comes from the timing with which the stroke is most commonly used; being 'split-common' time (2/2). Variations on the split ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_stroke

Marc Fisher becomes editor-in-chief of Stroke". News Releases. American Heart Association. Retrieved 2011-05-06. "As the Stroke ... Stroke is a peer-reviewed medical journal published monthly by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on behalf of the American Heart ... "Stroke". 2016 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate Analytics. 2017. Official website v t e ( ... It covers research on cerebral circulation and related diseases, including clinical research on assessment of risk for stroke, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(journal)

Stroke is a Canadian short comedy-drama film, directed by Mark Sawers and released in 1992. A satire of technology, the film ... Stroke at IMDb v t e (Articles with short description, Short description is different from Wikidata, IMDb ID not in Wikidata, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke_(film)

Stroke affects about 6 in 100,000 children. Pediatric stroke causes can and does happen at any age. Stroke is different in ... Children have hemorrhagic strokes as often as they have ischemic strokes, while adults are more likely to have ischemic strokes ... Causes of stroke are also different in children than they are in adults. In an ischemic stroke, blood supply to part of the ... Pediatric stroke is a stroke that happens in children or adolescents. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pediatric_stroke

... and other risk factors can contribute to a stroke. Get the facts from CDC. ... Prevent Stroke: What You Can Do. *Treat and Recover from Strokeplus icon *The Many Faces of Stroke: Stroke Survivor Stories ... Stroke statistics by race and ethnicity. *Stroke is a leading cause of death for Americans, but the risk of having a stroke ... Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability.2 Stroke reduces mobility in more than half of stroke survivors age ...

https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/facts.htm

Lets Talk About Stroke Prevention, Risk Factors and Types of Stroke * Lets Talk About Lifestyle Changes to Prevent Stroke ( ... Stroke Risk Factors You Can Control, Treat and Improve. Keep your stroke risks low with regular checkups and treatment for ... Stroke Risk Factors. Stroke is dangerous and deadly - the No. 5 killer and a leading cause of disability in America. But you ... Uncommon Causes of Stroke. Most strokes are caused by conditions such as atrial fibrillation, hardening of the arteries and ...

https://www.stroke.org/en/about-stroke/stroke-risk-factors

Learn about the symptoms and genetics behind hemorrhagic stroke. ... Hemorrhagic stroke happens when a blood vessel breaks and ... Hemorrhagic Stroke (Bleeds) (American Stroke Association) Also in Spanish * Subarachnoid hemorrhage (Medical Encyclopedia) Also ... A stroke is a medical emergency. There are two types - ischemic and hemorrhagic. Hemorrhagic stroke is the less common type. It ... It is important to treat strokes as quickly as possible. With a hemorrhagic stroke, the first steps are to find the cause of ...

https://medlineplus.gov/hemorrhagicstroke.html

Dr Christoph Diener focuses on the 2016 studies that most expanded our understanding of stroke prevention and treatment. ... we should contemplate much more on the primary prevention of stroke rather than on treating and secondary stroke prevention. ... When it comes to secondary stroke prevention, there was a meta-analysis[12] of the early efficacy of aspirin. It is amazing how ... Next we come to the acute treatment of ischemic stroke. The IST-3 study[5] published a subgroup analysis comparing tissue ...

http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/874534

ACHC Stroke Care Certification is designed to educate and build excellence across the continuum from "stroke ready" to ... Patients and their families depend on you and your staff to be prepared to take immediate action in the face of stroke symptoms ... Your staff must be ready to respond with protocols for the appropriate triage, treatment, and potential transfer of stroke ... Whether your facility is "stroke ready" or provides advanced neurological care, we help you establish a structured set of ...

https://www.hfap.org/certification/stroke-certification/

JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it ...

https://apps.who.int/iris/browse?authority=Ischemic+Stroke&type=mesh

Not all strokes will fit into one of those four categories. Stroke, not otherwise specified is defined as an episode of acute ... Prevention of Stroke in Women. In 2014, the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) issued the first ... Classification of Stroke. In 2013, the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) published an expert ... Stroke patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) do not have a significantly higher risk of recurrent stroke or death compared ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500034

... stroke - Featured Topics from the National Center for Health Statistics ... Tags death rates, race and ethnicity, stroke, stroke deaths, Stroke mortality QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Stroke ... Despite steady decreases in U.S. stroke mortality over the past several decades, stroke remained the fourth leading cause of ... During 2019-2020, stroke death rates increased for Hispanic adults (from 221.6 to 234.0), non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific ...

https://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs/category/stroke/

She was admitted under the care of the acute stroke team, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain confirmed right middle ... An unusual cause of stroke BMJ 2022; 379 :e066326 doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-066326 ... An unusual cause of stroke. BMJ 2022; 379 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-066326 (Published 01 December 2022) Cite this ... were identified as causes for her stroke. ...

https://www.bmj.com/content/379/bmj-2021-066326

A stroke is the rapid loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ... Stroke Stories. * Natural Foods For High Blood Pressure Diet That Reduce Stroke Risk Foods high in vitamin B and folic acid may ... Stroke. A stroke is the rapid loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ... Stroke Leaves Husband Mute, So Couple Finds Love In Gestures [VIDEO]. A year into their marriage, Don Schwab suffered a stroke ...

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Stroke care has become a priority in Ukraine. It is estimated that up to 130 000 people have strokes in Ukraine each year and ... Regional Office for Europe; International Stroke Society; European Stroke Council; International Society of Internal Medicine; ... The meeting was arranged by the International Stroke Society, endorsed by the European Stroke Council and International ... ... Building a stroke agenda for Ukraine: situation analysis 2021 World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe (‎World ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/browse?authority=Stroke&type=mesh

... are at risk for stroke and what mens unique risk factors for stroke are. ... Prevent Stroke: What You Can Do. *Treat and Recover from Strokeplus icon *The Many Faces of Stroke: Stroke Survivor Stories ... Stroke Resources for Health Professionalsplus icon *Stroke Patient Education Resources. *Stroke Educational Materials for ... National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS): Stroke Information Page *NINDS Know Stroke Campaign ...

https://espanol.cdc.gov/enes/stroke/men.htm

androidx.car.app.activity.renderer.surface ...

https://developer.android.com/reference/kotlin/androidx/compose/ui/graphics/drawscope/Stroke

In other research, total cholesterol and triglycerides were also associated with increased stroke. (American Academy of ... b,strokes than women who get ... Lipid levels and stroke In their cholesterol analysis, Kurth et al examined lipid levels in relation to stroke risk in the ... Over nine years of follow-up, 199 ischemic strokes occurred in the WHS subset. Increased ischemic stroke risk was linked with ...

https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/782935

Symptoms of stroke develop suddenly. In cases of severe brain damage there may be deep coma, paralysis of one side of the body ... stroke, destruction of brain tissue as a result of intracerebral hemorrhage or infarction caused by thrombosis (clotting) or ... Sometimes surgical removal of the clot is possible on larger vessels, but it is usually pointless after the stroke or when ... Hypertension, which is a major cause of intracranial hemorrhage and stroke, can be treated by preventive measures using diet (e ...

https://www.factmonster.com/encyclopedia/medicine/diseases/pathology/stroke

See how different paint brush strokes can open new possibilities in your work and try your hand with the large collection of ... Different brush strokes for different folks.. You might think that strokes are just lines, but in art, whether analog or ... Mimic paint strokes or paint splatter with imported brush strokes from Adobe Photoshop, perfect for that DIY or handmade look. ... Broad strokes.. Before you start with Fresco, think about what youre trying to portray and what tools you will use to create ...

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native missed over two months of the 2014 season due to a stroke. At the time, testing reveal that he was born with a very ... Letang is not experiencing any lasting effects of the stroke and will continue to undergo a series of tests over the next week ... Letang 35, is not experiencing any lasting effects of the stroke and will continue to undergo tests over the next week. There ... Pens Letang out indefinitely after having stroke. Pittsburgh Penguins defenceman Kris Letang is out indefinitely after ...

https://www.tsn.ca/kris-letang-stroke-out-indefinitely-pittsburgh-penguins-1.1886431

Eating eggs might lower your risk of stroke and heart disease. At least, this is what a new, large-scale study from China now ... Stroke blocks the blood supply to the brain and can be life threatening. Learn more about strokes, including the types, ... Many people know the classic signs of a stroke, such as facial drooping, trouble balancing, and difficulty speaking. But what ... And the most widespread conditions are stroke - both hemorrhagic and ischemic - and ischemic heart disease, in that order. ...

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321878

ps_closepath_stroke(resource $psdoc. ): bool. Connects the last point with first point of a path and draws the resulting closed ...

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OHSU experts will provide a review and update of emergency stroke care. ... EMS Stroke Conference is a one-day course designed for EMTs and paramedics. ... EMS Stroke Continuing Education OHSU has made it easier for EMTs and paramedics to get continuing education credits in ... The EMS stroke virtual continuing education classes are one hour courses designed for EMTs and paramedics. OHSU experts will ...

https://www.ohsu.edu/brain-institute/ems-stroke-continuing-education

Joe Jackson has reportedly suffered a stroke that left him at the very least temporarily blind. ... These pics were taken hours before the reported stroke.. Family sources tell TMZ, doctors are running tests and theyre trying ... Joe Jackson has reportedly suffered a stroke that left him at the very least temporarily blind. ...

https://www.tmz.com/2015/07/26/joe-jackson-stroke-brazil-birthday-party/

... from the genetics of stroke to population health and risk factors. ... from the genetics of stroke to population health and risk factors. ... An innovative journal which provides a forum for research and advances in stroke medicine, ... An innovative journal which provides a forum for research and advances in stroke medicine, ...

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"My stroke has gotten a lot better in the 200. I think Im the second or third seed in the 200, and I plan on taking that one ...

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2000-aug-13-sp-3706-story.html

The NINDS SBIR/ STTR program is committed to offering potential applicants and current awardees the resources to be successful in commercializing their technology. We encourage current and potential awardees to utilize the below resources. Dont forget to sign up for the Division of Translational Research Listserv to stay up to date with the last news and funding information!

https://www.ninds.nih.gov/funding/ninds-small-business-program/resources-small-business-awardees

... and dramatic lifesaving treatments for stroke -- including when to call 911. ... Ischemic Stroke 6/13 This is the most common type of stroke: Nearly nine out of 10 fall into this category. An ischemic stroke ... American Stroke Association: "Why Getting Quick Stroke Treatment Is Important," Ischemic Stroke (Clots)," "Stopping the ... What Is a Stroke? 1/13 A stroke is a medical emergency. It happens when a blood vessel in the brain bursts or, more commonly, ...

https://www.webmd.com/stroke/ss/slideshow-stroke-overview

Adrian thought he was the last person who needed to worry about stroke. But he didnt know a genetic predisposition put him at ... Prevent Stroke: What You Can Do. *Treat and Recover from Strokeplus icon *The Many Faces of Stroke: Stroke Survivor Stories ... Compared to white men, they are twice as likely to have a stroke, have strokes at younger ages, die from stroke, or have stroke ... Stroke Resources for Health Professionalsplus icon *Stroke Patient Education Handouts. *Stroke Educational Materials for Health ...

https://www.cdc.gov/stroke/survivor_stories/adrian.htm

Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. There are life-saving treatments for stroke, but ... Stroke Systems of Care. Stroke systems of care policies addressing prehospital and in-hospital care have been proposed to ... Stroke Systems of Care: In-hospital Policy Interventions. *Stroke Systems of Care: Legal Authorities and Organizational ... planning for a state stroke policy that addresses multiple evidence-informed policy interventions to improve stroke care; ...

http://ephtracking.cdc.gov/showHeartAttack.action

... is caused by an abnormally elevated body temperature and could cause permanent damage to the organs. ... Treatment of Heat Stroke. *Wrap in a sheet and soak with cool-not cold-water. ... Symptoms of Heat Stroke. *Dry, hot, and flushed skin-dark or purple in colour ...

https://www.boat-ed.com/canada/studyGuide/Heat-Stroke/101199_116002/

Cranberry cure for stroke damage 09-Sep-2003. Chemicals from cranberries could be used to help recovery from stroke, ... the theory that the food protects against stroke, particularly ischaemic stroke. But the evidence does not offer the same proof ... Supplementation with short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can improve stroke recovery and may be a useful addition to stroke ... Tomatoes to fight strokes? 15-Dec-2003. New research coming out of Japan suggests that tomato varieties could have a ...

https://www.nutraingredients.com/tag/keyword/Food/Stroke

Hemorrhagic stroke is the less common type. (medlineplus.gov)
With a hemorrhagic stroke, the first steps are to find the cause of bleeding in the brain and then control it. (medlineplus.gov)
AHA/ASA recommends against the use of the term "hemorrhagic stroke" because it may refer to both hemorrhage that occurs after CNS infarction or primary ICH or SAH. (medscape.com)
The researchers' analysis revealed that individuals who usually ate about one egg per day had a 26 percent lower risk of experiencing hemorrhagic stroke, a 28 percent lower risk of death due to this type of event, and an 18 percent lower risk of CVD-related mortality. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Consumption of foods and supplements that are rich in vitamin C could help reduce the risk of the most common type of hemorrhagic stroke, say researchers. (nutraingredients.com)
A separate poster presented here by Alyssa Bautista, MD , of the University of Miami, and colleagues, reported a case of hemorrhagic stroke that occurred in a 36-year-old male who was on dextroamphetamine/amphetamine. (medpagetoday.com)
In addition, the delicate new vessels that are formed as part of MMD are at risk for leaking into the brain and causing hemorrhagic stroke. (medscape.com)
The danger posed by an aneurysm is that blood might leak or burst out through the weak area, causing a hemorrhagic stroke. (medscape.com)
The section of the artery with the aneurysm can then be completely shut down, safely preventing hemorrhagic stroke. (medscape.com)
It may occur as the result of 1 or more of the following processes: thrombotic stroke, embolic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke , and reversible ischemic stroke . (medscape.com)

Leading the Million Hearts® initiative to prevent1 million heart attacks and strokes by 2022. (cdc.gov)

Patients who arrive at the emergency room within 3 hours of their first symptoms often have less disability 3 months after a stroke than those who received delayed care. (cdc.gov)
The Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program funds states to measure, track, and improve the quality of care for stroke patients. (cdc.gov)
There was a meta-analysis [ 14 ] on the treatment of hypertension in secondary stroke prevention with 39,000 patients, [that found no significant differences in the subgroup analyses of secondary stroke prevention according to the class of the antihypertensive agent used. (medscape.com)
Patients and their families depend on you and your staff to be prepared to take immediate action in the face of stroke symptoms. (hfap.org)
Your staff must be ready to respond with protocols for the appropriate triage, treatment, and potential transfer of stroke patients. (hfap.org)
ACHC Stroke Care Certification is designed to educate and build excellence across the continuum from "stroke ready" to comprehensive neurosurgical care so that you and your patients can be assured they're in the best hands. (hfap.org)
Foods high in vitamin B and folic acid may be the trick to lowering stroke risk in hypertension patients. (medicaldaily.com)
We describe 2 cases in coronavirus disease patients in lation treated with rivaroxaban (20 mg orally 1×/d), France involving presumed thrombotic stroke that oc- sought care for influenza-like illness and confusion. (cdc.gov)
Several studies have reported farctions in different vascular areas, and magnetic that acute ischemic stroke can develop in COVID-19 resonance imaging of the brain confirmed this find- patients ( 1 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
A new study finds that yoga helps stroke patients regain balance, leading to faster recovery. (yogajournal.com)
Two new reports from a recent study, however, have found that yoga can help stroke patients in important ways. (yogajournal.com)
Her analysis, titled "Physical Improvements After Yoga for People With Chronic Stroke," indicated significant improvements for patients in regard to strength, flexibility, and endurance, according to Medical Xpress. (yogajournal.com)
Vitamin D supplementation may help improve activity levels and balance but not ambulation or motor recovery in ischaemic stroke patients, according to a Turkish trial. (nutraingredients.com)
There are life-saving treatments for stroke, but patients must receive them in a timely manner. (cdc.gov)
I have read and heard some personal experiences that hyperbaric oxygen therapy works for stroke patients. (medhelp.org)
There is no conclusive evidence at present to indicate the usefulness of hyperbaric oxygen in stroke patients. (medhelp.org)
Many stroke patients don't take their blood thinning drugs as prescribed, which makes it more likely they will have another stroke. (eurekalert.org)
It began in early October 2017, when 108 stroke patients with significant arm and hand disabilities turned up for a peculiar clinical trial. (wired.com)
Kardia Pro helps medical professionals monitor patients for signs of atrial fibrillation, a common risk factor for strokes. (forbes.com)
They see more than 1,500 patients each year and provide consultation for hundreds of others through the UPMC Stroke Telemedicine Program. (upmc.com)
UPMC's Stroke Telemedicine Program allows more patients located outside of Pittsburgh, Pa. (upmc.com)
Natural News) Patients who suffered from a stroke often find themselves in a debilitating state afterward, especially when it comes to mobility and movement. (naturalnews.com)
The only fibrinolytic agent that has been shown to benefit selected patients with acute ischemic stroke is alteplase. (medscape.com)
While streptokinase may benefit patients with acute myocardial infarction, in patients with acute ischemic stroke it has been shown to increase the risk for intracranial hemorrhage and death. (medscape.com)
Fibrinolytics (ie, rt-PA) restore cerebral blood flow in some patients with acute ischemic stroke and may lead to improvement or resolution of neurologic deficits. (medscape.com)
Amphetamines should be considered in patients who present with stroke-like symptoms," he said. (medpagetoday.com)
Among these three ischemic stroke patients, two had some traditional stroke risk factors, but no firm etiology could be established, so they were labeled as cryptogenic. (medpagetoday.com)
In particular, these results reveal how frequently sleep apnea is present in patients who suffer silent strokes. (huffpost.com)
The results of their research revealed high rates of sleep apnea among patients with silent stroke. (huffpost.com)
Within five days of stroke symptoms, patients were evaluated using MRI and CT scan to identify specific details of stroke effects in the brain, and were also assessed for the presence and severity of sleep apnea. (huffpost.com)
Sleep apnea was present in 51 of 56 stroke patients evaluated -- that's 91 percent . (huffpost.com)
Severe sleep apnea was present in 38 percent of patients with chronic microvascular changes -- these are tiny lesions to white matter in the brain that are associated with silent stroke. (huffpost.com)
Several studies have reported that acute ischemic stroke can develop in COVID-19 patients ( 1 - 6 ). (cdc.gov)
Cerebral magnetic resonance image (MRI) showing acute ischemic stroke in multiple vascular areas of 2 coronavirus disease patients, France. (cdc.gov)
They found that 145 (or 11 of every 100,000) patients suffered an ischemic stroke within four weeks of the injury. (healthday.com)
The average age of patients with head and neck injuries who suffered a stroke was 37, compared with 24 among those who didn't have a stroke. (healthday.com)
If tears in these blood vessels can be diagnosed at the time of the injury, patients could be given anti-clotting drugs to prevent stroke, they said. (healthday.com)
However, while 10 percent of the patients in this study had this type of tear, not all of them were diagnosed with it before their stroke, the investigators said. (healthday.com)
Although the absolute numbers of patients affected by a potential stroke seem small on a national level, the emotional, physical and financial costs are devastating, as the average age of patients suffering a stroke in this study was 37 years of age,' Glatter said. (healthday.com)
Can we apply thrombolysis for stroke in patients on non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants? (eso-stroke.org)
The award recognizes the hospital's commitment to ensuring stroke patients receive the most appropriate treatment according to nationally recognized, research-based guidelines based on the latest scientific evidence. (stvincenthospital.com)
Saint Vincent Hospital earned the award by meeting specific quality achievement measures for the diagnosis and treatment of stroke patients at a set level for a designated period. (stvincenthospital.com)
These measures include evaluation of the proper use of medications and other stroke treatments aligned with the most up-to-date, evidence-based guidelines with the goal of speeding recovery and reducing death and disability for stroke patients. (stvincenthospital.com)
The team here is dedicated to improving the quality of care for our stroke patients and we are honored to receive this recognition from the American Heart Association. (stvincenthospital.com)
Sulfonylurea class of antidiabetic drugs blocks K ATP channels, which are neuroprotective in stroke, can be one of the high stoke risk factors for diabetic patients. (chinaphar.com)
WEDNESDAY, March 3, 2021 (HealthDay News) -- Doctors are testing a decades-old surgical technique as a new way to treat certain stroke patients. (brighamandwomens.org)
Right now, patients are usually treated with medications -- including blood thinners and high blood pressure drugs -- to try to thwart a repeat stroke. (brighamandwomens.org)
In a preliminary study of 28 patients treated with EDAS, Gonzalez and his team found that three -- just under 11% -- had another stroke in the next two years. (brighamandwomens.org)
For comparison, they point to a clinical trial where patients with strokes caused by intracranial atherosclerosis were treated with standard medications. (brighamandwomens.org)
Kim said that while the current results are "pilot data," the idea of testing EDAS for these stroke patients is a sound one. (brighamandwomens.org)
If adding EDAS to medication does prove to prevent more strokes, it would only be an option for a minority of stroke patients. (brighamandwomens.org)
While not intended to replace the judgement of a radiologist, the algorithm could help identify high risk stroke patients who could then be triaged and fast tracked for thrombectomy, say researchers from Monash Medical Centre. (thelimbic.com)
In a study published in Stroke led by Dr Shalini Amukotuwa of the Monash Diagnostic Imaging department, report results from a trial of the automated software-based approach for LVO detection based on in CT angiograms from 926 patients. (thelimbic.com)
Patients who sustained a stroke had significantly higher CAC values at baseline (median, 104.8) than those without stroke (11.2). (medscape.com)
Health systems can treat strokes fast if patients get to the hospital in time. (cdc.gov)
Use system-wide approaches to find patients with undiagnosed or unmanaged stroke risk factors. (cdc.gov)
Work with community members and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) to quickly identify strokes and get patients to the hospital fast. (cdc.gov)
Implement a coordinated system of care that effectively treats patients from the first symptom of a stroke through recovery. (cdc.gov)
Help patients control their blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes by taking medicines as directed and making lifestyle changes that can help prevent stroke. (cdc.gov)
Educate patients on the signs and symptoms of stroke and the importance of calling 911 if someone is having a stroke. (cdc.gov)
Train community members and emergency medical technicians (EMTs) to identify the signs of stroke and understand the importance of getting patients to the hospital quickly. (cdc.gov)
Anhidrosis, or lack of sweating, has been cited as a feature of heat stroke, but some patients with heat stroke present with profuse sweating. (medscape.com)
Some stroke patients may be able to receive effective treatment later than originally thought-up to 16 hours after a stroke happens-thanks. (medlineplus.gov)
Given the high risk of recurrent stroke in some patients and the fact that for some patients, medical therapy fails, surgical revascularization may offer the best method of ensuring good long-term outcomes with manageable up-front risks. (medscape.com)
We included 150 consecutive patients aged 18 years and above with acute stroke . (bvsalud.org)
Methods and Results We evaluated patients from the METRONOME (Metropolitan New York Mobile Stroke ) registry with suspected acute ischemic stroke who were transported by a bi-institutional MSU operating in Manhattan, New York , from October 2016 to September 2017. (bvsalud.org)
The comparison group included patients transported to our hospitals via conventional ambulance for acute ischemic stroke during the same hours of MSU operation (Monday to Friday, 9 am to 5 pm). (bvsalud.org)
Compared with patients receiving conventional care, patients receiving MSU care were significantly more likely to be picked up closer to a higher mean number of designated stroke centers in a 2.0-mile radius (4.8 versus 2.7, P=0.002). (bvsalud.org)
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms After Stroke Patients and families may not realize certain psychiatric symptoms are stroke-related. (medscape.com)

2 Stroke reduces mobility in more than half of stroke survivors age 65 and older. (cdc.gov)
All stroke survivors face a high risk of suffering a second stroke, heart attack, hospitalization, or even death up to five years after the initial event. (medicaldaily.com)
If the brain damage sustained has been slight, there is usually complete recovery, but most survivors of stroke require extensive rehabilitation. (factmonster.com)
Adrian adds that it's important for stroke survivors to know they are not alone and that they can live a productive life after having a stroke. (cdc.gov)
Returning to work and sustaining employment are considered key aspects of rehabilitation and recovery by younger stroke survivors. (nih.gov)
However, even higher functioning stroke survivors with minimal or no obvious physical disability may experience workplace challenges relating to their neurological condition. (nih.gov)
In conclusion, further research is required in this area to support stroke survivors in returning to and maintaining employment to achieve their poststroke potential. (nih.gov)
Natural News) Good news for stroke victims undergoing rehabilitation: Chinese researchers have reported that acupuncture could improve the recovery of stroke survivors. (naturalnews.com)
Drinking one cup of coffee each day lowered the risks of death for heart attack survivors and for those without a history of stroke or heart attack. (heart.org)
DALLAS, Feb. 4, 2021 - Stroke and heart attack survivors can reduce multiple causes of death and prevent further cardiovascular events by drinking green tea, according to new research published today in Stroke , a journal of the American Stroke Association, a division of the American Heart Association. (heart.org)
The study also found daily coffee consumption helps heart attack survivors by lowering their risk of death after a heart attack and can prevent heart attacks or strokes in healthy individuals. (heart.org)
There is a strong need for scientific evidence on the lifestyles among survivors of stroke and heart attack considering the rapidly aging population and the need to improve life expectancy following these cardiovascular events," says Hiroyasu Iso, M.D., a professor of public health at Osaka University in Suita, Japan, and the study's corresponding author. (heart.org)
Almost 800,000 people have a stroke each year, more than 140,000 die and many survivors face disability. (cdc.gov)

Know the warning signs and symptoms of stroke so that you can act fast if you or someone you know might be having a stroke. (cdc.gov)
Only 38% were aware of all major symptoms and knew to call 9-1-1 when someone was having a stroke. (cdc.gov)
Fang J, Keenan NL, Ayala C, Dai S, Merritt R, Denny CH. Awareness of stroke warning symptoms-13 states and the District of Columbia, 2005 . (cdc.gov)
Symptoms or signs caused by reversible edema without infarction or hemorrhage do not qualify as stroke. (medscape.com)
Some treatments for stroke work only if given within the first 3 hours after symptoms start. (cdc.gov)
Symptoms of stroke develop suddenly. (factmonster.com)
If a loved one is having stroke symptoms, call 911 right away. (webmd.com)
When they happen, blood flow is temporarily hampered in part of the brain, causing stroke-like symptoms. (webmd.com)
Transient ischaemic attacks or TIA - where symptoms resolve in less than 24 hours - have the best outcome, followed by stroke caused by carotid stenosis (narrowing of the artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain). (who.int)
Stroke symptoms vector illustration. (wcnc.com)
Silent strokes have no visible or outwardly identifiable symptoms. (huffpost.com)
Silent strokes are referred to as "silent" because they do not present the outward physical symptoms that are typically associated with stroke, including slurred speech, paralysis and severe pain. (huffpost.com)
When a patient appears in an emergency room or urgent care facility complaining of the symptoms that indicate a heart attack or a stroke, a physician is obligated to perform the routine tests to diagnose the heart attack or stroke, or rule out its existence. (r-klaw.com)
Review the types of psychiatric symptoms associated with strokes in specific brain regions in this article. (medscape.com)

In 2021, 1 in 6 deaths from cardiovascular disease was due to stroke. (cdc.gov)
The death rate for stroke increased from 38.8 per 100,000 in 2020 to 41.1 per 100,000 in 2021. (cdc.gov)
On 23 Sept 2021, my husband had a serious stroke and our life changed forever. (carersuk.org)
In July 2021, Will Rivera, a retired police lieutenant, suffered a stroke at the age of 45. (wcnc.com)
We searched the Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register , CENTRAL, MEDLINE , Embase, and five other databases to 25 October 2021. (bvsalud.org)

In 2020, the age-adjusted death rate for stroke among adults aged ≥65 years was 260.5 deaths per 100,000 population with rates lower in metropolitan compared with nonmetropolitan areas (259.4 versus 265.5). (cdc.gov)
Age-adjusted death rates from stroke among adults aged ≥65 years generally declined from 425.9 deaths per 100,000 standard population in 2000 to 250.0 in 2019 before increasing to 260.5 in 2020. (cdc.gov)
Congratulations to Michelle L. Woodbury, PhD, OTR/L , the 2020 recipient of the ACRM/ASA Award for Excellence in Post-Acute Stroke Rehabilitation. (acrm.org)

Post-stroke rehabilitation can help people overcome disabilities caused by stroke damage. (medlineplus.gov)
Supplementation with short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) can improve stroke recovery and may be a useful addition to stroke rehabilitation therapies, according to research in mice. (nutraingredients.com)
Appropriate rehabilitation would include specific preparation for return to work, education within the workplace to facilitate return to work, participation by the stroke survivor in all aspects of the management of their return to work, and an ongoing role for a stroke educator/workplace advocate. (nih.gov)
Her extensive career as a practicing therapist motivates her rehabilitation research because it gave her first-hand insiders knowledge of stroke rehabilitation practice and allowed her to understand the challenges associated with research-practice translation/implementation. (acrm.org)
In addition she co-developed the stroke rehabilitation computer game Duck Duck Punch and is a research consultant with Recovr, Inc., a tele-rehabilitation start-up. (acrm.org)
She teaches stroke rehabilitation in the MUSC OTD program, mentors students in the Health and Rehabilitation Science PhD program, and directs the MUSC Post-Professional OTD online program. (acrm.org)
Health systems (hospitals, doctors, rehabilitation specialists, emergency medical technicians [EMTs], pharmacists) can help address stroke risk factors and improve patient outcomes if a stroke occurs. (cdc.gov)
This guideline covers stroke rehabilitation for adults and young people aged 16 and over who have had a stroke with continuing impairment, activity limitation or participation restriction. (bvsalud.org)
It aims to improve rehabilitation for people who have had a stroke by specifying how stroke units and multidisciplin. (bvsalud.org)

Most strokes are caused by conditions such as atrial fibrillation, hardening of the arteries and high blood pressure. (stroke.org)

Next we come to the acute treatment of ischemic stroke. (medscape.com)
Stroke, not otherwise specified is defined as an episode of acute neurological dysfunction presumed to be caused by ischemia or hemorrhage, and persisting ≥24 hours or until death, but lacking sufficient evidence to be classified as one of the above. (medscape.com)
She was admitted under the care of the acute stroke team, and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain confirmed right middle cerebral artery territory infarction. (bmj.com)
Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed nema pallidum , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , and Asper- acute ischemic stroke in multiple vascular areas gillus spp. (cdc.gov)
Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed acute ischemic stroke in multiple vascular areas ( Figure ). (cdc.gov)
Several factors can cause acute ischemic stroke, but the primary ones are arterial and cardiac embolism, arterial wall disease, and variants of those conditions. (cdc.gov)
Managing the Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Program (Coverdell Program) that partners with state health departments, emergency medical services (EMS), and hospitals to implement data driven quality improvement programs for stroke care. (cdc.gov)
The aim of the present study is to determine the pattern of acute stroke as seen on CTand to determine the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis using the WHO method . (bvsalud.org)
Ischemic stroke was found to be the more common type of acute stroke (69.3%) (104/150) with the parietal lobe being the site most commonly affected by both strokes types. (bvsalud.org)
Background Mobile stroke units (MSUs) reduce time to intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke . (bvsalud.org)

High blood pressure , also called hypertension, is a major risk factor for stroke. (cdc.gov)
In a separate study by the same researchers, cholesterol levels also predicted stroke risk, in a finding that did not appear to be mediated by the presence or absence of hypertension . (medscape.com)
When the results were adjusted for the presence or absence of hypertension, the association between all lipid subfractions and ischemic stroke was "only slightly attenuated. (medscape.com)
Hypertension , which is a major cause of intracranial hemorrhage and stroke, can be treated by preventive measures using diet (e.g., increasing nutrients such as antioxidants and folate), drug therapy, and stress reduction techniques. (factmonster.com)
A combination of folic acid and the medication enalapril may be more effective in reducing the risk of stroke in adults with hypertension than the medication alone, according to large-scale research from China. (nutraingredients.com)
DALLAS, Oct.29, 2018 -- A vaccine may one day be able to replace oral blood thinners to reduce the risk of secondary strokes caused by blood clots, without increasing the risk of serious bleeding or triggering an autoimmune response, according to new research in the American Heart Association's journal Hypertension . (eurekalert.org)
In addition to being a risk factor for stroke, sleep apnea is also associated with hypertension , heart disease and heart failure. (huffpost.com)

The SOCRATES trial [ 13 ] compared ticagrelor and aspirin in people with high-risk transient ischemic attack or mild strokes. (medscape.com)
Transient ischemic attacks, often called "mini-strokes," are also an emergency. (webmd.com)
Estimation of hydroxyl radicals based on the salicylate trapping method in hippocampus of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) during transient ischemia and recirculation. (bvsalud.org)

It's important to understand the connection between diabetes and stroke, recognize the risk factors and take steps to stay healthy. (stroke.org)
Unfortunately, in all of the trials, which look at the treatment of diabetes in secondary stroke prevention, there was no positive outcome. (medscape.com)
Diabetes increases stroke risk because it can harm blood vessels in the brain. (cdc.gov)
The number of diabetes-attributable stroke events is not reported due to data unreliability. (cdc.gov)
Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to examine CAC as a stroke predictor in addition to established vascular risk factors (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, diabetes mellitus, smoking, and atrial fibrillation). (medscape.com)

we should contemplate much more on the primary prevention of stroke rather than on treating and secondary stroke prevention. (medscape.com)
When it comes to secondary stroke prevention, there was a meta-analysis [ 12 ] of the early efficacy of aspirin. (medscape.com)
In October 2014, the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) released an update of their 2011 Guidelines for the Primary Prevention of Stroke. (medscape.com)
We should be able to overcome such problems and believe this vaccine provides a very promising strategy in secondary prevention of stroke. (eurekalert.org)
More than 750,000 people in the United States experience a stroke each year, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (upmc.com)
We are committed to building our partnerships at the global, regional and national level to scale up and deliver improvements in prevention, treatment and support to reduce the burden of stroke. (world-stroke.org)
On Friday, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention said that a safety monitoring system had flagged that the shot could possibly be linked to a type of brain stroke in older adults, according to preliminary data. (theglobeandmail.com)
WXMI) - The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have identified a potential safety concern for ischemic stroke in people ages 65 and older who received the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine (Bivalent). (tv20detroit.com)
Providing resources to all 50 states to address chronic disease prevention, including heart disease and stroke. (cdc.gov)
Funding stroke research in treatment, recovery, and prevention, and supporting the Mind Your Risks public education campaign. (cdc.gov)

Neither atrial fibrillation nor carotid artery stenosis (on Doppler ultrasound) were identified as causes for her stroke. (bmj.com)

My mother has had several mini strokes TIAs and has lost her concentration for reading and writing, I have to do all her admin and chaperone her to appointments. (carersuk.org)
Especially with strokes, TTAs, TIAs and heart attacks, prompt treatment is essential given the availability of drugs and surgical procedures which minimize the potential for irreversible injury. (r-klaw.com)

In one study, researchers in New York City reported that interrupting the diversity of intestinal flora in mice with antibiotics affected the amount of brain damage caused by stroke. (scientificamerican.com)
Amphetamine use may have been an etiological factor or potentiated other underlying vascular risk factors, leading to ischemic stroke," the researchers wrote. (medpagetoday.com)
Researchers from the University of Alabama, Birmingham and from Germany's University of Technology Dresden teamed up to investigate the frequency and severity of obstructive sleep apnea as risk factors for silent stroke. (huffpost.com)
In fact, the researchers say there is growing evidence that consuming lots of fruits, vegetables and even alcoholic beverages may be linked to a reduced risk of stroke - that specific antioxidant-rich foods and beverages are more important for lowering the risk of stoke than the overall antioxidant capacity of the diet. (cnn.com)
Researchers found strong association between stroke risk and intensity and frequency of exercise. (themedguru.com)
Researchers in the study "Green tea and coffee consumption and all-cause mortality among persons with and without stroke or myocardial infarction" sought to determine the effects of green tea and coffee consumption after surviving a stroke or heart attack . (heart.org)
Researchers did not observe a statistically significant association among participants without a history of stroke or heart attack. (heart.org)
Researchers note that this study was observational, and the reason why drinking green tea and coffee lowered the risk of heart attack and stroke cannot be determined. (heart.org)

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. (cdc.gov)

For more on the treatment of ischemic stroke, read here . (medscape.com)

Risk of having a first stroke is nearly twice as high for non-Hispanic Black adults as for White adults, 2 and non-Hispanic Black adults and Pacific Islander adults have the highest rates of death due to stroke. (cdc.gov)
U.S. adults, including African Americans, consume more than the recommended amounts of salt or sodium, which raises blood pressure and increases the risk for stroke. (cdc.gov)
These indicators include data on the crude and age-adjusted rate of coronary heart disease and the prevalence of adults ever diagnosed with stroke. (cdc.gov)
About 48 in 100,000 young adults and 11 in 100,000 children with a head or neck injury later suffered a stroke, the team said. (healthday.com)
According to the study authors, about two million people are treated in U.S. trauma departments for head and neck injuries each month, which suggests a monthly rate of 214 younger adults and children who suffer an ischemic stroke following such injuries. (healthday.com)
Recent studies also suggest that over the last 15 years younger adults (ages 18-54) have had increases in stroke hospitalizations, along with increases in stroke risk factors among those hospitalized with stroke. (cdc.gov)
In the Northeast, the death rate for stroke was lower among adults in metropolitan areas (197.4) than in nonmetropolitan areas (215.7). (nchstats.com)
In the Midwest and West, death rates for stroke were higher among adults in metropolitan areas (278.0 and 255.4, respectively) than in nonmetropolitan areas (261.4 and 236.4, respectively). (nchstats.com)
SELECTION CRITERIA We selected randomised controlled trials comparing trunk training versus non- dose -matched or dose -matched control therapy including adults (18 years or older) with either ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke . (bvsalud.org)
Cardiovascular disease, including heart disease and stroke, continues to represent the primary cause of life years lost for one in every three adults. (cdc.gov)

These facts are alarming, but there is good news: About 4 in 5 strokes are preventable. (cdc.gov)
These findings are important because strokes after trauma might be preventable,' lead author Dr. Christine Fox, assistant professor of neurology at UCSF, said in an ASA news release. (healthday.com)
He believes that 'the key take-home point from this study is that strokes that occur after trauma to the head and neck may be preventable, essentially by developing a greater awareness of this injury, along with prompt attention to diagnosis and treatment. (healthday.com)
This is disturbing because about 80% of strokes are preventable. (cdc.gov)
80% of strokes are preventable. (cdc.gov)
Strokes are common and preventable. (cdc.gov)

Stroke caused by cerebral venous thrombosis is defined as infarction or hemorrhage in the brain, spinal cord, or retina because of thrombosis of a cerebral venous structure. (medscape.com)
On April 3 (day 9 of hospitalization), dysarthria, cated as potential causes of cerebral stroke, such as left hemiplegia, and alteration of consciousness de- herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, Trepo- veloped. (cdc.gov)
A high intake of magnesium may play a role in preventing cerebral infarction, a form of stroke, according to a large-scale population study from Finland. (nutraingredients.com)
Natural News) People who have previously experienced a stroke should be careful of eating foods with a high glycemic load (GL), since these could increase their risk of having cerebral small vessel diseases, according to a study published in the journal Nutrition Research. (naturalnews.com)
Natural News) A recent study suggests that a high dietary glycemic load (GL) is linked to the presence and burden of cerebral small vessel diseases in people who experienced a stroke. (naturalnews.com)
There are several mechanisms by which the association between amphetamines and stroke risk could be tied, including a rise in catecholamine levels, extracranial and intracranial vasoconstriction, or cerebral vasculitis. (medpagetoday.com)
In this review, we discussed the potential effects of K ATP channel blockers when used under pathological conditions related to diabetics and cerebral ischemic stroke. (chinaphar.com)
Cerebral revascularization is surgery that restores blood flow to the brain, decreasing the chance of stroke or other damage to brain tissue. (medscape.com)
Each of these conditions puts the brain at risk of cerebral ischemia or ischemic stroke. (medscape.com)
Cerebral vascular insufficiency, typically caused by extracranial or intracranial steno-occlusive disease (any arterial occlusion or severe extracranial or intracranial stenosis in symptomatic arterial territory), is the leading cause of ischemic stroke . (medscape.com)

Is Computed Tomography Alone Versus Computed Tomography Plus Magnetic Resonance Imaging Enough for the Diagnosis of Strokes? (medscape.com)
However, due to the cost of CT, there has been a reliance on the World Health Organization ( WHO ) clinical diagnosis of stroke in some low- resource settings. (bvsalud.org)
The positive predictive and negative predictive values of the WHO clinical diagnosis for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes were 79.13% and 68.97% and 68.97% and 79.13%, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
A low accuracy in the WHO clinical diagnosis of stroke was observed. (bvsalud.org)

One in three strokes are caused by carotid artery disease. (crmchealth.org)

Scientists link high particulate matter air pollution to a narrowing of neck arteries that frequently occurs prior to strokes. (medicaldaily.com)
However, stroke also occurs in about 8% of children with sickle cell disease. (who.int)
Ischemic stroke occurs when a clot blocks blood flow to the brain. (harvard.edu)
A haemorrhagic stroke occurs if blood leaks out of a blood vessel - this can happen if blood pressure is high, and / or if there is weakness in a wall of a vessel. (futurelearn.com)
On average, a stroke episode occurs every 40 seconds, making it a leading cause of disability for the U.S. (themedguru.com)

It is important to treat strokes as quickly as possible. (medlineplus.gov)

Stoke your creative fire with different brush strokes. (adobe.com)
See how different paint brush strokes can open new possibilities in your work. (adobe.com)
Different brush strokes for different folks. (adobe.com)
You might think that strokes are just lines, but in art, whether analog or digital, the way brush strokes are applied adds character and personality. (adobe.com)
The three different brush strokes found in Fresco - pixel, live, and vector - give you opportunities to let your unique expression shine through in your work. (adobe.com)
If you need more inspiration, download the Keith Haring brush strokes collection , and explore new digital tools in your work. (adobe.com)
Mimic paint strokes or paint splatter with imported brush strokes from Adobe Photoshop, perfect for that DIY or handmade look. (adobe.com)
Play around with watercolor brush strokes on a white background or use oil live brushes to capture a van Gogh vibe. (adobe.com)
If you want a paint splatter, use the Wet Splatter watercolor brush strokes to make color bloom and spread across your image. (adobe.com)
For oil live brushes, use a flat brush for all your broad brush strokes. (adobe.com)
One of the benefits of Fresco is the ability to use brush stroke vectors on the same canvas and at the same time as other brush strokes. (adobe.com)

Behavioural risk factors are responsible for about 80% of coronary heart disease and stroke. (who.int)

Every year, more than 795,000 people in the United States have a stroke. (cdc.gov)
About 185,000 strokes- nearly 1 in 4 -are in people who have had a previous stroke. (cdc.gov)
In 2014, 38% of people hospitalized for stroke were less than 65 years old . (cdc.gov)
The cumulative effect of several social factors can more than double the risk of stroke in people under 75, according to new research that examined the impact of living in a poor or rural area, having low education or income level, lacking health insurance or being Black. (stroke.org)
What the study showed, which is extremely important, is that people above the age of 80 also benefit from tPA, as did those with severe strokes and who had high blood pressure at admission. (medscape.com)
People with some brain impairment, such as dementia, have a significant 39 percent increased risk of stroke compared to people with normal brain function. (medicaldaily.com)
It is estimated that up to 130 000 people have strokes in Ukraine each year and mortality from stroke is higher than in most European countries. (who.int)
Different types of food, such as eggs, are linked to risks of different types of stroke, according to a study involving 418,000 people in nine European countries. (nutraingredients.com)
People are at an increased risk of memory problems and greater disability after stroke if they have low levels of 'good' cholesterol, according to a new study. (nutraingredients.com)
These indicators estimate the number and rate of people who were admitted to the hospital due to heart attack or stroke. (cdc.gov)
Stroke is so called because of the way it strikes people down. (who.int)
The risk of further episodes is significantly increased for people having experienced a previous stroke. (who.int)
Annually, 15 million people worldwide suffer a stroke. (who.int)
For every 10 people who die of stroke, four could have been saved if their blood pressure had been regulated. (who.int)
People who have had a stroke caused by a blood clot (ischemic strokes) often need to take medications that make their blood less likely to clot, which helps prevent another stroke. (eurekalert.org)
According to Dr. Ryan Gianatasio, neurologist and medical director of The Neuroscience Program , one in six people will suffer from a stroke at some point in their lifetime. (wcnc.com)
I want people to be aware that a stroke is still a big killer in South Carolina, and Carolinas", Dr. Gianatasio said. (wcnc.com)
One of the easy tools people can use to assess if you or someone you know has suffered from a stroke is the acronym BE FAST . (wcnc.com)
Young people also get stroke but much less often. (scientificamerican.com)
In most cases, people who suffer a silent stroke don't even know they've had a stroke. (huffpost.com)
What we don't know from these results is whether sleep apnea is a factor in causing stroke, or whether people who suffer strokes are then more likely to develop sleep apnea. (huffpost.com)
Pfizer and BioNTech said in a statement on Friday that they were aware of limited reports of ischemic strokes in people 65 and older following vaccination with their updated shot. (theglobeandmail.com)
While strokes remain relatively rare in younger people, they do occur, one expert said. (healthday.com)
Two thirds of strokes occur in people over the age of 65, but one third of strokes occur in those under the age of 65,' said Dr. Richard Libman, chief of the division of vascular neurology at North Shore-LIJ Health System in Manhasset, N.Y. (healthday.com)
Many strokes occur in people in the prime of their lives, depriving them of quality of life, and depriving society of their contributions,' added Libman, who was not involved in the new study. (healthday.com)
Approximately 600 people developed dementia and about 600 had a stroke over the course of the study. (cnn.com)
Recent data in the datalink system met the statistical criteria to prompt additional investigation into whether there actually was a safety concern for ischemic stroke in people who received the most recent version of the Pfizer COVID vaccine. (tv20detroit.com)
On average, someone in the U.S. suffers a stroke every 40 seconds and nearly 795,000 people suffer a new or recurrent stroke each year. (stvincenthospital.com)
People without a history of stroke or heart attack who consumed one or more cups of coffee a week had approximately a 14% lower risk of all-cause mortality compared to non-coffee drinkers. (heart.org)
Gregory Symko, D.C., is a chiropractor who specializes in helping people with brain issues related to stroke. (medlineplus.gov)

Stroke is a leading cause of serious long-term disability. (cdc.gov)
CDC and its partners are leading national initiatives and programs to reduce rates of death and disability caused by stroke and to help women live longer, healthier lives. (cdc.gov)
Stroke is dangerous and deadly - the No. 5 killer and a leading cause of disability in America. (stroke.org)
1 Stroke is also a leading cause of long-term disability, 2 and men under age 44 are hospitalized for certain types of stroke at a higher rate than women in the same age group. (cdc.gov)
This makes stroke a top cause of long-term disability. (webmd.com)
Compared to white men, they are twice as likely to have a stroke, have strokes at younger ages, die from stroke, or have stroke-related disability that affects their daily activities. (cdc.gov)
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States. (cdc.gov)
According to the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association, stroke is the No. 5 cause of death and a leading cause of adult disability in the United States. (stvincenthospital.com)
High blood pressure is also the most important risk factor for stroke-the third leading cause of death in the United States and the leading cause of disability. (dnatube.com)
A negligent physician who fails to act to stop the progression of a heart attack or stroke puts you at risk for brain damage, paralysis or long-term disability, even death. (r-klaw.com)
Stroke is the 5th leading cause of death and a leading cause of serious, long-term disability, with an estimated cost of $34 billion annually. (cdc.gov)

Drives the adoption of practices that improve stroke patient outcomes and reduce risk. (hfap.org)
More research is needed and more studies need to be done to prove its usefulness in improving the outcomes after stroke. (medhelp.org)
Another investigation in rodents, conducted by a German team, demonstrated that strokes disrupted mouse microbiomes -and that the altered composition of gut microbes could worsen outcomes after stroke. (scientificamerican.com)
When the team induced ischemic strokes in the rodents a month later, it found that young mice with older microbiomes had worse outcomes than their counterparts with intestinal flora from younger animals. (scientificamerican.com)
To test this theory, they selected strains of gut bacteria that produced short-chain fatty acids and transplanted them into mice-and found that these microorganisms were enough to improve outcomes after stroke. (scientificamerican.com)

Stroke caused by intracerebral hemorrhage is defined as rapidly developing clinical signs of neurological dysfunction attributable to a focal collection of blood within the brain parenchyma or ventricular system. (medscape.com)

These data come from hospitals, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services external icon , and CDC's Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke . (cdc.gov)
These indicators used data collected by vital records from CDC's National Center for Health Statistics and CDC's Atlas of Heart Disease and Stroke . (cdc.gov)

Whether your facility is "stroke ready" or provides advanced neurological care, we help you establish a structured set of protocols for best practice based on your level of treatment. (hfap.org)
But this stroke study revealed that neuromodulation plus task-specific practice enhances Hebbian learning -or activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, with all your muscles firing in sequence. (wired.com)
This way, you can practice the eleven stroke roll with your whole drum set. (drumlessons.com)
In the video, Lionel Duperron plays the eleven stroke roll on the practice pad with 32nd note double strokes and a 16th note single stroke, while on the drum set he plays the doubles on the eleven stroke roll as 16th notes and the single as an 8th note. (drumlessons.com)
Practice the eleven stroke roll with the single stroke placed at the beginning of the rudiment instead of at the end. (drumlessons.com)
As he was taking a few practice strokes for his 3-foot par putt, the ball moved ever so slightly without him touching it with his putter. (golfcanada.ca)

Stroke risk increases with age, but strokes can-and do-occur at any age. (cdc.gov)
Strokes occur when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, depriving tissue of oxygen and nutrients. (brighamandwomens.org)
Although lack of acclimatization is a risk factor for heat stroke, EHS also can occur in acclimatized individuals who are subjected to moderately intense exercise. (medscape.com)
Stroke is defined as damage to the brain and resultant neurologic deficits that occur when the blood supply to a given area of the brain is lost. (medscape.com)

There was no benefit of ticagrelor over aspirin for the combined endpoint of stroke or myocardial infarction. (medscape.com)
Tenecteplase is used in myocardial infraction, but definitive phase 3 trials in stroke have not been performed. (medscape.com)
The drugs have been associated with cardiac problems, including tachycardia, myocardial infarction, and sudden death -- as well as cardiovascular issues such as stroke. (medpagetoday.com)
We know that CAC is a good predictor of MI [myocardial infarction], but we wanted to know if it is a good predictor of stroke as well, and we found that it was. (medscape.com)
For the current study, 4180 persons aged 45 to 75 years from the population-based Heinz Nixdorf Recall study without previous stroke, coronary heart disease, or myocardial infarction, were evaluated for stroke events over an average 94 months. (medscape.com)

These cases highlight the severe and unique consequences of coronavirus disease-associated stroke. (cdc.gov)
Israel has not identified any evidence linking strokes to an updated coronavirus vaccine made by U.S. drugmaker Pfizer and its German partner BioNTech SE, according to a health ministry official. (theglobeandmail.com)

About 87% of all strokes are ischemic strokes , in which blood flow to the brain is blocked. (cdc.gov)
Stroke caused by subarachnoid hemorrhage is defined as rapidly developing signs of neurological dysfunction and/or headache because of bleeding into the subarachnoid space (the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater of the brain or spinal cord). (medscape.com)
A stroke is the rapid loss of brain function(s) due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. (medicaldaily.com)
A stroke can cause major brain damage. (medicaldaily.com)
A stroke, sometimes called a brain attack, happens when blood flow to an area of the brain is blocked or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts. (cdc.gov)
An ischemic stroke happens when a blood clot blocks the supply of blood to or in the brain. (webmd.com)
Hemorrhagic strokes happen when a weakened blood vessel in the brain bursts. (webmd.com)
A stroke (or brain attack) involves brain damage from a blood vessel in the brain bursting or the occurrence of a blood supply blockage affecting a portion of the brain. (cdc.gov)
Such strokes are caused by reduced blood flow to the brain. (variety.com)
When a clot blocks off circulation to the brain during an ischemic stroke, the loss of oxygen and nutrients can cause tissue to become damaged and die. (scientificamerican.com)
Silent strokes are a serious health concern, however -- they cause permanent damage to the brain, most often in the regions of the brain that govern mood, thought, cognition and memory. (huffpost.com)
Learning more about how disordered breathing affects the brain and may contribute to stroke risk is a critical avenue for additional research. (huffpost.com)
According to the American Stroke Association, 87 percent of strokes are ischemic strokes, which are caused by blocked blood flow in the brain. (healthday.com)
At issue are strokes caused by intracranial atherosclerosis, where blood vessels within the brain become hardened and narrowed. (brighamandwomens.org)
The idea is to supply better blood flow to areas of brain tissue at risk of stroke. (brighamandwomens.org)
The carotid arteries deliver blood to the brain and head and the buildup of plaque or narrowing of the blood vessels can increase the risk of stroke. (crmchealth.org)
When stroke happens, parts of the brain become damaged and can start to die within minutes. (cdc.gov)
A stroke happens when blood stops flowing to the brain. (medlineplus.gov)

Sometimes surgical removal of the clot is possible on larger vessels, but it is usually pointless after the stroke or when blockage is widespread. (factmonster.com)
A blood clot may lodge in this narrowed space and cause an ischemic stroke. (webmd.com)
Luckily, Adrian was in such good health that he was a prime candidate for a special surgery to remove the blood clot that caused his stroke. (cdc.gov)
To qualify for this recognition, hospitals must meet quality measures developed to reduce the time between the patient's arrival at the hospital and treatment with the clot-buster tissue plasminogen activator, or tPA , the only drug approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat ischemic stroke . (stvincenthospital.com)

In 2013, the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) published an expert consensus statement updating the definition of stroke. (medscape.com)
Worcester, MA - Saint Vincent Hospital receives the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's Get With The Guidelines®-Stroke Gold Plus Quality Achievement Award. (stvincenthospital.com)

Stroke-related costs in the United States came to nearly $56.5 billion between 2018 and 2019. (cdc.gov)
Hello there, My brother had suffered a stroke back in 2019. (medhelp.org)

At the moment, we have two ongoing [unpublished] studies in embolic stroke of indeterminate source. (medscape.com)

Call 9-1-1 right away if you or someone you are with shows any signs of having a stroke. (cdc.gov)

San Francisco, CA - Women who suffer from migraines with aura are much more likely to have strokes than women who get migraines without auras or who get nonmigraine headaches, a new analysis from the Women's Health Study (WHS) suggests. (medscape.com)
One in six of us, in the course of our lifetime will suffer some sort of stroke, whether that will be debilitating and make us unable to work or even has the potential potential of being fatal. (wcnc.com)

The WISEWOMAN program provides low-income, underinsured, or uninsured women with chronic disease risk factor screening, lifestyle programs, and referral services in an effort to prevent heart disease and strokes. (cdc.gov)
The Million Hearts ® initiative, which is co-led by CDC and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, works with other federal agencies and private-sector partners to raise awareness about heart disease and stroke and prevent attacks and strokes. (cdc.gov)
The thrombolytic drug tissue plasminogen activator, widely used to treat heart attacks, has been approved for use within three hours of the onset of strokes caused by clots. (factmonster.com)
One study published in 2013 in The BMJ , for example, concluded that eating up to one egg per day was not tied to a heightened risk of heart disease or stroke . (medicalnewstoday.com)
And the most widespread conditions are stroke - both hemorrhagic and ischemic - and ischemic heart disease, in that order. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Higher dietary intakes of polyphenols like flavanones and anthocyanins are associated with a reduced risk of stroke and heart attack for men, according to a new study. (nutraingredients.com)
These indicators provide information about health effects due to heart disease and stroke systems of care that informed policy interventions. (cdc.gov)
They can be used to identify trends and patterns in hospitalizations due to heart attacks or strokes. (cdc.gov)
They can also be used to help estimate the number of hospital admissions for either heart attacks or strokes. (cdc.gov)
Data can be used to identify trends and patterns in the mortality of ischemic heart disease, heart attacks, or stroke. (cdc.gov)
Developing a vaccine to replace and/or compliment daily, oral medications might save many lives and help prevent both secondary strokes and possibly heart attacks, according to Nakagami. (eurekalert.org)
Revenues from pharmaceutical and device corporations and health insurance providers are available at https://www.heart.org/en/about-us/aha-financial-information . (eurekalert.org)
By implementing the American Heart Association's Get With The Guidelines-Stroke initiative, Saint Vincent Hospital continues to track and measure our success in meeting evidenced-based clinical guidelines," said Jeffrey M. Welch, CEO of Saint Vincent Hospital. (stvincenthospital.com)
If left untreated, this "silent killer," as high blood pressure is often called, is a primary cause not only of stroke, but also of coronary heart disease, heart failure, kidney disease, and blindness. (dnatube.com)
Strokes and heart attacks often develop over many years. (r-klaw.com)
The difficulty with strokes and heart attacks is that they often appear at first glance to be another condition. (r-klaw.com)
Please Contact us today or call (412) 261-2620 to have your medical malpractice case involving a stroke or heart attack evaluated by an attorney with a background in medicine. (r-klaw.com)
had a recent heart attack, stroke, tuberculosis exposure or had recently coughed up blood. (cdc.gov)
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are often called "silent killers" because heart attacks and strokes are a common first warning sign of an underlying disease. (who.int)

About half of Hispanic men have a blood pressure greater than or equal to 130/80 mm Hg or are taking medicine to lower blood pressure-a major risk factor for stroke. (cdc.gov)
The news that sleep apnea is a risk factor for stroke isn't new. (huffpost.com)
High blood pressure is the single most important treatable risk factor for stroke. (cdc.gov)

Learn how to take steps to prevent stroke . (cdc.gov)
How can I prevent stroke? (cdc.gov)
He takes medicine to prevent blood clots and control his blood pressure, and he is determined not to let stroke stop him from doing what he loves. (cdc.gov)

Silent strokes are themselves a risk factor for other types of stroke, including major stroke. (huffpost.com)

Low blood levels of magnesium may increase the risk of stroke by 25 per cent, suggest findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. (nutraingredients.com)
Natural News) According to findings from a 2018 review, women who take birth control pills are at higher risk of developing ischemic stroke. (naturalnews.com)
Some of the first findings linking gut microbes to stroke just appeared about three years ago. (scientificamerican.com)
Most of the findings supporting the microbiome's role in stroke have stemmed from research in animals, so whether the benefits will carry over to humans remains to be seen. (scientificamerican.com)
The findings are slated for presentation Thursday at the American Stroke Association's International Stroke Conference in San Diego. (healthday.com)
According to the findings of a new study, regular moderate to vigorous exercise , enough to break out a sweat, can cut the risk of stroke by 20 percent. (themedguru.com)
Asked to comment on these findings, Ralph L. Sacco, MD, Olemberg Professor and chairman of neurology at the University of Miami's Miller School of Medicine, Florida, pointed out that few prior studies have examined this relationship between CAC and stroke risk. (medscape.com)

Among those aged under 65, two-fifths of deaths from stroke are linked to smoking. (who.int)
After decades of decline, progress has slowed in preventing stroke deaths. (cdc.gov)
Reducing stroke risk factors and improving the quality of stroke care are needed to continue the decline in stroke deaths. (cdc.gov)
Stroke deaths have stopped declining. (cdc.gov)
1 in 20 adult deaths are due to stroke. (cdc.gov)
Stroke deaths increased in southern states. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy10

Diseases56

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment67

Psychiatry and Psychology6

Phenomena and Processes15

Disciplines and Occupations4

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena6

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science7

Named Groups3

Health Care56

Geographicals6

Community education for stroke awareness: An efficacy study. (1/13678)

Renal insufficiency and altered postoperative risk in carotid endarterectomy. (2/13678)

An application of upper-extremity constraint-induced movement therapy in a patient with subacute stroke. (3/13678)

Night time versus daytime transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: a prospective study of 110 patients. (4/13678)

Lesion volume, lesion location, and outcome after middle cerebral artery territory stroke. (5/13678)

Analysis of the relationship between the utilization of physical therapy services and outcomes for patients with acute stroke. (6/13678)

Speed-dependent reductions of force output in people with poststroke hemiparesis. (7/13678)

Restoration of shoulder movement in quadriplegic and hemiplegic patients by functional electrical stimulation using percutaneous multiple electrodes. (8/13678)

Stroke

Brain Ischemia

Cerebrovascular Disorders

Cerebral Hemorrhage

Cerebral Infarction

Ischemic Attack, Transient

Risk Factors

Fibrinolytic Agents

Paresis

Prospective Studies

Stroke, Lacunar

Stroke Volume

Acute Disease

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

Treatment Outcome

Recovery of Function

Time Factors

Brain Infarction

Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery

Follow-Up Studies

Thrombolytic Therapy

Intracranial Hemorrhages

Incidence

Cohort Studies

Heat Stroke

Intracranial Embolism

Hemiplegia

Severity of Illness Index

Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Atrial Fibrillation

Predictive Value of Tests

Recurrence

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Anticoagulants

Carotid Stenosis

Brain

Hospital Units

Registries

Retrospective Studies

Age Factors

Endarterectomy, Carotid

Intracranial Thrombosis

Comorbidity

Risk

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Risk Assessment

Hypertension

Cerebrovascular Circulation

Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis

Warfarin

Aphasia

Intracranial Arteriosclerosis

Neurology

Disability Evaluation

Activities of Daily Living

Neurologic Examination

Cerebral Angiography

Emergency Medical Services

Magnetic Resonance Angiography

Prognosis

Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors

Odds Ratio

Sex Factors

Upper Extremity

Aspirin

Neuroprotective Agents

Proportional Hazards Models

Multivariate Analysis

Case-Control Studies

Blood Pressure

United States

Outcome Assessment (Health Care)

Cerebral Arteries

Embolism

Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Reperfusion

Logistic Models

Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial

Carotid Artery Diseases

Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic