Streptococcus pneumoniae. Medical search

A gram-positive organism found in the upper respiratory tract, inflammatory exudates, and various body fluids of normal and/or diseased humans and, rarely, domestic animals.

A genus of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria whose organisms occur in pairs or chains. No endospores are produced. Many species exist as commensals or parasites on man or animals with some being highly pathogenic. A few species are saprophytes and occur in the natural environment.

Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.

Gram-negative, non-motile, capsulated, gas-producing rods found widely in nature and associated with urinary and respiratory infections in humans.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from skin lesions, blood, inflammatory exudates, and the upper respiratory tract of humans. It is a group A hemolytic Streptococcus that can cause SCARLET FEVER and RHEUMATIC FEVER.

A polysaccharide-producing species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from human dental plaque.

Short filamentous organism of the genus Mycoplasma, which binds firmly to the cells of the respiratory epithelium. It is one of the etiologic agents of non-viral primary atypical pneumonia in man.

A febrile disease caused by STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.

Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.

A bacterium which causes mastitis in cattle and occasionally in man.

Proteins found in any species of bacterium.

Substances that reduce the growth or reproduction of BACTERIA.

Any tests that demonstrate the relative efficacy of different chemotherapeutic agents against specific microorganisms (i.e., bacteria, fungi, viruses).

Nonsusceptibility of an organism to the action of penicillins.

The top portion of the pharynx situated posterior to the nose and superior to the SOFT PALATE. The nasopharynx is the posterior extension of the nasal cavities and has a respiratory function.

Exotoxins produced by certain strains of streptococci, particularly those of group A (STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES), that cause HEMOLYSIS.

Process of determining and distinguishing species of bacteria or viruses based on antigens they share.

An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commensal in the respiratory tract.

An envelope of loose gel surrounding a bacterial cell which is associated with the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. Some capsules have a well-defined border, whereas others form a slime layer that trails off into the medium. Most capsules consist of relatively simple polysaccharides but there are some bacteria whose capsules are made of polypeptides.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent infections with STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria that is numerous in the mouth and throat. It is a common cause of endocarditis and is also implicated in dental plaque formation.

A group of antibiotics that contain 6-aminopenicillanic acid with a side chain attached to the 6-amino group. The penicillin nucleus is the chief structural requirement for biological activity. The side-chain structure determines many of the antibacterial and pharmacological characteristics. (Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1065)

A species of STREPTOCOCCUS isolated from pigs. It is a pathogen of swine but rarely occurs in humans.

A group of QUINOLONES with at least one fluorine atom and a piperazinyl group.

A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection.

Viruses whose host is Streptococcus.

Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.

A group of often glycosylated macrocyclic compounds formed by chain extension of multiple PROPIONATES cyclized into a large (typically 12, 14, or 16)-membered lactone. Macrolides belong to the POLYKETIDES class of natural products, and many members exhibit ANTIBIOTIC properties.

An autolytic enzyme bound to the surface of bacterial cell walls. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of the link between N-acetylmuramoyl residues and L-amino acid residues in certain cell wall glycopeptides, particularly peptidoglycan. EC 3.5.1.28.

The ability of microorganisms, especially bacteria, to resist or to become tolerant to chemotherapeutic agents, antimicrobial agents, or antibiotics. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly found in the alimentary tract of cows, sheep, and other ruminants. It occasionally is encountered in cases of human endocarditis. This species is nonhemolytic.

Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.

A species of HAEMOPHILUS found on the mucous membranes of humans and a variety of animals. The species is further divided into biotypes I through VIII.

Immunoglobulins produced in a response to BACTERIAL ANTIGENS.

Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.

Interstitial pneumonia caused by extensive infection of the lungs (LUNG) and BRONCHI, particularly the lower lobes of the lungs, by MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE in humans. In SHEEP, it is caused by MYCOPLASMA OVIPNEUMONIAE. In CATTLE, it may be caused by MYCOPLASMA DISPAR.

Compounds based on ERYTHROMYCIN with the 3-cladinose replaced by a ketone. They bind the 23S part of 70S bacterial RIBOSOMES.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from abscesses in submaxillary glands and mucopurulent discharges of the upper respiratory tract of horses. This organism belongs to Group C streptococci with regards to antigen response and is known to cause strangles. The subspecies S. zooepidemicus is also considered a pathogen of horses.

The heritable modification of the properties of a competent bacterium by naked DNA from another source. The uptake of naked DNA is a naturally occuring phenomenon in some bacteria. It is often used as a GENE TRANSFER TECHNIQUE.

Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.

The condition of harboring an infective organism without manifesting symptoms of infection. The organism must be readily transmissible to another susceptible host.

Polysaccharides found in bacteria and in capsules thereof.

The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.

Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.

Gram-negative aerobic cocci of low virulence that colonize the nasopharynx and occasionally cause MENINGITIS; BACTEREMIA; EMPYEMA; PERICARDITIS; and PNEUMONIA.

The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.

Bacterial proteins that share the property of binding irreversibly to PENICILLINS and other ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS derived from LACTAMS. The penicillin-binding proteins are primarily enzymes involved in CELL WALL biosynthesis including MURAMOYLPENTAPEPTIDE CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; PEPTIDE SYNTHASES; TRANSPEPTIDASES; and HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES.

A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.

A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Topoisomerase IV binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting 2 parC and 2 parE subunits. Topoisomerase IV is a decatenating enzyme that resolves interlinked daughter chromosomes following DNA replication.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria isolated from the human tooth surface. Strains have been shown to be cariogenic in experimental animals and may be associated with human dental caries.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an aminoacyl group from donor to acceptor resulting in the formation of an ester or amide linkage. EC 2.3.2.

A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.

Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.

Substances elaborated by bacteria that have antigenic activity.

The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.

Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.

A group of broad-spectrum antibiotics first isolated from the Mediterranean fungus ACREMONIUM. They contain the beta-lactam moiety thia-azabicyclo-octenecarboxylic acid also called 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.

Bacteria which retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.

Vaccines or candidate vaccines used to prevent STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS.

Enumeration by direct count of viable, isolated bacterial, archaeal, or fungal CELLS or SPORES capable of growth on solid CULTURE MEDIA. The method is used routinely by environmental microbiologists for quantifying organisms in AIR; FOOD; and WATER; by clinicians for measuring patients' microbial load; and in antimicrobial drug testing.

Semisynthetic vaccines consisting of polysaccharide antigens from microorganisms attached to protein carrier molecules. The carrier protein is recognized by macrophages and T-cells thus enhancing immunity. Conjugate vaccines induce antibody formation in people not responsive to polysaccharide alone, induce higher levels of antibody, and show a booster response on repeated injection.

Physicochemical property of fimbriated (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) and non-fimbriated bacteria of attaching to cells, tissue, and nonbiological surfaces. It is a factor in bacterial colonization and pathogenicity.

The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microorganisms or viruses as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenic capacity of an organism is determined by its VIRULENCE FACTORS.

A species of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic bacteria in the family STREPTOCOCCACEAE. It is a normal inhabitant of the human oral cavity, and causes DENTAL PLAQUE and ENDOCARDITIS. It is being investigated as a vehicle for vaccine delivery.

Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDOPHILA.

Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic or intercellular factors influence the differential control of gene action in bacteria.

Any infection acquired in the community, that is, contrasted with those acquired in a health care facility (CROSS INFECTION). An infection would be classified as community-acquired if the patient had not recently been in a health care facility or been in contact with someone who had been recently in a health care facility.

A species of thermophilic, gram-positive bacteria found in MILK and milk products.

The ability of bacteria to resist or to become tolerant to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs simultaneously. This resistance may be acquired through gene mutation or foreign DNA in transmissible plasmids (R FACTORS).

A bacterial DNA topoisomerase II that catalyzes ATP-dependent breakage of both strands of DNA, passage of the unbroken strands through the breaks, and rejoining of the broken strands. Gyrase binds to DNA as a heterotetramer consisting of two A and two B subunits. In the presence of ATP, gyrase is able to convert the relaxed circular DNA duplex into a superhelix. In the absence of ATP, supercoiled DNA is relaxed by DNA gyrase.

Procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria. The most frequently employed typing systems are BACTERIOPHAGE TYPING and SEROTYPING as well as bacteriocin typing and biotyping.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of hexose groups. EC 2.4.1.-.

A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.

A species of gram-positive, coccoid bacteria commonly isolated from clinical specimens and the human intestinal tract. Most strains are nonhemolytic.

In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.

Acyltransferases that use AMINO ACYL TRNA as the amino acid donor in formation of a peptide bond. There are ribosomal and non-ribosomal peptidyltransferases.

Gel electrophoresis in which the direction of the electric field is changed periodically. This technique is similar to other electrophoretic methods normally used to separate double-stranded DNA molecules ranging in size up to tens of thousands of base-pairs. However, by alternating the electric field direction one is able to separate DNA molecules up to several million base-pairs in length.

Enzyme which catalyzes the peptide cross-linking of nascent CELL WALL; PEPTIDOGLYCAN.

One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.

Pathological processes involving the NASOPHARYNX.

Any liquid or solid preparation made specifically for the growth, storage, or transport of microorganisms or other types of cells. The variety of media that exist allow for the culturing of specific microorganisms and cell types, such as differential media, selective media, test media, and defined media. Solid media consist of liquid media that have been solidified with an agent such as AGAR or GELATIN.

A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.

A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.

Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.

Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.

A funnel-shaped fibromuscular tube that conducts food to the ESOPHAGUS, and air to the LARYNX and LUNGS. It is located posterior to the NASAL CAVITY; ORAL CAVITY; and LARYNX, and extends from the SKULL BASE to the inferior border of the CRICOID CARTILAGE anteriorly and to the inferior border of the C6 vertebra posteriorly. It is divided into the NASOPHARYNX; OROPHARYNX; and HYPOPHARYNX (laryngopharynx).

A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.

Cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion (BACTERIAL ADHESION) to other cells or to inanimate surfaces. Most fimbriae (FIMBRIAE, BACTERIAL) of gram-negative bacteria function as adhesins, but in many cases it is a minor subunit protein at the tip of the fimbriae that is the actual adhesin. In gram-positive bacteria, a protein or polysaccharide surface layer serves as the specific adhesin. What is sometimes called polymeric adhesin (BIOFILMS) is distinct from protein adhesin.

The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.

Proteins that bind to particles and cells to increase susceptibility to PHAGOCYTOSIS, especially ANTIBODIES bound to EPITOPES that attach to FC RECEPTORS. COMPLEMENT C3B may also participate.

Facilities which provide care for pre-school and school-age children.

Techniques used in studying bacteria.

The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.

Non-susceptibility of an organism to the action of the cephalosporins.

The body fluid that circulates in the vascular system (BLOOD VESSELS). Whole blood includes PLASMA and BLOOD CELLS.

Cyclic AMIDES formed from aminocarboxylic acids by the elimination of water. Lactims are the enol forms of lactams.

Suspensions of attenuated or killed bacteria administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious bacterial disease.

Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of CHLORAMPHENICOL, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis in the 50S ribosomal subunit where amino acids are added to nascent bacterial polypeptides.

Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.

A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.

Rupture of bacterial cells due to mechanical force, chemical action, or the lytic growth of BACTERIOPHAGES.

Bacteria which lose crystal violet stain but are stained pink when treated by Gram's method.

The space and structures directly internal to the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE and external to the inner ear (LABYRINTH). Its major components include the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE that connects the cavity of middle ear (tympanic cavity) to the upper part of the throat.

The oval-shaped oral cavity located at the apex of the digestive tract and consisting of two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.

Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).

A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.

Four-membered cyclic AMIDES, best known for the PENICILLINS based on a bicyclo-thiazolidine, as well as the CEPHALOSPORINS based on a bicyclo-thiazine, and including monocyclic MONOBACTAMS. The BETA-LACTAMASES hydrolyze the beta lactam ring, accounting for BETA-LACTAM RESISTANCE of infective bacteria.

Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)

Potentially pathogenic bacteria found in nasal membranes, skin, hair follicles, and perineum of warm-blooded animals. They may cause a wide range of infections and intoxications.

Transport proteins that carry specific substances in the blood or across cell membranes.

An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.

Direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level.

The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.

A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.

Enzymes found in many bacteria which catalyze the hydrolysis of the amide bond in the beta-lactam ring. Well known antibiotics destroyed by these enzymes are penicillins and cephalosporins.

The ability of bacterial cells to take up exogenous DNA and be genetically transformed by it.

A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.

The outermost layer of a cell in most PLANTS; BACTERIA; FUNGI; and ALGAE. The cell wall is usually a rigid structure that lies external to the CELL MEMBRANE, and provides a protective barrier against physical or chemical agents.

Bacterial polysaccharides that are rich in phosphodiester linkages. They are the major components of the cell walls and membranes of many bacteria.

Either of the pair of organs occupying the cavity of the thorax that effect the aeration of the blood.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of the beta-lactam antibiotics. Mechanisms responsible for beta-lactam resistance may be degradation of antibiotics by BETA-LACTAMASES, failure of antibiotics to penetrate, or low-affinity binding of antibiotics to targets.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. It is commonly found in the oropharynx flora and has a proclivity for abscess formation, most characteristically in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and LIVER.

Coccus-shaped bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain when treated by Gram's method.

The engulfing and degradation of microorganisms; other cells that are dead, dying, or pathogenic; and foreign particles by phagocytic cells (PHAGOCYTES).

Simultaneous resistance to several structurally and functionally distinct drugs.

The major immunoglobulin isotype class in normal human serum. There are several isotype subclasses of IgG, for example, IgG1, IgG2A, and IgG2B.

Encrustations, formed from microbes (bacteria, algae, fungi, plankton, or protozoa) embedding in extracellular polymers, that adhere to surfaces such as teeth (DENTAL DEPOSITS); PROSTHESES AND IMPLANTS; and catheters. Biofilms are prevented from forming by treating surfaces with DENTIFRICES; DISINFECTANTS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; and antifouling agents.

A film that attaches to teeth, often causing DENTAL CARIES and GINGIVITIS. It is composed of MUCINS, secreted from salivary glands, and microorganisms.

A large heterogeneous group of mostly alpha-hemolytic streptococci. They colonize the respiratory tract at birth and generally have a low degree of pathogenicity. This group of species includes STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS; STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS; STREPTOCOCCUS ORALIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUIS; STREPTOCOCCUS SOBRINUS; and the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. The latter are often beta-hemolytic and commonly produce invasive pyogenic infections including brain and abdominal abscesses.

Those components of an organism that determine its capacity to cause disease but are not required for its viability per se. Two classes have been characterized: TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL and surface adhesion molecules that effect the ability of the microorganism to invade and colonize a host. (From Davis et al., Microbiology, 4th ed. p486)

The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.

A genus of the family Chinchillidae which consists of three species: C. brevicaudata, C. lanigera, and C. villidera. They are used extensively in biomedical research.

Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.

Naturally occurring or experimentally induced animal diseases with pathological processes sufficiently similar to those of human diseases. They are used as study models for human diseases.

Nonsusceptibility of bacteria to the action of TETRACYCLINE which inhibits aminoacyl-tRNA binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit during protein synthesis.

Extrachromosomal, usually CIRCULAR DNA molecules that are self-replicating and transferable from one organism to another. They are found in a variety of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, algal, and plant species. They are used in GENETIC ENGINEERING as CLONING VECTORS.

The clear, viscous fluid secreted by the SALIVARY GLANDS and mucous glands of the mouth. It contains MUCINS, water, organic salts, and ptylin.

The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.

Presence of pus in a hollow organ or body cavity.

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.

Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.

A watery fluid that is continuously produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS and circulates around the surface of the BRAIN; SPINAL CORD; and in the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glycosyl groups to an acceptor. Most often another carbohydrate molecule acts as an acceptor, but inorganic phosphate can also act as an acceptor, such as in the case of PHOSPHORYLASES. Some of the enzymes in this group also catalyze hydrolysis, which can be regarded as transfer of a glycosyl group from the donor to water. Subclasses include the HEXOSYLTRANSFERASES; PENTOSYLTRANSFERASES; SIALYLTRANSFERASES; and those transferring other glycosyl groups. EC 2.4.

The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.

Substances elaborated by specific strains of bacteria that are lethal against other strains of the same or related species. They are protein or lipopolysaccharide-protein complexes used in taxonomy studies of bacteria.

Parliamentary democracy located between France on the northeast and Portugual on the west and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

An infant during the first month after birth.

Method of measuring the bactericidal activity contained in a patient's serum as a result of antimicrobial therapy. It is used to monitor the therapy in BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS; OSTEOMYELITIS and other serious bacterial infections. As commonly performed, the test is a variation of the broth dilution test. This test needs to be distinguished from testing of the naturally occurring BLOOD BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY.

This drug combination has proved to be an effective therapeutic agent with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.

A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.

Infections with bacteria of the genus CHLAMYDIA.

The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.

Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.

A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.

Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.

Infections with bacteria of the family NEISSERIACEAE.

Infections of the nervous system caused by bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS, and marked by prominent inflammation of the MENINGES. HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B is the most common causative organism. The condition primarily affects children under 6 years of age but may occur in adults.

In bacteria, a group of metabolically related genes, with a common promoter, whose transcription into a single polycistronic MESSENGER RNA is under the control of an OPERATOR REGION.

Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.

A technique for identifying individuals of a species that is based on the uniqueness of their DNA sequence. Uniqueness is determined by identifying which combination of allelic variations occur in the individual at a statistically relevant number of different loci. In forensic studies, RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM of multiple, highly polymorphic VNTR LOCI or MICROSATELLITE REPEAT loci are analyzed. The number of loci used for the profile depends on the ALLELE FREQUENCY in the population.

Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.

Serological reactions in which an antiserum against one antigen reacts with a non-identical but closely related antigen.

A species of gram-positive bacteria in the STREPTOCOCCUS MILLERI GROUP. It is commonly found in the oropharnyx flora and has a proclivity for abscess formation in the upper body and respiratory tract.

The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.

Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.

Enzymes that catalyze the transfer of glucose from a nucleoside diphosphate glucose to an acceptor molecule which is frequently another carbohydrate. EC 2.4.1.-.

The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.

A group of beta-lactam antibiotics in which the sulfur atom in the thiazolidine ring of the penicillin molecule is replaced by a carbon atom. THIENAMYCINS are a subgroup of carbapenems which have a sulfur atom as the first constituent of the side chain.

Discrete segments of DNA which can excise and reintegrate to another site in the genome. Most are inactive, i.e., have not been found to exist outside the integrated state. DNA transposable elements include bacterial IS (insertion sequence) elements, Tn elements, the maize controlling elements Ac and Ds, Drosophila P, gypsy, and pogo elements, the human Tigger elements and the Tc and mariner elements which are found throughout the animal kingdom.

The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.

Proteins isolated from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.

Immunoelectrophoresis in which immunoprecipitation occurs when antigen at the cathode is caused to migrate in an electric field through a suitable medium of diffusion against a stream of antibody migrating from the anode as a result of endosmotic flow.

Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain (EARACHE), fever, HEARING DISORDERS, and VERTIGO. Inflammation of the external ear is OTITIS EXTERNA; of the middle ear, OTITIS MEDIA; of the inner ear, LABYRINTHITIS.

Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.

The species Oryctolagus cuniculus, in the family Leporidae, order LAGOMORPHA. Rabbits are born in burrows, furless, and with eyes and ears closed. In contrast with HARES, rabbits have 22 chromosome pairs.

Material coughed up from the lungs and expectorated via the mouth. It contains MUCUS, cellular debris, and microorganisms. It may also contain blood or pus.

An antibiotic first isolated from cultures of Streptomyces venequelae in 1947 but now produced synthetically. It has a relatively simple structure and was the first broad-spectrum antibiotic to be discovered. It acts by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and is mainly bacteriostatic. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p106)

Mutagenesis where the mutation is caused by the introduction of foreign DNA sequences into a gene or extragenic sequence. This may occur spontaneously in vivo or be experimentally induced in vivo or in vitro. Proviral DNA insertions into or adjacent to a cellular proto-oncogene can interrupt GENETIC TRANSLATION of the coding sequences or interfere with recognition of regulatory elements and cause unregulated expression of the proto-oncogene resulting in tumor formation.

A genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria whose organisms are nonmotile. Filaments that may be present in certain species are either straight or wavy and may have swollen or clubbed heads.

Represents 15-20% of the human serum immunoglobulins, mostly as the 4-chain polymer in humans or dimer in other mammals. Secretory IgA (IMMUNOGLOBULIN A, SECRETORY) is the main immunoglobulin in secretions.

A complex of cyclic peptide antibiotics produced by the Tracy-I strain of Bacillus subtilis. The commercial preparation is a mixture of at least nine bacitracins with bacitracin A as the major constituent. It is used topically to treat open infections such as infected eczema and infected dermal ulcers. (From Goodman and Gilman, The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 8th ed, p1140)

Measurable quantity of bacteria in an object, organism, or organism compartment.

A genus of gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic, coccoid bacteria. Its organisms occur singly, in pairs, and in tetrads and characteristically divide in more than one plane to form irregular clusters. Natural populations of Staphylococcus are found on the skin and mucous membranes of warm-blooded animals. Some species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and animals.

Ability of a microbe to survive under given conditions. This can also be related to a colony's ability to replicate.

Change brought about to an organisms genetic composition by unidirectional transfer (TRANSFECTION; TRANSDUCTION, GENETIC; CONJUGATION, GENETIC, etc.) and incorporation of foreign DNA into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells by recombination of part or all of that DNA into the cell's genome.

A family of gram-positive non-sporing bacteria including many parasitic, pathogenic, and saprophytic forms.

The middle portion of the pharynx that lies posterior to the mouth, inferior to the SOFT PALATE, and superior to the base of the tongue and EPIGLOTTIS. It has a digestive function as food passes from the mouth into the oropharynx before entering ESOPHAGUS.

Elements of limited time intervals, contributing to particular results or situations.

Passive agglutination tests in which antigen is adsorbed onto latex particles which then clump in the presence of antibody specific for the adsorbed antigen. (From Stedman, 26th ed)

Immune response capacity after human splenic autotransplantation: restoration of response to individual pneumococcal vaccine subtypes. (1/5890)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate features of general immune function, in particular the restoration of the humoral immune response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides, in humans undergoing a spleen autotransplantation after splenectomy because of trauma. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: After splenectomy, patients have an increased risk of overwhelming infection or sepsis involving encapsulated bacteria such as pneumococci. The value of human spleen autotransplantation after splenectomy because of trauma has long been questioned. Mononuclear phagocyte system function appeared to be similar to that in splenectomized persons. The presence of specific antipneumococcal antibodies would allow other parts of the mononuclear phagocyte system, such as those in the liver, to phagocytose opsonized bacteria. METHODS: Ten consecutive patients undergoing splenectomy followed by autotransplantation were compared with the next 14 consecutive patients undergoing splenectomy alone. After a minimum of 6 months, the patients were vaccinated with 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. Blood samples were taken at the time of vaccination and after 3 and 6 weeks for antipneumococcal capsular polysaccharides IgM and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against types 3, 4, 6, 9, 14, and 23. Splenic regrowth was evaluated by scintigraphy. RESULTS: Surprisingly, several of the nonautotransplanted patients showed scintigraphic activity, indicating the presence of either accessory spleens or traumatic seeding (splenosis). Significant antibody titer increases (more than twofold) were found for both IgM and IgG in the autotransplanted patients. Splenectomized-only patients showed no significant increase in Ig levels in patients without splenic regrowth and partial improvement in patients with splenosis/accessory spleens. CONCLUSIONS: Considering this significant antipneumococcal antibody increase, spleen autotransplants can be expected to permit an adequate humoral response to pneumococcal infections and presumably also to other TI-2 antigens, and to protect against overwhelming postsplenectomy infection or sepsis. (+info)

Paediatric, invasive pneumococcal disease in Switzerland, 1985-1994. Swiss Pneumococcal Study Group. (2/5890)

BACKGROUND: Cost effective use of new vaccines against pneumococcal disease in children requires detailed information about the local epidemiology of pneumococcal infections. METHODS: Data on 393 culture-confirmed cases of invasive pneumococcal infection in children (<17 years) hospitalized in Swiss paediatric clinics were collected retrospectively for the years 1985-1994. RESULTS: Meningitis (42%) was most frequent, followed by pneumonia (28%) and bacteraemia (26%). The overall annual incidence was 2.7 cases per 100000 children <17 years old and 11 cases per 100000 children <2 years old. Annual incidence rates were stable over the study period. Lethality was high for meningitis (8.6%) and bacteraemia (8.9%). A history of basal skull fracture was reported in 3.3% of children with pneumococcal meningitis. Residence in a rural region was associated with an increased risk of pneumococcal infection (relative risk = 1.45, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-2.00). CONCLUSIONS: Paediatric, invasive pneumococcal disease seems to be less frequent in Switzerland than in other European and non-European countries. This may be due to differences in diagnostic strategies and lower frequency of risk factors such as the use of day care. Children with a history of basal skull fracture are at increased risk for pneumococcal meningitis. Further investigation of the association of invasive pneumococcal infection with rural residence and the use of antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections might give new insight into the dynamics of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection and the development of antibiotic resistance. (+info)

Repertoire of human antibodies against the polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B. (3/5890)

We examined the repertoire of antibodies to Streptococcus pneumoniae 6B capsular polysaccharide induced with the conventional polysaccharide vaccine in adults at the molecular level two ways. In the first, we purified from the sera of seven vaccinees antipneumococcal antibodies and determined their amino acid sequences. Their VH regions are mainly the products of VH3 family genes (candidate genes, 3-23, 3-07, 3-66, and 3-74), but the product of a VH1 family gene (candidate gene, 1-03) is occasionally used. All seven individuals have small amounts of polyclonal kappa+ antibodies (Vkappa1 to Vkappa4 families), although kappa+ antibodies are occasionally dominated by antibodies formed with the product of the A27 Vkappa gene. In contrast, lambda+ anti-6B antibodies are dominated by the antibodies derived from one of 3 very similar Vlambda2 family genes (candidate genes, 2c, 2e, and 2a2) and Clambda1 gene product. The Vlambda2(+) antibodies express the 8.12 idiotype, which is expressed on anti-double-stranded-DNA antibodies. In one case, Vlambda is derived from a rarely expressed Vlambda gene, 10a. In the second approach, we studied a human hybridoma (Dob1) producing anti-6B antibody. Its VH region sequence is closely related to those of the 3-15 VH gene (88% nucleotide homology) and JH4 (92% homology). Its VL region is homologous to the 2a2 Vlambda2 gene (91%) and Jlambda1/Clambda1. Taken together, the V region of human anti-6B antibodies is commonly formed by a VH3 and a Vlambda2 family gene product. (+info)

Previous respiratory tract infections and antibiotic consumption in children with long- and short-term carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. (4/5890)

Previous respiratory tract infections (RTI) and antibiotics consumption as possible risk factors for extended duration of PRP carriage were investigated in 24 children (cases) with previous carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci (PRP) for a duration exceeding 120 days (median 168 days) and a control group of 53 children with a duration of PRP carriage less than 90 days (median 21 days). The cases had experienced 0.99 episodes of acute otitis media (AOM) per life-year compared to 0.79 episodes in the controls (P = 0.32). For antibiotic-treated RTI other than AOM, the corresponding numbers were 0.49 and 0.29 episodes per life-year, respectively (P = 0.01). No differences in antibiotic consumption in the 3 months preceding the carriage, nor during the carriage period were noted. Other factors than impaired host defence to respiratory tract pathogens or antibiotics consumption seem to be more important in determining the duration of PRP carriage. (+info)

Pneumococcal psoas abscess. (5/5890)

A 47-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of severe low back pain. A computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a left sided psoas muscle abscess. On the first hospital day, US-guided drainage was performed. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from the pus. Thereafter, the open drainage of the abscess and antibiotic treatment were given with subsequent clinical improvement. Only 10 cases of pneumococcal psoas abscess have been previously reported in the world literature. (+info)

Increased activity of 16-membered lactone ring macrolides against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae: characterization of South African isolates. (6/5890)

The susceptibility of 40 erythromycin-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes and 40 multiply-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae to six macrolide antibiotics, representing 14-, 15- and 16-membered lactone ring structures, was tested. The genetic basis for macrolide resistance in the strains was also determined. Both erm and mef determinants were encountered in the 36 S. pneumoniae isolates tested, but only mef in the five S. pyogenes isolates tested. All isolates showed cross-resistance among the 14-membered macrolides erythromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin and the 15-membered macrolide, azithromycin. However, the erythromycin-resistant S. pyogenes isolates retained full susceptibility to spiramycin and josamycin (16-membered agents). These latter two antibiotics were also more active than the other macrolides against erythromycin-resistant S. pneumoniae isolates, especially josamycin which was 8-64 times more active than erythromycin; spiramycin was only two to eight times more active than erythromycin. (+info)

Moxifloxacin: a comparison with other antimicrobial agents of in-vitro activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. (7/5890)

Two hundred representative isolates, including 26 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae with intermediate resistance to penicillin, were selected from a collection obtained from blood cultures of patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia. The MICs of moxifloxacin (BAY 12-8039), grepafloxacin, sparfloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, tetracycline and penicillin G were determined by a standard agar dilution technique. Moxifloxacin had the highest in-vitro activity against S. pneumoniae (MIC90 = 0.25 mg/L; MIC range 0.06-0.25 mg/L). The MIC90 values were one dilution lower than those obtained with sparfloxacin and grepafloxacin, three dilutions lower than those obtained with levofloxacin, and four dilutions lower than those of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. (+info)

Maternal immunization. (8/5890)

Maternal immunization can enhance passive immunity of infants to pathogens that cause life-threatening illnesses. In most instances, immunization during pregnancy will provide important protection for the woman as well as for her offspring. The tetanus toxoid and influenza vaccines are examples of vaccines that provide a double benefit. Other vaccines under evaluation include those for respiratory syncytial virus, pneumococci, group B streptococci, and Haemophilus influenzae type b. Although most IgG antibody crosses the placenta in the third trimester, the process is time-dependent, dictating that immunization should be accomplished ideally at least 6 weeks prior to delivery. IgG1 antibodies are transferred preferentially. Maternal immunization has not interfered with active immunization of the infant. Inactivated vaccines administered in the third trimester of pregnancy pose no known risk to the woman or to her fetus. (+info)

Types of Pneumococcal Infections:

1. Pneumonia: This is an infection of the lungs that can cause fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
2. Meningitis: This is an infection of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, which can cause fever, headache, stiff neck, and confusion.
3. Septicemia (bloodstream infection): This is an infection of the blood that can cause fever, chills, and low blood pressure.
4. Sinusitis: This is an infection of the sinuses, which can cause headache, facial pain, and difficulty breathing through the nose.
5. Otitis media (middle ear infection): This is an infection of the middle ear, which can cause ear pain, fever, and hearing loss.

Causes and Risk Factors:

Pneumococcal infections are caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae. These bacteria can be spread through close contact with an infected person, such as touching or sharing food and drinks. People who are at high risk for developing pneumococcal infections include:

1. Children under the age of 5 and adults over the age of 65.
2. People with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking medications that suppress the immune system.
3. Smokers and people with chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
4. People who have recently had surgery or have a severe injury.
5. Those who live in long-term care facilities or have limited access to healthcare.

Prevention and Treatment:

Preventing pneumococcal infections is important, especially for high-risk individuals. Here are some ways to prevent and treat pneumococcal infections:

1. Vaccination: The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is recommended for children under the age of 5 and adults over the age of 65, as well as for people with certain medical conditions.
2. Hand washing: Frequent hand washing can help prevent the spread of pneumococcal bacteria.
3. Good hygiene: Avoiding close contact with people who are sick and regularly cleaning surfaces that may be contaminated with bacteria can also help prevent infection.
4. Antibiotics: Pneumococcal infections can be treated with antibiotics, but overuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Therefore, antibiotics should only be used when necessary and under the guidance of a healthcare professional.
5. Supportive care: Those with severe pneumococcal infections may require hospitalization and supportive care, such as oxygen therapy or mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion:

Pneumococcal infections can be serious and even life-threatening, especially for high-risk individuals. Prevention and prompt treatment are key to reducing the risk of complications and improving outcomes. Vaccination, good hygiene practices, and appropriate antibiotic use are all important in preventing and treating pneumococcal infections. If you suspect that you or a loved one has a pneumococcal infection, it is essential to seek medical attention right away. With proper care and support, many people with pneumococcal infections can recover fully and resume their normal lives.

Symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia can include fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the bloodstream and cause sepsis, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Pneumococcal pneumonia is most commonly seen in young children, older adults, and people with weakened immune systems, such as those with cancer, HIV/AIDS, or taking immunosuppressive medications. It is usually diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays and blood cultures.

Treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide oxygen therapy, fluid replacement, and other supportive care. Vaccines are also available to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae infections, particularly in children and older adults.

Prevention measures for pneumococcal pneumonia include:

* Vaccination: The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is recommended for children under the age of 2 and older adults over the age of 65, as well as for people with certain medical conditions.
* Good hygiene: Regular handwashing and avoiding close contact with people who are sick can help prevent the spread of the infection.
* Avoiding smoking: Smoking can damage the lungs and increase the risk of infection.
* Keeping up-to-date on recommended vaccinations: Staying current on recommended vaccinations, such as the flu shot, can help prevent secondary bacterial infections like pneumococcal pneumonia.
* Managing underlying conditions: People with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or chronic lung disease, should work with their healthcare provider to manage their condition and reduce their risk of developing pneumococcal pneumonia.

It's important to seek medical attention right away if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Some common types of streptococcal infections include:

1. Strep throat (pharyngitis): an infection of the throat and tonsils that can cause fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.
2. Sinusitis: an infection of the sinuses (air-filled cavities in the skull) that can cause headache, facial pain, and nasal congestion.
3. Pneumonia: an infection of the lungs that can cause cough, fever, chills, and shortness of breath.
4. Cellulitis: an infection of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause redness, swelling, and warmth over the affected area.
5. Endocarditis: an infection of the heart valves, which can cause fever, fatigue, and swelling in the legs and abdomen.
6. Meningitis: an infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord that can cause fever, headache, stiff neck, and confusion.
7. Septicemia (blood poisoning): an infection of the bloodstream that can cause fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and low blood pressure.

Streptococcal infections are usually treated with antibiotics, which can help clear the infection and prevent complications. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention measures for streptococcal infections include:

1. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently, especially after contact with someone who is sick.
2. Avoiding close contact with people who have streptococcal infections.
3. Keeping wounds and cuts clean and covered to prevent bacterial entry.
4. Practicing safe sex to prevent the spread of streptococcal infections through sexual contact.
5. Getting vaccinated against streptococcus pneumoniae, which can help prevent pneumonia and other infections caused by this bacterium.

It is important to seek medical attention if you suspect you or someone else may have a streptococcal infection, as early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Definition: Meningitis, pneumococcal, is an inflammatory disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) that affects the protective membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord, leading to a range of symptoms including fever, headache, vomiting, and altered mental status. It can be a severe and potentially life-threatening infection, particularly in certain patient populations such as children under 5 years old, older adults, and those with underlying medical conditions.

Epidemiology: Pneumococcal meningitis is relatively uncommon, but it remains an important public health concern, particularly in developed countries. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are approximately 350 cases of pneumococcal meningitis reported each year in the United States, resulting in about 10% of all cases of bacterial meningitis.

Risk Factors: Several risk factors have been identified for developing pneumococcal meningitis, including:

1. Age: Children under 5 years old and older adults are at increased risk.
2. Underlying medical conditions: Patients with conditions such as sickle cell disease, HIV/AIDS, and chronic lung disease are more likely to develop pneumococcal meningitis.
3. Weakened immune system: Those with compromised immune systems, such as those taking immunosuppressive medications or who have undergone organ transplants, are at higher risk.
4. Recent exposure to someone with pneumococcal disease: Close contact with someone who has recently been diagnosed with pneumococcal disease can increase the risk of developing the infection.

Clinical Presentation: Symptoms of pneumococcal meningitis can vary depending on the age of the patient, but common presentations include:

1. Fever
2. Headache
3. Vomiting
4. Altered mental status (in infants and young children) or confusion (in older adults)
5. Stiff neck
6. Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
7. Bulging of the soft spots on the skull in infants (in infants)

Diagnosis: The diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the presence of S. pneumoniae. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to evaluate the brain and identify any signs of inflammation or abscesses.

Treatment: Pneumococcal meningitis is typically treated with antibiotics, which are usually given intravenously. The choice of antibiotic depends on the severity of the infection and the patient's age and medical history. In addition to antibiotics, supportive care may be provided to manage symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Complications: Pneumococcal meningitis can lead to serious complications, including:

1. Hearing loss
2. Learning disabilities
3. Behavioral changes
4. Seizures
5. Brain damage
6. Death

Prevention: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is recommended for children under the age of 2 years and for certain high-risk groups, such as adults over the age of 65 and people with certain medical conditions. The vaccine can help prevent pneumococcal meningitis and other serious infections caused by S. pneumoniae. Good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing, can also help prevent the spread of the bacteria.

Prognosis: With prompt and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for pneumococcal meningitis is generally good. However, in severe cases or those with complications, the prognosis may be poorer. In some cases, long-term sequelae such as hearing loss, learning disabilities, and behavioral changes may occur.

Incubation period: The incubation period for pneumococcal meningitis is typically between 2 and 4 days, but it can range from 1 to 10 days.

Diagnosis: Pneumococcal meningitis is diagnosed based on a combination of clinical symptoms, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and PCR testing to identify the presence of S. pneumoniae.

Treatment: Treatment for pneumococcal meningitis typically involves antibiotics and supportive care to manage symptoms such as fever, headache, and muscle aches. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

In conclusion, pneumococcal meningitis is a serious infection that can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are essential to prevent long-term sequelae and improve outcomes for affected individuals.

* Earache (otalgia)
* Fever
* Hearing loss or muffled hearing
* Discharge from the ear
* Redness and swelling around the ear drum
* Fussiness or irritability in infants
* Loss of appetite or difficulty eating
* Difficulty sleeping

Otitis media is caused by a virus or bacteria that enters the middle ear through the Eustachian tube, which connects the back of the throat to the middle ear. The infection can spread quickly and cause inflammation in the middle ear, leading to hearing loss and other symptoms.

There are several types of otitis media, including:

* Acute otitis media: This is a sudden and severe infection that can develop over a few days. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection and can be treated with antibiotics.
* Otitis media with effusion (OME): This is a condition where fluid accumulates in the middle ear without an infection present. It can cause hearing loss and other symptoms but does not respond to antibiotics.
* Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM): This is a long-term infection that can cause persistent discharge, hearing loss, and other symptoms. It may require ongoing treatment with antibiotics and other therapies.

Otitis media can be diagnosed through a physical examination of the ear and a review of the patient's medical history. A doctor may also use tests such as a tympanocentesis (insertion of a small tube into the ear to collect fluid) or an otoscopic exam to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for otitis media depends on the type and severity of the infection, but may include:

* Antibiotics: To treat bacterial infections
* Pain relief medication: To help manage ear pain and fever
* Eardrops: To help clear fluid from the middle ear and reduce discharge
* Tympanocentesis: To collect fluid from the middle ear for testing or to relieve pressure
* Ventilation tubes: Small tubes that are inserted into the ear drum to allow air to enter the middle ear and help drain fluid.

It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms of otitis media persist or worsen over time, as untreated infections can lead to complications such as mastoiditis (an infection of the bones behind the ear) or meningitis (an infection of the lining around the brain and spinal cord). With prompt and appropriate treatment, however, most cases of otitis media can be effectively managed and hearing loss can be prevented.

Klebsiella Infections can occur in anyone, but certain groups of people are at higher risk, such as premature infants, people with weakened immune systems, and those with chronic medical conditions like diabetes, liver or kidney disease.

Symptoms of Klebsiella Infections include fever, chills, cough, difficulty breathing, painful urination, redness and swelling in the affected area, and in severe cases, sepsis and death.

Diagnosis of Klebsiella Infections is typically made through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests, such as blood cultures and urine cultures.

Treatment of Klebsiella Infections usually involves antibiotics, which can help clear the infection and prevent it from spreading. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide appropriate care and monitoring.

Prevention of Klebsiella Infections includes good hand hygiene, proper cleaning and disinfection of equipment and surfaces, and avoiding close contact with individuals who have the infection. Vaccines are also available for certain types of Klebsiella Infections, such as pneumonia.

Complications of Klebsiella Infections can include pneumonia, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, and sepsis, which can lead to organ failure and death if left untreated.

Recovery from Klebsiella Infections usually occurs within a few days to a week after antibiotic treatment is started, but in severe cases, recovery may take longer and may require hospitalization and close monitoring.

In conclusion, Klebsiella Infections are a type of bacterial infection that can affect various parts of the body, and can be mild or severe. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are essential to prevent complications and ensure a successful recovery. Proper hygiene practices and vaccines are also important for preventing the spread of these infections.

Symptoms:

* Fever
* Cough
* Chest pain or tightness
* Shortness of breath
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Fatigue

Diagnosis:

* Physical examination
* Complete blood count (CBC)
* Blood cultures
* Chest X-ray
* Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Treatment:

* Antibiotics (macrolides, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides)
* Supportive care (fluids, oxygen therapy, pain management)

Prevention:

* Vaccination (not available in the US)
* Good hand hygiene
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick

Prognosis:

* Most cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia are mild and resolve quickly with antibiotic treatment.
* In severe cases, the infection can spread to other parts of the body and cause serious complications such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and meningitis.

Epidemiology:

* Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a common cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) worldwide.
* It is more common in children than adults.
* The incidence of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection varies by age, with the highest incidence in children under 5 years old.

The common types of RTIs include:

1. Common cold: A viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, coughing, and mild fever.
2. Influenza (flu): A viral infection that can affect both the upper and lower respiratory tract, causing symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, and body aches.
3. Bronchitis: An inflammation of the bronchial tubes, which can be caused by viruses or bacteria, resulting in symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath.
4. Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, leading to symptoms such as fever, chills, coughing, and difficulty breathing.
5. Tonsillitis: An inflammation of the tonsils, which can be caused by bacteria or viruses, resulting in symptoms such as sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and bad breath.
6. Sinusitis: An inflammation of the sinuses, which can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi, leading to symptoms such as headache, facial pain, and nasal congestion.
7. Laryngitis: An inflammation of the larynx (voice box), which can be caused by viruses or bacteria, resulting in symptoms such as hoarseness, loss of voice, and difficulty speaking.

RTIs can be diagnosed through physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays, blood tests, and nasal swab cultures. Treatment for RTIs depends on the underlying cause and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, and supportive care to manage symptoms.

It's important to note that RTIs can be contagious and can spread through contact with an infected person or by touching contaminated surfaces. Therefore, it's essential to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

Bacteremia can occur when bacteria enter the bloodstream through various means, such as:

* Infected wounds or surgical sites
* Injecting drug use
* Skin infections
* Respiratory tract infections
* Urinary tract infections
* Endocarditis (infection of the heart valves)

The symptoms of bacteremia can vary depending on the type of bacteria and the severity of the infection. Some common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Headache
* Muscle aches
* Weakness
* Confusion
* Shortness of breath

Bacteremia is diagnosed by blood cultures, which involve collecting blood samples and inserting them into a specialized container to grow the bacteria. Treatment typically involves antibiotics and supportive care, such as intravenous fluids and oxygen therapy. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to monitor and treat the infection.

Prevention measures for bacteremia include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly
* Avoiding sharing personal items like toothbrushes or razors
* Properly cleaning and covering wounds
* Getting vaccinated against infections that can lead to bacteremia
* Following proper sterilization techniques during medical procedures

Overall, bacteremia is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention to prevent complications and ensure effective treatment.

Symptoms of bacterial meningitis may include sudden onset of fever, headache, stiff neck, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, the infection can cause seizures, coma, and even death.

Bacterial meningitis can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, laboratory tests, and imaging studies such as CT or MRI scans. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eradicate the infection, and supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications.

Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent long-term damage and improve outcomes for patients with bacterial meningitis. The disease is more common in certain groups, such as infants, young children, and people with weakened immune systems, and it can be more severe in these populations.

Prevention of bacterial meningitis includes vaccination against the bacteria that most commonly cause the disease, good hand hygiene, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

The most common bacteria that cause pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae (also known as pneumococcus), Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria can infect the lungs through various routes, including respiratory droplets, contaminated food or water, or direct contact with an infected person.

Symptoms of pneumonia may include cough, fever, chills, shortness of breath, and chest pain. In severe cases, pneumonia can lead to serious complications such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and death.

Diagnosis of pneumonia typically involves a physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood cultures. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection, as well as supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Vaccines are also available to protect against certain types of bacterial pneumonia, particularly in children and older adults.

Preventative measures for bacterial pneumonia include:

* Getting vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing hands regularly and covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing
* Avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Staying hydrated and getting enough rest
* Quitting smoking, if applicable
* Managing underlying medical conditions, such as diabetes or heart disease

It is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms of pneumonia develop, particularly in high-risk populations. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent serious complications and improve outcomes for patients with bacterial pneumonia.

Some common types of Chlamydophila infections include:

1. Pneumonia: Chlamydophila pneumoniae can cause pneumonia, which is an inflammation of the lungs that can lead to fever, cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing.
2. Trachoma: Chlamydia trachomatis can cause trachoma, a highly contagious eye infection that can lead to blindness if left untreated.
3. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci can cause PID, an infection of the female reproductive organs that can lead to chronic pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy.
4. Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia caviae can cause UTIs, which are infections of the urinary tract that can lead to symptoms such as burning during urination and frequent urination.
5. Rectal infections: Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci can cause rectal infections, which can lead to symptoms such as rectal pain, bleeding, and discharge.

Chlamydophila infections are typically treated with antibiotics, and early treatment can help prevent long-term complications and reduce the risk of transmission to others. It is important to practice safe sex and good hygiene to prevent the spread of these infections.

Examples of CAIs include:

1. Respiratory infections such as bronchitis, pneumonia, and influenza.
2. Skin and soft tissue infections such as cellulitis, abscesses, and wound infections.
3. Gastrointestinal infections such as food poisoning, diarrhea, and gastroenteritis.
4. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by bacteria that enter the urinary tract through the urethra or bladder.
5. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.
6. Bacterial infections such as staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus influenzae.
7. Viral infections such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and norovirus.

CAIs can be treated with antibiotics, antivirals, or other medications depending on the cause of the infection. It's important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time, as untreated CAIs can lead to serious complications and potentially life-threatening conditions.

Some common examples of nasopharyngeal diseases include:

1. Nasopharyngitis: This is an inflammation of the nasopharynx, often caused by viral infections such as the common cold.
2. Acute sinusitis: This is an infection of the sinuses, which are air-filled cavities in the skull, that can cause pain and swelling in the face and head.
3. Chronic nasopharyngitis: This is a long-term inflammation of the nasopharynx, often caused by allergies or exposure to irritants such as smoke.
4. Nasopharyngeal cancer: This is a type of cancer that affects the cells of the nasopharynx, and can be caused by viruses such as human papillomavirus (HPV).
5. Nasopharyngeal polyp: This is a growth of abnormal tissue in the nasopharynx, which can block the flow of air and cause breathing problems.
6. Nasopharyngeal stenosis: This is a narrowing of the nasopharynx, which can be caused by a variety of factors such as previous surgery or radiation therapy.
7. Turbinate hypertrophy: This is an enlargement of the turbinate bones in the nasopharynx, which can cause breathing problems and nasal congestion.
8. Nasopharyngeal cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that can form in the nasopharynx, often caused by viral infections or allergies.
9. Nasopharyngeal meningitis: This is an inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, which can cause fever, headache, and neck stiffness.
10. Nasopharyngeal abscess: This is a collection of pus in the nasopharynx, often caused by bacterial infections such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae.

These are just some of the possible causes of breathing difficulty through the nose, and it is important to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Epidemiology of Haemophilus Infections:

* Incidence: Hib disease was once a major cause of childhood meningitis and sepsis, but the introduction of Hib vaccines in the 1980s has significantly reduced the incidence of invasive Hib disease. Non-invasive Hib disease, such as otitis media, is still common.
* Prevalence: Hib is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in children under the age of 5 worldwide. In developed countries, the prevalence of invasive Hib disease has decreased significantly since the introduction of vaccines, but it remains a significant public health problem in developing countries.
* Risk factors: young age, poverty, lack of access to healthcare, and poor sanitation and hygiene are risk factors for Hib disease. Children under the age of 5, especially those under the age of 2, are at highest risk for invasive Hib disease.

Pathophysiology of Haemophilus Infections:

* Mechanisms of infection: H. influenzae can cause both respiratory and non-respiratory infections by colonizing the nasopharynx and other mucosal surfaces. The bacteria can then disseminate to other parts of the body, causing invasive disease.
* Immune response: the immune response to Hib infection involves both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Antibodies play a crucial role in protecting against reinfection, while T cells and macrophages help to clear the bacteria from the body.

Clinical Presentation of Haemophilus Infections:

* Respiratory infections: H. influenzae can cause various respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis, pneumonia, and sinusitis. Symptoms may include fever, cough, sore throat, and difficulty breathing.
* Non-respiratory infections: Hib can cause a range of non-respiratory infections, including meningitis, epiglottitis, and septic arthritis. These infections can have more severe symptoms and may require prompt medical attention.

Diagnosis of Haemophilus Infections:

* Diagnostic tests: diagnosis of Hib disease is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and radiologic studies. Blood cultures, lumbar puncture, and chest x-rays may be used to confirm the presence of the bacteria and assess the extent of infection.
* Laboratory testing: identification of Hib is based on its distinctive gram stain appearance and biochemical characteristics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing are also used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment and Prevention of Haemophilus Infections:

* Antibiotics: Hib infections are treated with antibiotics, such as amoxicillin or ceftriaxone. The choice of antibiotic depends on the severity and location of the infection.
* Vaccination: the Hib vaccine is recommended for children under 5 years old to prevent Hib disease. The vaccine is given in a series of 3-4 doses, with the first dose given at 2 months of age.
* Good hygiene practices: good hygiene practices, such as frequent handwashing and proper cleaning and disinfection, can help prevent the spread of Hib bacteria.

Complications of Haemophilus Infections:

* Meningitis: Hib meningitis can have serious complications, including hearing loss, learning disabilities, and seizures.
* Permanent brain damage: Hib infections can cause permanent brain damage, including cognitive and behavioral impairments.
* Respiratory failure: severe Hib pneumonia can lead to respiratory failure, which may require mechanical ventilation.
* Death: Hib infections can be life-threatening, especially in young children and those with underlying medical conditions.

In conclusion, Haemophilus infections are a serious public health concern, particularly for young children and those with underlying medical conditions. Prevention through vaccination and good hygiene practices is essential to reduce the risk of infection. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Some common examples of bacterial infections include:

1. Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
2. Respiratory infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Skin infections such as cellulitis and abscesses
4. Bone and joint infections such as osteomyelitis
5. Infected wounds or burns
6. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as chlamydia and gonorrhea
7. Food poisoning caused by bacteria such as salmonella and E. coli.

In severe cases, bacterial infections can lead to life-threatening complications such as sepsis or blood poisoning. It is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time. Proper diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these complications and ensure a full recovery.

Symptoms of pharyngitis may include sore throat, fever, difficulty swallowing, and tender lymph nodes in the neck. Treatment typically involves antibiotics for bacterial infections, anti-inflammatory medications to reduce swelling and pain, and plenty of rest and fluids to help the body recover.

Pharyngitis is a common condition that affects people of all ages and can be caused by various factors, such as:

1. Viral infections: The most common cause of pharyngitis is a viral infection, such as the common cold or influenza.
2. Bacterial infections: Strep throat, which is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes, is a type of bacterial infection that can cause pharyngitis.
3. Allergies: Allergies to pollens, dust mites, or other substances can cause postnasal drip and irritation of the throat, leading to pharyngitis.
4. Irritants: Exposure to smoke, chemicals, or other irritants can cause inflammation and soreness in the throat.
5. Dry air: Dry air can cause the throat to become dry and irritated, leading to pharyngitis.
6. Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations during pregnancy or menstruation can cause changes in the throat that lead to pharyngitis.
7. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): GERD can cause stomach acid to flow up into the throat, leading to inflammation and soreness.
8. Sinus infections: Sinus infections can cause postnasal drip and irritation of the throat, leading to pharyngitis.
9. Mononucleosis: Mononucleosis, also known as mono, is a viral infection that can cause pharyngitis.
10. Other medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, can cause pharyngitis.

It's important to note that a sore throat can be a symptom of a more serious underlying condition, so if you have a persistent or severe sore throat, you should see a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Symptoms of meningitis may include fever, headache, stiff neck, confusion, nausea and vomiting, and sensitivity to light. In severe cases, it can lead to seizures, brain damage, and even death.

There are several types of meningitis, including:

1. Viral meningitis: This is the most common form of the infection and is usually caused by enteroviruses or herpesviruses. It is typically less severe than bacterial meningitis and resolves on its own with supportive care.
2. Bacterial meningitis: This is a more serious form of the infection and can be caused by a variety of bacteria, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. It requires prompt antibiotic treatment to prevent long-term complications and death.
3. Fungal meningitis: This type of meningitis is more common in people with weakened immune systems and is caused by fungi that are commonly found in the environment. It can be treated with antifungal medications.
4. Parasitic meningitis: This type of meningitis is rare and is caused by parasites that are typically found in tropical regions. It can be treated with antiparasitic medications.

Diagnosis of meningitis is based on a combination of clinical findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. Laboratory tests may include blood cultures, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Imaging studies, such as CT or MRI scans, may be used to rule out other conditions and to evaluate the extent of brain damage.

Treatment of meningitis depends on the cause of the infection and may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, antifungal medications, or supportive care to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Supportive care may include intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and pain management. In severe cases, meningitis may require hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU) and may result in long-term consequences such as hearing loss, learning disabilities, or cognitive impairment.

Prevention of meningitis includes vaccination against the bacteria or viruses that can cause the infection, good hygiene practices, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. Vaccines are available for certain types of meningitis, such as the meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACWY) and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). Good hygiene practices include washing hands frequently, covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, and avoiding sharing food, drinks, or personal items.

In conclusion, meningitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening infection that can affect people of all ages. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent long-term consequences and improve outcomes. Prevention includes vaccination, good hygiene practices, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick.

Plaque is a key risk factor for dental caries (tooth decay) and periodontal disease, which can lead to tooth loss if left untreated. In addition, research suggests that there may be a link between oral bacteria and certain systemic diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes. Therefore, maintaining good oral hygiene practices, such as regular brushing and flossing, is essential to prevent the accumulation of plaque and promote overall health.

1) They share similarities with humans: Many animal species share similar biological and physiological characteristics with humans, making them useful for studying human diseases. For example, mice and rats are often used to study diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer because they have similar metabolic and cardiovascular systems to humans.

2) They can be genetically manipulated: Animal disease models can be genetically engineered to develop specific diseases or to model human genetic disorders. This allows researchers to study the progression of the disease and test potential treatments in a controlled environment.

3) They can be used to test drugs and therapies: Before new drugs or therapies are tested in humans, they are often first tested in animal models of disease. This allows researchers to assess the safety and efficacy of the treatment before moving on to human clinical trials.

4) They can provide insights into disease mechanisms: Studying disease models in animals can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of a particular disease. This information can then be used to develop new treatments or improve existing ones.

5) Reduces the need for human testing: Using animal disease models reduces the need for human testing, which can be time-consuming, expensive, and ethically challenging. However, it is important to note that animal models are not perfect substitutes for human subjects, and results obtained from animal studies may not always translate to humans.

6) They can be used to study infectious diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study infectious diseases such as HIV, TB, and malaria. These models allow researchers to understand how the disease is transmitted, how it progresses, and how it responds to treatment.

7) They can be used to study complex diseases: Animal disease models can be used to study complex diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. These models allow researchers to understand the underlying mechanisms of the disease and test potential treatments.

8) They are cost-effective: Animal disease models are often less expensive than human clinical trials, making them a cost-effective way to conduct research.

9) They can be used to study drug delivery: Animal disease models can be used to study drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, which is important for developing new drugs and drug delivery systems.

10) They can be used to study aging: Animal disease models can be used to study the aging process and age-related diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This allows researchers to understand how aging contributes to disease and develop potential treatments.

Empyema can be classified into two types:

1. Pyopneumothorax: This type of empyema is caused by a bacterial infection that spreads to the pleural space and causes pus to accumulate.
2. Chemical pneumonitis: This type of empyema is caused by exposure to chemical irritants, such as smoke or chemical fumes, which can damage the lungs and cause inflammation and pus accumulation in the pleural space.

Symptoms of empyema may include chest pain, fever, coughing up pus, and difficulty breathing. Treatment options for empyema depend on the severity of the condition and may include antibiotics, chest tubes, or surgery to drain the pus from the pleural space.

Empyema is a serious medical condition that can lead to complications such as respiratory failure, sepsis, and lung damage if left untreated. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent these complications and improve outcomes for patients with empyema.

Here are some key points to define sepsis:

1. Inflammatory response: Sepsis is characterized by an excessive and uncontrolled inflammatory response to an infection. This can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction.
2. Systemic symptoms: Patients with sepsis often have systemic symptoms such as fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and confusion. They may also experience nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
3. Organ dysfunction: Sepsis can cause dysfunction in multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys, liver, and heart. This can lead to organ failure and death if not treated promptly.
4. Infection source: Sepsis is usually caused by a bacterial infection, but it can also be caused by fungal or viral infections. The infection can be localized or widespread, and it can affect different parts of the body.
5. Severe sepsis: Severe sepsis is a more severe form of sepsis that is characterized by severe organ dysfunction and a higher risk of death. Patients with severe sepsis may require intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mechanical ventilation.
6. Septic shock: Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs when there is severe circulatory dysfunction due to sepsis. It is characterized by hypotension, vasopressor use, and organ failure.

Early recognition and treatment of sepsis are critical to preventing serious complications and improving outcomes. The Sepsis-3 definition is widely used in clinical practice to diagnose sepsis and severe sepsis.

Causes and risk factors:

The most common cause of bacterial endocarditis is a bacterial infection that enters the bloodstream and travels to the heart. This can occur through various means, such as:

* Injecting drugs or engaging in other risky behaviors that allow bacteria to enter the body
* Having a weakened immune system due to illness or medication
* Having a previous history of endocarditis or other heart conditions
* Being over the age of 60, as older adults are at higher risk for developing endocarditis

Symptoms:

The symptoms of bacterial endocarditis can vary depending on the severity of the infection and the location of the infected area. Some common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Chills
* Joint pain or swelling
* Fatigue
* Shortness of breath
* Heart murmurs or abnormal heart sounds

Diagnosis:

Bacterial endocarditis is diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as:

* Blood cultures to identify the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
* Echocardiogram to visualize the heart and detect any abnormalities
* Chest X-ray to look for signs of infection or inflammation in the lungs or heart
* Electrocardiogram (ECG) to measure the electrical activity of the heart

Treatment:

The treatment of bacterial endocarditis typically involves a combination of antibiotics and surgery. Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria and reduce inflammation, while surgery may be necessary to repair or replace damaged heart tissue. In some cases, the infected heart tissue may need to be removed.

Prevention:

Preventing bacterial endocarditis involves good oral hygiene, regular dental check-ups, and avoiding certain high-risk activities such as unprotected sex or sharing of needles. People with existing heart conditions should also take antibiotics before dental or medical procedures to reduce the risk of infection.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for bacterial endocarditis is generally good if treatment is prompt and effective. However, delays in diagnosis and treatment can lead to serious complications such as heart failure, stroke, or death. Patients with pre-existing heart conditions are at higher risk for complications.

Incidence:

Bacterial endocarditis is a relatively rare condition, affecting approximately 2-5 cases per million people per year in the United States. However, people with certain risk factors such as heart conditions or prosthetic heart valves are at higher risk for developing the infection.

Complications:

Bacterial endocarditis can lead to a number of complications, including:

* Heart failure
* Stroke or brain abscess
* Kidney damage or failure
* Pregnancy complications
* Nerve damage or peripheral neuropathy
* Skin or soft tissue infections
* Bone or joint infections
* Septicemia (blood poisoning)

Prevention:

Preventive measures for bacterial endocarditis include:

* Good oral hygiene and regular dental check-ups to reduce the risk of dental infections
* Avoiding high-risk activities such as unprotected sex or sharing of needles
* Antibiotics before dental or medical procedures for patients with existing heart conditions
* Proper sterilization and disinfection of medical equipment
* Use of antimicrobial prophylaxis (prevention) in high-risk patients.

Emerging Trends:

Newly emerging trends in the management of bacterial endocarditis include:

* The use of novel antibiotics and combination therapy to improve treatment outcomes
* The development of new diagnostic tests to help identify the cause of infection more quickly and accurately
* The increased use of preventive measures such as antibiotic prophylaxis in high-risk patients.

Future Directions:

Future directions for research on bacterial endocarditis may include:

* Investigating the use of novel diagnostic techniques, such as genomics and proteomics, to improve the accuracy of diagnosis
* Developing new antibiotics and combination therapies to improve treatment outcomes
* Exploring alternative preventive measures such as probiotics and immunotherapy.

In conclusion, bacterial endocarditis is a serious infection that can have severe consequences if left untreated. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are crucial to improving patient outcomes. Preventive measures such as good oral hygiene and antibiotic prophylaxis can help reduce the risk of developing this condition. Ongoing research is focused on improving diagnostic techniques, developing new treatments, and exploring alternative preventive measures.

The symptoms of chlamydia infections can vary depending on the location of the infection. In genital infections, symptoms may include:

* Discharge from the penis or vagina
* Painful urination
* Abnormal bleeding or spotting
* Painful sex
* Testicular pain in men
* Pelvic pain in women

In eye infections, symptoms can include:

* Redness and swelling of the eye
* Discharge from the eye
* Pain or sensitivity to light

In respiratory infections, symptoms may include:

* Cough
* Fever
* Shortness of breath or wheezing

If left untreated, chlamydia infections can lead to serious complications, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in women and epididymitis in men. Chlamydia infections can also increase the risk of infertility and other long-term health problems.

Chlamydia infections are typically diagnosed through a physical examination, medical history, and laboratory tests such as a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) or a culture test. Treatment for chlamydia infections typically involves antibiotics, which can effectively cure the infection. It is important to note that sexual partners of someone with a chlamydia infection should also be tested and treated, as they may also have the infection.

Prevention methods for chlamydia infections include safe sex practices such as using condoms and dental dams, as well as regular screening and testing for the infection. It is important to note that chlamydia infections can be asymptomatic, so regular testing is crucial for early detection and treatment.

In conclusion, chlamydia is a common sexually transmitted bacterial infection that can cause serious complications if left untreated. Early detection and treatment are key to preventing long-term health problems and the spread of the infection. Safe sex practices and regular screening are also important for preventing chlamydia infections.

1. Gonorrhea: a sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae that can affect the reproductive tract, eyes, and throat.
2. Meningococcal disease: a serious and potentially life-threatening infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis that can affect the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis) or the bloodstream (sepsis).
3. Pneumonia: an infection of the lung tissue caused by Neisseria species, often occurring in people with weakened immune systems or pre-existing medical conditions.
4. Peritonitis: an infection of the lining of the abdominal cavity caused by Neisseria species, often occurring in people with perforated ulcers or other injuries to the abdominal wall.
5. Endocarditis: an infection of the heart valves caused by Neisseria species, which can occur in people with pre-existing heart conditions.

Neisseriaceae infections are typically treated with antibiotics, and early treatment is important to prevent serious complications and improve outcomes. Prevention measures include practicing safe sex, getting vaccinated against meningococcal disease, and seeking medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Symptoms may include sensitivity, discomfort, visible holes or stains on teeth, bad breath, and difficulty chewing or biting. If left untreated, dental caries can progress and lead to more serious complications such as abscesses, infections, and even tooth loss.

To prevent dental caries, it is essential to maintain good oral hygiene habits, including brushing your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, flossing daily, and using mouthwash regularly. Limiting sugary foods and drinks and visiting a dentist for regular check-ups can also help prevent the disease.

Dental caries is treatable through various methods such as fillings, crowns, root canals, extractions, and preventive measures like fissure sealants and fluoride applications. Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial to prevent further damage and restore oral health.

In the medical field, autolysis is a term used to describe the self-destruction or breakdown of cells or tissues within an organism. This process occurs naturally in response to various forms of cellular stress, such as exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, and it is also involved in the immune system's removal of dead cells and debris. Autolysis can be triggered by a variety of factors, including oxidative stress, heat shock, and exposure to certain enzymes or toxins.

There are several types of autolysis, including:

1. Autophagy: a process by which cells break down and recycle their own components, such as proteins and organelles, in order to maintain cellular homeostasis and survive under conditions of limited nutrient availability.
2. Necrosis: a form of autolysis that occurs as a result of cellular injury or stress, leading to the release of harmful substances into the surrounding tissue and triggering an inflammatory response.
3. Apoptosis: a programmed form of cell death that involves the breakdown of cells and their components, and is involved in various physiological processes, such as development and immune system function.
4. Lipofuscinogenesis: a process by which lipid-rich organelles undergo autolysis, leading to the formation of lipofuscin, a type of cellular waste product.
5. Chaperone-mediated autophagy: a process by which proteins are broken down and recycled in the presence of chaperone proteins, which help to fold and stabilize the target proteins.

Autolysis can be studied using various techniques, including:

1. Light microscopy: a technique that uses visible light to visualize cells and their components, allowing researchers to observe the effects of autolysis on cellular structures.
2. Electron microscopy: a technique that uses a beam of electrons to produce high-resolution images of cells and their components, allowing researchers to observe the ultrastructure of cells and the effects of autolysis at the molecular level.
3. Biochemical assays: techniques that measure the levels of specific cellular components or metabolites in order to assess the progress of autolysis.
4. Gene expression analysis: a technique that measures the levels of specific messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in order to assess the activity of genes involved in autolysis.
5. Proteomics: a technique that measures the levels and modifications of specific proteins in order to assess the effects of autolysis on protein turnover and degradation.

Autolysis plays an important role in various cellular processes, including:

1. Cellular detoxification: Autolysis can help to remove damaged or misfolded proteins, which can be toxic to cells, by breaking them down into smaller peptides and amino acids that can be further degraded.
2. Cellular renewal: Autolysis can help to remove old or damaged cellular components, such as organelles and protein aggregates, and recycle their building blocks to support the synthesis of new cellular components.
3. Cellular defense: Autolysis can help to protect cells against pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, by breaking down and removing infected cellular components.
4. Apoptosis: Autolysis is involved in the execution of apoptosis, a programmed form of cell death that is important for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing cancer.

Dysregulation of autolysis has been implicated in various diseases, including:

1. Cancer: Autolysis can promote the growth and survival of cancer cells by providing them with a source of energy and building blocks for protein synthesis.
2. Neurodegenerative diseases: Autolysis can contribute to the degeneration of neurons in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
3. Infectious diseases: Autolysis can help pathogens to evade the host immune system by breaking down and removing infected cellular components.
4. Aging: Dysregulation of autolysis has been implicated in the aging process, as it can lead to the accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins and the degradation of cellular components.

Overall, autolysis is a complex and highly regulated process that plays a critical role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and responding to environmental stressors. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of autolysis and its implications for human health and disease.

Symptoms of pneumonia may include cough, fever, chills, difficulty breathing, and chest pain. In severe cases, pneumonia can lead to respiratory failure, sepsis, and even death.

There are several types of pneumonia, including:

1. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): This type of pneumonia is caused by bacteria or viruses and typically affects healthy people outside of hospitals.
2. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): This type of pneumonia is caused by bacteria or fungi and typically affects people who are hospitalized for other illnesses or injuries.
3. Aspiration pneumonia: This type of pneumonia is caused by food, liquids, or other foreign matter being inhaled into the lungs.
4. Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): This type of pneumonia is caused by a fungus and typically affects people with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS.
5. Viral pneumonia: This type of pneumonia is caused by viruses and can be more common in children and young adults.

Pneumonia is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests such as chest X-rays or blood tests. Treatment may involve antibiotics, oxygen therapy, and supportive care to manage symptoms and help the patient recover. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide more intensive care and monitoring.

Prevention of pneumonia includes vaccination against certain types of bacteria and viruses, good hygiene practices such as frequent handwashing, and avoiding close contact with people who are sick. Early detection and treatment can help reduce the risk of complications and improve outcomes for those affected by pneumonia.

Otitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial or viral infections, allergies, and exposure to loud noises. Symptoms may include ear pain, fever, difficulty hearing, and discharge or fluid buildup in the ear canal.

There are several types of otitis, including:

1. Otitis externa: Inflammation of the outer ear canal, often caused by bacterial or fungal infections.
2. Otitis media: Inflammation of the middle ear, often caused by bacterial or viral infections.
3. Suppurative otitis media: A severe form of otitis media that is characterized by the formation of pus in the middle ear.
4. Tubotympanic otitis media: Inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid bone, often caused by bacterial or viral infections.
5. Otitis media with effusion: A condition in which fluid accumulates in the middle ear without signs of infection.

Treatment for otitis depends on the type and severity of the inflammation or infection, but may include antibiotics, ear drops, or other medications to relieve symptoms. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to drain fluid or remove infected tissue.

Some common examples of gram-positive bacterial infections include:

1. Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections: These are infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, which is a type of gram-positive bacteria that is resistant to many antibiotics.
2. Streptococcal infections: These are infections caused by streptococcus bacteria, such as strep throat and cellulitis.
3. Pneumococcal infections: These are infections caused by pneumococcus bacteria, such as pneumonia.
4. Enterococcal infections: These are infections caused by enterococcus bacteria, such as urinary tract infections and endocarditis.
5. Candidiasis: This is a type of fungal infection caused by candida, which is a type of gram-positive fungus.

Gram-positive bacterial infections can be treated with antibiotics, such as penicillin and ampicillin, but the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance has made the treatment of these infections more challenging. In some cases, gram-positive bacterial infections may require more aggressive treatment, such as combination therapy with multiple antibiotics or the use of antifungal medications.

Overall, gram-positive bacterial infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it is important to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Moraxellaceae infections are typically caused by the bacteria entering the body through a break in the skin or mucous membranes, such as during a cut or scratch. Once inside the body, the bacteria can multiply and cause inflammation and damage to surrounding tissues.

The symptoms of Moraxellaceae infections can vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. Some common symptoms include:

* Fever
* Cough
* Shortness of breath
* Chest pain
* Skin redness and swelling
* Pus-filled abscesses or boils

Moraxellaceae infections can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood cultures, respiratory secretion testing, and skin scrapings. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to kill the bacteria and clear up the infection. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary to provide more intensive treatment and monitoring.

Preventing Moraxellaceae infections can be challenging, but some steps that can help include:

* Practicing good hygiene, such as washing your hands regularly and avoiding close contact with people who are sick
* Avoiding sharing personal items, such as towels or razors, with others
* Covering wounds and cuts to prevent bacteria from entering the body
* Keeping vaccinations up to date, as some types of Moraxellaceae infections can be prevented by vaccination.

Overall, Moraxellaceae infections can be serious and potentially life-threatening, so it's important to seek medical attention if you suspect that you or someone else may have an infection. With prompt and appropriate treatment, however, most people with Moraxellaceae infections can recover fully.

Ear Anatomy: The middle ear consists of three small bones called ossicles (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that transmit sound waves to the inner ear. The eardrum, a thin membrane, separates the outer ear canal from the middle ear. In OME, fluid accumulates in the middle ear, causing the eardrum to become congested and reducing its ability to vibrate properly.

Causes: There are several factors that can contribute to the development of OME, including:

1. Viral upper respiratory infections (such as the common cold)
2. Allergies
3. Enlarged adenoids or tonsils
4. Cystic fibrosis
5. Sinus infections
6. Meniere's disease
7. Head injury

Symptoms: The symptoms of OME can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

1. Hearing loss or muffled hearing
2. Discharge or fluid leaking from the ear
3. Pain or discomfort in the ear
4. Difficulty responding to sounds or understanding speech
5. Fever
6. Headache
7. Vertigo or dizziness
8. Loss of balance or coordination

Diagnosis: OME is typically diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, medical history, and ear examinations using an otoscope or tympanometry. A tympanogram may also be performed to measure the movement of the eardrum.

Treatment: The treatment of OME depends on the severity of the condition and may include:

1. Watchful waiting: In mild cases, OME may resolve on its own within a few weeks without any treatment.
2. Antibiotics: If there is a concurrent infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to treat the underlying infection.
3. Pain relief medication: Over-the-counter pain relief medication such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen may be recommended to relieve any discomfort or pain.
4. Eardrops: Eardrops containing antibiotics or steroids may be prescribed to treat the infection and reduce inflammation.
5. Tubes in the ear: In more severe cases, tubes may be placed in the ear drum to help drain fluid and relieve pressure.
6. Surgery: In rare cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the membrane or repair any damage to the middle ear bones.

Prognosis: The prognosis for OME is generally good, with most cases resolving within a few weeks without any long-term complications. However, in some cases, the condition can persist for longer periods of time and may lead to more serious complications such as hearing loss or mastoiditis.

Prevention: There is no specific way to prevent OME, but good ear hygiene and avoiding exposure to loud noises can help reduce the risk of developing the condition. Regular check-ups with an audiologist or otolaryngologist can also help identify any early signs of OME and prevent complications.

Conclusion: Otitis media with effusion (OME) is a common condition that affects children and adults, causing fluid buildup in the middle ear. While it is generally not a serious condition, it can cause discomfort and affect hearing. Treatment options range from watchful waiting to antibiotics and surgery, depending on the severity of the case. Good ear hygiene and regular check-ups with an audiologist or otolaryngologist can help prevent complications and ensure proper management of the condition.

Examples of acute diseases include:

1. Common cold and flu
2. Pneumonia and bronchitis
3. Appendicitis and other abdominal emergencies
4. Heart attacks and strokes
5. Asthma attacks and allergic reactions
6. Skin infections and cellulitis
7. Urinary tract infections
8. Sinusitis and meningitis
9. Gastroenteritis and food poisoning
10. Sprains, strains, and fractures.

Acute diseases can be treated effectively with antibiotics, medications, or other therapies. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic conditions or complications that may require long-term care. Therefore, it is important to seek medical attention promptly if symptoms persist or worsen over time.

Symptoms include:

* Redness and swelling of the conjunctiva
* Discharge (pus) in the eye
* Itching or burning sensation in the eye
* Crusting of the eyelids
* Blurred vision
* Sensitivity to light

Diagnosis is usually made based on symptoms and physical examination, but may require laboratory testing to rule out other causes.

Treatment typically includes antibiotic eye drops or ointments, which can help to clear up the infection within a few days. In severe cases, oral antibiotics may be prescribed. Anti-inflammatory medications may also be used to reduce swelling and discomfort. Good hygiene practices, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with others, can help to prevent the spread of the infection.

Prognosis is generally good, but complications can include corneal ulcers, which can lead to vision loss if left untreated. Recurrent conjunctivitis may occur in some individuals, particularly those with weakened immune systems or other underlying medical conditions.

Prevention includes good hygiene practices, avoiding close contact with others, and avoiding sharing personal items such as towels or makeup. Vaccination against streptococcal infections can also help to prevent conjunctivitis caused by this type of bacteria.

In medicine, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure. This type of transmission can occur in various settings, such as hospitals, clinics, and long-term care facilities, where patients with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to infection.

Cross-infection can occur through a variety of means, including:

1. Person-to-person contact: Direct contact with an infected individual, such as touching, hugging, or shaking hands.
2. Contaminated surfaces and objects: Touching contaminated surfaces or objects that have been touched by an infected individual, such as doorknobs, furniture, or medical equipment.
3. Airborne transmission: Inhaling droplets or aerosolized particles that contain the infectious agent, such as during coughing or sneezing.
4. Contaminated food and water: Consuming food or drinks that have been handled by an infected individual or contaminated with the infectious agent.
5. Insect vectors: Mosquitoes, ticks, or other insects can transmit infections through their bites.

Cross-infection is a significant concern in healthcare settings, as it can lead to outbreaks of nosocomial infections (infections acquired in hospitals) and can spread rapidly among patients, healthcare workers, and visitors. To prevent cross-infection, healthcare providers use strict infection control measures, such as wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting surfaces, and implementing isolation precautions for infected individuals.

In summary, cross-infection refers to the transmission of an infectious agent from one individual or source to another, often through direct contact or indirect exposure in healthcare settings. Preventing cross-infection is essential to maintaining a safe and healthy environment for patients, healthcare workers, and visitors.

There are several different types of conjunctivitis, including:

1. Allergic conjunctivitis: This type is caused by an allergic reaction and is more common in people who have a history of allergies.
2. Bacterial conjunctivitis: This type is caused by a bacterial infection and is often accompanied by a thick discharge and redness of the eye.
3. Viral conjunctivitis: This type is caused by a viral infection and is highly contagious.
4. Chemical conjunctivitis: This type is caused by exposure to chemicals or foreign objects, such as smoke, dust, or pollen.
5. Irritant conjunctivitis: This type is caused by exposure to irritants such as chemicals or foreign objects.

Symptoms of conjunctivitis can include redness and discharge of the eye, itching, burning, and tearing. Treatment typically involves antibiotic eye drops or ointments for bacterial conjunctivitis, anti-inflammatory medication for allergic conjunctivitis, and viral conjunctivitis is usually self-limiting and requires supportive care only.

It's important to note that conjunctivitis can be highly contagious, so it's important to practice good hygiene, such as washing your hands frequently, avoiding sharing personal items like towels or makeup, and not touching the eyes. If you suspect you have conjunctivitis, it's important to see a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

Gram-negative bacterial infections can be difficult to treat because these bacteria are resistant to many antibiotics. In addition, some gram-negative bacteria produce enzymes called beta-lactamases, which break down the penicillin ring of many antibiotics, making them ineffective against the infection.

Some common types of gram-negative bacterial infections include:

* Pneumonia
* Urinary tract infections (UTIs)
* Bloodstream infections (sepsis)
* Meningitis
* Skin and soft tissue infections
* Respiratory infections, such as bronchitis and sinusitis

Examples of gram-negative bacteria that can cause infection include:

* Escherichia coli (E. coli)
* Klebsiella pneumoniae
* Pseudomonas aeruginosa
* Acinetobacter baumannii
* Proteus mirabilis

Gram-negative bacterial infections can be diagnosed through a variety of tests, including blood cultures, urine cultures, and tissue samples. Treatment typically involves the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as carbapenems or cephalosporins, which are effective against many types of gram-negative bacteria. In some cases, the infection may require hospitalization and intensive care to manage complications such as sepsis or organ failure.

Prevention of gram-negative bacterial infections includes good hand hygiene, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and appropriate use of antibiotics. In healthcare settings, infection control measures such as sterilization and disinfection of equipment, and isolation precautions for patients with known gram-negative bacterial infections can help prevent the spread of these infections.

Overall, gram-negative bacterial infections are a significant public health concern, and proper diagnosis and treatment are essential to prevent complications and reduce the risk of transmission.

The symptoms of tonsillitis can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but may include:

* Sore throat
* Swollen and tender tonsils
* Difficulty swallowing
* Fever
* Headache
* Bad breath
* Swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck

Tonsillitis is usually diagnosed based on a physical examination of the throat and lymph nodes, as well as a review of symptoms. In some cases, a tonsil culture may be performed to determine the cause of the infection.

Treatment for tonsillitis typically involves antibiotics to fight off bacterial infections, and supportive care such as pain relief medication and warm salt water gargles to help soothe the throat. In severe cases, surgical removal of the tonsils (tonsillectomy) may be necessary.

It is important to note that recurrent episodes of tonsillitis can be a sign of chronic tonsillitis, which may require more aggressive treatment. Additionally, tonsillitis can be a complication of other conditions such as mononucleosis (mono) or HIV/AIDS.

1. Conjunctivitis: This is an infection of the conjunctiva, which is the thin membrane that covers the white part of the eye and the inside of the eyelids. It is often caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae bacteria.
2. Corneal ulcers: These are open sores that develop on the surface of the cornea, which is the clear dome-shaped surface at the front of the eye. Corneal ulcers can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes.
3. Endophthalmitis: This is an infection that occurs inside the eye, often as a complication of cataract surgery or other types of ocular surgery. It can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus epidermidis.
4. Keratitis: This is an infection of the cornea that can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii.
5. Retinitis: This is an infection of the retina, which is the layer of tissue at the back of the eye that senses light and sends visual signals to the brain. Retinitis can be caused by a variety of bacteria, including Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Bacterial eye infections can cause a range of symptoms, including redness, swelling, discharge, pain, and blurred vision. Treatment typically involves antibiotic eye drops or ointments, and in more severe cases, oral antibiotics may be prescribed. It is important to seek medical attention if you experience any symptoms of a bacterial eye infection, as early treatment can help prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Example sentence: "After completing her antibiotic course for pneumonia, Mary experienced a superinfection with a fungal infection that required hospitalization."

Please note that some of the information provided may not be medically accurate or up-to-date, and should not be considered as professional medical advice. It is important to consult a qualified healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.

1. Impetigo: A highly contagious infection that causes red sores on the face, arms, and legs. It is most commonly seen in children and is usually treated with antibiotics.
2. Cellulitis: A bacterial infection of the skin and underlying tissue that can cause swelling, redness, and warmth. It is often caused by Streptococcus or Staphylococcus bacteria and may require hospitalization for treatment.
3. MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus): A type of staph infection that is resistant to many antibiotics and can cause severe skin and soft tissue infections. It is often seen in hospitals and healthcare settings and can be spread through contact with an infected person or contaminated surfaces.
4. Erysipelas: A bacterial infection that causes red, raised borders on the skin, often on the face, legs, or arms. It is caused by Streptococcus bacteria and may require antibiotics to treat.
5. Folliculitis: An infection of the hair follicles that can cause redness, swelling, and pus-filled bumps. It is often caused by Staphylococcus bacteria and may be treated with antibiotics or topical creams.
6. Boils: A type of abscess that forms when a hair follicle or oil gland becomes infected. They can be caused by either Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria and may require draining and antibiotics to treat.
7. Carbuncles: A type of boil that is larger and more severe, often requiring surgical drainage and antibiotics to treat.
8. Erythrasma: A mild infection that causes small, red patches on the skin. It is caused by Corynebacterium bacteria and may be treated with antibiotics or topical creams.
9. Cellulitis: An infection of the deeper layers of skin and subcutaneous tissue that can cause swelling, redness, and warmth in the affected area. It is often caused by Staphylococcus bacteria and may require antibiotics to treat.
10. Impetigo: A highly contagious infection that causes red sores or blisters on the skin, often around the nose, mouth, or limbs. It is caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria and may be treated with antibiotics or topical creams.

These are just a few examples of common skin infections and there are many more types that can occur. If you suspect you or someone else has a skin infection, it's important to seek medical attention as soon as possible for proper diagnosis and treatment.

It was renamed Streptococcus pneumoniae in 1974 because it was very similar to streptococci. Streptococcus pneumoniae played a ... penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistant (SPPR) or drug-resistant ... Streptococcus pneumoniae can be differentiated from the viridans streptococci, some of which are also alpha-hemolytic, using an ... Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main cause of community acquired pneumonia and meningitis in children and the elderly, and of ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae; and Streptococcus pyogenes. The Gram-negative bacterium B.burgdorferi has five Factor H binding ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factor_H

2019). "Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection". Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 199. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00199. PMC 6389715. ... PGLYRP2-deficient mice are more sensitive to Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced keratitis and Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced ... pneumoniae-induced lung infection. These results indicate that under certain conditions PGLYRP2 has pro-inflammatory effects. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan_recognition_protein_2

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that causes respiratory infections. Streptococcus pyogenes (also known as group A ... Schroeder MR, Stephens DS (2016-09-21). "Macrolide Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae". Frontiers in Cellular and Infection ... Streptococcus) is a bacterium that can cause a variety of pathologies, including impetigo and strep throat, as well as other, ... Brouwer S, Barnett TC, Rivera-Hernandez T, Rohde M, Walker MJ (November 2016). "Streptococcus pyogenes adhesion and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infection

Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae). LC-MS has emerged as one of the most commonly used techniques in global ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_chromatography–mass_spectrometry

... species of Streptococcus), including group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which cause ... sinusitis and pneumonia can all be caused by Group A Strep, but are much more commonly associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae ... Kellogg JA, Bankert DA, Elder CJ, Gibbs JL, Smith MC (September 2001). "Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae revisited". ... Burdash NM, West ME (March 1982). "Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae by the Phadebact coagglutination test". J. Clin. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection

In terms of Streptococcus pneumoniae, it is also used to confirm the causative bacterium. X-Ray imaging of the chest is ... Streptococcus pneumoniae is the cause of Osler's triad of meningitis, pneumonia, and endocarditis. The portal of entry for this ... The native aortic valve is the most frequent vegetation site for Streptococcus pneumoniae and is considered the most common ... Bacterial cultivation is the main method in diagnosing Streptococcus pneumoniae. Rapid diagnostic test is when a liquid sample ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_syndrome

The Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) leave the colonized host via shedding in order to be transmissible to new hosts, ... Pneumococcal pneumonia is a type of bacterial pneumonia that is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). It is the ... Bogaert, D; de Groot, R; Hermans, PWM (2004-03-01). "Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease". ... Loughran, Allister J.; Orihuela, Carlos J.; Tuomanen, Elaine I. (18 March 2019). "Streptococcus pneumoniae: Invasion and ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_pneumonia

"Streptococcus pneumoniae, Invasive (Pneumococcal disease)" (PDF). Retrieved April 23, 2017. Burton, Deron C.; Flannery, Brendan ... In the United States, bacterial pneumonia, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria (pneumococcus) which enters human body ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution_in_the_United_States

Fox A. "Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococci". University of South Carolina. Retrieved 2009-03-01. Martin AM (2012-12-06 ... If not, the organism is 'catalase-negative'. Streptococcus and Enterococcus spp. are catalase-negative. While the catalase test ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalase

Streptococcus pneumoniae The species Streptococcus pneumoniae belongs to the genus Streptococcus and the family ... "Streptococcus". LPSN. Retrieved 2019-12-02. "Streptococcus pneumoniae (Klein, 1884) Chester, 1901". www.gbif.org. Retrieved ... Examples of gram-positive diplococci are Streptococcus pneumoniae and Enterococcus spp. Presumably, diplococcus has been ... Examples of gram-positive pathogenic diplococci include Streptococcus pneumoniae and some species of Enterococcus bacteria.[ ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplococcus

Mycotic (Infected) Aneurysm Caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Khosrow Afsari, et al. Infect Med. 2001;18(6) http://www. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotic_aneurysm

Tuomanen's lab investigated how the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae utilizes mobile genetic elements to alter its genome. ... "Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae". Nature. 399 (6736): 590-593. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..590N. doi: ... Charpentier also helped to demonstrate how S. pneumoniae develops vancomycin resistance. Charpentier worked as an assistant ... published her discovery of an RNA molecule involved in the regulation of virulence-factor synthesis in Streptococcus pyogenes. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier

A common case is found in Streptococcus pneumoniae where there is mutation in the gene for PBP, and the mutant PBPs have ... Jacobs MR (May 1999). "Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: rational antibiotic choices". The American Journal of Medicine ... "The crystal structure of the penicillin-binding protein 2x from Streptococcus pneumoniae and its acyl-enzyme form: implication ... There are six mutant PBPs in S. pneumoniae, of which PBP1a, PBP2b, PBP2x and sometimes PBP2a are responsible for reduced ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin

... pneumoniae and a group of oral streptococci (Streptococcus viridans or viridans streptococci) display alpha- ... Streptococcus bovis, Streptococcus equinus and Streptococcus suis. Nonhemolytic streptococci rarely cause illness. However, ... pneumoniae and Streptococcus viridans group, and the beta-hemolytic streptococci of Lancefield groups A and B (also known as " ... "group A strep" and "group B strep"). Table: Medically relevant streptococci (not all are alpha-hemolytic) When alpha-hemolysis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus

LeMieux J, Woody S, Camilli A (September 2008). "Roles of the sortases of Streptococcus pneumoniae in assembly of the RlrA ... "A second pilus type in Streptococcus pneumoniae is prevalent in emerging serotypes and mediates adhesion to host cells". ... "Sortase-mediated pilus fiber biogenesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae". Structure. 16 (12): 1838-48. doi:10.1016/j.str.2008.10. ... and ten other putative MSCRAMM and pilus family proteins of Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. gallolyticus (Streptococcus bovis ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortase

In Streptococcus pneumoniae it was found that N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase, a cell wall autolysin, could assist in ... Berry AM, Lock RA, Hansman D, Paton JC (August 1989). "Contribution of autolysin to virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae". ... "The molecular characterization of the first autolytic lysozyme of Streptococcus pneumoniae reveals evolutionary mobile domains ... autolysin AtlASS mediates bacterial cell separation during cell division and contributes to full virulence in Streptococcus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autolysin

The bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, ... Other commonly implicated bacteria include Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella ... "Sepsis due to streptococcus". The current terms are dependent on the microorganism that is present: bacteremia if bacteria are ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepsis

Bacillus anthracis Streptococcus pyogenes synthesizes a hyaluronic acid capsule. Streptococcus pneumoniae has at least 91 ... Hyams C, Camberlein E, Cohen JM, Bax K, Brown JS (February 2010). "The Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule inhibits complement ... Hathaway LJ, Grandgirard D, Valente LG, Täuber MG, Leib SL (March 2016). "Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule determines disease ... Hamaguchi S, Zafar MA, Cammer M, Weiser JN (March 2018). "Capsule Prolongs Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae during ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_capsule

D Bogaert; R De Groot; P W M Hermans (1 March 2004). "Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease". ... Host-pathogen interaction during Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and infection. Wikidata: Q108731858 (thesis) Debby ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debby_Bogaert

... penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP), Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistant (SPPR), or drug-resistant ... A pneumococcal infection is an infection caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is also called the ... Regev-Yochay G, Trzcinski K, Thompson CM, Malley R, Lipsitch M (2006). "Interference between Streptococcus pneumoniae and ... Nilsson, P; Laurell, MH (2001). "Carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae by children in day-care centers ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection

Risk of carrying Neisseria meningitidis or Streptococcus pneumoniae. A possible increased risk of periodontitis. Overall ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_smoking

... induce transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae. In addition, Engelmoer and Rozen in 2011 demonstrated that in S. pneumoniae ... Peterson S, Cline RT, Tettelin H, Sharov V, Morrison DA (Nov 2000). "Gene expression analysis of the Streptococcus pneumoniae ... Engelmoer, D J; Rozen, D E (2011). "Competence increases survival during stress in Streptococcus pneumoniae". Evolution. 65 (12 ... more than 16 genes that are switched on only during competence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, since bacteria tend to ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_competence

... with common bacterial causes including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis ... A vaccine against streptococcus pneumoniae, available for adults, is recommended for healthy individuals over 65 and all adults ... They may be treated with a quinolone active against streptococcus pneumoniae (such as levofloxacin) or a β-lactam antibiotic ( ... However, the most common cause is Streptococcus pneumoniae. Certain groups of people are more susceptible to CAP-causing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-acquired_pneumonia

... s are vaccines against the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae. Their use can prevent some cases of ... "Acute Respiratory Infections (Update September 2009): Streptococcus pneumoniae". Initiative for Vaccine Research (IVR). World ... these are the 23 most prevalent or invasive pneumococcal types of Streptococcus pneumoniae).[medical citation needed] It was ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumococcal_vaccine

He was coinfected with influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae. On February 5, the DOH confirmed a third case in a 60-year-old ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines

Weber P (December 2001). "[Streptococcus pneumoniae: lack of emergence of pristinamycin resistance]". Pathologie-Biologie. 49 ( ... Despite the macrolide component, it is effective against erythromycin-resistant staphylococci and streptococci. It is active ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pristinamycin

Initial work identifying the two common bacterial causes, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, was performed by ... The organisms most commonly involved are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Other ... Streptococcus pneumoniae is more common in the winter, and it should be suspected in persons aspirating a large number of ... A Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine is available for adults, and has been found to decrease the risk of invasive pneumococcal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia

"Identification of 88 regulatory small RNAs in the TIGR4 strain of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae". RNA. 18 (3): ... In molecular biology, Streptococcus sRNAs are small RNAs produced by species of Streptococcus bacteria. Several screens (both ... "Identification of novel non-coding small RNAs from Streptococcus pneumoniae TIGR4 using high-resolution genome tiling arrays". ... "Control of virulence by small RNAs in Streptococcus pneumoniae". PLOS Pathog. 8 (7): e1002788. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002788 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_sRNA

Vaccination against encapsulated bacteria including Streptococcus pneumoniae is recommended.[citation needed] "Newborn ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_cell-beta_thalassemia

The conjugate vaccine technique Anderson and his colleagues developed led to a Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) vaccine ... techniques he and his colleague Ronald Eby invented were later utilized to develop a vaccine against Streptococcus pneumoniae. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_W_Anderson_Jr.

These infections include but are not limited to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegcetacoplan

Streptococcus pyogenes, which causes strep throat and scarlet fever, displays beta-hemolysis, while Streptococcus pneumoniae, ... 216 Streptococcus pneumoniae: small colonies with raised edges displaying alpha-hemolysis on blood agar: 223 Proteus sp.: ... Staphylococci are usually opaque,: 167-8 while many Streptococcus species are translucent.: 188 The overall shape of the colony ... ISBN 978-0-323-27702-0. Androulla, Efstratiou; Theresa, Lamagni (10 February 2016). "Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_morphology

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae) Streptococci are chains of cocci (e.g. Streptococcus pyogenes). ... Streptococcus spp. resemble a string of beads because division always occurs in the same plane. Some of these strings, for ... Coccus refers to the shape of the bacteria, and can contain multiple genera, such as staphylococci or streptococci. Cocci can ... streptococcus), commensal, or symbiotic. The gram-positive cocci are a large group of loosely bacteria with similar morphology ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccus

Streptococcus pyogenes, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.[citation needed] Ophthalmia neonatorum due to gonococci (N. gonorrhoeae) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_conjunctivitis

Common aerobic bacteria involved include: Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus influenzae Pseudomonas ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspiration_pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae translocates into the myocardium and forms unique microlesions that disrupt cardiac function. 1980 ... She is noted for her research on Molecular pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Elaine Tuomanen received her M.D. from ... "Streptococcus pneumoniae translocates into the myocardium and forms unique microlesions that disrupt cardiac function". PLOS ... "Assessment of molecular typing methods to determine invasiveness and to differentiate clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Tuomanen

Streptococcus). Hemolysis is sometimes called hematolysis, erythrolysis, or erythrocytolysis. The words hemolysis (/hiːˈmɒlɪsɪs ... Immune-mediated causes could include transient factors as in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (cold agglutinin disease) or ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemolysis

Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). Swine flu is one of many diseases that are contracted by ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Door_handle_bacteria

Staphylococcus epidermis Streptococcus pneumoniae (Penicillin-sensitive only) Gram-negative aerobic microorganisms Haemophilus ... influenzae Moraxella catarrhalis Neisseria gonorrhoeae Escherichia coli Proteus mirabilis Klebsiella pneumoniae (variable ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefuroxime_axetil

... of microbial resistance to existing macrolides and appears to be effective against macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telithromycin

... of antibiotics in elderly communities have been implicated in the prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP ... In one of the earliest studies of endolysins as antibacterial therapy, oral streptococcus infections of mice were completely ... Bacteriophage endolysins have been successful in preventing neonatal infections of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus ... and Streptococcus species, as well preventing biofilm formation of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes. As of July 2020 ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzybiotics

Pneumococcal disease is caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, also known as pneumococcus. This bacteria can cause ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_immunizations_in_the_United_States

... but PGLYRP3-deficient mice do not have altered sensitivity to Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced pneumonia. Mouse PGLYRP3 plays a ... Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella enterica, Shigella sonnei, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptidoglycan_recognition_protein_3

... and six times more likely to be hospitalized with severe pneumonia from Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Multiple major ... For example, natural varicella infection carries a higher risk of bacterial superinfection with Group A streptococci. Natural ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy

"Atypical pneumonia" is atypical in that it is caused by atypical organisms (other than Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus ... occult pneumonia is rather often present in patients with pneumonia and can also be caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, as the ... The term was introduced in the 1930s and was contrasted with the bacterial pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, at ... Mycoplasma pneumoniae Usually occurs in younger age groups and may be associated with neurological and systemic (e.g. rashes) ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atypical_pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (purple urchin) Sus scrofa (pig) Tobacco Mosaic Virus ... Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Mycoplasma pneumoniae M129 Neurospora crassa OR74A Nicotiana tomentosiformis Oryctolagus ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioGRID

Type IV LTA from Streptococcus pneumoniae represents a special case where both types intersect: after the tail is synthesized ... Streptococcus, Bacillus, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, and Listeria, and appear to extend to the surface of the peptidoglycan ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teichoic_acid

... and fratricide in Streptococcus pneumoniae". Infection and Immunity. 79 (11): 4550-8. doi:10.1128/IAI.05644-11. PMC 3257940. ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-ribosylhomocysteine_lyase

"Human immunoglobulin M memory B cells controlling Streptococcus pneumoniae infections are generated in the spleen". The Journal ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleen

... an important virulence factor of streptococcus pneumoniae, a bacterial cause of pneumonia, bronchitis, and other breathing ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTP—glucose-1-phosphate_uridylyltransferase

"Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Nemonoxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae in an in Vitro Infection Model". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemonoxacin

Gold JS, Bayar S, Salem RR (July 2004). "Association of Streptococcus bovis bacteremia with colonic neoplasia and extracolonic ... Kocazeybek B (August 2003). "Chronic Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in lung cancer, a risk factor: a case-control study". ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcinogenic_bacteria

Streptococcus pyogenes - a common cause in children under 5 Streptococcus pneumoniae Group B streptococci - a common cause in ... coagulase-negative staphylococci - usually due to prosthetic joint Streptococci - the second-most common cause (28%) ... of septic arthritis cases and are usually staphylococci or streptococci. Such infections most commonly come from drug abuse, ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septic_arthritis

HPSC participates in a number of ECDC-funded research projects including Streptococcus pneumoniae Invasive Disease network ( ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_Protection_Surveillance_Centre

... and a Decrease in Streptococcus pneumoniae Following 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Introduction". Clinical ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_in_Niger

Pneumococcal disease is caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). People with pneumococcal disease can ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/diseases/pneumococcal-disease-streptococcus-pneumoniae

Streptococcus pneumoniae News and Research. RSS Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Pneumococcus, is a very common bacterial infection ... COVID-19 does not increase the risk of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection SARS-CoV-2 infection does not appear to influence ... Withdrawal of COVID-19 mitigation measures resulted in a rebound in Streptococcus pneumoniae cases in Germany Researchers from ... Pneumolysin toxin holds promise for developing therapies against Streptococcus pneumoniae In a recent study published in the ...

https://www.news-medical.net/?tag=/Streptococcus-pneumoniae

... [Abstract sEH Promotes Macrophage ... Story sEH Promotes Macrophage Phagocytosis and Lung Clearance of Streptococcus Pneumoniae] Li H, Bradbury JA, Edin ML, Graves ... Synopsis sEH Promotes Macrophage Phagocytosis and Lung Clearance of Streptococcus Pneumoniae] [ ... Phagocytosis and Lung Clearance of Streptococcus Pneumoniae] [ ... Macrophage Phagocytosis and Lung Clearance of Streptococcus ...

https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/articles_journals/recent/pdf_2021/seh_promotes_macrophage_phagocytosis_and_lung_clearance_of_streptococcus_pneumoniae.cfm

Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae -- Kentucky and Tennessee, 1993. MMWR 1994;43:23-5,31. *Butler JC, Breiman RF, Facklam ... Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, acute otitis media, and ... Antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1979-1987. J Infect Dis 1991;163:1273-8. * ... Dagan R, Yagupsky P, Wasas A, Klugman K. Penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PenRSP): an increasing problem in ...

https://wonder.cdc.gov/wonder/prevguid/m0026038/m0026038.asp

Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) is a commensal bacterium that normally resides on the upper airway epithelium without causing ... Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) is a commensal bacterium that normally resides on the upper airway epithelium without causing ... 2004). Streptococcus pneumoniae- induced caspase 6-dependent apoptosis in lung epithelium Streptococcus pneumoniae- induced ... Streptococcus pneumoniae (Sp) is a commensal bacterium that is part of the upper airway microbiota. While it normally resides ...

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2017.00115/full

2011)‎. Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, and ... Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, and haemophilus ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/handle/10665/70765?locale-attribute=pt&

... ... Mesurer limpact de la vaccination par les vaccins conjugués anti-streptococcus pneumoniae et anti-Haemophilus influenzae type ... 2012)‎. Measuring impact of streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccination. World Health ...

https://extranet.who.int/iris/restricted/handle/10665/75835

2009)‎. Global literature review of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease among children ... Global literature review of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae invasive disease among children less ...

https://apps.who.int:80/iris/handle/10665/69991?locale-attribute=fr&

Oh WS, Suh JY, Song JH, Ko KS, Jung SI, Peck KR, Fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae ... Evolution of erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae from Asian countries that contains erm(B) and mef(A) genes. J ... Extensively Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, South Korea, 2011-2012. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2014;20(5):869-871. ... During the past 2 decades, multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae has spread worldwide (1,2). Recently we reported a case ...

https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/20/5/13-1371_article

The ERS-education website provides centralised access to all educational material produced by the European Respiratory Society. It is the worlds largest CME collection for lung diseases and treatment offering high quality e-learning and teaching resources for respiratory specialists. This distance learning portal contains up-to-date study material for the state-of-the-art in Pulmonology.

https://dev.ers-education.org/lr/show-details/?idP=128635

Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Regulates Macrophage Phagocytosis and Lung Bacterial Clearance of Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Authors. ... Lung bacterial clearance of the gram-positive bacteria S. pneumoniae, but not the gram-negative bacteria K. pneumoniae, was ... Pglyrp1 siRNA reduced macrophage phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae. Phosphorylation of ERK, p38, AKT and IκBα after PGN stimulation ... Consistent with this observation, there was reduced phagocytosis by Ephx2-/- macrophages of S. pneumoniae, but not K. ...

https://researchfestival.nih.gov/2015/posters/soluble-epoxide-hydrolase-regulates-macrophage-phagocytosis-and-lung

Farajzadeh Sheikh A, Ahmadi K, Nikakhlagh S. Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis in patients with ... including those for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and/or Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, ...

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1976326-overview

Streptococcus pneumoniae) case definitions; uniform criteria used to define a disease for public health surveillance. ... Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive disease (child, ,5 years). *Streptococcus pneumoniae, invasive disease non-drug resistant ( ... Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) (Streptococcus pneumoniae). Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) (Streptococcus pneumoniae) ... Streptococcus pneumoniae) , 2010 Case Definition. Related Condition(s). *Streptococcus pneumoniae, drug-resistant invasive ...

https://ndc.services.cdc.gov/conditions/invasive-pneumococcal-disease/

header_JT This gets the COLORS $r= $_SERVER[REQUEST_URI]; if (in_category(research),, strpos($r,/category/research/) ,, (strpos($r,/?s) !== false ) ,, strpos($r,/constituent-type/) !== false ,, strpos($r,/essential-oil/) !== false ,, strpos($r,/body-system/) !== false ,, strpos($r,/research/) !== false) {$title = "RESEARCH";$pageTheme = research1; $icon ="http://www.aromaticscience.com/images/research_Icon.png"; } elseif(in_category(resources),,in_category(faq) ,, strpos($r,/about-us/) !== false ,, strpos($r,/classroom-materials/) !== false,, strpos($r,/category/faq/)!== false ,, strpos($r,/contact-us/)!== false ,, strpos($r,/resources/)!== false ,, strpos($r,/faqs/)!== false) { $title = "RESOURCES"; $pageTheme = help1; $icon ="http://www.aromaticscience.com/images/resources_Icon.png"; } else{ $title = "SEARCH"; $pageTheme = search1; $icon ="http://www.aromaticscience.com/wp-content/themes/aromaticsciencetheme/library/images/homePage/researchIconWhite100.png ...

http://www.aromaticscience.com/tag/streptococcus-pneumoniae/

Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. S. pneumoniae can cause pneumococcal disease, which includes pneumonia, ear infections ... Erythromycin-resistant Group A Streptococcus. Group A Streptococcus bacteria can cause a range of disease such as strep throat ... Clindamycin-resistant Group B Streptococcus. Group B Streptococcus bacteria can cause severe illness such as bloodstream ... Group A Streptococcus can still be treated with the first-line drug penicillin, but the bacteria is developing resistance to ...

https://www.niaid.nih.gov/node/12329

Alaska invasive bacterial disease surveillance report Streptococcus pneumoniae - 2014 Cite CITE. Title : Alaska invasive ... Alaska invasive bacterial disease surveillance report Streptococcus pneumoniae - 2013 Cite CITE. Title : Alaska invasive ... AIP has conducted statewide surveillance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae since 1986 Beginning in January 2007, invasive S ... cdc:46242AIP has conducted statewide surveillance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae since 1986 Beginning in January 2007, ...

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/119798

Alpha Streptococci vs Streptococcus pneumoniae Identification Chart. Summary of characteristics (with images) that can be used ...

http://reach.cdc.gov/jobaid/alpha-streptococci-vs-streptococcus-pneumoniae-identification-chart

Ceftaroline has demonstrated activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus ... pneumoniae as well as common respiratory Gram-negatives including Haemophilus, Moraxella, and Klebsiella species. ... Serial passage resistance development studies of ceftaroline with Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes. E-193 ... Activity of ceftaroline against recent emerging serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Antimicrob Agents ...

https://www.formularywatch.com/view/ceftaroline-novel-cephalosporin-methicillin-resistant-staphylococcus-aureus-and-multidrug-resistant

Results of search for su:{Streptococcus pneumoniae} Refine your search. *. Availability. * Limit to currently available items ...

https://kohahq.searo.who.int/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=su:%7BStreptococcus%20pneumoniae%7D

Infecções Pneumocócicas Streptococcus pneumoniae Humanos Streptococcus pneumoniae/genética Macroautofagia Infecções ... Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major, encapsulated Gram-positive pathogen that causes diseases including community-acquired ... Molecular mechanism of Streptococcus pneumoniae-targeting xenophagy recognition and evasion: Reinterpretation of pneumococci as ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/perinatal/resource/pt/mdl-36872456

Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pneumoniae/metabolismo; Proteínas Serina-Treonina ... Streptococcus pneumoniae / Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases Idioma: Inglês Revista: Cell Rep Ano de publicação: 2023 Tipo de ... Streptococcus pneumoniae / Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases Idioma: Inglês Revista: Cell Rep Ano de publicação: 2023 Tipo de ... CP: Microbiology; LytB; SAXS; StkP; Streptococcus pneumoniae; bacterial division; cell wall; crystallography; molecular ...

https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/mdl-37418323

Recombinant Streptococcus Pneumoniae lgt Pneumoniae Protein (aa 1-262). VAng-Cr7835-inquire Creative Biolabs inquire. Ask for ... Streptococcus Pneumoniae Igg Antibody Results. Lab Reagents Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the streptococcus ... Other Streptococcus products are available in stock. Specificity: Streptococcus Category: Pneumoniae Group: Igg Antibody ... The Streptococcus Pneumoniae Igg Antibody Results reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab ...

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We studied whether clonal relationships exist among current isolates of high-level penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (PRSP) in ... the problem of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has grown dramatically in the United States. Currently, ... Clonal relationships among high-level penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States. Share Share Share ... During the past 6 to 7 years, the problem of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has grown dramatically in the ...

https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/384052

Streptococcus Pneumoniae Ab Igg. Lab Reagents Igg Antibody Laboratories manufactures the streptococcus pneumoniae ab igg ... Other Streptococcus products are available in stock. Specificity: Streptococcus Category: Pneumoniae Group: Ab Igg ... The Streptococcus Pneumoniae Ab Igg reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. To ...

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is one of the most frequent culprits. While animal models suggest influenza enhances SP ... Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is one of the most frequent culprits. While animal models suggest influenza enhances SP ...

https://epibayes.io/publication/2014_malosh_re_acute_respiratory_infections_streptococcus/

Molecular detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae on dried blood spots from febrile Nigerian children compared to culture. PloS ... Molecular detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae on dried blood spots from febrile Nigerian children compared to culture. In: ... Molecular detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae on dried blood spots from febrile Nigerian children compared to culture. / Tam ... Molecular detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae on dried blood spots from febrile Nigerian children compared to culture. ...

https://experts.umn.edu/en/publications/molecular-detection-of-streptococcus-pneumoniae-on-dried-blood-sp

Serotype competence and penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Authors: Hsieh Y.-C.. Wang, Jin-Town Lee W.-S.. PO- ...

http://scholars.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/417191

Disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States ... Multi-Antigenic Peptide(s) Vaccine and Immunogen for Conferring Streptococcus pneumoniae Immunity ... Multi-Antigenic Peptide(s) Vaccine and Immunogen for Conferring Streptococcus pneumoniae Immunity ... Broader spectrum of S. pneumoniae serotypes addressed. *Immunization with these peptides was shown to reduce carriage in murine ...

http://www.techtransfer.nih.gov/tech/tab-2740

Organism-specific therapeutic regimens for chronic rhinosinusitis are outlined below, including those for Streptococcus pneumoniae , Haemophilus influenzae and/or Moraxella catarrhalis , Staphylococcus aureus , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , anaerobic and micoaerophilic gram positive cocci and gram-negative bacilli. (medscape.com)
Ceftaroline has demonstrated activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae as well as common respiratory Gram-negatives including Haemophilus, Moraxella, and Klebsiella species. (formularywatch.com)
Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae , followed by nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis . (formularywatch.com)

Serotypes of S. pneumoniae were determined by the capsular puellung method with commercial antiserum (Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark) as recommended by the manufacturer. (cdc.gov)
Data are scarce on the prevailing Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in the Philippines, including the relative antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of these bacteria. (who.int)
With the inclusion of PCV13 in the National Immunization Program, continued monitoring of the prevailing serotypes of S. pneumoniae isolates in the Philippines is needed to guide disease and AMR control measures. (who.int)

Pneumococcal disease is caused by bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). (cdc.gov)
Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia and meningitis in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Streptococcus pneumoniae , or Pneumococcus, is a very common bacterial infection in both industrialized and developing countries. (news-medical.net)
Disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and developing countries. (nih.gov)

To determine the extent of antimicrobial susceptibility testing of S. pneumoniae and the prevalence of penicillin resistance among pneumococcal isolates from July 1992 through June 1993, in August 1993 the Connecticut Department of Public Health and Addiction Services (DPHAS) surveyed all 44 hospitals with clinical microbiology laboratories in Connecticut. (cdc.gov)

During the past 2 decades, multidrug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae has spread worldwide ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
4 Reports have been increasing about multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae (MDRSP) infections. (formularywatch.com)

The main aim of this study was to evaluate Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in school-aged children and adolescents with cancer to determine the potential protective efficacy of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). (unipr.it)
Potential risk factors for colonization of the nasopharynx by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children and for carriage of drug resistant strains were examined. (uaeu.ac.ae)

Increases in multidrug-resistance in the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae have made it the fourth-leading cause of death associated with antibiotic resistance. (news-medical.net)
Although S. pneumoniae was once considered to be routinely susceptible to penicillin, since the mid-1980s the incidence of resistance of this organism to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents has been increasing in the United States (1-4). (cdc.gov)
5-6 Multidrug resistance among S. pneumoniae isolates is also of concern. (formularywatch.com)
During the past 6 to 7 years, the problem of antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae has grown dramatically in the United States. (ox.ac.uk)
S. pneumoniae isolates from clinical specimens were collected through the Philippine Department of Health Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2018. (who.int)
Finally, in the two host resistance models evaluated, exposure to CCl(4) decreased host resistance to both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes with greater susceptibility to the latter. (nih.gov)
Background: During the past decades Streptococcus pneumoniae has developed significant resistance to many classes of antimicrobial drugs. (uaeu.ac.ae)
The resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin and other antimicrobial agents is increasing in many parts of the world. (elsevierpure.com)
however, published data on the epidemiology, nasopharyngeal carriage, serotype prevalence, and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in this region are limited. (ui.ac.id)

National surveillance for drug-resistant S. pneumoniae (DRSP) is limited to testing invasive isolates from sentinel hospitals in 13 states. (cdc.gov)
To better understand extensively drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae , we assessed clinical and microbiological characteristics of 5 extensively drug-resistant pneumococcal isolates. (cdc.gov)
Recently we reported a case of bacteremic pneumonia caused by extensively drug-resistant (XDR) S. pneumoniae ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)

Human IgG antibody Laboratories manufactures the streptococcus pneumoniae igg antibody results reagents distributed by Genprice. (cdna-clone.com)
The Streptococcus Pneumoniae Igg Antibody Results reagent is RUO (Research Use Only) to test human serum or cell culture lab samples. (cdna-clone.com)
Description: This is FITC conjugated rabbit polyclonal antibody against Streptococcus pneumoniae for WB, ELISA. (cdna-clone.com)

In a recent study published in the journal PLoS ONE, researchers in Spain performed a systematic review of pneumolysin (PLY) toxin as a molecular target to develop novel therapeutics against Streptococcus pneumoniae. (news-medical.net)
To investigate the molecular characteristics of XDR S. pneumoniae , we performed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) as described ( 6 , 7 ). (cdc.gov)
Molecular mechanism of Streptococcus pneumoniae-targeting xenophagy recognition and evasion: Reinterpretation of pneumococci as intracellular bacteria. (bvsalud.org)
Molecular basis of the final step of cell division in Streptococcus pneumoniae. (bvsalud.org)
In a multidisciplinary work , we disclose the molecular dialogue between the cell -wall hydrolase LytB, wall teichoic acids , and the eukaryotic-like protein kinase StkP in Streptococcus pneumoniae . (bvsalud.org)

Description: Streptococcus Pneumoniae (strain Taiwan19F-14) Prolipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase (lgt), recombinant protein. (cdna-clone.com)
Description: Streptococcus Pneumoniae serotype 19F (strain G54) UPF0356 protein SPG_0127, recombinant protein. (mymetroofficeproducts.net)
Description: Streptococcus Pneumoniae serotype 19F (strain G54) N-acetyldiaminopimelate deacetylase, recombinant protein. (mymetroofficeproducts.net)
Description: Streptococcus Pneumoniae serotype 19F (strain G54) ATP synthase subunit a, recombinant protein. (mymetroofficeproducts.net)
Description: Streptococcus Pneumoniae serotype 19F (strain G54) Protease HtpX homolog, recombinant protein. (mymetroofficeproducts.net)
Description: Streptococcus Pneumoniae serotype 19F (strain G54) Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase, recombinant protein. (mymetroofficeproducts.net)

This study is designed to fill that gap by describing the serotype distribution and AMR of S. pneumoniae in the Philippines from 2012 to 2018. (who.int)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, meningitis, acute otitis media, and other infections (1). (cdc.gov)
Editorial Note: The spread of DRSP strains may increase the public health impact of S. pneumoniae infections because of increased morbidity and reductions in the effectiveness of antimicrobial treatment for pneumococcal disease. (cdc.gov)
Enterobacteriaceae , such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) can cause serious infections of the urinary tract, bloodstream and wounds, and can also cause pneumonia. (nih.gov)
Friedland, IR & Mccracken, GH 1994, ' Management of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae ', New England Journal of Medicine , vol. 331, no. 6, pp. 377-382. (elsevierpure.com)

The overall AMR of invasive S. pneumoniae isolates was low. (who.int)

Our study aim was to evaluate a Streptococcus pneumoniae real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) assay on DBS from febrile Nigerian children on Whatman 903 and FTA filter papers, compared to the gold standard of culture. (umn.edu)
An oropharyngeal swab was obtained from 277 patients (age range 6-17 years) with cancer during routine clinical visits and analyzed for S. pneumoniae using real-time polymerase chain reaction. (unipr.it)

Pglyrp1 siRNA reduced macrophage phagocytosis of S. pneumoniae. (nih.gov)

We reviewed the database of the clinical microbiology laboratory at Samsung Medical Center (SMC, Seoul, South Korea) for XDR S. pneumoniae isolates obtained during 2011-2012. (cdc.gov)

This invention is an improved, immunogenic peptide construct consisting of a combination of antigenic epitopes of the PsaA (37-kDa) protein from S. pneumoniae . (nih.gov)

A mouse study at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis points to data that could be key to developing an effective vaccine for the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae. (news-medical.net)

In an attempt to better understand the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of XDR S. pneumoniae , we investigated clinical and microbiological characteristics of these cases of XDR S. pneumoniae . (cdc.gov)
Conclusions: Rt-PCR was able to detect S. pneumoniae from clinical DBS specimens, including from a culture-negative specimen. (umn.edu)

Previous administration of antimicrobials during the last month prior to specimen collection appeared to be the most consistent risk factor for carrying a non susceptible strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae to either penicillin or erythromycin. (uaeu.ac.ae)

Streptococcus pneumoniae ( Sp ) is a commensal bacterium that normally resides on the upper airway epithelium without causing infection. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, the peptides of the invention have the capability of serving as specific immunogens in a subject, effectively eliciting the production of antibodies and conferring protective immunity against S. pneumoniae infection following immunognen administration. (nih.gov)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major, encapsulated Gram-positive pathogen that causes diseases including community -acquired pneumonia , meningitis , and sepsis . (bvsalud.org)
Among these, six were positive for a non-S. pneumoniae pathogen on culture. (umn.edu)
Several DBS specimens were detected as S. pneumoniae by rt-PCR despite growth of a non-S. pneumoniae pathogen on culture. (umn.edu)

Among the 510 S. pneumoniae isolates (319 in 2011 and 191 in 2012), we identified 5 XDR pneumococcal isolates from 5 (1.2%) patients. (cdc.gov)

Four of 5 XDR S. pneumoniae isolates had been isolated from respiratory tract specimens (e.g., sputum), and 1 isolate had been recovered from blood ( Table 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Results: A total of 537 DBS specimens from 535 children were included in the study, of which 15 were culture-positive for S. pneumoniae. (umn.edu)

Lung bacterial clearance of the gram-positive bacteria S. pneumoniae, but not the gram-negative bacteria K. pneumoniae, was impaired in Ephx2-/- mice that have increased EET levels. (nih.gov)

In conclusion, this study indicates that children and adolescents with cancer are frequently colonized by S. pneumoniae. (unipr.it)

In this review , we introduce pneumococcal surface virulence factors involved in pathogenicity and highlight recent advances in our understanding of host autophagy recognition mechanisms against intracellular S. pneumoniae and pneumococcal evasion from autophagy . (bvsalud.org)

XDR S. pneumoniae was defined as nonsusceptibility to at least 1 agent in all antibacterial drug categories except vancomycin and linezolid. (cdc.gov)

7 the spread of resistant S. pneumoniae strains, because vaccinated people do not spread the bacteria. (cdc.gov)

Summary of characteristics (with images) that can be used to distinguish alpha streptococci from streptococcus pneumoniae on blood agar plates. (cdc.gov)

Other Streptococcus products are available in stock. (cdna-clone.com)

Anatomy16

Organisms43

Diseases36

Chemicals and Drugs84

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment30

Phenomena and Processes46

Disciplines and Occupations1

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science4

Named Groups1

Health Care8

Geographicals1

Immune response capacity after human splenic autotransplantation: restoration of response to individual pneumococcal vaccine subtypes. (1/5890)

Paediatric, invasive pneumococcal disease in Switzerland, 1985-1994. Swiss Pneumococcal Study Group. (2/5890)

Repertoire of human antibodies against the polysaccharide capsule of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 6B. (3/5890)

Previous respiratory tract infections and antibiotic consumption in children with long- and short-term carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. (4/5890)

Pneumococcal psoas abscess. (5/5890)

Increased activity of 16-membered lactone ring macrolides against erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae: characterization of South African isolates. (6/5890)

Moxifloxacin: a comparison with other antimicrobial agents of in-vitro activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. (7/5890)

Maternal immunization. (8/5890)

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Streptococcus

Pneumococcal Infections

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Streptococcus pyogenes

Streptococcus mutans

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Pneumonia, Pneumococcal

Streptococcal Infections

Streptococcus agalactiae

Bacterial Proteins

Anti-Bacterial Agents

Microbial Sensitivity Tests

Penicillin Resistance

Nasopharynx

Streptolysins

Serotyping

Meningitis, Pneumococcal

Streptococcus mitis

Bacterial Capsules

Pneumococcal Vaccines

Drug Resistance, Bacterial

Streptococcus oralis

Penicillins

Streptococcus suis

Fluoroquinolones

Erythromycin

Anti-Infective Agents

Streptococcus Phages

DNA, Bacterial

Macrolides

N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase

Drug Resistance, Microbial

Streptococcus bovis

Otitis Media

Haemophilus influenzae

Antibodies, Bacterial

Klebsiella Infections

Pneumonia, Mycoplasma

Ketolides

Streptococcus equi

Transformation, Bacterial

Cefotaxime

Carrier State

Polysaccharides, Bacterial

Genes, Bacterial

Molecular Sequence Data

Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis

Levofloxacin

Penicillin-Binding Proteins

Ceftriaxone

DNA Topoisomerase IV

Streptococcus sobrinus

Aminoacyltransferases

Ofloxacin

Respiratory Tract Infections

Naphthyridines

Antigens, Bacterial

Bacteremia

Meningitis, Bacterial

Cephalosporins

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Pneumonia, Bacterial

Streptococcal Vaccines

Colony Count, Microbial

Vaccines, Conjugate

Bacterial Adhesion

Virulence

Streptococcus gordonii

Chlamydophila Infections

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial

Community-Acquired Infections

Streptococcus thermophilus

Aza Compounds

Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial

DNA Gyrase

Bacterial Typing Techniques

Hexosyltransferases

Sequence Analysis, DNA

Enterococcus faecalis